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There are two principal ways of extracting diamonds, from the volcanic pipes and from alluvial deposits.
1. A diamond pipe or chimney is worked first in open cast mining. As the mine gets deeper, shafts are sunk parallel to the pipe, from which horizontal tunnels are cut to extract the "blue ground" or "Kimberlite" rock where the diamonds have been formed.
2. In alluvial mining, diamonds are extracted from the beds of ancient rivers or from beaches by the sea, where they have been washed and carried over time from the volcanic pipes
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For I the LORD do not change. So you, the descendants of Jacob, are not destroyed.
Malachi, believed to be a contemporary of Ezra and Nehemiah in the post-captivity era, is known to be the last of the minor prophets, where after which, the Lord kept silent for 400 years until the harbinger of Christ came – John the Baptist. The book of Malachi was written in a unique style – it almost reads like a court trial, and it is as much dialectic as it is didactic. Malachi first makes a charge, and then opens up the arguments against them, and finally ends the dispute by refuting the arguments. Note the number of questions asked in the book – questions that were answered. For I… But you ask… etc. In Malachi 3:6 we see another one of those. The premise is set – the Lord does not change, and because of that unchanging nature, the covenant is still in force. In today’s study we will focus on the unchanging nature of the Lord instead of the arguments and conclusions led by this premise, using a dialectic style much like Malachi.
For I the Lord – read the Old Testament Bible, and you’ll realise that there is a lot of such statements made by the Lord. I am the Lord your God, and then a declaration [eg Isa 41:13]; I am the Lord who, and then an action [eg Gen 15:7]; Behold, I am the Lord, is anything too hard for me [Jer 32:27]. Why is that necessary? In today’s context it may seem extremely odd and redundant, because we have texts, and because the Lord doesn’t speak out loud anymore. But back in those days, it is not everyday that they get to read the text, it is not everyday that they hear prophets preaching the word of the Lord. They often fall back into sin, and yes, they often forget about God, only choosing to turn to him when they’re down and defeated. God is the Lord, and the emphasis is made again and again in the Bible before a strong declaration or a promise, which acts like a mark of guarantee on the declaration or the promise that the Lord makes. This is no trifling matter. Do not shrug this off. This is an important declaration.
do not change – the unchanging nature of the Lord is well documented in the Bible. God does not change like shifting lights [James 1:17]; God is not human, that he should lie, not a human being, that he should change his mind [Num 23:19|Article]. But you remain the same, and your years will never end [Psa 102:27]. Why is the fact that the Lord do not change a premise in the book of Malachi? So what if the Lord does not change? What does it mean for us? To the Israelites, it is the same theme that pops up so often in the Old Testament – the covenant that the Lord has made with his people still stands, even if his people has betrayed him, because the Lord is faithful, and he does not change. For us, it really means the the word of the Lord, the Bible, is reliable, because God is consistent, a constant, and he does not change.
That’s a very big difference, you know? Ask the big name authors and writers of this world. People like CS Lewis, people who write books based on their philosophy and beliefs at a younger age, and you see a huge difference between their writings at a younger age and their writings at a much later date. Try bump into a writer 10 years later after writing a book, and you may find that he may have regretted writing the book as his heart and mind changed, but there’s nothing he can do about that now. Their books were still selling out. Their names are still associated with that ideology that they no longer believe it. Can you imagine if God is like that, and he does change? In the Bible it says, do not covet. Tomorrow, it may be, you can covet within a certain set of conditions. It’s crazy to live. It’s unlivable. The truth cannot fluctuate, the truth is not volatile. God does not change, because he is the truth.
So you, the descendants of Jacob, are not destroyed – this again alludes to the covenant and the promise that the Lord made to the Israelites. In retrospect, this perhaps also acts as a final promise and a comforting promise for them to cling on to in lieu of the radio silence that they will be subjected to for the next 400 years – after all, the first few verses of this chapter was about the messenger – the harbinger of Christ, obviously John the Baptist – the one who broke God’s silence after 400 years. But at that moment, looking at the prior themes and arguments in chapter 2, it is really talking about the unfaithfulness and sins of the Israelites which demanded their own destruction in all sense of the word. Yet, the only reason why they were not completely annihilated or wiped out, was really because God honours his covenant.
The Bible was written a very, very long time ago. The era of Malachi was a very, very long time ago. Yet, because of attributes like his unchanging nature, the passage of time does not matter – his words and his commands still stay the same, and still applies to us today. The context may change, our situations may differ, but the challenges and the solutions are always the same – to separate ourselves from the secular worldly lifestyle and to turn back to God and God alone. God does not change. Men obviously changes – it would be sad if Men never changes, for it means we’d all be quite lousy people with no hope of becoming better. But because Men changes, they are scarcely reliable. Let us rely on God and his unchanging nature instead.
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Some tulips will naturalize and come back to bloom year after year. Tulip 'Lilac Wonder' is one to try! Quite short, this award-winning tulip still makes a striking impact with its lovely color combination: pastel lilac petals with a deep lemon-yellow center. The completely opened flower forms a star during the sunny hours. A beautiful sight! Flowering in mid spring, this tulip is a member of the Botanical Tulips and is quite versatile in the garden.
- Growing up to 8 inches tall (20 cm), this tulip naturalizes easily and will come back year after year!
- Awarded the prestigious Award of Garden Merit by the Royal Horticultural Society
- Performs best in full sun to light shade, in rich, fertile, medium moisture, well-drained soils.
- Easy to grow, this tulip is a welcomed addition to beds, borders, edging, rock gardens or naturalized (grassy) areas. For best visual impact, plant in groups (at least 15 bulbs).
- To be planted in fall.
- Eating may cause severe discomfort and may cause a skin allergy.
A symbol of spring, tulips are the most popular spring bulbs and most gardeners reserve them a spot in the garden or in containers. Grown for their attractive, vibrantly colored flowers, there are currently over 3,000 registered varieties, which are divided into fifteen groups, mostly based on the flower type, size and blooming period of the tulip.
Botanical Tulips: it is generally assumed that about 150 different wild species exist in an area running roughly from Central Asia to Spain and Portugal. These are real early birds: they bloom before any other tulips. They catch the eye not only because of their extra early flowering but also because of their inflorescence and cheery range of colors. In addition, the graceful way the flowers open and their pretty foliage make them attractive before, during and after flowering. In other words, Botanical tulips are simply bursting with nice characteristics.
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Skip to comments.HOW WE GOT OUR BIBLE And WHY WE BELIEVE IT IS GOD'S WORD
Posted on 07/27/2012 2:27:56 PM PDT by wmfights
STRUCTURE AND HISTORY OF THE BIBLE
OUR English version, and probably most of the translations of the Bible, consists of sixty-six Books, thirty-nine in the Old Testament and twenty-seven in the New, and is regarded with special consideration by all Christians because it is held to be the record of the divine religion of Redemption.
The Old Testament shows how this religion was prepared through many centuries; the New tells how it was at length provided and proclaimed.
The keynote of the former is, therefore, Preparation, and this is twofold:
- The preparation of the Redeemer for the people;
- The preparation of the people for the Redeemer.
The keynote of the latter is Manifestation, and this is also twofold:
- The manifestation of the Redeemer in Person,
- The consequent manifestation of his grace in the redeemed, both individually in believers and corporately in the community of Christians, which we call the church.
Thus both Testaments together form a complete record of human sin and divine salvation, the former making the latter necessary.
- Sin is seen in its nature and consequences,
- Salvation in its character and effects.
The Books of the Old Testament are the product of at least thirty authors and cover a period of at least a thousand years.
They are made up of: - History,
The Jewish Old Testament, following the classification of the Hebrew text, is in three parts;
- The law,
- The prophets,
- The psalms.
The law consists of the first five books of the Bible and on this account is called the Pentateuch (five rolls).
Note - It may be said in passing that there is no trace in the historical tradition of the Jews of a Hexateuch (six rolls, including Joshua).
The second division of the Hebrew Bible, called the prophets, includes the historical books of Judges, Samuel and Kings, and the prophetic books proper with the exception of Daniel, which because it is apocalyptic rather than, as the other prophetic books, strictly predictive, is in the third section.
The historical books are called "the former prophets" because they are written from a religious standpoint and are not mere historical annals. They were pretty certainly the work of prophets or prophetic men.
The third part of the Hebrew Bible is so called from the first book in it, and the rest of it consists of those Books which are not found in the other two parts. Our English Old Testament has a different order and comes from the Greek Version of the Old Testament (the Septuagint).
It consists of four parts: - Pentateuch,
The New Testament numbers twenty-seven Books, and is the work of eight authors, covering only about fifty years. Of the eight authors, five were apostles of CHRIST and three were associates of the apostles.
The New Testament has three main parts:
- History, contained in the Gospels and Acts;
- Doctrine, in the Epistles;
- Prophecy, in the Revelation.
These three provide respectively the commencement, the course, and the culmination of the Christian religion.
There is a striking connection between the Old Testament and the New beyond the general unity mentioned above. The Old Testament emphasizes the three aspects of the divine Saviour: the prophet, the priest, and the king. These answer to the three deepest necessities of man.
- He requires a prophet to reveal GOD;
- He requires a priest to redeem from sin;
- He requires a king to rule his life for GOD.
Each of these is emphasized in the Old Testament, and in general can be associated with sections of its Books.
The New Testament fitly shows how this threefold need is met in CHRIST as Prophet, Priest, and King; revealing, redeeming, and ruling. The full title "Jesus Christ our Lord" suggests this:
- JESUS the Prophet,
- CHRIST the Priest,
- The Lord the King.
Such is the Bible as we have it today. But how did it come to be what it now is? There has been a gradual growth, and the steps of this we must note.
At first and for a long time the revelation of GOD was oral. "The word of the Lord came to Abram" (Genesis 15:1).
This was sufficient for ages. But the time came when it was necessary to put the divine revelation in a written form. It would seem as though a book were essential for the maintenance and continuance of religion, and it is at least interesting and perhaps also significant that all the great religious systems of the world have their sacred books.
Literature is the nearest possible approach to reliability. This is a point which will need fuller consideration at a later stage.
There are traces in the Old Testament of a gradual growth by accretion. The Jewish tradition associates Moses with the commencement of the Scripture, and there is no doubt of the essential truth of this position. Certainly there is no other tradition attaching to the books; and in view of the tenacity with which the Jews kept their national traditions, this belief about Moses calls for adequate explanation.
A careful study of passages found throughout the Old Testament shows this development, indications being found at almost every period, of growth and additions to the existing writings.
Among others the following passages should be noted:
And the LORD said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua: for I will utterly put out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven (Exodus 17:14).
And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the LORD: and these [are] their journeys according to their goings out (Numbers 33:2).
And it shall be, when he sitteth upon the throne of his kingdom, that he shall write him a copy of this law in a book out of [that which is] before the priests the Levites (Deuteronomy 17:18).
This book of the law shall not depart out of thy mouth; but thou shalt meditate therein day and night, that thou mayest observe to do according to all that is written therein: for then thou shalt make thy way prosperous, and then thou shalt have good success . . . And Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God, and took a great stone, and set it up there under an oak, that was by the sanctuary of the LORD (Joshua 1:8; 24:26).
Then Samuel told the people the manner of the kingdom, and wrote it in a book, and laid it up before the LORD. And Samuel sent all the people away, every man to his house (I Samuel 10:25).
Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples . . . To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, it is because there is no light in them (Isaiah 8:16, 20).
Take thee a roll of a book, and write therein all the words that I have spoken unto thee against Israel, and against Judah, and against all the nations, from the day I spake unto thee, from the days of Josiah, even unto this day (Jeremiah 36:2).
In the first year of his reign I Daniel understood by books the number of the years, whereof the word of the LORD came to Jeremiah the prophet, that he would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem (Daniel 9:2).
And all the people gathered themselves together as one man into the street that was before the water gate; and they spake unto Ezra the scribe to bring the book of the law of Moses, which the LORD had commanded to Israel (Nehemiah 8:1).
These references, taken from each period of the history, indicate a gradual growth of the Jewish Scriptures.
The complete volume is associated by tradition with Ezra, and there are no valid reasons for doubting this, especially as it harmonizes with the testimony of the wellinformed and representative Jew, Josephus, who, writing in the first century of the Christian Era, said that no book was added to the Jewish Scripture after the time of Malachi.
As to the preservation of the gradually growing volume through the ages from Moses to Ezra, it has been pointed out by that eminent Egyptologist, Professor Naville, that it was the custom among Eastern nations to deposit their books in their sanctuaries, and there is every likelihood that the Jews did the same. The copy found by Hilkiah was probably this temple copy (II Kings 22:8).
The New Testament was also marked by. a gradual growth.
At first came the oral accounts of the life of CHRIST and the presentation of the Christian message.
Then followed the apostolic letters, confirming and elaborating their oral teaching.
These letters were read in the assemblies of the Christians (I Thessalonians 5:27; II Thessalonians 3:14).
The next stage was the interchange of these letters among the churches (Colossians 4:16).
Not long after the need of a record of the life of the founder was felt, and as a result came our Gospels (Luke 1:l-4; John 20:31). The story of the early church naturally followed (Acts), and the Apocalypse fitly crowned the whole with its outlook on the future.
As the primitive churches had the Old Testament volume in their hands, it was a constant reminder of the need of an analogous volume of the New Testament, though everything was so very gradual and natural that it is only when the process is complete that it is realized to have been also manifestly supernatural.
At this point the important question arises how we can be sure that our Bible today really represents the books which have been thus naturally and simply collected into a volume.
The answer is that it is quite easy to prove that our Bible is the same as the church has had through the centuries.
We start with the printed Bibles of today and it is obviously easy to show that they correspond with the printed Bibles of the sixteenth century, or the time when printing was invented.
From these we can go back through the English and Latin versions until we reach to the great manuscripts of the fourth century as represented by the three outstanding codices known as:
- The Codex Sinaiticus (in Petrograd),
- The Codex Vaticanus (in Rome)
- The Codex Alexandrinus (in the British Museum).
Then we can go back still farther and compare the use of Scripture in the writings of the Fathers of the third century, and from these work back to the second century when versions in several languages are found.
From this it is but a short step to the time of the apostles and the actual composition of the New Testament writings.
There is no reasonable doubt that we possess today what has always been regarded as the Scriptures of the Christian Church.
The proof as to the Old Testament can be shown along similar lines.
Our Old Testament is identical with the Bible of the Jews at the present time. This is the translation of Hebrew manuscripts dating from several centuries past, and the fact of the Jews always having used the same Bible as they do today is a proof that all through the ages the Christian Church has not been mistaken in its inclusion of the Old Testament in its Bible.
An additional evidence of great value is the fact that the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek about two centuries before CHRIST, and this translation is essentially the same as the Hebrew text from which we get our Old Testament.
The additional books which are found in the Greek Old Testament, called the Apocrypha, were never part of the Jewish Scriptures, and were never regarded as Scripture by those who knew the Hebrew language. These books were not written in Hebrew, and were not included in Scripture by any body of Christians until the Church of Rome arbitrarily decided to include them at the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century. In addition to other points which could be mentioned, these books contain inaccuracies in history and doctrine, which make it impossible for them to be regarded as part of the Word of GOD for man.
These are some of the facts which are connected with our Bible as we now have it, and from them we can proceed to consider the various points which are involved in our belief that the Bible is for us the Word of GOD, and as such, the rule of our faith and practice
Bring It, Brother!
“and were not included in Scripture by any body of Christians until the Church of Rome arbitrarily decided to include them at the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century.”
i realize not many Baptists have a clue about Church History before the 16th century, ( when they appear on the world stage for the first time ), but the above statement is down right IGNORANT.
The Greek Orthodox split from the Latin Church in 1054, and therefore do not accept Trent as a Church Council.
what is the OT canon of the Greek Orthodox?
what books of the OT were in the Latin Vulgate in the 4th century?
what OT books were declared canonical in the 397ad council of carthage?
the oriental orthodox split from the Catholic Church in the 5th century, how many books are there in their OT canon?
this post is embarrassing in its ignorance of Church history.
Thanks for this.
If scripture is considered good for correction and reproof, then many in the Roman Catholic church held that the Apocrypha was not scripture.
Writing prior to the canon decision at the Council of Trent, Cajetan wrote:
“Here we close our commentaries on the historical books of the Old Testament. For the rest (that is, Judith, Tobit, and the books of Maccabees) are counted by St Jerome out of the canonical books, and are placed amongst the Apocrypha, along with Wisdom and Ecclesiasticus, as is plain from the Prologus Galeatus. Nor be thou disturbed, like a raw scholar, if thou shouldest find anywhere, either in the sacred councils or the sacred doctors, these books reckoned as canonical. For the words as well of councils as of doctors are to be reduced to the correction of Jerome. Now, according to his judgment, in the epistle to the bishops Chromatius and Heliodorus, these books (and any other like books in the canon of the bible) are not canonical, that is, not in the nature of a rule for confirming matters of faith. Yet, they may be called canonical, that is, in the nature of a rule for the edification of the faithful, as being received and authorised in the canon of the bible for that purpose. By the help of this distinction thou mayest see thy way clearly through that which Augustine says, and what is written in the provincial council of Carthage.”
-Cardinal Cajetan (16th century)
However, the author of the posted article would have done well to point that out, rather than just assert that the Apocrypha was “not included in Scripture by any body of Christians until the Church of Rome arbitrarily decided to include them at the Council of Trent”.
great post, thanks!
Are the Gospels Historical?
What is Biblical Prophecy? What Biblical Prophecy is NOT, and What It Really IS
Biblical Illiteracy and Bible Babel
The Pilgrims' Regress - The Geneva Bible And The "Apocrypha"
The "Inconvenient Tale" of the Original King James Bible
The Bible - an absolutely amazing book
Christian Scriptures, Jewish Commentary
Essays for Lent: The Canon of Scripture
Essays for Lent: The Bible
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How we should read the Bible
St. Jerome and the Vulgate (completing the FIRST Bible in the year 404) [Catholic Caucus]
In Bible Times
Deuterocanonical References in the New Testament
Translations Before the King James: - The KJV Translators Speak!
EWTN Live - March 23 - A Journey Through the Bible
"Our Father's Plan" - EWTN series with Dr. Scott Hahn and Jeff Cavins on the Bible timeline
The Daunting Journey From Faith to Faith [Anglicanism to Catholicism]
Reflections on the Soon to Be Released New American Bible (Revised Edition)[Catholic Caucus]
New American Bible changes some words such as "holocaust"
Is the Bible the Only Revelation from God? (Catholic / Orthodox Caucus)
History of the Bible (caution: long)
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THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: ON READING THE BIBLE [Catholic Caucus]
Because I Love the Bible
Where Is That Taught in the Bible?
When Was the Bible Really Written?
Three Reasons for Teaching the Bible [St. Thomas Aquinas]
The Smiting Is Still Implied (God of the OT vs the NT)
Where Is That Taught in the Bible?
Friday Fast Fact: The Bible in English
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Verses (in Scripture) I Never Saw
5 Myths about 7 Books
Lectionary Statistics - How much of the Bible is included in the Lectionary for Mass? (Popquiz!)
Pope calls Catholics to daily meditation on the Bible
What Are the "Apocrypha?"
The Accuracy of Scripture
US Conference of Catholic Bishops recommendations for Bible study
CNA unveils resource to help Catholics understand the Scriptures
The Dos and Donts of Reading the Bible [Ecumenical]
Pope to lead marathon Bible reading on Italian TV
The Complete Bible: Why Catholics Have Seven More Books [Ecumenical]
Beginning Catholic: Books of the Catholic Bible: The Complete Scriptures [Ecumenical]
Beginning Catholic: When Was The Bible Written? [Ecumenical]
The Complete Bible: Why Catholics Have Seven More Books [Ecumenical]
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Knowing Mary Through the Bible: Mary's Last Words
A Bible Teaser For You... (for everyone :-)
Knowing Mary Through the Bible: New Wine, New Eve
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Doctrinal Concordance of the Bible [What Catholics Believe from the Bible] Catholic Caucus
Should We Take the Bible Literally or Figuratively?
Glimpsing Words, Practices, or Beliefs Unique to Catholicism [Bible Trivia]
Catholic and Protestant Bibles: What is the Difference?
Church and the Bible(Caatholic Caucus)
Pope Urges Prayerful Reading of Bible
Catholic Caucus: It's the Church's Bible
How Tradition Gave Us the Bible
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They were considered important works on various subjects such as history, and that is why the KJB had them between the testaments as being non-Canonical.
The Cardinal is simply broadening the word 'Canonical' to make it mean something it doesn't mean.
The Canon refers to those books that define Christian doctrine and are directly given by God.
The Apocrypha books are not part of the Canon.
Luther was wrong about many things.
Not this one.
Sirach is preserved in a Greek translation but was originally written in Hebrew. It came to be called Ecclesiasticus because excerpts from it were so frequently used in the Mass.
A very interesting study but very time consuming and worth the effort...
**one Lord one faith one baptism**
Your name is in this next Sunday’s second reading — Ephesians!
Luther was wrong on many things, but that particular quote is not too far off - particularly in context. It came in a sermon where he said, in essence, that the Catholic Church had gone astray.
Today the pope and his crowd cry out against us that they are the church, since they have received Baptism, the Sacrament, and Holy Writ from the apostles and are their successors. They say: Where else should Gods people be than where His name is praised, and where the successors and heirs of His apostles are to be found? Surely the Turks, the Tartars, and the heathen cannot be His people. Therefore we must be His people; otherwise it will be altogether impossible to find a people of God on earth. Consequently, he who rebels against us resists the Christian Church and Christ Himself. [LW 24:303].
Yes, we ourselves find it difficult to refute it, especially since we concedeas we mustthat so much of what they say is true: that the papacy has Gods Word and the office of the apostles, and that we have received Holy Scripture, Baptism, the Sacrament, and the pulpit from them. What would we know of these if it were not for them? Therefore faith, the Christian Church, Christ, and the Holy Spirit must also be found among them. What business have I, then, to preach against them as a pupil preaching against his teachers? Then there come rushing into my heart thoughts like these: Now I see that I am in error. Oh, if only I had never started this and had never preached a word! For who dares oppose the church, of which we confess in the Creed: I believe in a holy Christian Church, etc.? Now I find this church in the papacy too. It follows, therefore, that if I condemn this church, I am excommunicated, rejected, and damned by God and all the saints. [LW 24:304].
and he goes on:
Thus we are also compelled to say: I believe and am sure that the Christian Church has remained even in the papacy. On the other hand, I know that most of the papists are not the Christian Church, even though they give everyone the impression that they are. Today our popes, cardinals, and bishops are not Gods apostles and bishops; they are the devils. And their people are not Gods people; they are the devils. And yet some of the papists are true Christians, even though they, too, have been led astray, as Christ foretold in Matt. 24:24 [Open in Logos Bible Software (if available)] . But by the grace of God and with His help they have been preserved in a wonderful manner. [LW 24:305].
In the meantime we adhere to the distinction made here by Christ and do not regard as Christendom those who do not hold truly and absolutely to what Christ taught, gave, and ordained, no matter how great, holy, and learned they may be. We tell them that they are the devils church. On the other hand, we want to acknowledge and honor as the true bride of Christ those who remain faithful to His pure Word and have no other comfort for their hearts than this Savior, whom they have received and confessed in Baptism and in whose name they have partaken of the Sacrament. These are the true church. It is not found in only one place, as, for example, under the pope; but it exists over the entire earth wherever Christians are found. Outwardly they may be scattered here and there, but they meet in the words of the Creed: I believe in God the Father Almighty, and in Jesus Christ, our Lord, who was born, suffered, and died for us on the cross. In like manner, they pray: Our Father who art in heaven. They share the same Spirit, Word, and Sacrament. They all lead the same holy and blessed life, each one according to his calling, whether father, mother, master, servant, etc. Thus whatever we preach, believe, and live, this they all preach, believe, and live. Physically separated and scattered here and there throughout the wide world, we are nevertheless gathered and united in Christ.[LW 24:309].
The true church has never disappeared from the earth. Luther didn’t suddenly become the first Christian in a thousand years.
And the Catholic Church had access to something of great value - God’s Word.
And yes, Israel also had access to God’s word and the prophets, and yet Israel did not recognize God Incarnate. In like manner, the Catholic Church hid God’s Word and condemned to death those who sought to distribute English translations (and later other vernacular translations) because they knew that what they taught did not line up with scripture.
The Pope of Luther’s day had full access to scripture - yet he ignored it, and hid it. The Catholic Church fought to prevent commoners from reading scripture, saying it was to high for normal men to understand. But God’s Word wasn’t meant to be hidden, concealed, ignored and despised. It was meant to be read and followed - according to the Apostle Peter:
13 I think it is right to refresh your memory as long as I live in the tent of this body, 14 because I know that I will soon put it aside, as our Lord Jesus Christ has made clear to me. 15 And I will make every effort to see that after my departure you will always be able to remember these things.
16 We did not follow cleverly invented stories when we told you about the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ, but we were eyewitnesses of his majesty. 17 For he received honor and glory from God the Father when the voice came to him from the Majestic Glory, saying, This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased. 18 We ourselves heard this voice that came from heaven when we were with him on the sacred mountain.
19 And we have the word of the prophets made more certain, and you will do well to pay attention to it, as to a light shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts. 20 Above all, you must understand that no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophets own interpretation. 21 For prophecy never had its origin in the will of man, but men spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.
And what happens if God’s Word is not paid attention to?
Peter goes on:
2 But there were also false prophets among the people, just as there will be false teachers among you. They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the sovereign Lord who bought them bringing swift destruction on themselves. 2 Many will follow their shameful ways and will bring the way of truth into disrepute. 3 In their greed these teachers will exploit you with stories they have made up. Their condemnation has long been hanging over them, and their destruction has not been sleeping.
Thanks for the input.
I think one point of misunderstanding (misunderstood by some Catholics, too, as well as by some others) arises when people don't distinguish between "Traditional" and "Defined Dogmatic". Much of the certain Tradition of the Church is not formulated as a dogmatic definiton until some challenge or crisis requires precise argument and formal restatement.
A formal, painstaking recapitulation of what the Church holds, does not mean the Church has just invented or imposed it on the spot. It means that the ancient truths have been (again) iterated in a clear pronouncement.
Examples abound. For instance, the Church always had an Incarnational and Trinitarian understanding of Christ; but one wouldn't find those exact, precise words used much before the early Ecumenical Councils. This doesn't indicate that the Church "didn't believe" in the Incarnation or the Trinity before the 4th century; it just indiates that the explanations became sharper and clearer: often in response to the goad of controversy.
This issue arises when we speak of the canon of Scripture. Some claim that the Church did not authoritatively define the canon of Scripture until the Council of Trent and, since that Council was a reaction to the Reformation, the deuterocanon can be considered an addition to the original Christian canon. This is not correct.
Regional councils of the early Church had enumerated the books of the Bible time and again prior to the Reformation, always upholding the current Catholic canon. Examples include the Council of Rome (382), the Council of Hippo (393), and the Third and Fourth Councils of Carthage (397, 418). All of these affirmed the Catholic canon as we know it today, while none affirmed the Protestant canon.
If you can find one Christian Council that lists only a short, 39-book O.T. Canon in the 4th or 5th centuries, I would be interested in hearing of it. It would be news to me.
Yes, it could be argued that the "short list" comes to us from a council --- but not a Christian one! It comes from the ca. 100 AD Jewish scholars of Jamnia (Yavne), who were reacting against the successful Christian use of the Septuagint in gaining Jewish converts to the Gospel of Christ.
So either way (39-book or 46-book) you have to depend on a council: but why a Christian would want to revert to the authority of an anti-Christian rabbinical council, puzzles me.
To be sure, there was plenty of discussion and some dissent on such things, even among churchmen. But the Christian Councils were unanimous. Even a thousand years later, while seeking reunion with the Copts, the Church affirmed the same canon at the ecumenical Council of Florence in 1442.
True, it was when the canon became a serious issue following the Protestant schism in the early 1500s, that the Council of Trent "dogmatically defined" the full, 46 book O.T. Canon. But it was same Canon that the Church had traditionally and consistently taught for more than 1,000 years.
Thanks for the ping!
The same Christians that the Catholic church persecuted.
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Menopause is when a woman’s menstrual periods stop permanently. Menopause usually occurs around age 51, but other factors such as medications can influence when this starts. The years around menopause, called perimenopause or menopausal transition, is when women experience symptoms, which are related to hormone changes. The two main hormones for reproduction are estrogen and progesterone. As women age, your ovaries produce less of these hormones. These hormonal changes around menopause can be difficult and may decrease quality of life for some.
Some symptoms around menopause include: mood changes, night sweats, difficulty sleeping, and hot flashes.
Increased appetite is also a symptom around menopause – in one study, the hunger hormone, ghrelin, was found to be higher in perimenopausal women in comparsion with premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Low levels of estrogen have also been associated with potentially impairing the function of leptin and neuropeptide Y, which are hormones that control fullness and appetite. Many women develop problems with binge eating due to increased appetite caused by menopause.
Here are some tips for reducing menopause symptoms:
- Incorporate physical activity in a way in which you enjoy
- Aim for 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week
- Aim for strength training exercises a few days per week, which helps with replacing lost muscle mass and slows mineral loss in bone, which could potentially lead to osteoporosis
- Limit alcohol to one drink per day if you choose to drink
- Increase your water intake – aim for at least 8 – 10 cups per day
- Limit caffeine intake
- Incorporate all food groups into your diet
- Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, healthy fats and lean protein foods (i.e., animal protein, beans, lentils) contain the nutrients you need
- Add fiber to all meals for fullness (i.e., whole grains, vegetables)
- Pair carbohydrates with a protein source to help keep blood sugar stable
- Eat every 3-4 hours in effort to control hunger levels
- Avoid large meals before bed – it is best to aim for having your last meal 2-3 hours before bed
- Keep your sleep schedule as consistent as possible – go to bed and wake up at the same time each day, including weekends
- Develop a relaxing bedtime routine (i.e., read a book, face mask, take a warm
- Turn off all social media and lights or technology in the bedroom
- Keep your bedroom at a comfortable temperature for a better night sleep
Support for a Healthier Lifestyle
Finding support if you find yourself turning to unhealthy behaviors due to menopause is one of the best ways to prevent more serious health problems. Behavioral Therapists at Behavioral Nutrition can help by working with you to find alternative behaviors that will make it easier to prevent unhealthy behaviors like binge eating. Our Behavioral Therapy Services take a holistic approach to find solutions that are sustainable and help you look and feel great. Get in touch today to learn more about how we can help you develop a healthier lifestyle.
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The most common -- and often, the first -- symptom is blood in your urine. It may be just a little, or it can be enough to change the color of your pee. It may turn orange, pink, or darker red.
You may see blood one day, but not the next. If you have bladder cancer, the blood eventually comes back. In some cases, you can’t see blood in your urine. Your doctor or lab tech will only detect it with a urine test.
Make an appointment if you have any of these other symptoms:
- You have to pee more often than usual.
- Your urine changes color.
- It hurts or burns when you pee.
- You feel like you have to pee -- even if your bladder’s not full.
- You can’t pee, or you pee very little.
If you notice any of these things, call your doctor, but don’t panic. Having these symptoms doesn’t mean you have cancer. You could have a urinary tract infection, bladder infection, or some other less serious condition.
Once bladder cancer starts to spread, you may notice that:
- You can’t pee, even when you feel like you have to.
- Your lower back hurts.
- You’re losing weight without trying.
- You’re not as hungry as usual.
- You have swollen feet.
- Your bones hurt.
- You often feel extremely tired or weak.
Again, see your doctor if any of these things happen to you. They more likely signal that you have something other than bladder cancer.
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17 – Open Source Homes
To meet the big challenges of the 21st century, we’re going to have to be much smarter about the way we design and build homes, and part of that means putting the knowledge & tools to build beautiful, sustainable homes into the hands of every business & citizen on earth.
Open Source Building
Instead of re-solving the same problems again and again, open source building technologies allow designers to work together to develop the best solutions which are then shared for all. But open source building isn’t just about publishing a set of house plans. Often, open source building systems try to use widely available materials, such as earth bricks or sheet materials, as is the case with the OSE Microhouse, and Hexayurt.
The WikiHouse project combines this approach with digital manufacturing to make a kind of digital ‘lego’. Imagine low-cost, high-performance homes that can be locally manufactured and self-assembled, even by amateurs. It’s being developed by a growing global community of designers, engineers and coders.
Open Source Vernaculars
The idea of open source building systems isn’t new. In fact it’s how we built most of our best, most beautiful homes throughout most of history, using local vernacular designs. 21st century tools are simply allowing us to rediscover those resilient models, where homes adapt to their place and user.
Open Source Smart Homes
Open source technologies will also let you control your home. Where many new ‘smart’ devices won’t speak to each other, OpenHAB is an open source operating system that lets all the components in your home speak to each other, whilst letting you own your private data.
Open Source Cities
Of course, houses themselves are just the most visible part of the underlying systems that shape and run our cities. What could it mean to imagine a truly open source city, where data is transparent and shared? Places planned, developed and improved by and for everyone? That should keep us busy for 2016.
All images above CC-BY WikiHouse Foundation
Image source Kai Kruzer, source unknown.
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The restoration of English dialects in audiovisual texts
This is an excerpt from my academic paper “Language Variation in The Prestige: How Accents and Dialects Can Influence the Correct Interpretation of the Film” (2017).
When one thinks about English dialects and accents, it is possible to create a mental image that represents a division between North and South of Britain, that is a distinction between two major areas, with their own specific phonetic and morphological features. A comparative study of morphosyntactic characteristics of British English varieties identifies a north-south divide, a north-south division marked by the BATH and STRUT isoglosses which is robust, stable, and the clearest one with regard to morphosyntactic features (Joan C. Beal).
However, this is not the only possible variety of dialects and accents of British English. Indeed, within these two great areas, other inner dialects and accents are living and surviving through time, forming a complexity of linguistic varieties that identify native speakers according to their regional and social origin. The term “dialect” signals in fact a variation of some sort, that may refer to the provenance of the speaker, the social standing (social dialect or diastratic variety), the level of formality employed (diaphasic variation), or also the means of communication employed (diamesic variation) (S.Bruti, G. Vignozzi).
English dialects and accents: from the 60s to now
The process of restoration of dialects in audiovisual texts has been developed in recent times, especially in the wake of what Ranzato has defined as “the 1990s big turn in television adaptations of the classics”. This period has seen in fact “the introduction of a greater number of realistic features in an attempt to bring the classics closer to our contemporary sensibilities” (I. Ranzato). However, it is possible to state that the general attitude toward Received Pronunciation and non-standard dialects began to change in the 1960s when people started to feel more positive about their regional dialects. Many scholars have suggested a great variety of reasons for this particular change, and Peter Trudgill has even suggested that besides other socioeconomic factors, the Liverpool accent of the Beatles had a very strong influence on British linguistic attitudes.
Basically, through the years the television image has started being perceived with a naturalistic potential, with a connection with realism, its “persistent reference” to the “presentness”- as “a reflection of the living, constantly changing present” (H. Zettl). Its significant potential for realistic liveness made authors and directors depict characters in their realistic traits, including their non-standard use of the English language. The perception of the regional varieties took place in the middle of the 20th century in England, and this change allowed dialects to be invested with a “renovated prestige” – while giving “less prestige” to the dialect of London and the Home Counties.
On the other hand, there is still a gap between contemporary films and literature. If we can find many examples of “linguistic realism” in literature, in their audio-visual counterparts the cases are considerably fewer. In fact, “novels can be more extreme in their depiction of non-standard varieties than their relative adaptations for the screen” (I. Ranzato). An interesting case study is represented by Welsh’s novel Trainspotting and its audio-visual adaptation. In the incipit of Welsh’s work readers are immediately called to face up the transcription of the Edinburgh dialect – as the characters do not only speak it, but they also narrate in it. The adaptation of the film, instead, was carried out by using a marked but perfectly comprehensible Scottish accent – as one can hear from the “Choose life” opening monologue.
In conclusion, nowadays film language is generally written and styled to be a mimesis of spontaneous speech of real-life. For this reason, accents and dialects prove to be the perfect means to produce this reality effect, becoming an effective cinematographic resource to dispose of and with which it is possible to produce natural-sounding conversations and to communicate background information about characters – such as their lives and the location they come from (S.Bruti, G. Vignozzi).
| PHOTOS BY LAZARO LIMA ON BEHANCE
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Raising animals is a great way for families to learn and grow together.
Children learn a sense of responsibility by caring for other living creatures and parents can be assured by the knowledge of where their eggs come from.
Chickens benefit the family’s environment naturally by eating a variety of pests such as ticks, grasshoppers, and grubs, while fertilizing plants with their nitrogen rich droppings.
The average hen lays about 300 eggs per year, providing families with an abundant year-round supply. Research shows that eggs from free range hens have less cholesterol and fat, more vitamins, firmer whites and brighter yolks.
Raising chickens is neither expensive nor time consuming. A few initial supplies are required when starting a flock, but little more than food and water is needed to maintain them. In fact, money can be saved since eggs no longer need to be purchased!
- Do I want them to be free range, or contained and how will I protect them from predators?
- What supplies do I need for this endeavor?
To answer these questions and get valuable advice about starting your own flock, come to your neighborhood Augusta Cooperative Farm Bureau! Many of our sales associates will be able to give you first hand advice. We have affordable supplies to get you started on your journey.
For more information on backyard chickens, give us a call or come by and see us today!
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( Mechanical engineering : Mechanics and dynamics )
Mechanical testing is used to ensure that supplied materials will perform as expected.
Mechanical testing of materials covers a wide variety of experimental approaches, ranging from a simple
standard tensile test to more complex tests.
Mechanical testing is the testing of a material to find out its mechanical properties, for example its
yield strength or hardness.
Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © HarperCollins Publishers
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KOREAN WEDDING DUCK
the man who will carve a daughter's wedding duck is not an easy task. The man chosen must be a pure and honorable man, as well as a good friend. He must be the fortunate possessor of all of
the FIVE FORTUNES. Above all, he must be truly willing and happy to perform the task when asked by his friend. The carving of the traditional wedding duck is a custom not taken lightly, for
the man selected to carve the wedding duck shares his spirit and his fortunes with the lucky young couple. The personal traits of the carver (not his ability as a carver) are crucial, because
it is his spirit, which enters into the symbol as well as his FIVE FORTUNES which are being shared with the bridal couple.
The carver may not
accept money for his work, but rather must agree to carve the duck for the
honor of the task. On the other
hand, a prudent man must be careful nor to carve more than one duck in his lifetime, for with each duck he shares his own FIVE FORTUNES, and he cannot "share his fortunes" away. This
may explain the crudeness and folk quality of some of the carvings. The FIVE FORTUNES of the carver are: 1. He must be rich, 2. He must be perfectly healthy, 3. Among his family (including his
relatives) there must have been no divorces, 4. He has to have a "good wife" and 5. He must have many sons.
significance of the sons is in keeping with the Confucian emphasis on family strength and continuity, but this FORTUNE carries an additional condition. For a man to have five children, but
have only two watching him when he dies, means he can count only two children as his real children. He cannot count the others. To have all his children watch him die is part of the FIFTH
FORTUNE. The duck-maker applies his whole spirit and energy to his task. While working with his knife, he prays in his heart that, generous portions of true happiness, luck and good fortune
will bring peace, prosperity and many children (just as the duck has many eggs) to the bride and groom.
daughter's wedding is a time of festivities whether the wedding occurs in Mexico, the United States, Europe or the Orient. Each country has its own customs, which make it a special time for
the entire family. These times are no less exciting in Korea than in other countries. In Korea, though, a family prepares for this day from early childhood, for this is a special day in the
When it is time for
the wedding, the duck must be wrapped with different
colors of cloths (except the neck of
the duck) and it is carried to the ceremony. The duck is placed on the table as soon as the daughter arrives. When the ceremony is over, the bride and groom bow to the groom's mother and
father two and a half times. Then the groom's mother throws the duck to the apron of the bride. If the girl catches the duck, she, according to the tradition, will have a boy as the first
child. If she missed, the first child will be a girl.
the groom's mother throws several handfuls of jujubes to the outspread apron of the bride. These are good for the health and are used as a medicine. It symbolizes a healthy future. Finally,
the mother of the groom throws some chestnuts to the bride. These are hard and strong and are a symbol of the strong sons to be born. The quantity caught is an omen of good health and many
duck is carried to the new home of the bridal pair and is displayed where they can easily see it. If the couple quarrels, one will point to the duck, which reminds them of the peaceful
wedding, and will stop fighting.
duck will be handed down from mother to daughter through the generations. The wedding duck symbolizes three things: 1. Peace, 2. Many children, and 3. No separations.
The Korean Turtle Ship is the first ironclad warship in the world shaped like a turtle that was invented and built by Admiral YI, SOON SHIN in 1592 (16C).
During the IM JIN WAR (Korean and Japanese; 1592-1598), under Admiral YI's command, the turtle ships were engaged as the vanguard and brought the seas under their
control to lead the country to victory.
Therefore, the Korean people admire general YI as the most famous Admiral in Korean history, and an original form of the turtle ship was rebuilt and kept by the KOREAN
NAVAL ACADEMY in JIN HAE.
The following are the details about structure of the original turtle ship
34.2m Width: lO.3m Height: 6.4m
The turtle ship had it's deck made firm with boards from two inches to a foot thick, and it was roofed with iron plates on boards, and numberless spikes on them which prevented the enemy from
Although it's crew could look at the enemy from the ship, the enemy could not see into it from outside.
The bow is shaped after the head of a dragon and the stern the tail of a turtle.
A gun-port is installed at each end of the dragon head, and six more on each side of the ship. The name turtle ship is derived from the shape.
It had eight oars on each side and two sails used for maneuvering.
The masts were designed to stand up or lay down as necessary.
It had a total of 24 cabins: two were used as storage for iron products and metal works, and three for guns, bows, arrows, spears, swords and other weapons. The rest of
the rooms were quarters for the crew.
In the upper part of the ship were two cabins; one for the captain and the other for the officers.
REMARKS: The study of world naval history reveals that the turtle ship was the most unique and unquestionably epoch-making invention of the time.
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During the late medieval and early modern periods, what one saw was only part of the picture. The mechanics and philosophy of seeing and comprehending the visual were at the very core of experience in cultures shaped by what scholars have called their “ocularcentrism,” or eye-centeredness.
In this exhibition, curated by Michelle Ermatinger-Salas, UC 2012, we are invited to view pieces from the Berman Museum’s permanent collections through the lenses of early modern viewing theories and practices. The teachings of the notable Renaissance art theorist Alberti guide our viewing of a work by contemporary Philadelphia-based artist Cliff Lamoree. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century portraits address us as “speaking likenesses” who still reach out to current viewers from centuries past.
Other works selected represent the breadth of genres and chronological periods in the Berman’s collections to exemplify the kinds of object/viewer transactions that characterized early modern understandings of those relationships. Interactive areas of the exhibition will demonstrate the persistence to this day of early modern viewing strategies that ensure our engagement as late modern (and postmodern) viewers.
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- The FDA has received reports of DCM in a wide range of breeds, including many not genetically prone to the disease.
- FDA researchers have observed that most of these DCM cases were associated with animals eating dry dog foods. Dogs eating raw, semi-moist, and wet diets were also affected.
- Researchers found that over 90 percent of the reported recipes were grain-free. (Yet some dogs consumed diets that contained grain, too.)
- Most of these animals ate diets that appeared to contain high concentrations of peas, chickpeas, lentils… or various types of potatoes.
Diets in cases reported to the FDA frequently list potatoes or multiple legumes such as peas, lentils, other “pulses” (seeds of legumes), and their protein, starch and fiber derivatives early in the ingredient list, indicating that they are main ingredients. Early reports from the veterinary cardiology community indicate that the dogs consistently ate these foods as their primary source of nutrition for time periods ranging from months to years. High levels of legumes or potatoes appear to be more common in diets labeled as “grain-free,” but it is not yet known how these ingredients are linked to cases of DCM.
The 16 Dog Food Brands the FDA is Warning About
- Taste of the Wild
- Earthborn Holistic
- Blue Buffalo
- Nature’s Domain
- California Natural
- Natural Balance
- Nature’s Variety
- Rachael Ray Nutrish
A note from the FDA:
To put this issue into proper context, the American Veterinary Medical Association estimates that there are 77 million pet dogs in the United States.
As of April 30, 2019, the FDA has received reports about 560 dogs diagnosed with DCM suspected to be linked to diet. Tens of millions of dogs have been eating dog food without developing DCM.
For more information:
- Dog Food Advisor: FDA Investigating Potential Link Between Diet and Heart Disease in Dogs
- FDA: FDA Investigating Potential Connection Between Diet and Cases of Canine Heart Disease
(Image Credit: Pexels.)
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Lesson 16 我喜欢运动
Sports Vocabulary in Mandarin Chinese
“打” 和 “踢” 语法 Grammar
Nǐ xǐhuan shénme yùndòng?
What’s your favorite sport?
Wǒ xǐhuan tī zúqiú, hái xǐhuan dǎ lánqiú.
I like playing football and basketball.
你喜欢什么 (Nǐ xǐhuan shénme) attached to the name of a hobby is a very commonly used sentence structure to ask about someone’s hobbies. For example, “你喜欢什么电影？(Nǐ xǐhuan shénme diànyǐng?)”, which means, “What kind of films do you like?” In fact, you can put any kind of noun here. For example: “你喜欢什么水果？(Nǐ xǐhuan shénme shuǐguǒ?)” means “Which fruits do you like?” or “What kind of fruit do you like?”
If you don’t want to be too specific, you can put the question like this: “你喜欢做什么? (Nǐ xǐhuan zuò shénme?),” meaning, “What do you like to do?” The person has the freedom to talk about anything they like.
Another language point in the above conversation is the use of 踢 (tī) and 打 (dǎ). In English, you say “play football” and “play basketball,” but in Chinese it is 踢足球 (tī zúqiú) and 打篮球 (dǎ lánqiú). Usually, the sports you play with your feet use the verb 踢 (tī), and sports you play with your hands use 打 (dǎ), such as: 打羽毛球 (dǎ yǔmáoqiú), “to play badminton, ” or 打网球 (dǎ wǎngqiú), “to play tennis.”
Practice the vocabulary for this lesson with games and activities! Click on the picture below to download all the words in PDF.
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Of Revolution and Equality
Back when the class was talking about Locke, we discussed about Locke’s theory about revolution – that whenever the government uses authority and power beyond right, which is only for the good of oneself, then the populace has the right to oppose and revolt. Locke defines this act of a ruler or government tyranny.
Whenever law ends, tyranny begins. (199, pg 340)
May the commands then of a prince be opposed? … To this I answer, that force is to be opposed to nothing but to unjust and unlawful force. (203-204, pg 341)
Locke’s words immediately remind me of the frequent protests in Hong Kong, my hometown, especially the famous July 1st Mass Demonstration, which is somehow more of a tradition after all these years of continuous protesting on the same day since the return of Hong Kong to Chinese rule. However, it still reflects the ongoing dissatisfaction of citizens towards the Hong Kong government, and most of the time the same issues keep on coming up every year.
Below is one part of a news report in 2009 about the July 1st Mass Demonstration.
As we can see, a lot of Hong Kong citizens are very enthusiastic about the performance of the government, and I’m sure this scene is very common throughout the world, especially in democratic countries. People protest about almost anything you can think of – from education to the economy, universal suffrage to more independence of the HKSAR under the rule of the People’s Republic of China. These maybe issues that the world’s countries are also dealing with, but will Locke agree with all our protests and demonstrations on these social issues?
Let’s put aside issues that involve significant wrong-doings (e.g. corruption) of the government and focus on social issues that are protested on, like the ones that involve in the July 1st mass demonstrations in Hong Kong – will our actions gain the approval from Locke.
I personally think that, to a certain extent, they don’t.
Although not explicitly said, Locke seems to tell us that revolution is a force that opposes unjust and unlawful actions; in Locke’s terms, the people in the July 1st mass demonstration should be protesting the unlawful actions of the government instead of asking for changes after changes on social issues. From my perspective on these mass demonstrations in Hong Kong, seems like Hong Kong people are always asking for more improvements and changes, that they expect the government to have to ability to satisfy every individual’s needs.
Unless within a monarchy or oligarchy, it is impossible for the decisions of the “ruler” (i.e. government) of a democratic society to satisfy every individual’s needs. People protest because they find things to not meet their needs and standards. I do not deny the need to voice out on social issues that are bringing problems to the majority of people, but putting such stress on the government is somehow another issue people should rethink about.
Because of democracy, people have the right to voice out. Imagine living in an authoritarian or totalitarian country, would people still have the right to voice out? People living in such countries would have already taken everything the ruler does to be just and sound as long as it is within the boundaries of the law – sometimes even outside. It is when we put our own definitions into things that cause the rise of issues and inequalities, hence leading to revolutions and oppressions. As Rosseau says,
These relationships which we express by the words “large”, “small”, “strong’, “weak”, “fast”, “slow”, “timorous”, “bold” and other similar ideas, compared when needed and almost without thinking about it, finally produced in him a kind of reflection, or rather a mechanical prudence which pointed out to him the precautions that were most necessary for his safety. (pg 396)
An education system would not be seriously flawed if we didn’t compare it to other ones and that we didn’t put in assumptions of perfection; inequality wouldn’t exist if we didn’t compare ourselves to others. Every noun that is associated with an adjective is relative; as long as the government doesn’t do anything unjust, revolutionary contents are still debatable.
Democracy, by definition, means ruled by the people , which I somehow find a little vague; instead of the the people, it should be the majority, which I think most of us will agree. If because of a protest that the government changed some of the related policies due to the opinion of the majority, it is definite that the majority would benefit and the minority won’t – then how should the government determine what is right to do when people decide to protest on every single social issue?
What I want to point out is that, inequality lies in every single social issue, and for a democratic government to take actions to solve these problems, protests and oppressions will keep coming because inequality will never end once it has started as according to Rosseau,
… inequality is practically non-existent in the state of nature, it derives its force and growth from the development of our faculties and the progress of the human mind, and eventually becomes stable and legitimate through the establishment of property and laws… (pg 410)
Inequality has existed long ago since civil society has begun, mainly involving properties and laws, and it is impossible for us to turn back into Rosseau’s state of nature that everyone is equal.
I’m not inferring that Locke and Rosseau provided us the perfect theories and definitions towards contemporary social issues, but from an objective view, while revolutions and oppressions are inevitable and somehow necessary at times, people should acknowledge the it is unlikely that they are able to obtain “equality” by revolting and that they should think carefully before hand, whether their actions will lead to an effective resolution of an issue, or simply cause an uprising of another one?
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So you’d like to plant some bamboo in your garden. It’s fast growing, with an exotic flair, and it can add a great deal of ornamental elegance to your greenery. But there are two things you might be worried about. First of all, you get snow in the winter, and you don’t want the frost to kill your bamboo. Furthermore, you’ve heard that bamboo can spread quickly and aggressively. And you don’t want it to take over your entire yard, overstep your property lines, and lead to frosty relations with your neighbors. Indeed, these are valid concerns, but it’s easy to find non-invasive bamboo species that can withstand the cold.
Many of the most popular varieties of bamboo are quite vigorous and potentially invasive, or else better suited for subtropical conditions. Generally, the more cold hardy bamboos mostly have running rhizome root systems, while the more manageable clumping varieties tend to prefer warmer climates. But among the roughy 1,500 types of bamboo, you can find a surprising selection of clumping species that can survive winters as cold as -10º or -20º F. The hardiest clumpers belong to the genus Fargesia. You might also look for members of Borinda, Yushania, Himalayacalamus and Chusquea.
Classification of bamboo
While there are literally thousands of types of bamboo out there, must gardeners will start by dividing them into just two categories: runners and clumpers. Basically, the rhizome roots of a bamboo plant can take one of two forms, and that will determine whether the plant runs or clumps.
This is something of an oversimplification, because not all runners run equally, and some clumpers actually like to spread. At the same time, it’s a pretty useful and important means of distinguishing between different bamboos.
Running bamboo has what are called monopodial or leptomorph rhizomes. These underground appendages stretch outwards, running parallel to the ground and away from the main plant. The tip of the rhizome keeps going, but lateral shoots sprout up periodically to become new culms. So long as there is an ample water supply, the rhizomes will continue reaching out.
Within a given genus, all the species of bamboo will have the same growth habit. Phyllostachys, for example, is probably the most widespread genus of running bamboo. These varieties of bamboo spread quickly, which many gardeners can appreciate. But they also have the potential to become invasive, which can be a real nuisance.
One advantage of running bamboo is that it tends to be more temperate and more tolerant of cold weather. Mostly they are native to regions like central China and Japan, where the winters typically bring snow and frost.
The rhizomes of clumping bamboo are called sympodial or pachymorph. These rhizomes are thicker, and they are generally u-shaped, so that the tip curves upwards to become a new shoot. It’s much easier to manage a clumping bamboo because you don’t have rhizomes creeping underground for several feet and then sending up new shoots a year or so later.
Most clumpers will stop spreading once the plant reaches a certain total diameter, usually between 10 and 20 feet across. But other varieties, which we call open clumpers, can continue spreading indefinitely. Even so, an open clumping bamboo is still easier to contain than most running bamboos, just by the nature of their rhizomes.
Bambusa is one of the most popular genera of clumping bamboo, especially in North America. But, like most clumpers, they usually prefer tropical or subtropical conditions. The giant bamboo varieties like Dendrocalamus of Southeast Asia and Guadua of Central and South America are other examples of tropical clumpers.
Cold hardy clumping bamboo
The general rule of bamboo suggests that runners are temperate and clumpers are tropical and subtropical. But, of course, every rule has exceptions. As it happens, the most cold-hardy bamboo genus of them all is probably Fargesia, and they are clumpers. These varieties are native to China, but they make up the most popular ornamental bamboo species in Europe and Canada, two of the only regions that have no native bamboos of their own.
The foothills and lower slopes of the Himalayas are also home to a few other genera of clumping bamboo. Not all botanists agree, however, and some recognize the genus Borinda as a distinct genus, while others believe them to belong in the same group as Fargesia. Thamnocalamus is another very close relative of the Fargesia.
Also native to that region is the clumping genus Himalayacalamus, which includes numerous blue bamboos, very closely related to the genus Drepanostachyum. The telling difference between these two genera is that Himalayacalamus have one dominant branch at each node, while Drepanostachyum plants have multiple small branches. Yushania, an open clumping genus, closely related to Borinda and Fargesia, also comes from this mountainous part of the world.
From South America, the genus Chusquea has several cultivars which are native to higher altitudes. They have more of an open clumping habit, and probably aren’t hardy enough for Canada, but they are great down to 0º F (USDA zone 7). And unlike the Himalayan bamboos, most Chusqueas can tolerate very hot weather.
F. dracocephala: “Dragon head bamboo” has thick culms growing to about 10 feet, with a thick, weeping leaf canopy that can provide a good privacy hedge. Not recommended for hot, humid climates, but cold hardy down to -10º F. A popular cultivar of this species is ‘Rufa’, not to be confused which F. rufa, a separate species listed below. A dwarf cultivar of this species is also available, only growing about 6 feet tall, sometimes listed as Yushania confusa.
F. gaolinensis: A recently discovered species from Gaolin County in the Yunnan Province of China. Some authors classify it as Borinda gaolinensis, another good example of the confusion endemic to bamboo taxonomy.
F. murielae: Commonly known as “umbrella bamboo”, many consider this to be among the most beautiful varieties for cultivation. It’s also the most common bamboo in Europe. New shoots have a light blue hue, turning dark green and yellow with age. Growing this bamboo in a shady area will help preserve the rich blue shade. Thin shoots will get about 12 feet tall, and it’s hardy down to -20º F.
F. nitida: “Blue fountain bamboo” earned its name from the dark purple, bluish culms and the thick, cascading canopy of foliage. Very similar in appearance to F. muriela, except for the coloration of the culms. One-inch poles can get to about 15 feet tall, and thrive in temperatures as low as -20º F.
F. rufa: A compact, thick and bushy variety, Rufa much prefers the cooler climates, and also does well in partial shade, protected from afternoon sun. This species is hardy down to -15º F. Thin culms grow to about 10 feet tall.
F. scabrida: Another colorful variety, with shoots that come in shades of orange, blue and purple, eventually turning deep green. Also known as the “Asian Wonder,” it grows well in sun or shade, and is hardy to -10º F. Mature plants get 10 or 15 feet tall, with culms less than an inch in diameter. Although it’s a clumper, it does have a more vigorous growth habit. Still, its coloration makes it a favorite among bamboo growers.
Other mountain bamboos
Borinda papyrifera: An unusually stunning specimen with beautiful blue culms that turn yellow-green with age. Canes are 1-2 inches thick and 15-25 feet tall. Very pronounced culm sheaths are used for paper making. Native to high elevations of Yunnan, China, and hardy to 10 or 15º F. Not suitable for hot, muggy regions. Compact clumps grow only 5 or 6 feet wide.
Drepanostachyum khasianum: This especially rare variety has blueish culms like many bamboos of the Himalayas, but almost turquoise in this case, with purple highlights. Culms are thin and beautiful, having pronounced nodes with white rings. (See image above.) Grows 10 to 15 feet tall with a graceful, cascading shape. Native to Indian highlands and happier in cool climates and shady locations. Hardy to about 15º F.
Himalayacalamus hookerianus ‘Himalaya Blue’: When gardeners refer to ‘blue bamboo’, this is usually the species they have in mind. More common than some of the others on this list. New culms are light blue, with bits of rust and violet, turning golden with age. Grows 10-20 feet tall, with a more upright shape. Hardy to about 20º F.
Himalayacalamus porcatus ‘ Nepalese Blue”: A smaller, less common relative of the Himalaya Blue, with similar characteristics but only 8 to 10 feet tall. Leaves are slender and delicate, and very attractive overall.
Thamnocalamus tessellatus: A handsome, upright clumper from South Africa, this specimen grows about 10-15 feet tall and is hardy down to about 5º F. Clumps are tight and tidy, with slender 1-inch culms. Good in full sun, but not in hot, humid climates.
Yushania maculata: Another mountain bamboo from southern China, also having light blue culms that turn yellow-green with age. Grows quickly, but clumps stay tight and compact, reaching 10-15 feet tall. Leaves are thin and wispy, and overall quite attractive. Hardy down to about 0º F.
Chusquea culeou: Several cultivars of this species, all native to Chile, have become popular among American bamboo growers. They are somewhat exotic in appearance, and also adaptable to a wide range of climates, from 0º to 100º F. They can also tolerate wetter soil than most other bamboos.
C. culeou ‘Caña prieta’: Attractive, upright culms start out dark brown or black and gradually fade to yellow, but stay dark around the nodes. They grow 10 or 20 feet tall with culms 1 inch thick. Cold hardy to about 0º F.
C. culeou ‘Chilean straight’: Similar to other cultivars but new shoots come up dark green or blueish before fading to yellow. Comparable in size and hardiness.
C. culeou ‘Scandens’: This cultivar is taller than the others, growing up to 20 or 30 feet high, and arching over more at the top. Also hardy down to around 0º F.
Chusquea gigantea: Not as massive as the name might suggest, but still a very impressive and attractive variety of bamboo. This plant grows upright and can reach 20-30 feet high. The interesting culms, buttery yellow but dark green around the nodes, get up to 1.5 or 2 inches in diameter. (See image below.) Most nodes will produce one very long branch accompanied by several smaller ones, resulting in a bushy profusion of foliage. This makes them very effective as privacy screens. They are cold hardy down to 0º F but can also withstand a lot of heat in the summer.
Cultivate your knowledge
To learn more about bamboo cultivation, check out some of these other popular articles.
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Major Depression and Substance Abuse
Major depression and substance abuse often coexist. Many people who suffer from depression turn to drugs or alcohol in an effort to self-medicate. Substance abuse can also directly effect parts of the brain that are responsible for mood. Studies show that over thirty percent of people who suffer from depression have also suffered from some type of substance abuse.
- Alcohol reduces serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain, which can lead to or worsen depression.
- Some drugs can activate a gene that is linked to depression.
- Substance abuse increases the risk of suicide.
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Tell the children you are going to show them some pictures as you sing the song. Draw pictures similar to these on the whiteboard or chalkboard.
I came to earth
With power to choose
Good choices bless me
And my family too
As a Child of God
I receive special light
The Holy Ghost helps me
to know what is right.
(Notice that the images are drawn quickly, like in a drawing board game. I had to practice drawing and singing because it uses two different parts of my brain!)
After you have sung and drawn the song for the children, ask them to draw the song with you on an imaginary board in the sky. Sing the line, then ask the children to draw a particular thing, giving them time to quickly draw in the air at the same time you are drawing that same thing.
I came to earth – draw a big earth
with power to choose – draw a big arrow or two
Good choices bless me – draw yourself
and my family too – draw your family
As a child of God – draw yourself with a link to Heavenly Father
I receive special light – draw lots of light
The Holy Ghost helps me – draw yourself with the light of the Holy Ghost all around you
to know what is right – draw yourself with lots of light to help you know what is right.
The drawing in the air activates a part of the brain different from just singing the words, and gives the children anchors for their memory to remember this song.
After you have done the activities above, ask the children to follow your hands. Sway your hands and arms in time to the music as you sing.
I came to earth (sway right)
with power to choose (sway left)
Good choices bless me (sway right)
and my family too (sway left)
The movement to the song as you sing gives the children yet another chance to hear you sing the whole song, as well as giving the children a feel for the beat and rhythm of the song they will sing.
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Kidney and Bladder Health
The kidneys filter the blood and help remove wastes and extra fluid from the body. The kidneys also help control the body’s chemical balance. The kidneys are part of the urinary system, which also includes the ureters, bladder, and urethra. Muscle changes in the reproductive system can affect bladder control. As you age, your kidneys and bladder change. This can affect their function.
Changes in the kidneys that occur with age:
- Amount of kidney tissue decreases.
- Number of filtering units (nephrons) decreases. Nephrons filter waste material from the blood.
- Blood vessels supplying the kidneys can become hardened. This causes the kidneys to filter blood more slowly.
Changes in the bladder:
- The bladder wall changes. The elastic tissue becomes tough and the bladder becomes less stretchy. The bladder cannot hold as much urine as before.
- The bladder muscles weaken.
- The urethra can become blocked. In women, this can be due to weakened muscles that cause the bladder or vagina to fall out of position (prolapse). In men, the urethra can become blocked by an enlarged prostate gland.
In a healthy aging person, kidney function remains normal. But illness, medicines, and other conditions can affect kidney function.
Aging increases the risk of kidney and bladder problems such as:
- Bladder control issues, such as leakage or urinary incontinence (not being able to hold your urine), or urinary retention (not being able to completely empty your bladder)
- Bladder and other urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Chronic Kidney Disease
If left untreated, a kidney infection can lead to potentially serious complications, such as:
- Kidney scarring.This can lead to chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure and kidney failure.
- Blood poisoning (septicaemia).Your kidneys filter waste from your blood and return your filtered blood to the rest of your body. Having a kidney infection can cause the bacteria to spread through your bloodstream.
- Pregnancy complications.Women who develop a kidney infection during pregnancy may have an increased risk of delivering low birth weight babies.
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Learn something new every day
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A zero cross circuit is an electrical circuit that detects the instant when a sine wave, or the natural format of alternating current (AC), is at zero volts in amplitude and sends a signal to its controlled circuit. It is very useful in preventing high-surge currents for protecting resistive loads such as incandescent lamps and heaters and in preventing high-surge currents that generate electromagnetic interference to electronic circuits. The zero cross circuit detects the power line voltage two times during the cycle and makes sure the instantaneous power line voltage is zero before engaging the power switch. Without the zero cross circuit, the switch could engage at a peak voltage level that causes an abrupt high-surge current. Moreover, the zero cross circuit may also ensure that the AC load is switched on early enough in the voltage cycle to obtain full power from the AC supply.
Electromechanical relay circuits do not benefit from zero cross circuits because the relay contact cannot close fast enough to achieve low resistance while the AC power from the mains is at zero, which is why relay drivers do not detect zero-phase. Semiconductor switches, on the other hand, are able to switch very fast, so these devices benefit from the signal from a zero cross circuit. Silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) are electronic power switches that behave much like ordinary diodes, but unlike ordinary diodes, SCRs need a trigger signal before forward conduction will take place. When the trigger event occurs, the SCR latches “on” while the current is above its holding current. With a power diode bridge, an SCR may work in bidirectional mode and be able to switch full AC power into AC loads.
The triode for alternating current (TRIAC) is a three-terminal semiconductor switch for AC applications that is very much like an electromechanical relay because it conducts currents in both directions. It differs from the SCR control, as the TRIAC trigger is also bidirectional, which triggers the TRIAC every time the voltage is at zero-phase. There are optical isolator devices that are designed to simplify the provision of TRIAC trigger. Optical isolators promote safety by separating the main power circuit from the control circuit. There are even zero-cross-firing optical isolators that take care of zero cross detection.
Zero cross circuits become a bit complicated with reactive loads. Resistive loads will have voltages and currents that are in phase. Phase angle circuits are needed to process the trigger voltages for non-resistive loads, which may be inductive or capacitive. For instance, AC motors are inductive due to the windings used for field and rotor windings of these devices.
The AC load voltage in inductive loads leads the current. In a zero cross circuit, the zero cross of interest is the current that has to be delayed with reference to the input voltage. Most inductive load compensation circuits would provide a control voltage to the zero cross circuit that is delayed by an angle equal to the current lag across the load.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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Environmental groups are bracing for the Trump administration to approve controversial testing along the Eastern seaboard that would mark a significant step toward offshore drilling in waters off the coast of Florida all the way north to the Delaware Bay.
Five geophysical survey companies are seeking federal permission to shoot pressurized air blasts into the ocean every 10 to 12 seconds around the clock for weeks and months at a time, seeking fossil fuel deposits beneath the Atlantic Ocean floor.
The testing, which would cover 330,000 square miles of ocean, faces fierce opposition from environmental groups and local officials due to the possible economic and environmental effects.
Because the underwater blasts are louder than a Saturn V rocket launch and can be heard by monitoring devices more than 2,500 miles away, scientists fear long-term exposure to the noise could cause hearing loss and impair breeding, feeding, foraging and communication activity among dolphins, endangered whales, other marine mammals and sea turtles.
Some worry the blasts could cause mother whales and their calves to become separated. Commercial and recreational fisheries could also be affected if fish change their breeding and spawning habits to avoid the noise. Others fear disoriented marine life could collide with the vessels that tug the air guns or become entangled in their lines. Oceana, an international conservation group, estimates that 138,000 marine mammals could be injured in the testing process.
Seventy-five marine scientists asked the Obama administration in 2015 to reject seismic air gun testing in the Atlantic because of these threats. Twenty-eight marine biologists did the same in 2016 over concerns that testing would harm the estimated 500 endangered North Atlantic right whales.
“That’s the species we are most concerned about,” said Doug Nowacek, associate professor of conservation technology at the Duke University Marine Laboratory in Beaufort, North Carolina. “They are in decline. They live coastally along the U.S. They were hunted (by whalers) and they were slowly recovering. And now they're starting to decline again.”
These and other concerns are why the survey companies must first obtain Incidental Harassment Authorizations from the National Marine Fisheries Service and final approval from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management before the testing can begin.
In a Jan. 23 letter to the National Marine Fisheries Service, trade groups representing the oil and gas and geophysical services industries said seismic testing is the “most effective, commercially available technology” to find oil and gas deposits.
The public comment period on the IHA applications ended in July, and most stakeholders say they think the geophysical survey companies’ authorizations are inevitable.
“They could reject them, but that is unlikely. It basically has never happened. Even under other administrations,” said Lara Levison, Oceana’s senior director for federal policy.
To better protect marine life, Oceana and groups such as the Marine Mammal Commission, the National Audubon Society and the Sierra Club want additional safeguards and restrictions on testing vessels than those already proposed by the federal government.
To protect Atlantic spotted dolphins, for instance, the National Marine Fisheries Service has proposed banning seismic testing south of Cape Hatteras from June through August. The Marine Mammal Commission wants that extended through September.
To protect deep-diving whales, a proposal from the National Marine Fisheries Service calls for testing to cease if a diving sperm whale is spotted at any distance in front of the testing vessel or a beaked whale is seen or acoustically observed at any distance. The commission recommends that shutdowns occur if sperm whales are detected visually or by passive acoustic equipment as well.
And in order to protect North Atlantic right whales, the group also wants to expand a “closure area” north of Cape Hatteras between November and April.
Not all experts agree that the testing poses an inherent danger. James A. Knapp, a geophysicist at the University of South Carolina School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, said no marine mammals have been found to have died from the effects of seismic testing, which has been conducted in the Gulf of Mexico for many years.
But because he’s not a marine biologist, Knapp said he doesn’t know if marine mammals’ hearing is affected by the tests.
Nowacek, however, said many studies have found evidence that marine mammals’ behavior has been altered and commercial fishing catch rates have declined in areas where seismic testing occurs.
While Nowacek said no one has looked at the effects of seismic testing on marine mammals in the Gulf of Mexico, a recent study by Australian researchers found that sound waves generated by air guns harm microscopic plankton, which larger, commercially harvested fish often feed on. (Knapp argued that that study was “hopelessly flawed’ because it was based on measurements taken on two consecutive days, which is insufficient to draw any conclusions.)
Seismic testing became a moot issue after President Barack Obama removed the Atlantic Ocean from the nation’s five-year program for oil and gas development in March 2016. Later that year, Obama also barred drilling in environmentally sensitive areas of the Atlantic from Virginia to Maine.
Then, in one of its final acts, the Obama administration in January 2017 denied all pending Atlantic Ocean testing permits.
The actions marked a retreat from Obama’s previous support for offshore Atlantic exploration, after more than 100 local governments along the Eastern seaboard and nearly 1,200 elected officials in the region formally opposed oil and gas development as a threat to local economies centered on tourism and commercial and recreational fishing.
President Trump signed an executive order in April that would reverse these policies. Trump’s “America-First Offshore Energy Strategy” would make available millions of acres of federal coastal waters for oil and gas leasing. It also would streamline the application process for granting seismic testing permits.
Legislation in Congress — The Streamlining Environmental Approvals Act of 2017, HR 3133 — would also make obtaining IHAs easier.
“Though Obama Administration told me on multiple occasions in public committee hearings that they could not identify a single scientifically verifiable instance where a seismic survey significantly damaged or killed a marine mammal, they still played politics,” said a statement from Jeff Duncan, (R-SC), another co-sponsor of the bill. “They used loopholes in the permitting review process to bait seismic survey companies into financial uncertainty, until finally pulling the rug out from underneath them in the twilight of Obama’s presidency. The SEA Act reforms these ambiguities to limit the abuse of power. It sets a clear permitting time framework so a company will know whether they will be accepted or denied in a timely manner—no more limbo.”
Since 2009, the oil and gas industry has been Duncan’s top industry contributor — $165,000, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.
Another co-sponsor of the bill, Rep. David Rouzer, R-NC, whose coastal district encompasses Wilmington, said in a statement that he supports exploration that’s beyond the view of the coastline.
“The potential for thousands of good paying jobs throughout Southeastern North Carolina, the unique opportunity to properly fund our waterway and inlet dredging, and the ability to address the long-term needs of beach restoration and nourishment as well as other infrastructure needs in our coastal communities are just a few of the potential major benefits at the local level that merit strong consideration of off-shore exploration,” Rouzer wrote.
Levison, of Oceana, said the proposed legislation would “eviscerate protections for marine mammals.”
“If this bill were to pass next week and President Trump signed it into law, then the (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) would have little recourse than to simply issue (IHA) permits because agency scientists would have very little ability to require protections for marine mammals,” Levison said.
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How and when to use the French pronoun “en”? In this episode, I’ll cover aspects that you may not be aware of. Also, I’ll explain where to position this French pronoun in a sentence and of course will give you many examples!
Vocabulary and Spelling of the French Words mentioned in this episode
Il boit de l’eau = he’s drinking water
Il en boit = He’s drinking some
Pour faire des crêpes, il faut du beurre = To make crepes, you need butter
Pour faire des crêpes, il en faut = to make crepes, you need some
Je joue de la guitare = I’m playing the guitar
J’en joue = I’m playing it
Federer fait du tennis = Federer plays tennis
Federer en fait = Federer plays it
J’ai une fille = I have a daughter
J’en ai une = I have one
Mes voisins ont trois chiens = My neighbours have three dogs
Mes voisins en ont trois = My neighbours have three
Il a assez d’argent pour acheter ce cadeau = He’s got enough money to buy that gift
Il en a assez pour acheter ce cadeau = He’s got enough (of it)
Vous avez beaucoup de chance = You’re very lucky
Vous en avez beaucoup – you have a lot (of it)
Penser de = to think of
Qu’est-ce que tu as pensé de ce film ? = What did you think of that movie?
Qu’est-ce que tu en as pensé? = What did you think of it?
Je vais avoir besoin de temps! = I’m going to need time !
Je vais en avoir besoin! = I’m going to need it !
Qu’est-ce que tu as pensé de son nouveau mari ? = What did you think of her new husband?
Qu’est-ce que tu as pensé de lui ? = What did you think of him?
Je vais avoir besoin de ma soeur! = I’m going to need my sister !
Je vais avoir besoin d’elle! = I’m going to need her !
LINKS and RESOURCES
- FYW 096 – The French Pronoun “Y”
- FYW 088 – “Direct and Indirect Objects and Pronouns in French”
- FYW 079 “Pronouns (Part 1)” – How to Choose Between “je” and “moi”
Thank You for Tuning In!
There are a lot of podcasts you could be tuning into today, but you chose mine, and I’m grateful for that. If you enjoyed today’s show, please share it by using the social media buttons you see at the side or bottom of this page.
Also, kindly consider taking the 60-seconds it takes to leave an honest review and rating for the podcast on iTunes, they’re extremely helpful when it comes to the ranking of the show and you can bet that I read every single one of them personally!
Lastly, don’t forget to subscribe to the podcast on iTunes, to get automatic updates every time a new episode goes live!
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Archaeologists Discover Unknown Fortress Walls, Byzantine Gold Coin in Rusocastro Fortress near Bulgaria’s Kameno
Two unknown fortress walls and three unknown fortress towers as well as a 14th century Byzantine gold coin have been discovered by archaeologists during the 2016 excavations of the major medieval fortress of Rusocastro in today’s Southeast Bulgaria.
The Rusocastro Fortress is best known for the Battle of Rusocastro in 1332 AD. It was the last big military victory of the medieval Bulgarian Empire before it was conquered by the invading Ottoman Turks at the end of the 14th century.
It was also the last major battle of the seven-century-long Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for domination of the Balkan Peninsula (lasting from the 7th until the 14th century), which ended when, weakened by their hostilities against one another, among other factors, Bulgaria and Byzantium were both conquered by the Ottoman Turkish invaders at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century.
During the 1332 Battle of Rusocastro, the then still young Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander (r. 1331-1371) led personally his troops against the forces of Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (Andronikos III Palaiologos) (r. 1328-1341 AD). As a result, the Second Bulgarian Empire forced Byzantium to rescind its claims to the rich medieval cities on the southwestern Black Sea coast which remained parts of Bulgaria for a few more decades.
The Rusocastro Fortress, whose ruins stand near the modern-day town of Rusocastro, Kameno Municipality, near Bulgaria’s Black Sea coast, were excavated for a total of three months in the late summer and early fall of 2016 by a team of the Burgas Regional Museum of History led by its Director Milen Nikolov and Doroteya Gyurdzhiyska.
As early as August 2016, the archaeologists announced the discovery of a fully preserved 14th-century cobblestone road.
Since then, however, the team has discovered two unknown fortress walls which were part of the Rusocastro Fortifications in different time periods, Kameno Municipality has announced.
The first newly found fortress wall is from the end of the 12th – beginning of the 13th century, the time of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396/1422), and was found between fortress towers flanking the main gate of the city.
It is 3.45 meters wide, and made of stone and mortar. A previously unknown fortress tower has also been discovered there.
The second newly found fortress wall dates back to the 6th century AD, the Early Byzantine period, and is made of large stone blocks. This is where two rectangular fortress towers from the same period have also been found.
Up until the discovery of the three fortress towers, the archaeologists had known of just one other tower in the Rusocastro fortifications.
In addition to the newly discovered structures, the archaeologists have also exposed a new 50-meter section of the main medieval outer wall of the Rusocastro Fortress.
The most impressive artifact found in the 2016 excavations there are a 14th century gold coin of Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (r. 1328-1341), and a coin of Bulgarian Tsar Todor (Theodore) Svetoslav Terter (r. 1300-1322).
However, the rest of the new finds are also interesting: a copper applique with a lion image, arrow tips, a battle ax, gold-coated buttons, and more silver and bronze coins, many of them from the 6th-11th century. Two kilns for iron casting have also been found.
A total of 40 meters of the medieval cobblestone road at the Rusocastro Fortress have been exposed so far, with traces of the tracks of medieval oxcarts still visible in some spots.
The newly discovered archaeological structures in Rusocastro have been conserved after the end of the digs by the research team who is now working on a project for their restoration and exhibition in situ. The 2016 excavations were funded by Kameno Municipality and Bulgaria’s Ministry of Culture.
Learn more about the Rusocastro Fortress and the Battle of Rusocastro in the Background Infonotes below and our other articles:
The Late Antiquity (Early Byzantine) and medieval Bulgarian and Byzantine fortress of Rusocastro (Rusocastron) is located in today’s Southeast Bulgaria, close to the Black Sea city of Burgas. Rusocastro was also known as “The Red Fortress” because of the red stones it was built of.
In the 2nd millennium BC, the Ancient Thracians set up a shrine of the Sun God, the Mother Goddess, and the Thracian Horseman, also known as god Heros, near the legendary cave known today as Rusina Cave or Rusa’s Hole. Its site was settled in the period of Ancient Thrace, and was an important center in the Thracians’ Odrysian Kingdom.
The fortress itself was built in the 5th century AD on a strategically located hill. The Early Byzantine fortress was most probably destroyed in the Slavic and Avar invasions in the 7th century. The Rusocastro Fortress was rebuilt by the Bulgars in the 9th century, during the First Bulgarian Empire (632/680 – 1018 AD), at the time of the construction of the Bulgarian border rampart known as Erkesiya (in use in the 9th-11th century), and was a major stronghold in the geographic region of Thrace during the High Middle Ages.
The earliest written information about the Rusocastro Fortress comes from a 6th century epigraphic monument dedicated to Byzantine military commander Justin, who, according to some Bulgarian scholars, was the great-grandson of Byzantine Emperor Justin I (r. 518-527 AD), the uncle of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527-565 AD). The name Rusocastro was first used in the 12th century by Arab geographer El Idrisi in his work “Geography of the World”, where Rusocastro is described as a large and crowded city. The fortress was also mentioned in a number of Byzantine sources from the 14th century relevant to current events.
The Rusocastro Fortress is famous in Bulgarian history for the Rusocastro Battle in which the army of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexander (r. 1331-1371 AD), ruler of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396 AD), defeated the forces of Byzantine Emperor Andronicus III Palaeologus (Andronikos III Palaiologos) (r. 1328-1341 AD) in 1332 AD.
The Battle of Rusocastro is often referred to as the last big military victory of the medieval Bulgarian Empire before its conquest by the invading Ottoman Turks at the end of the 14th century.
Tsar Ivan Alexander’s victory at Rusocastro is considered the last major military victory of the Bulgarian Empire before its decline in the second half of the 14th century, and its conquest by the Ottoman Turks that ushered in the darkest page in Bulgaria’s history, a period known as the Ottoman Yoke (1396-1878/1912). The Rusocastro Fortress was ultimately destroyed in Ottoman campaigns in 1443.
Rusocastro has been excavated by archaeologists Milen Nikolov and Tsanya Drazheva from the Burgas Regional Museum of History. The Bulgarian archaeologists have excavated several churches there including a monastery named after St. George, which existed in the 11th-14th century. Unfortunately, a Christian necropolis in the Rusocastro Fortress was partly destroyed in the largest military drills dubbed “Shield” of the countries from the former Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact that took place in Eastern Bulgaria in 1982.
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Drug use among athletes has become a recognised problem in sports. Athletes may use drugs for therapeutic indications, for recreational or social reasons, as ergogenic aids or to mask the presence of other drugs during drug testing. Stimulants were some of the first drugs used and studied as ergogenic aids. Amphetamines may increase time to exhaustion by masking the physiological response to fatigue. Caffeine may improve utilisation of fatty acids as a fuel source thereby sparing muscle glycogen. Cocaine and other sympathomimetic drugs have little or no effect on athletic performance. Anabolic steroids appear to have the potential to increase lean muscle mass and strength under certain conditions. Human growth hormone may also be used for an anabolic effect, but data on this effect are lacking. Erythropoietin may represent a pharmacological alternative to blood doping by increasing red blood cell mass. The use of narcotic analgesics is not necessarily ergogenic but can be harmful if used to allow participation of an athlete with a severe injury. According to the American College of Sports Medicine alcohol does not possess an ergogenic effect. However, it may be used to reduce anxiety or tremor prior to competition. Marijuana does not increase strength. Tobacco products may produce psychomotor effects or control appetite which may be beneficial to some athletes. Other drugs used by athletes include beta-blocking agents, diuretics, and a variety of nutritional supplements. In addition, diuretics and probenecid may be taken to mask drug contents in the urine. Whether the ergogenic effects are real or perceived, the potential for adverse effects exists for all of these drugs. Potential health complications represent a serious risk to an otherwise healthy population. Further research on the long term health risks in athletes taking ergogenic drugs is needed.
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Antidepressants for children and teens
Learn why antidepressants have warnings about suicidal thinking in children and teens, what to do before your child starts taking an antidepressant, and the warning signs of a potential problem.By Mayo Clinic Staff
Antidepressant drugs are often an effective way to treat depression and anxiety in children and teenagers. However, antidepressant use in children and teens must be monitored carefully, as rarely there can be severe side effects.
Antidepressants carry a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box warning about a risk of increased suicidal thinking and behavior in some individuals under the age of 25.
Although at first you may find the suicide warnings alarming, it's important to get the facts. Find out what the warnings mean and ask about all treatment options. This will help you make an informed decision about your child's health and weigh the benefits and risks of treatment options with your child's doctor.
Why do antidepressants have warnings about suicidal behavior in children?
The FDA reported that an extensive analysis of clinical trials showed that antidepressants may cause or worsen suicidal thinking or behavior in a small number of children and teens. The analysis showed that children and teens taking antidepressants had a small increase in suicidal thoughts, compared with those taking a sugar pill (placebo).
None of the children in any of the studies actually took his or her own life. Still, the FDA considered the findings concerning enough to issue a public health advisory and require manufacturers to label antidepressants with strong warnings about the link to suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents and young adults under 25.
However, not all mental health researchers believe these warnings are necessary. Newer research indicates that the benefits of antidepressants may be greater than the risk of suicide. And some research indicates that suicide rates in children decrease when they take antidepressants.
Which antidepressants must have the warnings about suicide?
Although the FDA analysis examined only nine antidepressants, the FDA extended the warning to all prescription antidepressants. This black box warning is the strongest safety warning that the FDA can issue about a prescription drug. The warning is printed in bold type framed in a black border at the top of the paper inserts that come with antidepressants.
How can medication meant to help treat depression and other illnesses lead to suicidal behavior in children?
Because of the risk of suicide from depression, it's difficult to establish a clear causal relationship between antidepressant use and suicide. Researchers speculate about a variety of potential reasons for an increased risk. In some children, antidepressants may also trigger anxiety, agitation, hostility, restlessness or impulsive behavior. These effects may indicate that the child's depression is getting worse or that the child is starting to develop suicidal thoughts.
Should children be treated with antidepressants at all?
The warnings about a possible link between antidepressants and suicidal thoughts do not mean that antidepressants should not be used in children. Nor are the warnings meant to frighten people away from antidepressants. However, the warnings should be taken as a caution to carefully weigh the pros and cons of using antidepressants in children and teenagers against the real risk of suicide as a result of untreated depression.
For many children and teens, antidepressants are an effective way to treat depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder or other mental health conditions. If these conditions aren't treated effectively, your child may not be able to lead a satisfying, fulfilled life or do normal, everyday activities.
What should you do before your child starts taking an antidepressant?
It's important that your child have a thorough evaluation before he or she starts taking an antidepressant. A psychiatric evaluation by a psychiatrist — or a pediatrician or family physician who is experienced in the treatment of child and adolescent mood disorders — should include:
- A detailed review of any potential risk factors your child may have that increase the risk of self-harm
- An assessment of whether your child may have other mental illnesses, such as anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or bipolar disorder
- An evaluation of whether there's a family history of mental illnesses or suicide
Which antidepressants can children take?
The FDA has approved certain antidepressants for use in children and teenagers for different types of diagnoses. Antidepressants come with a medication guide that advises parents and caregivers about risks and precautions. Be sure to carefully read the medication guide and package insert, and discuss any questions with the prescribing physician and your pharmacist.
FDA-approved antidepressants for children and teenagers
||Age (in years)
|*Many of these drugs are also available in generic form. Recommended initial dose and maximum dose vary by age.
||10 and older
||Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
||7 and older
||Generalized anxiety disorder
||12 and older
||Major depressive disorder
||8 and older
||Major depressive disorder
|7 and older
||8 and older
|Olanzapine and fluoxetine, combination drug (Symbyax)
||10 and older
||6 and older
Antidepressants can also be used for other conditions. The antidepressant imipramine (Tofranil) is approved by the FDA to treat daytime or nighttime involuntary urination (childhood enuresis) in children 6 years of age and older.
Physicians may use their medical judgment to prescribe other antidepressants for children for what's called off-label use. This is a clinically common practice for many types of medications for both children and adults.
What should you do once your child starts taking an antidepressant?
The FDA advises that doctors prescribe the smallest quantity of pills possible to help reduce the risk of deliberate or accidental overdose. Careful monitoring by parents, caregivers and health care professionals is important for any child or teenager taking an antidepressant for depression or any other condition.
The highest risk of suicidal thinking and behavior occurs:
- During the first few months of treatment with an antidepressant
- When the dosage is increased or decreased
Parents and caregivers should closely observe the child on a daily basis during these transition periods and watch for worrisome changes for the whole time the child takes antidepressants.
The FDA also recommends that your child receive close monitoring by a health care professional during the first few months of treatment, and ongoing monitoring throughout treatment. Frequency of contact with doctors or mental health professionals depends on your child's needs. Make sure you stick to your child's recommended appointment schedule.
What warning signs should you watch for when your child is taking antidepressants?
Sometimes the signs and symptoms of suicidal thoughts or self-harm are difficult to see, and your child may not directly tell you about such thoughts. Here are some signs that your child's condition may be worsening or that he or she may be at risk of self-harm:
- Talk of suicide or dying
- Suicide attempts
- Agitation or restlessness
- New or worsening anxiety or panic attacks
- Increasing sadness or worsening of depression symptoms
- Extreme increase in talking, energy or activity
- Aggression, violence or hostility
- Trouble sleeping or worsening insomnia
- Spending more time alone
Contact your child's health care professional right away if any of these signs occur, if they get worse, or if they worry you, your child, a teacher or other caregiver.
Make sure your child doesn't stop antidepressant treatment without the guidance of the prescribing doctor. Suddenly stopping an antidepressant may cause flu-like symptoms, an increase in anxiety and other side effects referred to as discontinuation syndrome. Stopping too suddenly may also result in the return of depression symptoms.
What other treatment options are available for children with depression?
Most children who take antidepressants for depression will improve with medication. However, combining medication with talk therapy (psychotherapy) is likely to be even more effective. Many types of psychotherapy may be helpful, but cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy have been scientifically studied and shown to be effective for treating depression.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy. In cognitive behavioral therapy, a mental health professional can help your child improve coping skills, communication and problem-solving skills. Your child can also learn how to become aware of harmful ideas and behaviors, replace them with positive approaches, and manage emotions.
- Interpersonal therapy. With a focus on relationships, this therapy may help your teenager adapt to changes in current relationships and develop new ones.
For some children and teenagers with mild symptoms, talk therapy alone may be beneficial.
June 25, 2019
See more In-depth
- Pediatric antidepressant fact sheet. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-Education/Pharmacy-Education-Materials/antidepressant-education.html. Accessed April 29, 2019.
- Revisions to product labeling. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/media/77404/download. Accessed April 29, 2019.
- Strawn JR, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in pediatric anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety. 2015;32:149.
- Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/suicidality-children-and-adolescents-being-treated-antidepressant-medications. Accessed April 29, 2019.
- Cipriani A, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: A network meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2016;388:881.
- Cooper WO, et al. Antidepressants and suicide attempts in children. Pediatrics. 2014;133:204.
- Pediatric antidepressant dosing chart. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare-Medicaid-Coordination/Fraud-Prevention/Medicaid-Integrity-Education/Pharmacy-Education-Materials/antidepressant-education.html. Accessed April 29, 2019.
- Locher C, et al. Efficacy and safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and placebo for common psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:1011.
- Hussain H, et al. Recent developments in the treatment of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Evidence-Based Mental Health. 2018;21:101.
- Symbyax (prescribing information). Indianapolis, Ind.: Eli Lilly and Company; 2017. https://www.lilly.com/Products/Human/From-Our-History.aspx. Accessed April 30, 2019.
- FDA: Don't leave childhood depression untreated. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm413161.htm. Accessed April 29, 2019.
- Gibbons RD, et al. Antidepressant treatment and suicide attempts and self-inflicted injury in children and adolescents. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2015;24:208.
- Zuckerbrot RA, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part 1. Practice preparation, identification, assessment, and initial management. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20174081.
- Cheung AH, et al. Guidelines for adolescent depression in primary care (GLAD-PC): Part II. Treatment and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20174082.
- Gabriel M, et al. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. CMAJ. 2017;189:E747.
- Suicidal behavior. MentalHealth.gov. https://www.mentalhealth.gov/what-to-look-for/suicidal-behavior. Accessed April 29, 2019.
- Anafranil (prescribing information). Whitby, Ontario: Patheon Inc.; 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4074b555-7635-41a9-809d-fae3b3610059. Accessed May 21, 2019.
- Cymbalta (prescribing information). Indianapolis, Ind.: Eli Lilly and Company; 2017. http://uspl.lilly.com/cymbalta/cymbalta.html. Accessed May 21, 2019.
- Fluvoxamine maleate (prescribing information). https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=85b61f83-ab47-470d-8673-02fea29247be. Parsippany, N.J.: Actavis Pharma, Inc.; 2017. Accessed May 21, 2019.
- Lexapro (prescribing information). Madison, N.J.: Allergan Inc.; 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=13bb8267-1cab-43e5-acae-55a4d957630a. Accessed May 21, 2019.
- Prozac (prescribing information). Indianapolis, Ind.: Eli Lilly and Company; 2016. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c88f33ed-6dfb-4c5e-bc01-d8e36dd97299. Accessed May 21, 2019.
- Zoloft (prescribing information). New York, N.Y.: Pfizer Inc.; 2018. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=92278f12-0f00-4c0b-bb44-c6dd2dbb5b6c. Accessed May 21, 2019.
- Tofranil (prescribing information). Whitby, Ontario; Patheon Inc.; 2017. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1827a5aa-733a-49d9-89d9-48ea0367b230. Accessed May 24, 2019.
- Krieger CA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 19, 2019.
- McKean AJ (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 12, 2019.
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Radiation Treatment for Cancer
Radiation therapy is a proven and effective way to treat many kinds of cancer in almost any part of the body. The Regional Cancer Center’s Radiation Oncology Department offers state-of-the-art cancer treatment technology. For many patients, radiation is the only kind of treatment needed, and many are cancer-free after having radiation treatments alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
What Is Radiation Oncology?
Radiation therapy effectively treats cancer by using high-energy beams to pinpoint and destroy cancerous cells. Around 50 to 60 percent of cancer patients will receive some form of radiation during the course of their disease. Radiation can be used to cure or control cancer, and to reduce the severity of pain.
The first part of planning an individual's radiation treatment requires a simulation. This involves mapping the area that will be treated. Every attempt is made to ensure patient comfort during the simulation, which takes about 10 minutes. Patients are not required to hold their breath, and there is no sensation that results from the simulation. Some marks will be placed on the patient to determine where future radiation treatments will be aimed. Following the simulation, patients are given an appointment time to come back and begin their actual radiation treatments.
Mammosite Treatment for Breast Cancer
During mammosite treatment, a breast surgeon positions a balloon catheter into the lumpectomy cavity. To deliver the required amount of radiation, a tiny radioactive source is placed inside the balloon catheter by a computer-controlled machine. Placement is guided with CT images and treatment planning software.
The source is left in the balloon for less than 10 minutes. During this time the patient is receiving radiation to a targeted area around the lumpectomy cavity. This method of treatment reduces exposure to the whole breast, chest wall, heart and lungs.
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I’m fascinated by some geological events, including landslides. They happen so rapidly it’s rare to get them on video, but a lucky couple in Cornwall, UK*, were at the right place at just the right time, and caught this amazing footage of several thousand tons of rocks letting go off a cliff face:
Wow! At 12 seconds in, though you can’t see any rock movement, there is a crack in the cliff where debris is getting forced out, falling in a plume. The crack widens, and then WHOOSH!
This was pretty small as slides go (some are longer and move far more slowly). Some are huge, and if they fall into water can cause very, very large tsunamis; for a fun sleep full of nightmares, read up on the Lituya Bay landslide and megatsunami of 1958. Happily, this one in England was far too small to do that sort of thing.
Did you know we see evidence of landslides on Mars and the Moon as well? See the Related posts below, including a couple of shots of avalanches on Mars caught in the act!
And as for the Cornwall slide, I would love to see something like that in person some day… from a nice safe distance. Yowza.
* By coincidence, I just happened to write about Cornwall a few days ago, but that scene was somewhat more bucolic.
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Introduction: Rf Controlled Robo Car
hey everyone today I'am going to show you how to make a very simple remote controlled robo car .
to make this project you will need some electronival and mechanical parts .
for the reciver the you will need following things
1. 2x dc 30 rpm motors
2. rf reciver with decoder- you can buy this on -http://www.amazon.in/ELEMENTZ-WIRELESS-COMMUNICATI...
3.L293D motor driver - you can get this here -http://www.amazon.in/H-Bridge-Driver-module-Arduin...
4.jumper wires -http://www.amazon.in/ePro-Labs-Male-Male-Female-Fe...
7.L clamps -to attach motors
8.some nuts and bolts
9.hot glue gun (if required)
10. 2x wheels
Teachers! Did you use this instructable in your classroom?
Add a Teacher Note to share how you incorporated it into your lesson.
Step 1: Parts for Transmitter
the parts for transmitter are the following
1. rf transmitter
2. 4x push back buttons
3. housing for it
Step 2: Reciver Setup
connections for reciver is there in the photo.
rf pins to l293d
d11 to a1
d10 to a2
d9 to b1
d8 to b2
Step 3: Transmitter Setup
transmitter connections shown in the diagram.
vt pin should be directly grounded with out ayn switch .
mount all of your electronics on the housing and now you are ready to go!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.
1 Person Made This Project!
- nambiarvishnu made it!
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When it comes to urban development, “green” has become the buzzword. Among the public, “green” is often understood to be synonymous with reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In policymaking, “green” has much broader implications. It can range from preventing, treating, and abating pollution, to preserving and restoring environmental quality. It may simply be providing basic urban services which improve the cleanliness of streets. Apparently, there are different shades of “green” — we could define interventions targeting global public goods as dark green and those focusing more on local public goods as light green. Among them, what is the right one for South Asian cities?
Practitioners and government officials from the region had intensive discussions on this question throughout a recent workshop on urbanization in Korea, organized by the World Bank in collaboration with the Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements.
|Challenges in Alleviating Poverty through Urbanization|
|Green Cities in South Asian Shades|
|Six Takeaways for South Asia from Korea's Green Cities Initiatives|
GHG reduction as a target was the most controversial. GHG reduction should not be the priority, one participant argued, because the carbon footprint of South Asian countries is much smaller than that of OECD countries. The statistics on GHG emission per capita support this view. While not completely disagreeing, other participants propose to look at the co-benefits. Beyond global impact, city-level energy and climate policies can often generate local economic and social gains. At the same time, some of the most important dark green policies are those we might not even think of being green per se. A case in point is decisions with respect to urban transport systems which influence urban form and, thus, the compactness of a city.
More broadly speaking, complementarities and synergies between environmental and economic objectives can be achieved at the local level. A recent analysis of 78 metropolitan areas in OECD countries suggests that local pollution emissions drive city attractiveness which, in turn, is strongly correlated with firms’ investment decisions. Cities, including many in the South Asian region, are vulnerable to climate change and other environmental concerns, which could sweep away years of progress in growth and poverty reduction, and foundations for future development. Millions of people live in areas at high risks of flooding in Mumbai, the most populous city in India; at the current rates, sea level would be high enough to make Male, the capital of Maldives, uninhabitable by 2100. The synergies, however, are not mechanical as some participants implied. When greening policies, especially related to energy and climate, are excessively onerous, they may force local businesses to shut down, stunting growth.
Complementarities and synergies between environmental and social objectives were where the attention lay. Social equity, though not explicitly mentioned, is at the heart of these practitioners and government officials. When defining “green,” they emphasized the urgency to provide basic urban services to all, consisting of plots without risks of floods and other natural disasters, safe water, improved sanitation, reliable electricity, affordable mass transportation, and so on. Livable cities for all are what they seek. Despite potential synergies, financial costs are high to achieve even this level of “green,” and social conflicts often arise. In this context, they proposed designing smarter policies, “doing old things in a new way,” and having a longer-term perspective to avoid “lock-in” effect. When drawing lessons from international expertise, they sought solutions to slums and ways of consultation.
In the end, consensus on the right shade of “green” for South Asian cities was not reached. As disappointing as it sounds, the vagueness and richness of “green” offers space for cities to explore, may it be incremental or leapfrogging:
- In the Republic of Korea, Sejong — a new multifunctional green city being built — has already been challenged by the emerging concepts of “low-carbon green” city and “ubiquitous” city.
- Chicago, in the United States, extends the definition of “green” to apply to activities that respond to resource scarcity issues.
- Leeds, in the United Kingdom, uses its Green Infrastructure Strategy to leverage natural assets as a means to improve environmental performance, economic vitality, and enhance environmental health.
- Colombo, Sri Lanka, has been successfully carrying out its Green Growth Program, quantifying both environmental and social gains for financing.
- Thimphu, Bhutan, is implementing a structural plan for a balanced ecological development.
Photos: Downtown Seoul, Korea; Cheonggyecheon creek restoration project (5.8 km creek flowing west to east through downtown Seoul). Photo credit: Yue Li
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Names are identifiers. We're called John and Jane to tell us apart. Still, we're still reduced to saying, Jim, the guy who fixes our car, not Jim who's in Sales or having to say John the guy I golf with, not Jon my brother. If it's confusing in real life, how much more confusing is it going to be in your novel if you don't identify your characters clearly?
You'd think authors would naturally be aware that similar names might confuse their readers. Not so: I read a novel where the author gave me a Jenny, a Janey and a Janine. I kept breaking away to remind myself who was who. And a reader who pulls away from a story is bad news for the author, who ought to want to keep the reader gripped. That's why you should take care to have the names you choose look and sound different from each other. Jenny, Janey and Janine look too much alike. So do Fred, Ted, and Jed. Think about how every name will look on the page. What will it look like if Johnny and Ronny and Tommy and Bonnie are sitting around the dinner table? It will look like the author needs to read this article.
Names that look too much alike also tend sound too much alike, so those readers who 'hear' words will be doubly irritated. For instance, Anne and Patty and Janet all share a vowel. This makes them flat and repetitive, too much like sheep baaing through the novel. To create texture, contrast your sounds. For instance, if you have a few names with 'a' sounds, like Anne and Patty, create contrast with some closed 'i' and 'oo' sounds: Lucy or Kim or Tootsie. Look at all your names to see if you've left out any vowels you could usefully add to the spectrum. If you have a Patty, an Ellen, a Kim, even an Eunice, but no name that contains a broad 'o', why not name your next character Toby, Jobe, or Lorna? By doing so, you'll be giving this and the other characters a strong identity. No reader is going to confuse Kim and Lorna.
It's not just the look and sound of the names you have to consider, but also their rhythms. You could name your characters Ted, John, Frank, Jane, and Ann, but we would start feeling like we were being hit over the head with a hammer.
"Where?" asked Ted.
"That way," said John.
"Why?" asked Frank.
"Because," said Jane.
"Really?" asked Ann.
"Yes," said Ted.
By choosing instead Ted, Francis, Jonathan, Jane and Anna, you will instantly be able to construct more fluid, musical prose:
"Where?" asked Ted.
"That way," said Jonathan.
"Why?" asked Francis.
"Because," said Jane.
"Really?" asked Anna.
"Yes," said Ted.
Since your readers are going to see these names over and over through your book, make sure it's a pleasant experience.
Names come with psychological baggage. We react differently to Hepzibah and Kate, as do we to Jake and Armand. We can't help having opinions about names. We probably have an instant mental image of a Shari-Lynne, not to mention a Chudleigh. If you name a character across the grain of what we expect, you 'd better have a good reason for doing so. We all know that a boy named Sue is going to have a rough life, so if you have a character with a name that should give them grief and it doesn't, like Hepzibah, we'll wonder where your understanding of human nature has gone. A girl called Hepzibah might well hate her parents. A girl called Kate probably won't. Again, if Hepzibah is a cheerleader and Kate is a gypsy, we'll wonder where your common sense has gone: these names just aren't "right" for the people they are attached to.
We often assume, rightly or wrongly, that names tell us something about their bearers. If you want to portray a charming, sunny, ordinary girl, you won't call her Protasia. If you want to convey that your male protagonist is 'all man', you won't call him Algernon. If a character is plain-spoken, give her a plain name: Pam, Joan. If your male character is sweet and shy, we'll be more comfortable with Timothy than with Steve, and so will he. Bertha tells us something about an older woman's background and social class. When she calls her daughter Lavender, we know a lot more about her at once.
Unfamiliar names should only be used when there's something different about the character and/or her background. Ordinary people tend not to give their children eccentric names like Moon Unit. The man who replaces your hot water tank might be called Jerry or Daniel, but you'd be surprised if he were called Blenkinshop or Gwilim. You'd want to know why; there must a story behind it. In your novel, there'd better be, or why did you give him that name in the first place? If you don't actually want to create that complexity, don't give him an unusual name. There's no point. Only beginners think that characters become more complex and interesting if they're given interesting names. Unusual names have to have compelling reasons for existing. If you want your characters to be extraordinary, don't give them extraordinary names, make them do extraordinary things. Call your girl scout leader Sandy, not Alexandrina. If she decides to call herself Alexandrina, we will know something (interesting) about her. If you decide to call her Alexandrina for no apparent reason, we'll know something (unflattering) about you.
If you're writing historical fiction, your names should be historically accurate. You won't find a Cindy in any 16th century document, but you might find a woman called Giles or a man called Ann (e.g. the famous French soldier). Names have their fashions. If you're setting a story before the present day, you should make it your business to know what was in vogue and what was not. When were Betty and Gertrude popular and when did they fall from favour? When did Arthur and Herbert leave the Top 40, when did Jake and Daniel enter it? If you have a character in the 1880s with a 1990s name, it will look as if you don't know what you're doingand you don't.
In the same way, communities and groups have special names that you must be aware of if you are not part of those communities (and certainly if you are). African Americans, for instance, favour both traditional names, such as Washington, William and Alice, and also newly-created ones, such as DeeVine and African ones, such as Keshala. They are fully aware of the significance of these names, and so should you be, especially if you are not a member of that community. Chinese Americans and Jewish Americans sometimes seek translations or similar versions of their Chinese or Hebrew names. An Italian-American, baptised Giovanni, calling himself Giovanni means one thing, calling himself Johnny means quite another.
Names themselves have intrinsic meanings. Margaret means 'pearl', Stephen means 'crown'. The reader doesn't have to know the meaning, nor do you, but if you learn those meanings, you can subtly enrich your story by choosing names that are a commentary or secret clue to the action. For instance, in my first novel I have a woman called Pascale, the feminised French word for Easter. In the novel she redeems several other characters. Nobody needs to know this to understand the story, but it's a satisfying bit of under-story that will please those readers who know what "pascal" means. It underlines the theme.
Once you are alive to the rich complexity and subtlety of names, you can use them to add layers of meaning. My example of 'Pascale' is one way. There are other ways, such contrasting names, echoing names, and changing names.
Contrasting is just that, using names with different looks, sounds, and 'feels', such as Bertha and Lavender, or Jake and Fontleroy, to engender certain emotions in the reader. We'll dislike one and like the other, feel comfortable with one and uncomfortable with the other. Let the names you choose do some of the work for you. You're already at first base if you give your straightforward guy 'Jake' and your stuck-up snob 'Fontleroy.'' You can contrast characters not only against each other (we'll like Lavender, we won't like Bertha) but against us: if Selwyn and Mike are both under suspicion in a murder mystery, who are we going to suspect? We can believe that a Selwyn is creepy, but it will take us longer to distrust a Mike.
Echoing names is to use two similar names, Meg and Maggie for instance, or Janey and Jenny, or Tim and Tom, to suggest that these two characters have a connection of some sort. Perhaps Meg is the daughter Maggie gave up for adoption, perhaps Janey is a creepy psychopath who wants to absorb Jenny's identity, perhaps Tim and Tom are boyhood friends who love the fact that they almost share a name.
Changing names can indicate changes inside a character. A plain-spoken woman called Pamela would prefer the nickname Pam. Or a Jimmy, wanting to be taken seriously, starts using Jim or James. That creepy psychopath starts out as Joan, then, after she meets Jenny, she changes it first to Jane, then Janey. Tim and Tom might have been boyhood friends, but as they grow up Tim wants his own identity, wants to break free of old patterns and habits. He insists on being called Timothy. Tom is hurt, and the story begins.
Names are powerful tools. Use them correctly, and they'll invisibly support your story, enhancing and underlining your narrative. Of course, if you want your readers to laugh, get Johnny, Ronny, Tommy and Bonnie around that dinner table...
Copyright Caro Clarke - www.caroclarke.com
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Northerly Island was part of Daniel Burnham’s 1909 Plan of Chicago; it was one of several manmade islands included in the plan, but it ended up being the only one that was actually built. In 2003, then-Mayor Daley ordered workers to bulldoze large X’s in the runway of Miegs Field — the airport that operated out of Northerly Island — claiming that the airport’s proximity to downtown Chicago was a terrorist threat. Since then, the peninsula has served as a public park and concert venue, but because it lacks landscaping it isn’t a big draw among locals.
Studio Gang and JJR plan to radically transform the space into the city’s next great park. “It’s almost like a Millennium Park of nature,” architect Jeanne Gang told the Chicago Tribune in 2010, alluding to the enormously successful park and concert venue in downtown Chicago. The plan calls for moving a lot of earth from the perfectly flat former runway to create a more varied topography that will contain six different ecosystems. According to the Chicago Journal, an oak savannah would be located at the highest point, and at lower points there will be a dry-mesic prairie, a wet prairie, an emergent marsh, and a 4.1-acre pond, which will be connected to Lake Michigan via a narrow channel.
On the north end of the park, a large concert venue would be built into a hillside. A new shoreline would be built to create new wetlands and fish habitats, and a ship would be sunk near the shore for divers to explore. The plan also takes winter into account (winter is of course an unavoidable fact of life in Chicago) with the inclusion of an ice skating rink. With $6.65 million in funding from two federal grants and $1.5 million of the Chicago Park District’s money, work will begin this fall on the south and east sides of the park.
via Chicago Journal
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Ornamental fish live in the superior long-term environment, a small farming area, strict requirements for water quality management, meticulous, especially tropical fish, spoiled, living in the optimum temperature environment, the smaller the amount of foraging activity by the external climate, feeding conditions change less interference, it is less resistance to disease. Currently common diseases of ornamental fish into the following two categories:
Microbial fish: mainly by viruses, fungi, bacteria and unicellular algae and other microorganisms invade and cause disease. Such diseases large acute disease spread fast, high morbidity and mortality, there is a strong infectious, and difficult to control. Fish disease caused by a parasite called parasites of fish, which is characterized by generally slower onset and spread, lower morbidity and mortality, combating easier.
Abiotic fish: mainly composed of water environment of mechanical, physical, chemical and other non-biological factors or fish physiological dysfunction of the body’s metabolic disorders or dysfunction caused by caused by fish. Such kinds of fish, great harm, but also covers a wider. Just strengthen management, preventive measures, such fish can be avoided.
LED aquarium light can simulate a variety of natural environments, can reduce the incidence of the disease.
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The Old Idaho State Penitentiary was in use for over a hundred years and had more than 13,000 prisoners pass through the gates. As was the case in most prisons that were built in the 1800s, conditions were brutal with a complete lack of sanitation and ventilation. All variety of criminals were housed here and many were executed on the gallows that were set up first in the Rose Garden, and later inside the prison walls. Violent riots have had their place in the prison’s history. All of this negative energy seems to have absorbed into the sandstone walls and now reflects back haunting energy. Guests and employees claim to have experienced paranormal activity. On this episode, we are joined by the hosts of the Not Alone Podcast, Sam Frederickson and Jason Moitoso, to discuss the history and hauntings of the Old Idaho State Penitentiary. The Moment in Oddity features a bug spray that attracts Bigfoot and This Month in History features the first televised debate, which was the Kennedy/Nixon Debate.
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Teaching your son or daughter to drive can be a bittersweet milestone. Parents are proud to see their children reach an important landmark in their growth. Yet this pride is often tinged with sadness at the recognition that driving may be among the last skills they teach their child before they become a fully independent adult.
Regardless of how parents feel about this milestone, they invariably want to make sure their children learn to drive as safely as possible. Despite years of driving experience, it’s not always obvious what to teach or where to start. Parents may find it hard to teach driving skills that have become second nature to them, that they accomplish without conscious thought.
Parents of teen drivers should prioritize the core essentials of safe driving, including the 12 crucial driving safety tips listed below:
1. Turn off the phone and put it in the glove box
Up to six in ten traffic accidents involving teens involves distracted driving, according to new research commissioned by the American Automobile Association. Cell phones are, by far, the most common source of distraction. Turning cell phones off and putting them out of sight limits the temptations surrounding texting and driving and making or taking phone calls.
2. Respect the speed limit
Excessive speed is a factor in a significant number of crashes, especially among teens who may not understand how to intuitively “feel” the speed they’re driving or who are still learning how to accelerate properly. When riding along with teen drivers, make sure to point out any time they exceed the speed limit by more than a few miles per hour so that they learn to continuously self-monitor their speed as they drive.
3. Zero alcohol tolerance
Teen drivers are less likely than adults to drink and drive, yet they are affected much more severely when they do. Emphasize, in the most compelling way you can, that for teens, even a single drink can result in major impairment and severe consequences and that they should always seek a safe ride home.
4. Avoid harsh cornering
Practically every city and town has a “dead man’s curve” - a sharp bend that ensnares careless drivers. Teach new drivers that the proper way to navigate a corner is to brake prior to the corner when the wheels are still straight. This helps to avoid traction loss that can leave a vehicle skidding out of control at sharp bends.
5. Make seatbelts a habit
It may be hard to believe, but there are still many drivers who don’t wear a seatbelt. Teens, in particular, have a lower rate of seatbelt use than other age groups. The consequences can be disastrous: out of all teen traffic fatalities in 2012, 55 percent were not wearing a seatbelt. Seatbelts use should become be so ingrained that motorists actually feel naked without them.
6. Watch the weather
Poor conditions are a contributing factor in a large number of accidents, and teen drivers are especially vulnerable because they will not have had much practice dealing with difficult conditions such as snow, ice and fog. Teach your son or daughter to compensate for bad weather by slowing down and increasing following distance.
7. Brake gradually before a stop
It can take some time to develop a natural feel for bringing vehicles to a stop, and many new drivers tend to wait too long before they begin braking, requiring them to brake hard to compensate. When riding along with your teen, tell them when they should begin to slow as they approach stop signs and red lights.
8. Use headlights all the time:
Headlight use increases your vehicle’s visibility to other drivers not only at night, but also during the day. Flipping on headlights before every drive is a quick and easy win.
9. Err on the side of caution at yellow lights:
Attempting to outrun yellow lights is a potentially dangerous practice that should be nipped in the bud before it becomes a habit. During ride alongs, teach your son or daughter to always err on the side of caution when approaching yellow lights, which normally means stopping for them rather than running them.
10. Keep hands on the wheel
Drivers have the most control over their vehicle when both hands are on the wheel. When hands aren’t being used for other tasks of driving, like changing gears or activating a turn signal, they should generally be on the wheel and in the “9 and 3 position”. (Note that since the introduction of airbags, the “9 and 3 position” has become the standard rule of thumb for hand placement, replacing the traditional “10 and 2 position”.) Another benefit of keeping hands on the wheel is that it helps discourage distracted driving.
11. Maintain a safe following distance
A safe following distance is key to avoiding obstacles and and hazards on the road. A helpful rule about following distance is to teach that for every 10 miles per hour of speed, there should be one car length between your vehicle and the vehicle ahead of you.
12. Avoid unnecessary lane changes
Irresponsible lane changes, especially those that stem from aggressive rather than defensive driving, are another cause of many accidents involving teens. Parents should stress the risks of driving behaviors such as weaving between lanes in an effort to get ahead, cutting off other drivers, and dangerous passing.
Cellcontrol helps teen drivers develop safe driving habits. Purchase Cellcontrol for your family to start seeing the benefits today.
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Mention coral reefs and there’s a good chance that most people will think of clownfish and bright pink sea fans. But there’s a contingent out there that sees something else: hope. The hope that new compounds can be uncovered in the world’s reefs that can treat people with cancer, diabetes, AIDS, heart disease and other illnesses.
But hope isn’t all they’re counting on. Cancer fighting drugs have already been derived from coral reefs. The drug Ara-C, for example, is the backbone of chemotherapy for leukemia and lymphoma. That was derived from a sea sponge in the Caribbean.
In the video below, Arden O’Conner discusses how medicine derived from coral reefs helped save her life.
Find out why doctors, researchers and other cancer survivors view coral reefs as essential sources of medicine for everything from cancer, to strokes and Alzheimer’s disease:
This post was originally published by the Nature Conservancy.
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29th Annual Conference of the Glass Art Society, Tampa, Florida, 1999
THE DOMINICK LABINO LECTURE
LIGHTNING MAKES GLASS
Vladimir A. Rakov
University of Florida, Gainesville
Mother Nature makes glass each time a large amount of energy is released during a sufficient period of time at the Earth's surface, provided that the soil composition is suitable for making glass. The latter condition is satisfied, for example, by sandy soil, with the resultant natural glass being silica glass named "lechatelierite" after the French chemist Henry Le Châtelier (1850-1936). There are two phenomena that are responsible for making natural glass on Earth: meteorites and lightning. Glass that is made as a result of the collision of a meteorite with the Earth's surface is called meteoritic glass or tektite. Glass (a glassy object, to be exact) that is made as a result of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge is called a fulgurite (from the Latin "fulgur" which means lightning). Fulgurites come in a great variety of forms and can be viewed as nature's own works of art. It is worth noting that lechatelierite (natural silica glass) is not present in obsidian, a glass-like material associated with volcanic activity. On the other hand, volcanic activity is known to generate lightning which, if it strikes sandy soil, may produce a fulgurite. Silica glass has been also made as a result of nuclear explosions. In 1945, the first nuclear bomb (equivalent to 18,000 tons of TNT) was detonated in the New Mexico desert. The explosion formed a crater 800 yards in diameter, glazed with a dull gray-green silica glass. This glass was named "trinitite" after Trinity Site where the first nuclear bomb test was conducted.
2. Characterization of Lightning
On average, about 100 lightning discharges occur every second on the Earth. Only about one-third of them involve ground (others occur in the cloud, between clouds, or between cloud and clear air) and potentially can make fulgurites. The Tampa area in Florida receives more than 12 lightning strikes per square kilometer per year. This is the highest level of lightning activity in the United States.
Each cloud-to-ground lightning involves an energy of roughly 109-1010 Joules. Most of the lightning energy is spent to produce thunder, hot air, light, and radio waves, so that only a small fraction of the total energy is available at the strike point. However, it is well known that this small fraction of the total lightning energy is sufficient to kill people and animals, start fires, and cause considerable mechanical damage to various structures. Lightning is also a major source of electrical disturbances.
The peak temperature of lightning channel is of the order of 30,000° K, which is five times higher than the surface temperature of the Sun (the temperature of the solar interior is 107 K). The lightning peak temperature is considerably higher than silica's melting point which is somewhere between 1600 and 2000° C depending on moisture content, but whether or not silica sand melts and glass is produced depends, besides other, not well-understood factors, on lightning duration. Some lightning strokes last (since a contact with ground is made) for less than a millisecond, others linger for a significant fraction of a second. Lightning current peaks are usually of the order of tens of kiloamperes, but occasionally may exceed 100 kA. The long-lasting current components are typically in the range of tens to hundreds of amperes. The latter are thought to be responsible for making fulgurites.
In the case of natural lightning, it is usually unknown when and where the discharge is going to occur. These uncertainties are largely removed when lightning is artificially initiated (triggered) from an overhead natural thundercloud with the so-called rocket-and-wire technique (for details visit our Web Site: http://www.eel.ufl.edu/~lightning). Some of the most interesting fulgurites have been created in triggered-lightning experiments.
About 30 to 40 lightning discharges are triggered every summer at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida. The Center is located approximately midway between Jacksonville and Gainesville, Florida, and is a unique facility for studying various aspects of atmospheric electricity, lightning, and lightning protection. The Center is operated by the University of Florida (UF). Examples of still photographs of lightning flashes triggered at Camp Blanding, Florida, are shown in Fig. 1. During summers of 1995 through 1998 over 30 scientists and engineers (excluding UF faculty, students, and staff) from 13 countries representing 4 continents performed experiments at the Center. Many triggered lightning discharges at the Center, that terminated on ground (as opposed to termination on well-grounded objects or systems) created fulgurites.
3. General Information on Fulgurites
The earliest discovery of a fulgurite was reportedly made in 1706 by Pastor David Hermann in Germany. Most people have never seen a fulgurite, and if they have they might not have recognized it for what it was. All fulgurites can be divided in two classes: sand fulgurites and rock fulgurites. Sand fulgurites are usually hollow, glass-lined tubes with sand adhering to the outside. Rock fulgurites are formed when lightning strikes the bare surface of rocks. This type of fulgurite appears as thin glassy crust with which may be associated short tubes or perforations lined with glass in the rock. Glass of this type may be relatively low in silica and exhibit a wide variety of colors, depending on the composition of the host rock. Rock fulgurites are found on the peaks of mountains.
When lightning strikes sandy soil, the air and moisture present in soil are rapidly heated, and the resultant explosion-like expansion forms the central tubular void. As stated before, quartz sand melts at a temperature of about 1600-2000° C depending on moisture content, and molten glass is pushed to the periphery of the void. Subsequent relatively rapid cooling causes the glass to solidify. A general condition for sand fulgurite formation appears to be the presence of a relatively dry dielectric such as quartz sand overlying a more conducting soil layer or the ground water table, with the depth of the latter probably determining the limit for vertical extent of the fulgurite formation. The diameter of fulgurites ranges from a quarter of an inch to 3 inches, and the color varies, depending upon the type of sand from which they were formed. Sand fulgurites are usually tan, grayish, or black, but almost translucent, white fulgurites have been found in Florida pan-handle beaches. The inner surface is glassy and exhibits numerous bubbles. The walls are usually about 0.5-2 mm thick, but may be paper thin. There appears to be no relation between tube diameter and wall thickness. Sand fulgurites are quite fragile and very difficult to excavate in one piece. An example of sand fulgurite is shown in Fig. 2.
Since fulgurites are real glasses, they are very resistant to weathering and are usually well preserved for a long period of time. For this reason they are used as paleoenvironmental indicators. For example, many fulgurites are found in the Sahara desert, where presently there is little lightning activity, confirming that very different conditions existed in this region in prehistoric times. A fossil fulgurite thought to be 250 million years old has been reported.
Fulgurites have been also produced artificially passing laboratory arc current through sand. It has been found by researchers at the Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany, that currents higher than 50 kA lasting for some hundreds of microseconds, typical of impulsive components of the lightning current are incapable of making a fulgurite (only some very thin fragments). On the other hand, relatively low magnitude currents of some hundreds of amperes lasting for some hundreds of milliseconds yielded well-formed fulgurites with diameters of 7 to 15 mm. It has been also observed that the higher the current the larger the cross-sectional dimensions of fulgurite. Different forms of fulgurites were obtained in dry and wet sand. Fulgurites in wet sand were more curved and had more irregular outer surface. The latter feature was attributed to the pressure of vaporized moisture that squashed the fulgurite when the arc pressure in the central tubular void disappeared, while the glass was still plastic.
4. Fulgurites Created at the ICLRT at Camp Blanding, Florida
4.1. Underground Power Cable Project (1993-1994)
In 1993, an experiment, sponsored by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), was conducted by Power Technologies, Inc. to study the effects of lightning on underground power cables. In this experiment three 15 kV coaxial cables with polyethylene insulation between the center conductor and the outer concentric shield (neutral) were buried 5 m apart at a depth of 1 m, and lightning current was injected into the ground at different positions with respect to these cables. One of the cables (Cable A) had an insulting jacket and was placed in PVC conduit, another one (Cable B) had an insulating jacket and was directly buried, and the third one (Cable C) had no jacket and was directly buried. About 20 lightning flashes were triggered directly above the cables which were unenergized.
The underground power cables were excavated by the University of Florida in 1994. The damage found ranged from minor punctures of the cable jacket to extensive puncturing of the jacket and melting of nearly all the concentric neutral strands near the lightning attachment point. Some damage to the cable insulation was also observed. In the case of the PVC conduit cable installation, the side wall of the conduit was melted, distorted and blown open, and the lightning channel had attached to the cable inside and damaged its insulation. Photographs of the damaged parts of the cables are shown in Fig. 3.
Five fulgurites were found during the excavation of the underground cables. The excavation process was a slow, methodical one and covered an area with dimensions of 4 m x 20 m. Various techniques developed in paleontology were used to remove the fulgurites. The fulgurite excavated over Cable B was nearly vertical with a length approximately 1 m and an average diameter of 1.5 cm at the top and about 0.4 cm at the cable. This fulgurite was the most complete fulgurite excavated as part of the underground power cable project. It was unearthed in one piece with very little reconstruction necessary. This fulgurite is presently on exhibit at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in Palo Alto, California.
4.2. World-Record Fulgurite (1996)
After the excavation of fulgurites produced as part of the underground power cable project we started checking for fulgurites at all known lightning strike points at the Camp Blanding facility. Each year we trigger on average 30 to 40 discharges some of which strike ground as opposed to terminating on the rocket launcher. Additionally, the facility receives about 5 lightning strikes that occur naturally, irrespective of our lightning triggering activity. Our surveillance cameras and observer reports allow us in many cases to find the strike point on the ground. Such strike points usually appear as holes in the ground with the surrounding grass being killed (as becomes apparent within a few days). When the strike point on the ground is found and flagged, it is impossible to predict if a fulgurite has been created, and, if so, what its shape and dimensions are. One such find in 1996 led to many days of careful digging and resulted in the unearthing of a fulgurite having two mostly vertical branches, one about 16 feet and the other about 17 feet long. It was recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's longest excavated fulgurite. The 17-foot branch of the world-record fulgurite is shown in Fig. 4. The successful excavation would not be possible without special tools and the paleontological skills of Mr. Dan Cordier and Mr. Mike Stapleton. The world-record fulgurite was carefully separated into sections and covered in plastic material used in paleontological digs. Each section was measured with special instruments and labeled for subsequent reassembling. At this time, the world's longest fulgurite is looking for a home - a museum with sufficient space to display this magnificent subterranean creation of atmospheric electricity. We have dug up about ten other fulgurites at Camp Blanding that are on average 4-5 feet long.
4.3. Artistic Installation "Petrified Lightning from Camp Blanding" (1997-1998)
In the summer of 1997, researchers at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing, Dr. M. A. Uman, Mr. D. J. Cordier, Mr. K. J. Rambo, and Mr. M. V. Stapleton, worked with Mr. Allan McCollum, an internationally recognized artist, to create the fulgurite that became the centerpiece of an artistic installation entitled "Petrified Lightning from Camp Blanding". The installation was on display at the USF Contemporary Art Museum in Tampa in Fall 1998 and was accompanied by a simultaneous exhibit and presentation on the project at the Tampa Museum of Science and Industry (MOSI). The project was curated and organized by Margaret A. Miller, Director of the USF Contemporary Art Museum, Jade Dellinger, Independent Curator, and Wit Ostrenko, Executive Director of MOSI.
The Camp Blanding (fulgurite production) stage of the project involved the experimentation with minerals of which the fulgurite was to be made and with various types of containers that were used to avoid the very difficult excavation process. A fulgurite made of staurolite (75%), ilmenite (15%), and rutile (10%) is shown, as an example, in Fig. 5. Allan McCollum selected zircon (ZrSiO4), a heavy mineral that is mined by Du Pont not far from Camp Blanding, and that is primarily used in the refractory industry. Zircon melts at 2100-2300° C a melting temperature which is slightly higher than for silica. Zircon sand was packed in a 4-foot section of a PVC pipe 6 inches in diameter equipped with two axial metallic electrodes forming a gap of 15 cm or so in the sand. This container was placed in a red trash receptacle located near the base of a rocket launcher used to trigger lightning. Allan McCollum, the artist, helped with the design of the experiment and was the one to push the rocket-launch button. When lightning was initiated, lightning current passing through the gap produced a zircon sand fulgurite resembling a bone. A Florida souvenir factory, Sand Creations, produced 10,000 replicas of the fulgurite. The replicas were made from a mixture of zircon (the same mineral from which the original was made) and epoxy. The artistic installation is shown in Fig. 6. As another element of the installation Allan McCollum prepared a series of booklets containing more than 50 texts on fulgurites, lightning and related subjects. The booklets were presented on tables in a room adjacent to the display of 10,000 replicas of the fulgurite.
Fig. 2. A sand fulgurite made by triggered lightning in 1993 at Camp Blanding, Florida.
Fig. 3. Lightning damage to underground power cables. (a) Cable A, (b) Cable B, (c) Cable C. Note fulgurites in Figs. 3a and 3b. See text for details.
Fig. 4. World's longest (17 feet) excavated fulgurite, made in 1996 at Camp Blanding, Florida.
Fig. 5. A fulgurite made of staurolite (75%), ilmenite (15%), and rutile (10%) at Camp Blanding Florida.
Fig. 6. Artistic installation "Petrified Lightning from Camp Blanding" by Allan McCollum displayed at the USF Contemporary Art Museum, Tampa, 1998.
PDF of entire lecture
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The Brakel (Braekel) Chicken
Reading Time: 4 minutes
By Stuart Sutton, United Kingdom
Although not exceptionally rare, the Brakel (alt. Braekel) breed always needs more keepers and is also a historic, interesting race. In Flanders, Belgium where it originates, the “Brakel Hen” is known as the oldest large laying breed that still exists today, the Ardenner being the oldest Belgian breed of the French speaking Waloon area of Belgium.
According to the Association for Promotion of Belgian Poultry Breeds, the Brakel was already known in the Oudenaarde and Nederbrakel region around 1400. From this region, the Brakel slowly spread to the extent that was a familiar site in most farmyards across the country. This is why the breed was also known as the “Farmyard Hen.” Other names for the breed were “The Everyday Layer,” “The Grey White Neck” and “The Nun’s Hen.” They were admired by the people who kept them because they laid well and provided a good table bird; the meat had a slight game flavor.
The name “Brakel” is without any doubt derived from the name of the villages Op- and Nederbrakel. Within the triangle area of Ninove, Geraadsbergen and Oudenaarde, the Brakel was bred intensely and the birds were sold at the local markets. Because there were so many birds being bred, their appearance varied greatly. Some birds had a horseshoe pattern in the feathers while others had a straight band, which is still demanded in today’s standard. Due to the breed having so many looks, the various areas that bred them also gave them different names. For example: “La Poule dÕHernies” and “Het Hoen van Ronse.”
Additionally in the village of Chaam, in the Netherlands, another variety of the Brakel — one with orange eyes — was discovered. Interestingly Mr. Vander Snickt, a leading poultry expert of the time, was the first to say that he considered the Brakel and the Campine to be essential the same animal — the Campine becoming smaller due to the more arid sands of La Campine environment on which it lived.
The effect of climate and soil had a great effect on the growth of each breed with the rich Flemish soil helping the Brakel increase its size. In fact, in 1884, it was proposed after consultation to recognize two distinct races of the lighter Campine and the heavier Brakels. Recognizing the two races meant that two special clubs were established.
In 1896, a club for the defense of the Kempen (Campine) grouse was founded in Antwerp; in 1898 came the first special club for Braekel Grouse in Neder Braekel. This reduced the rivalry between their respective followers until after the First World War, when the old debate began in earnest again. In 1925 the National Union decided to recognize the two races as a unit under the name Kempisch (Campine) — Brakel. But the Second World War, then the import of U.S. hybrid chickens meant almost the final blow to this beautiful Flemish race, as many valuable breeding stock were slaughtered and the number of pure Brakels in Belgium left could thus be counted on one hand.
In 1969, the situation had become so bad that an urgent appeal to assemble all the remaining Brakels in order to try to save the breed was published in the national press, but unfortunately this was a total failure. In 1971, the second Brakel club was founded and more exceptional efforts were made to round up all existing Brakels. Only a small number were found: two Silver Brakel hens, a Silver rooster from Germany and 12 eggs, as well as the last remaining golden rooster. From these few birds the Brakel was revived to the numbers we see today— quite an achievement.
The Brakel’s characteristics are that is a fairly quiet, proud and majestic breed that is very well adapted to the vagaries of the Belgian climate. They are easy to handle and look after and will provide regular large fresh eggs. The number of eggs per year lays around 200. The shells are white and the eggs weigh about 65 grams. They are very rarely broody. They are capable of flight in extreme circumstances and are best kept in largish pens.
The body is rectangular in shape with a deep breast and a well-developed abdomen. The tail is half-opened in both sexes. An adult rooster weighs about 5.5 pounds and an adult hen about 5.5 pounds. Brakels are relatively heavily pigmented birds. The eyes should always be as black as possible in both sexes and the hen often shows dark flecks on the base of her comb, which is a breed characteristic. The comb is single, large and should fall over to one side in the hens. In the roosters it has to be upright. The earlobes are white but often present a bluish sheen and are almond-shaped. The shanks are always slate-blue. The male has a fairly impressive array of tail feathers, the sickles being well developed and well arched.
The typical barring of the Brakel is unique and the barred varieties are by far the most popular varieties. Especially the silver variety is quite common. Other recognized varieties are gold, lemon, white-barred gold, barred white, selfwhite, black and blue. Recently also white-barred lemon Brakels were bred.
Although relatively common in Belgium — especially the silver Brakel, which is kept in the North of Belgium, but is also to be found in the South — the Golden Brakel is slowly but steadily disappearing. The other barred varieties are all rare to very rare and the nonbarred varieties are all very rare even in its native land. A reasonable number of Silver and Golds are also bred in the Netherlands, France, Germany and the United Kingdom.
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The Baguio condominiums of today could be the cultural heritage of tomorrow. This is what happened to the three old structures in Baguio City, namely, the Colegio del Santisimo Rosario (Diplomat Hotel) Ruins in Dominican Hill; the Laperal House in 14 Leonard Wood Road; and the recently added Peredo’s Lodging House in Saint Joseph Village. The National Museum of the Philippines declared these three as ‘Important Cultural Properties.”
What is an ‘Important Cultural Property’? According to ‘National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009’ or the Republic Act no. 10066, it should have an “exceptional cultural, artistic and historical significance to the Philippines, as shall be determined by the National Museum and/or National Historical Institute.” As an ‘Important Cultural Property,’ the government has an obligation to provide funding for its protection, restoration and conservation. What made these landmarks become worthy of an official heritage marker? Let us have a brief Baguio History 101 regarding these structures below:
According to Mysterious Britain & Ireland website, during the 20th century, this two-story edifice, formerly named ‘Collegio del Santissimo Rosario,’ served as a seminary of the Dominican Order, and then converted into a vacation house due to lack of enrollees.
The building had a dark and bloody past during the World War II. It became a refugee camp for those who want to hide from Japanese soldiers but they were later found out. There was a rumor that several nuns and priests were beheaded there, and babies were said to be massacred near its fountain.
It was restored in 1947 by Tony Agpaoa and he revived it as a hotel, hence the name ‘Diplomat Hotel.’ Its operation shutdown when Agpaoa died in 1987. The government renovated it in 2012 and it is now called “The Baguio Dominican Heritage Hill and Nature Park.”
Laperal White House
DoonPoSaAminPH says this Victorian-styled house was originally owned and built by the Laperal clan in 1920. During the World War II, the Japanese forces claimed it and they used it as a temporary garrison. The house had been a witness to brutal killings of men who were thought to be spies. Women were not spared and were mercilessly sexually assaulted inside.
In 2007, business tycoon Lucio Tan bought it. It was then restored and maintained. The house was later turned into a gallery in 2013 where Filipino artists could showcase their bamboo and wood crafts. This was through the efforts of Tan Yan Kee Foundation and the Philippine Bamboo Association. It is still operates to this day for the entrance fee of Php50.
Peredo’s Lodging House
According to Manila Bulletin, the National Museum declared it as a heritage site last December 28, 2015. Another Victorian-inspired structure, the 101-year old two-story house was built in 1915 and owned by Roque and Rita Peredo. It was able to withstand two world wars, American and Japanese colonial invasions, natural disasters and 14 years of dictatorship. It became a refuge to relatives and friends when the devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake rocked Baguio City in July 16, 1990.
It is quite admirable that our government was doing its part to preserve these historical sites, even though there were lapses just like the ‘demolition’ of the Army and Navy Club and the ‘national photobomber’ Torre de Manila. In the case of the Army and Navy Club, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) gave Oceanville Hotel and Spa Corp. permission to be converted to a boutique hotel. However, NHCP issued a ‘cease and desist order’ (CDO) because the developer tampered with the main building without the agency’s permission, reported by Rappler. While the Torre de Manila, as pictured below, is indeed an eyesore to the public and is said to be had violated zoning rules.
Army and Navy Club after clearing operations
Torre De Manila behind Rizal Monument
It would be 50 years or so before condominiums in Baguio City or other landmarks in the country could achieve a historical significance. But why do we have to save these historical structures? Try to imagine this: hundreds of years from now, future societies would be the ones excavating and exploring the places where we lived. Discovery after discovery, they will look in awe and say, “So, this was the life of our ancestors.” This is what we felt when archeologists discovered the Parthenon of Greece, the pyramids of Egypt and the Colosseum of Rome. If these structures were not preserved, or worst, destroyed, what would be our legacy to the future generations? Or will we just accept the demise of our cultural identity and let our “footprints” be washed away because of neglect?
I love life and all things about it! How about you?
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Inaugural Vari Symposium: Venice and the Renaissance - Friday, April 19 | Benson Center Williman Room
Suzanne Magnanini, Ph.D.,Associate Professor and Associate Chair for Undergraduate Studies,
Department of French and Italian, University of Colorado, Boulder
What They Talked About When They Talked about Love in Sixteenth-Century Venice
Brigate were groups of men and women that in Renaissance society enjoyed a reputation for merry-making, carousing, but also intellectual pursuits. In the texts I discuss, these same-sex groups debate many topics without the intrusion of the opposite sex, although this presentation specifically focuses on their exchanges about love. What did Venetian men and women talk about when they did not have to worry about the opinion or opposition of the other gender? How did these conversations differ from those in countless other Italian Renaissance dialogues on love in which male and female characters participated?
Guido Ruggiero, Ph.D.,College of Arts and Sciences Cooper Fellow and Professor of History, University of Miami
Wayfarers in Wonderland: Love and Sex in Renaissance Venice Revisited
Looking at the passions and emotions associated with the way sex and love were lived and felt in Renaissance Venice, the city on the lagoons becomes an at once familiar and strangely alien place with apparently familiar institutions such as marriage, youth, nobility, and prostitution taking on disturbingly different valences. Much the same can be said for crimes such as fornication, adultery, and sodomy. And finally, the very emotions that one might tend to think are universal such as love, jealousy, desire, and pleasure seem to be not quite the same. Looking more closely at love and sex in Renaissance Venice offers an often startlingly different perspective on both the city and what we think we know about those crucial aspects of life.
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Forest/Watershed Health Challenges
Forest and watershed health is a reflection of how the parts of these complex systems are functioning as compared to some perceived ideal conditions. In trying to evaluate overall watershed health, we often look at pieces of it such as streams (both flow and water quality), possible sources of contamination, reservoir and pong characteristics, plant and animal communities that are found within it, and how outside influences like climate change, weather events, insects and diseases may affect them. At Providence Water, having a healthy and well-functioning forested watershed translates to cleaner source water which is easier to meet mandated Drinking Water Standards.
Climate change has been in the news lately and it has been on Providence Water's radar for a while. With much uncertainty, about all we can plan on is that things will change and be different in the future. Work is currently underway on a Watershed Climate Change Adaptation Plan. While this plan will address many larger issues, there are things being done now to help mitigate and adapt to possible changes.
Some examples would be:
- Removing undersized culverts and seldom used access roads and replacing them with some swales that will not get plugged.
- Favoring species of trees that are expected to do better as warmer temperatures and summer droughts become more common.
- Planting tree seedlings that are found more to our south that should be more accustomed to the anticipated weather conditions.
Exotic invasive insects and diseases have been, and will continue to be, a threat to the forest. These pests, such as the gypsy moth, Dutch elm disease, and chestnut blight, were introduced from other parts of the world in the early 1900's and have impacted forests (in the case of chestnut essentially removing it from the landscape). More recent introductions include the Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and the southern pine beetle. The southern pine beetle is native in the southeast U.S. but has made its way to parts of the northeast and survived possibly in part due to warmer winters. With changing climate, the range of both native and non-native forest pests will likely expand.
Non-native invasive plants are becoming more common and spreading, some of which have been around for many years. These plants are usually from other parts of the world and grow aggressively, spread rapidly, and crowd out native plants and flowers. White-tailed deer avoid browsing on these plants, instead preferring the natives that they have evolved with over the centuries. If there are few or no native seedlings and saplings and the forest canopy is disturbed, invasive plants can quickly occupy the site making it difficult, if not impossible, for the natives to grow there without intervention.
Overabundant white-tailed deer are inhibiting the regeneration of native seedlings, particularly some hardwoods, that are necessary fore the forest to sustain itself. A deer management program that includes controlled hunting is intended to reduce these impacts. Forest fragmentation, when larger tracts of forest are divided or have parts of them developed, can reduce the watersheds ability to filter water, especially during the more frequent large rain events predicted during certain times of the year. Providence Water continues to purchase critical parcels when it can and participate in programs with private landowners to protect land in the watershed. Another avenue available for protecting land is purchasing development rights from a willing seller either on its on or partnership with other agencies.
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It's a quick and dirty tool to get up and running really quickly.It's not like you have to do an awful lot of configuration.The usage share of Netscape had fallen from over ninety percent in the mid-1990s Netscape is credited with creating Java Script, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages, as well as developing the Secure Sockets Layer Protocol (SSL) for securing online communication that was used all future Netscape releases were based on this rewritten code.The Gecko engine would later be used to power the Mozilla Foundation's Firefox browser.Instead, think about an encyclopedia—one with unlimited, graphically rich pages, connections to E-mail and files, and access to Internet newsgroups and online shopping.It was founded under the name Mosaic Communications Corporation on April 4, 1994, the brainchild of Jim Clark who had recruited Marc Andreessen as co-founder and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers as investors.Free software puts its users in control of their own computing.Non-free software puts its users under the power of the software's developer. Free software means the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech”, not as in “free beer”.
Netscape Communications, formerly known as Netscape Communications Corporation and commonly known as Netscape, is an American computer services company best known for Netscape Navigator, its web browser.The first meeting between Clark and Andreessen was never truly about a software or service like Netscape, but more about a product that was similar to Nintendo.GNU is an operating system that is free software—that is, it respects users' freedom.We had some network bottlenecks that caused our servers to crash during month end heavy loads and Web LOAD helped us.Web LOAD Reviews @ G2Crowd Automatic reports done with Analytics are very clear.See the Free Software Foundation's web site for more about what we do, and a list of ways you can help. That means it is a collection of many programs: applications, libraries, developer tools, even games.
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|Cardiovascular Health Goals
Adam Martinez, M.S. and Len Kravitz, Ph.D.
Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Hong, Y., Labarthe, D., Mozaffarian, D. et al. on behalf of the American Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's Strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation, 2010; 121; 586-613.
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently issued its proactive agenda for the next decade by releasing its strategic plan in measuring, monitoring and improving cardiovascular health for Americans. The AHA Board of Directors approved recommendations from scientists representing the AHA Strategic Planning Task Force, Statistics Committee and other ad hoc members, which states By 2020, to improve the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20% while reducing deaths from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and strokes by 20%. While, the AHA association recognizes that defining and setting goals is a major first step, it is exercise professionals and health/fitness advocates throughout the U.S. who will lead the charge and implement exercise and intervention campaigns to inspire citizens to realize these goals. Personal trainers have a unique opportunity, and responsibility, to lead the nation in reversing the rising tide of CVD events by promoting the meaningful and positive lifestyle changes in diet, physical activity, and smoking presented by the AHA.
Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: Some Startling Statistics
Some of the highlighted findings from the 2009 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics report (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009) reveal some disquieting facts of importance.
1) Approximately 2400 Americans die of CVD each day. This means that on average there is 1 death every 37 seconds from CVD.
2) More than 150,000 Americans killed by CVD in 2005 were less than 65 years of age, which is far before the average life expectancy of 77.9 years.
3) One out of every 5 deaths in the United States in 2005 was from coronary heart disease (CHD, also referred to as atherosclerotic heart disease), which is the final result of the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque within the walls of the coronary arteries.
4) On average, every 40 seconds someone in the United States has a stroke (see Table 1 for signs of a stroke), which represents about 1 of every 18 deaths in the United States.
5) Despite health recommendations that all adult Americans complete 30 minutes of somewhat hard physical activity on most days of the week, 62% of adults >18 years of age lead completely sedentary lifestyles.
6) Over 12% of preschool children 2 to 5 years of age were overweight in 2005 (as measured by body mass index (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) placing them at or above the 95th percentile in body weight among children their age.
7) An estimated 80,000,000 American adults (approximately 1 in 3) have 1 or more types of CVD. These diseases include high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), angina pectoris (chest pain), heart failure (inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain normal bodily functions), stroke, and congenital (present at birth but not necessarily hereditary) cardiovascular defects.
8) In 2005, the leading causes of death in women 65 years of age were 1) diseases of the heart, 2) cancer, 3) stroke and 4) Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease (CLRD, such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis). In older men, they were 1) heart disease, 2) cancer, 3) CLRD, and 4) stroke.
Lloyd-Jones et al. (2010) note that data clearly show the prevalence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes in pediatric populations, which will no doubt lead to CVD at much younger ages for men and women in the future. Lloyd-Jones (2009) add that the underlying cause of the majority of CVD events are typically present and undetected for decades before the onset of a 'clinical event', such as a nonfatal myocardial infarction or a disabling stroke.
AHA Introduces the New Concept of 'Ideal' Cardiovascular Health
In the new strategic plan for cardiovascular health promotion, the AHA has introduced a new concept called 'ideal' cardiovascular health, which is defined as A) the 'simultaneous' presence 4 favorable health behaviors (i.e., ideal BMI, physical activity, abstinence from smoking within the last year, and dietary patterns that promote cardiovascular health), and/or B) the 'simultaneous' presence of 4 favorable health factors (untreated total cholesterol (<200 mg/deciliter; a deciliter is 1/10 of a liter), untreated blood pressure (<120/<80 mmHG), abstinence from smoking within the last year, and absence of diabetes mellitus, and/or C) the absence of clinical CVD (including stroke, heart failure, CHD, etc.). Because of its importance to 'ideal' cardiovascular health, abstinence from smoking appears in the health behaviors and health factor lists (See Table 2 for Cardiovascular Health Effects of Smoking). To further detail the new 'ideal' cardiovascular health definition, a close inspection of each metric follows:
Goal/Metric 'Ideal' Cardiovascular Health
Adults >20 yrs of age &Mac179;150 min/wk moderate intensity or
&Mac179;75 min/wk vigorous exercise (may also combine moderate and vigorous activity)
Children 12-19 yrs of age &Mac179;60 min of moderate or vigorous activity each day
Adults >20 yrs of age Never smoked or quit smoking >12 months ago
Children 12-19 yrs of age Never tired; never smoked
Body Mass Index
Adults >20 yrs of age <25 kg/m2
Children 2-19 yrs of age <85th Percentile
Adults >20 yrs of age <200 mg/deciliter
Children 6-19 years of age <170 mg/deciliter
Adults >20 years of age <120/<80 mmHG
Children 8-19 years of age <90th Percentile
Fasting Plasma Glucose
Adults >20 yrs of age <100 mg/deciliter
Children 6-19 years of age <100 mg/deciliter
Healthy Diet Score
Adults >20 yrs of age 4-5 Components (see below)
Children 5-19 years of age 4-5 Components (see below)
With diet, a low tans fat intake is considered decidedly health promoting. The new AHA recommendation encourages a diet that is an appropriate energy balance (although the AHA acknowledges no caloric guidelines from large sample studies are currently available to quantity precise caloric intake values) for the individual: one, which is consistent with a DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) eating plan. This would include the following suggestions for a 2000-kilocalorie diet per day (which should be scaled accordingly for other levels of caloric intake).
1) Sodium: <1500 mg per day
2) Fruits and vegetables: &Mac179;4.5 cups per day
3) Fish: &Mac179;two 3.5-ounce servings per week (preferably oily fish)
4) Fiber-rich whole grains (&Mac179;1.1 grams of fiber per 10 grams of carbohydrate); &Mac179; three 1-ounce servings per day
5) Nuts, legumes and seeds: &Mac179;4 servings per week
6) Processed meats: none or &Mac178;2 servings per week
7) Saturated fat: <7% of total energy intake
8) Sugar-sweetened beverages: &Mac178;36 ounces per seek (&Mac178;450 kilocalories per week)
Summary Charge to Action
The AHA is committed to attaining the 2020 cardiovascular health goals. The key to success is to translate the research-driven objectives into permanent public health efforts. However, it may very likely be the grass roots efforts of exercise professionals and personal trainers throughout the U.S., who execute all of the AHA goals in their fitness interventions, that lead to the these achievable outcomes being realized. Go for the Goal!
Table 1. Warning Signs to Recognize for a Stroke
A stroke is a medical emergency all exercise professionals must be able to recognize. Don't ignore the signs of stroke, especially if only a few are present or if they seem to go away temporarily. If someone has one or more these stroke symptoms that last more than a few minutes take immediate action.
1) Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body
2) Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding
3) Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
4) Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination
5) Sudden, severe headache with no known cause
Action: If someone has one or more stroke symptoms that last more than a few minutes, immediately call 9-1-1 or the emergency medical service.
Table 2. Cardiovascular Health Effects of Smoking
Although cigarette smoking is highly associated with lung cancer, many individuals are unaware that smoking is also very related to heart disease. In fact, the nicotine in smoke causes reduced circulation by narrowing the arterial blood flow in the body. This reduced blood circulation places smokers at higher risk for developing peripheral vascular disease (which is an obstruction of the large arteries in the arms and legs that can cause a range of health problems including pain, cramping, fatigue and circulatory problems). As well, smoking has been shown to lead to abdominal aortic aneurysms (i.e., a swelling or weakening of the main artery of the body-the aorta-where it runs through the abdomen). In addition, smoking damages the airways of the lungs leading to emphysema, chronic bronchitis and chronic airway obstructions, all of which may contribute to cardiovascular disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, on average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than nonsmokers.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Lloyd-Jones D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., De Simone, G., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21-e181.
Adam Martinez is currently a graduate student in Exercise Science and Sports Administration at University of New Mexico (Albuquerque). His research interests are in strength and conditioning and health and wellness.
@Bio:Len Kravitz, PhD, is the program coordinator of exercise science and a researcher at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, where he won the Outstanding Teacher of the Year award. Len was honored with the 2009 Can-Fit-Pro Specialty Presenter of the Year award and chosen as the ACE 2006 Fitness Educator of the Year. He also received the 2008 Can-Fit-Pro Lifetime Achievement Award.
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|Burdock, latin name Arctium
lappa, is a carrot-like root from the plant Arctium lappa, a biennial herb
grown in China, Europe and the United States. Employed as a popular folk
medicine around the world, burdock is also consumed as a vegetable in Japan,
where burdock is called gobo. Burdock seeds are crushed to make a popular
tincture used to purify the blood, to treat gout and ulcers, arthritis,
rheumatism, and cure skin diseases such as acne and psoriasis. In India and
Russia the burdock root is a popular anti-cancer remedy, and in China burdock is
believed to be an effective aphrodisiac, useful in treating impotence and
The volatile oils of burdock seed are said to be
an effective diaphoretic, used to inducing sweating as an aid in neutralizing
and eliminating toxins from the body. This activity is widely utilized by herbal
practitioner's in the treatment of liver problems, gallstones, flu, and to
support the kidneys in filtering acids from the blood stream.
Studies of burdock show that it is high in minerals, being a good source of
iron. Data also indicate that the burdock root is a good source of the
carbohydrate inulin which can account for 45% of the plant mass. Burdock is also
a good source of essential oils and other compounds that exhibit bacteriostatic
and antifungul activity.
Burdock is an effective diuretic and is considered a very safe herb and food
product, though there have been cases where the purity of the burdock root has
raised some concern.
Natural healers revere the Burdock herb as
nature's best "blood purifier" that is, they believe that it
rids the body of dangerous toxins. Ancient herbalists used burdock to treat
snake bites. Nicholas Culpeper, the famous 17th Century herbalist, wrote that it
"helpeth those that are bit by a mad dog." Today, many herbalists
still recommend the burdock herb for its diuretic action: It increases the flow
of urine and promotes sweating. Burdock is also reputed to be helpful for the
soreness and swelling caused by arthritis, rheumatism, sciatica, and lumbago.
Used externally, burdock is considered a major natural treatment for skin
problems such as eczema, psoriasis, and even canker sores. Burdock is also
soothing for hemorrhoids.
Burdock is also know as:
Arctium lappa, Bardana, Beggar's buttons, Burr
seed, Clotbur, Cockle buttons
click here to read more
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The children are restless. There are loud sighs of discontent. Once beautiful smiles are now frowns. They are hitting each other and complaining, “There is nothing to do!” You are at your wit’s end. What is a parent to do?
Jennie Maizels creates the Things to Do Book for these situations. The Lift-the-Flap book is divided into eight sections. Each section has many children activities to keep them busy for hours. There are things to do in sections labeled in the car, on the beach, on a rainy day, in the back yard and four other places.
The illustrations of the children are delightful. Tens of children adorn the pages. Children make suggestions to other children. They show each other how to do the things. All are engaged in different activities. There are no grownups directing the kids.
Friends and siblings are playing games for children on each page. Jennie Maizels’ children are racially diverse. A child is sure to see someone of his or her race.
Each section has at least twenty children activities on the double pages. There are lift-the flaps to explain the activity. For example, in the country section, one activity is to identify leaves. Lift-the-flap and there are nine types of leaves with their names. This activity tests children’s observation skills.
Another flap reveals the titles of songs about the countryside. Old MacDonald Had a Farm and Mary Had a Lamb are two titles. There are smells and sounds to identify. Name the birds perching in trees or flying in the sky. Smiling children are running, playing games, flying kites and observing the world around them.
Songs are in the back of the book. There are eight children songs complete with words and music. Children are familiar with the songs. They just need gentle reminders that there are songs to sing and things to do. And that is what Jennie Maizels does in the Things to Do Book.
Beware parents and teachers! Small children three-years-old and younger may tear off the flaps. They may eat the flap. The book is targeted for children six-years-old and older. Adult supervision is needed for the younger kids.
Drop in the forum. Share your favorite Picture and/or Board book! Sign up to receive the Children's Books Review newsletter. Do not miss any future articles.
Picture Books for Children
Infants and Toddlers Board Books
Popular Juvenile/Kids Books
List of Dr. Seuss Books
Don Freeman's Books
Stan Berenstain's Books
List of Magic Tree House Books
Chronicles of Narnia Books
A Series of Unfortunate Events Books
Note: Things to Do Book by Jennie Maizels is from Media Masters Publicity.
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Say Hello to Archean Butterstone….
You are probably asking yourself "What is Archean Butterstone?" Is it animal, vegetable or mineral? Is it edible, something high in saturated fat or someone's old chattahoochee? The answers are no, no, yes, no, no and no.
Archean Butterstone is a rock that formed over 2500 million years ago around the Greenstone Belt of Southern Africa. (Hard to fathom that long ago, right?)
Archean Butterstone is classified as a fossil because it contains evidence of some of the earliest forms of life including stramatolites, a primeval microorganism made up of blue-green algae (aka cyanobacteria).
Are you familiar with kambaba jasper? Well, those rather different looking orbicular designs are a result of stramatolites that “expired” on the stone.
It was given the name "Archean" because it came from the Archean Period, a time that spanned from 4500 million years ago (around the time of the beginning of the planets) up to the start of the Proterozoic Era (approx. 2500 million years ago). “Butter” comes from it having a smooth “warm” feeling on its polished sides.
Want to experience holding a piece of ancient history that is REAL OLD? Hold it in your hand and let it take you to the real ancient times. You may get a feel for the rock's humbling beginnings. Now is your chance. This rock predates dinosaurs.
These rocks come in a corrugated box (from this era) along with a historical background leaflet.
For $9.00 (including shipping), you can own a piece of rock that formed over 2500 million years ago! When we say "own a piece of the rock", we aren't talking about insurance or investments. Then again, it could turn into a sound investment! One neva knows.
Its properties are believed to bring about grounding, stability, healing, perseverance, resilience, hope and a connection to life. Hey, anything else wouldn't surprise me. This fossil holds the energies of an ancient earth.
All of the Archean Butterstones are similar. They vary only slightly in shape and coloration. To make my life easier, I am going to keep the same picture. Thank you for understanding.
Length: 2 1/2" (longest side)
Width: 1 3/4" (longest side)
Circumference: 7 " (at widest part):
Weight: 7.0 ounces
International friends, please email us for shipping rates. firstname.lastname@example.org
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In this lesson, I bring you Jerry Garcia’s solo on “They Love Each Other” from the legendary May 8, 1977 show at Barton Hall, on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca New York.
"They Love Each Other" is a Hunter/Garcia composition that appeared on Jerry Garcia's 1976 solo album "Reflections". It was debuted February 9th, 1973 at Roscoe Maples Pavilion at Stanford University alongside a number of other soon-to-be Grateful Dead staples. It was performed 226 times after the initial Stanford performance.
Jerry's playing during this period was especially exciting and had a sense of adventurousness to it. The band had released their album "Blues for Allah" just two years earlier, which was heavily jazz inspired. That inspiration continued in Jerry's playing throughout the rest of the 1970's, and you can hear a lot of that influence in this solo.
Without a doubt, chromaticism was a cornerstone of Jerry Garcia's guitar playing, and can be a device that eludes many of those trying to emulate his playing. The word Chromatic originates from the Greek word chroma, meaning color. In Western music, the chromatic scale is a series of 12 pitches (each a half-step apart) that encompasses musical colors. When playing in a specific key or mode, a chromatic tone is any note that is outside of the key or mode you are playing in. "They Love Each Other" is in the key of G Mixolydian; and therefore, has no sharps or flats. Because of this, it is easy to see which notes are outside of the key.
I find with a lot of my students that are new to the idea of using chromaticism in their playing, they have trouble figuring out how to introduce it into their improvisations. This is were phrasing comes in - you can get away with playing anything, as long as it is played convincingly, and resolves into a strong note. Let's take a look at some of the chromatic ideas Jerry employs in this solo.
Half-step below, scale-tone above
This is a very common jazz concept, and one that you can hear quite a bit in Garcia's playing. As the name of the idea suggests, the concept involves playing playing a half-step (or one fret) below the note you are targeting, and one scale-tone (a note that is in the scale your are playing out of) above. Let's explore what this would look like if we were targeting the notes out of a G major chord.
Half-step below, 4th (or 5th) above
The opening lick of the solo is one of my favorites, as well as very ear-catching. The idea combines two chromatic concepts, one being the half-step below, scale-tone above concept we talked about above. The other is similar - it involves a half-step below our target tone followed by our target tone, then we play a specified interval above the target tone. Jerry experiments with the intervals of a 4th and a 5th.
Download the transcription below, and most importantly - have fun!
Download the transcription
Sign up for my free newsletter and get access to all of my great transcriptions!
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- Raise awareness about the complex links between exposure to neurotoxic chemicals and developmental disabilities, and
- Raise awareness that those living with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities may be at greater risk of secondary health effects from toxic exposures than individuals without disabilities.
The initiative began in July 2003 when AAIDD convened a Summit where leaders from academia, environmental health disciplines, disability services, special education, public policy and the self-advocacy network framed a national action blueprint. This framework is designed to achieve effective collaboration among network partners and has extensive recommendations for action pertaining to education, outreach, training, legislation, policy, and research.
AAIDD has established an expert Advisory Board and three workgroups to put these policy, research, and educational recommendations into action. The working groups are comprised of AAIDD members, developmental and learning disabilities professionals, environmental health experts, individuals with disabilities and state and local government association members. This includes scientists, researchers, toxicologists, nurses, self-advocates and many others to collaborate their expertise and passion to move this environmental health promotion and disability agenda forward!
AAIDD now has a position statement that outlines our Environmental Health Initiative, and we encourage organizations, professionals, community members, legislators, and any interested parties in signing-on. To read about the position statement, click here. Contact Laura Abulafia at Laura@aaidd.org if you wish to sign-on.
Although there is little doubt that many aspects of learning and development are genetically influenced, for the vast majority of these disorders there is no evidence that genetic factors are the predominant cause. In fact, the few syndromes that appear to be exclusively genetic are rare.
Developmental disability can be the result of any one of many factors, or a combination of multiple factors. In fact, as much as 50 percent of all cases of mental retardation have more than one underlying cause. Furthermore, for a third of all the cases of mental retardation, the cause is still unknown.
We believe that we can no longer ignore the mounting evidence that chemical exposures are contributing substantially to the epidemic of developmental disabilities.
Neurodevelopmental disabilities are widespread, and chemical exposures are important and preventable contributors to these conditions.
The term "Developmental Disabilities" can be used to describe any number of disabilities that interrupt natural brain development, begin in childhood, and are life-long. Disabilities may affect a person's ability to speak, learn, make decisions, understand language, or take care of oneself.
The consequences of developmental disabilities can be tragic and expensive. The familial, societal and economic costs are immense, and the disabilities are usually life-long. For instance, special education services to all students with disabilities costs $77.3 billion per year.
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) estimates that 25 percent of developmental and neurological deficits in children are due to the interplay between chemicals and genetic factors and that 3% are caused by exposure to chemicals alone. The NAS estimates that costs due to environmental factors could be anywhere from $4.6¨C$18.4 billion per year.
Toxins in the environment are an important concern for persons with developmental disabilities. Sometimes developmental disabilities are specifically caused by exposure to toxins prior to birth or during childhood. Others born with disabilities may suffer additional secondary health effects that further impact optimal functioning.
Vast quantities of neurotoxic chemicals are released into the environment each year. Of the top 20 chemicals reported by the Toxics Release Inventory in 1997, nearly three-quarters are known or suspected neurotoxicants. They include methanol, ammonia, manganese, toluene, phosphoric acid, xylene, n-hexane, chlorine, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon disulfide lead and glycol ethers.
The current, limited understanding of chemical neurotoxicity potential has one particularly unsettling implication: What we already know about neurodevelopmental toxic threats to the fetus, child and those living with disabilities is likely to be only the tip of the iceberg.
Linking Toxic Exposures with Developmental Disabilities
The connection between toxic environmental exposures and neurodevelopment is an emerging area of concern. An estimated 12 million children (17 percent) have one or more learning, developmental, or behavioral disability and these numbers appear to be increasing. Mental retardation alone affects 1.4 million children. Exposures to environmental toxins such as lead, mercury, PCBs, alcohol, toluene and tobacco have all been proven to cause permanent developmental disabilities.
Other toxic exposures such as pesticides, solvents, flame retardants, plastics, and heavy metals such as cadmium and excessive manganese, similarly disrupt brain development. The cause of the increase in developmental disabilities is unknown, yet the latest science and research efforts are beginning to implicate the more than 80,000 chemicals that have been introduced into the environment over the past 40 years. This initiative is raising awareness of the links between disabilities and toxic exposures, calling for needed research to clarify these associations, and progressive policies to address the issue.
Environmental Impacts on Neurodevelopment, A Case Study from Ecuador
Alexis Jeannine Handal, PhD MPH
Department of Family and Community Medicine University of New Mexico
Tuesday, February 10 2009 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Indoor Air Quality and Health, Part II
Howard Brightman, ScD, PE, CIH
In place of Jack Spengler, Ph.D., Akira Yamaguchi Professor of Environmental Health and Human Habitation in the Harvard School of Public Health's Department of Environmental Health
Tuesday, March 9 2009 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Scientist and Policy Analyst, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Tuesday August 5 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Asthma in School Environments for Students and Staff
Tolle Graham, Healthy Schools Coordinator
Elise Pechter, MPH, CIH, Industrial Hygienist Occupational Health Surveillance Program
Tuesday, June 17 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Lead Exposure and Developmental Disabilities
Jay S. Schneider, Ph.D.
Professor, Dept. of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology
Director: Parkinson's Disease Research Unit Thomas Jefferson University
Tuesday, April 8, 2008 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Environmental Injustice: Focus on Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Lawrence D. Rosen, MD
Chair, Integrative Pediatrics Council
Tuesday, March 11, 2008 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Indoor Air Quality and Health, Part I
Jack Spengler, Ph.D.
Akira Yamaguchi Professor of Environmental Health and Human Habitation in the Harvard School of Public Health's Department of Environmental Health
Tuesday, February 12, 2008 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
Cleaning for Health in New England Schools
Carol Westinghouse, specialist in Cleaning for Health programs and in the environmentally preferable purchasing of institutional cleaning products
Tuesday, January 8, 2008 from 2:00-3:00 pm ET
National Birth Defect Registry: Collecting Data That Potentially Links Environmental Exposures to Clusters of Birth Defects
Betty Mekdeci, Founder of Birth Defects Research for Children
Tuesday, September 11, 2007 from 2:00-3:00 pm EST
"How Exposure to Common Pesticides Can Damage the Developing Brain: Lessons Learned from Chlorpyrifos and the Organophosphates"
Theodore A. Slotkin, Ph.D.
Wednesday, February 22, 2006 @ 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. EST
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In the classroom, this app's learning and entertainment sweet spot spans pre-K to first grade. You may want to model simple, respectful, polite behavior when eating with others and at parties. For example, showing kids how you use "please" and "thank you" when asking for and receiving the pretend food and drink at the tea party can help them develop those social skills. You can also encourage kids to plan a party together, thereby participating in conversations about party planning and growing in collaborative communication. You may want to facilitate some math skills practice by asking kids to point out some shapes in the various foods and other items (e.g., plates) on the table. Kids can also count items in related groups and make some more than/less than comparisons about the liquid in the three cups and the food on the three plates.Continue reading Show less
Toca Tea Party is like having a traditional tea party for kids but without the breakable, spillable teacups. The on-screen party includes a variety of pretty mini-cakes and cookies, drinks, tablecloths, plates, and cups kids can choose from, and more. Once kids get a tea party for three set up on the iPad's screen (which becomes the table), they can invite their friends around the table to pretend to eat and drink -- and even "clean up" an imaginary spill -- at their custom soiree.
Kids simply start setting up the tea party on the iPad screen. Choose one of three tablecloths by tapping and dragging it to the center of the "table." Then tap candles to light them and drag the three plates to their places. Circles appear to show kids where to set items. Choose from four different cups with three drinks (tea, lemonade, or hot cocoa) and the food. Then kids are prompted, "Get your guests!" Bring everyone around the iPad table and start the party. Tap items to serve, eat, drink, refill, even change the music on the radio. Enjoy!
Kids can engage their imagination, as well as practice table manners and social skills, while playing with Toca Tea Party. As they make choices for what items to include on the table and what food and drink to serve, kids are exercising decision-making: "What do I think makes a good party?" Each planning choice shows social respect for their guests. If you facilitate further exploration, kids can also practice shape recognition and counting of the various groups of cakes, cups, and other items. It also rewards kids with cool sounds like pouring tea, and they get to watch the food disappear bite by bite as their guests tap on the food to "eat" it. Kids may be more familiar with breakfast, lunch, and dinner, so they can learn how this purely social snack time works.
The most unique aspect of this sweet imaginative play app is that it extends screen play into real life. As they have fun organizing all the items on Toca Tea Party's table on the iPad and then serving their friends at the tea party, kids are growing their imaginations and social skills.
Key Standards Supported
Counting And Cardinality
Understand the relationship between numbers and quantities; connect counting to cardinality.
Correctly name shapes regardless of their orientations or overall size.
Measurement And Data
Directly compare two objects with a measurable attribute in common, to see which object has “more of”/“less of” the attribute, and describe the difference. For example, directly compare the heights of two children and describe one child as taller/shorter.
Key Standards Supported
Speaking & Listening
Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about kindergarten topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.
Participate in collaborative conversations with diverse partners about grade 1 topics and texts with peers and adults in small and larger groups.
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3D Painted Crosswalks – Since it was first introduced in Slough, England in 1951, the humble crosswalk has helped millions, if not billions, of people, cross the street safely. Over the years, its design has remained largely the same – a series of solid white lines evenly spaced across the asphalt. Now, however, that iconic design looks set to change.
Cities, towns, and major urban areas across the United States and the world have begun installing 3D crosswalks on some of their busiest streets. To drivers who are approaching these new crosswalks, the 3D design gives the illusion that there are physical objects in the middle of the road – prompting them to slow down. Local governments hope that the reduction in speed will help to make the pedestrians who are using the crosswalk significantly safer.
How dangerous are America’s roadways for pedestrians?
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 129,000 pedestrians were admitted to an emergency department as a result of a collision with a vehicle in 2015. In other words, a pedestrian is struck by a car with enough force to cause serious injury approximately once every four minutes.
Of course, pedestrians don’t just receive injuries when they are hit by a vehicle. Quite often, they die. Per the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 5,977 pedestrians were killed in traffic collisions across the United States in 2017.
City governments will no doubt hope that the implementation of 3D crosswalks will be effective in reducing these alarming figures.
What can I do to stay safe as a pedestrian?
If you are worried about your safety as a pedestrian, you may wish to follow these simple tips to keep yourself protected on the road:
Cross the Street in the Designated Areas
When you are in a hurry, it can be tempting to try to quickly cross the road by simply stepping off of the sidewalk, looking around, and running or walking across. Though this street-crossing technique may seem convenient, it is also very dangerous. Instead, search for a nearby crosswalk (3D or traditional) or traffic signal and cross there.
As a pedestrian, your aim should be to make yourself as noticeable as possible to passing traffic – especially when it is dark outside. To make yourself more visible, you should avoid wearing dark colors at night and instead opt for bright, reflective clothing. When dressed appropriately, drivers will be better able to see you and take precautions to avoid hitting you.
Given that America’s roadways have the potential to be quite dangerous for pedestrians, you would be well advised to keep your wits about you while you are out walking. If you stroll around while daydreaming or staring at your smartphone, your chances of getting into an accident will increase significantly. Instead, try to keep your head up, remain conscious of other pedestrians, and keep a close eye out for passing cars.
What should I do if I am injured while walking?
If you are struck by a vehicle, your first priority should be your health. If your injuries are severe, call an ambulance or get to the emergency room as quickly as possible. Even if your injuries seem fairly minor, it is still a good idea to have a medical professional give you a check-up, just in case.
Once you are confident that you are no longer in any immediate danger, you can move on to handling the legal aspects of the situation. Most notably, you will need to give a statement to the police. This statement will be used to help them create an accident report, which outlines exactly what happened and who was responsible for the collision… If possible take photos of the scene and your injuries and gather other evidence such as the names and contact information of witnesses and check the sequence of the traffic lights if that might be an issue.
If you would like to seek financial compensation from the responsible party to help you cover your medical bills, you will need to speak with an experienced personal injury attorney. They will be able to let you know if you have a case, how much it may be worth, and how long the entire process will take.
Protecting Nevada’s Pedestrians
Over the years, the pedestrian accident attorneys at Cap and Kudler have helped countless pedestrians fight for the compensation they deserve after a traffic accident. We would love to do the same for you. Just give us a call at (702) 878-8778 to arrange a free consultation.
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A Recent Study: Consuming Nuts Daily Can Lead To Better Health
Nuts, a healthy and tasty snack, are a source of plant food. Great levels of monosaturated and polysaturated fats, proteins, and fibres can be obtained from nuts.
Some of the most commonly consumed nuts are:
- Brazil nuts
Rich in key nutrients, and providing a wide range of essential benefits, nuts are packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals.
Nuts provide key proteins, good fats, antioxidants, aid in cholesterol reduction, and help you live longer. Most of the fat in nuts is monounsaturated fat, as well as omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fat.
Nuts are also loaded with minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc and potassium, antioxidant minerals too, such as selenium, manganese and copper. They also contain saturated fat, and other phytochemicals and plant sterols.
“People often see nuts as food items high in fat and calories, so they hesitate to consider them as healthy snacks, but they are in fact associated with less weight gain and wellness,” said first author of the study, Xiaoran Liu.
“There are good things in nuts – healthy fats, omega 3, fibre, good plant phenols and health-promoting compounds,” Dr Rena Mendelson told Global News.
When analyzing the health benefits, researchers found that eating one-ounce serving of any type of nut is associated with a lower possibility of long-term weight gain and obesity.
Preliminary studies have indicated that nuts have the following advantages:
- Reducing the risk of gall stones
- Reducing the chance of age-related blindness
- Sustaining bone health
- Reducing brain degeneration
- Reducing risk of cancer
Best nuts to eat
Almonds reduce blood sugar level, blood pressure and lowers cholesterol. It also reduces hunger and promote weight loss.
Brazil nuts can increase a sense of fullness. They are one of the highest known food source of selenium, a mineral leading to improvement in insulin and glucose body responses.
One of the lowest fiber nut, cashews contain vitamins E, K, and B6, along with minerals like copper, phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, iron, and selenium.
Peanuts are rich energy source containing mono-unsaturated fatty acids that prevents coronary diseases.
Pistachios are one of the most vitamin B6-rich foods around, also rich in potassium, fiber and antioxidants.
Walnut benefits are wide-ranging, offering multiple vascular aids, help with weight control, supporting brain health, and type 2 diabetic patients.
Recommended consumption quantity
Experts recommend consuming about 28 grams of nuts per day, which constitute about as much as what fits in the palm of your hand. Nuts can be taken together or selectively, as per one’s preference.
An ounce of nuts constitute around 120 to 200 calories, depending on the type of nut consumed.
Eating nuts has been associated with increased cognitive function to being a shield against Alzheimer’s. Now, scientists have added more benefits to that list, with low chances of occurrence of neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, according to a new study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology.
Brittle yet buttery, nuts are an ultimate source of snack.
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The Libertarian Space Era
The original Space Race was fed by competition between the USA and USSR; it was another front in the countries’ Cold War. Large pubic investments were put into developing technology to put people into space. After the Cold War, the US has seemed to make NASA less and less of a priority.
In the last decade or so, the rise of private space companies has helped NASA weather the end of the Shuttle program and rocky relations with Russia. Space X is helping shuttle equipment and supplies to the ISS, and have been awarded contracts to develop spacecraft to carry Astronauts.
Space X has been doing risky innovation like trying reusable rockets. Though they suffered a setback the other day, there was a previous success. They’ve also proposed building the biggest rocket in history with the ability to carry huge payloads. Popular Science has a great breakdown of the way that the new rocket is expected work.
Space X isn’t the only game in town. Jeff Bezos runs Blue Origin, which [completed their own reusable rocket test.]((http://www.space.com/31202-blue-origin-historic-private-rocket-landing.html) They don’t have the same NASA contracts that Space X has, but it’s clear that Elon Musk and Bezos are content to spend their internet billions to support a new era of space. They seem to be succeeding, and are willing to make the investment. Richard Branson saw the idea of space tourism with Virgin Galactic, though a failed test took the wind out of his sails. A revamped version of their spacecraft is set to debut, next month. Mineral rights to asteroids have been another profit driver, but for now space is a labor of love.
NASA, on the other hand, has been chastised for the improbability of its Mars mission plans. Motherboard has a great summary of the problems summarized by the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel. It ranges from underfunded technology, lack of planning, and too great a goal. It’s clear that NASA is counting on technology advancing by leaps and bounds to fuel the Mars planning, including some pie in the sky ideas like hibernation.
No one minds NASA being aggressively cutting edge, that’s the best role they can play in the current environment. Feeding ideas and programs in the private sector with the meager funds available. That’s what’s quite clear in the ASAP’s report, NASA’s efforts are vastly underfunded in almost every way. In fact, they compliment the agency’s ability to do so much with so little. It's a compliment to their effectiveness, but disappointing to
That’s why I chose to call this the Libertarian Space Era. NASA’s current funding is going to leave a large amount of the US’s space future in the hands of private companies. But, if we want to see a NASA that aggressively innovating, it needs more funding. Every President seems to point NASA in a direction and tries to give their own version of Kennedy’s speechYet none of them follow through with the funding to achieve these goals. Profit motive alone isn’t going to fuel crazy research like hibernation. Relying on nostalgic nerds who make billions is not a wise space policy.
Photo Credit - Photo Everywhere
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Today we drove the 18 miles to the town of Fort Peck to visit the Fort Peck Dam and Lake Interpretive Center and Museum.
The historic fort is somewhere under the lake.
The museum is dedicated to the history of building the dam and prehistoric dinosaurs found in the Hell Creek Geological Formation.
There is also a wildlife display. As close as I will get for viewing. Lack of wildlife viewing has been the biggest and only disappointment of this trip. In viewing the exhibit, I dismay at how anyone can kill such magnificent animals.
|Cute Animals Except for Snake|
|Mom and Pop|
Fort Peck Lake is one of the largest man-made reservoirs in the United States with 1500 miles of shoreline. Stretched out it would reach Atlanta,GA. It is the biggest body of water in Montana. If the 860,000 people in Montana were placed in the lake, each would have 1/4 acre lot. It is a hydraulic earth filled dam with 5 generations producing 1 billion kwh of energy annually. Construction began in 1933 with over 40,000 people arriving looking for work.
|Building of the Dam|
|Overall View Display|
|Fort Peck Lake|
|Looks like Dinosaur Peeking|
A massive earth slide in 1938 took the lives of 8 workers who are still entombed beneath the dam. A memorial for all who were killed in the building is at the lookout across from the 4 shafts.
|Signage of Dam Give Way|
|Memorial to Lives lost|
|Marker for Those Entombed|
The Hell Creek Geological area is a prehistoric graveyard is located in the Badlands along the shores of the lake. The Charles Russell Wildlife Refuge surrounds the lake with more than 60 species of animals and 250 species of birds. It is the largest refuge in the lower 48 states. They say that the lake has some of best fishing along the Missouri River.
The dinosaur trail runs primarily along Hwy 2 featuring many museums depicting replicas of the dinosaurs found in the area.
The lobby of the museum features a life size replica of Tyrannosaurus rex. Montana has yielded some of the world's most significant dinosaur discoveries.
|More Dinosaur Displays|
Tomorrow we leave for Great Falls and Malmstrom AFB for 3 nights.
|Hippie Bus in RV Park|
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NASA recently announced that it plans to take a 3D printer into space in 2014 — and now it wants you to see how it will work.
This video — complete with some awful music — shows off how astronauts will soon be able to print objects as they orbit Earth. Or, as astronaut Timothy Creamer puts it, how it will enable “Star Trek replication right there on the spot”. Ahem.
The idea is to enable the astronauts aboard the ISS to manufacture equipment and spare parts to demand. NASA will be able to provide stacks of digital blueprints or even upload them from the ground, before the space station crew set to work with the printer, which was recently verified for use in zero-G. It’s not clear whether they’ll be making pizza with it not though.
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ABC Universe (AMNH ABC Board Books) by the American Museum of Natural History
Synopsis: From an astronaut in space to Voyager, yellow dwarf, and zenith, this ABC board book opens up the entire universe to children! Created in tandem with the American Museum of Natural History, it takes kids on a photographic journey through comets, flares, and planets like Jupiter, and introduces them to black holes, supernovas, telescopes, and more. Perfect for the youngest astronomers.
Published: April 2015 | ISBN: 978-1454914099 | Ages: 2-5 years
To infinity and beyond with an absolutely fascinating alphabet book that reaches out into the stars and into the universe, perfect for little space cadets. Bold photographic illustrations capture every object, ensuring children learning their letters will have plenty to look at. – From 10 Great Books for Kids
Amazon Associates (SBAD gets a % of sales from books sold via these links, to help us do more work for science books)
Boardbook Edition: ABC Universe (AMNH ABC Board Books)
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New Ominous Threat to babies from the use and abuse of painkillers by mothers during pregnancy
According to Mark Hudak, who served on the committee of the Florida
Agency for Health Care Administration, the problem of drug-exposed babies
"has escalated across the country." Hudak is a professor of pediatrics and
division chief for neonatology at the
The problem is the widespread abuse of legally prescribed addictive drugs that focus is to alleviate pain.
"The abuse of these 'painkillers'
has escalated in the United States to such an extent that there is now a growing
overdose epidemic....The trend reflects how deeply rooted abuse of powerful
narcotics, such as OxyContin and Vicodin, has become. Prescription drug abuse is the nation's
fastest-growing drug problem, classified as an epidemic by the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention." Steve
In the wake of this painkiller epidemic is another ominous problem: babies being born addicted!
"A new report issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicates almost 1,400 babies were born suffering from drug withdrawal symptoms in 2010, according to a CNN story written by Steve Turnham and Amber Lyon. That's four times the number of addicted babies that were born in 2003, revealing a pregnancy drug abuse epidemic that is quickly spiraling out of control."
The challenge of this emerging epidemic of addiction to pain killers needs to be met by a three pronged approach:
regulations on the production and distribution of painkillers.
has already taken steps. New Jersey
- Prevention education programs for physicians, parents and youth.
- Increased options for intervention, video counseling and treatment.
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Jesus selected a small group to particularly teach and transform. As Jesus traveled, he saw and called an unusual assortment including uneducated fishermen. Matthew, whom we remember today, is an even more striking choice. As a tax collector working for the occupying Roman Empire, he was considered a traitor, outcast by the Jewish community.
Walking along, likely amid a crowd asking questions, Jesus saw Matthew. Jesus paid attention to the periphery and saw those looked down on or overlooked. Looking widely, Jesus saw Matthew, saw a human with dignity and worth. Matthew, an outcast seen and invited in, experienced Jesus’ mercy.
“Why eat with tax collectors and sinners?” say self-confident, serious, secure religious folk. Condemn traitors. Build barriers. Stick together. Keep yourselves clean.
“Go and learn what this means,” Jesus said, “‘I desire mercy and not sacrifice.’” Matthew followed Jesus to learn what this meant spending his days Peter, James, John, and other unlikely companions.
How do we learn mercy? Here are three ways: Look, Honor, and Receive. Look widely. Pay attention not only to those close to you. Look to the periphery, see and welcome the outcast and stranger.
Honor mystery. We Brothers say in our Rule of Life: “… we honor the mystery present in the hearts of our brothers and sisters, strangers and enemies. Only God knows them as they truly are and in silence we learn to let go of the curiosity, presumption and condemnation which pretends to penetrate the mystery of their hearts.”[i]
Receive wisdom. What do others have to teach you, especially companions you didn’t or wouldn’t choose?
We remember St. Matthew, one whom Jesus selected, shaped, and sent with love. Following, we continue to learn mercy. Look widely. Honor mystery. Receive wisdom.
Homily preached at St. Matthew’s Church, Ottawa.
Feast of Saint Matthew, Apostle and Evangelist
2 Timothy 3:14-17
Matthew 9: 9-13
For most of my life I have been fascinated by names. Never having been a parent before, I am curious why parents choose the names that they do for their children. I wonder why my Mum and Dad picked the two names that they did for me. My baptismal name is Colin James, but there is neither a Colin nor a James in my family tree for generations, so I often wonder what made them choose these particular names for me? What I do know, is that I wasn’t supposed to be named Colin. I was supposed to be named Cullen, after my paternal grandmother’s brother, who was given the maiden name of his paternal grandmother. But my aunt and uncle beat my parents to it by five weeks. My cousin, who was born on 1 July, was named Cullen, so sometime between then, and my birthday five weeks later, my name went from Cullen to Colin.
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We acknowledge that we live and work on unceded Indigenous territories and we thank the Musqueam, Squamish and Tsleil-Waututh Nations for their hospitality.
Gerhard Ens and Joe Sawchuck’s co-written volume From New Peoples to New Nations approaches historical and contemporary Métis identity from a perspective that is uncommon and even contested among Indigenous histories. From a social constructionist approach, Ens and Sawchuk present Métis identity as having been constructed over time through particular racial, ethnic, and nation-oriented discourses, citing important historical events and figures, historical writing, Métis political organizations, and government policies. As an attempt to “update, rethink, and tie together three centuries of Métis history” (4), From New Peoples to New Nations offers a timely contribution to an emerging scholarship focused on Métis identity.
Situating Métis experiences within their broader historical and political contexts, chapters are arranged into thematic and chronological sections. The stage is set with early chapters focusing on a theoretical discussion of hybridity as well as the economic basis of Métis ethnogenesis. Tracing the contours of the historical development of Métis Nationalism from the early nineteenth century to the 1930s, the following chapters provide an uncommon analysis of various forms of Métis nationalisms that emerged out of conflicts between fur trade companies, Louis Riel and his contemporaries, and post-resistance historical writings. Ens and Sawchuk then position the emergence of a distinct Métis status (and inextricably, Métis identity) in the late nineteenth century as materializing out of government interventions and policies that were intended to corral Indigenous people and extinguish their existing Aboriginal rights. The following sections focus on the development of Métis identities post-nineteenth century, including the emergence of provincial Métis organizations as a response to economic marginalization, the precedent of the civil rights movements of the 1960s, and the recognition of Métis as an Aboriginal people within the Canadian Constitution in 1982.
Ens and Sawchuk provide a comprehensive review that not only reveals the complexity of the history of Métis nationalism, but also traces the changing circumstances that influenced the various ways in which Métis identity has been formulated, measured, and re-enforced. Despite remaining silent on the subject of Métis people living west of the Rockies, the work extends into geographies that are at times ignored by Métis historians including the Northwest Territories and the United States. The meticulous legwork required to thoughtfully detail the multiple (and often contradictory) constructions of Métis identity over time is a formidable undertaking. As a result of its diligent research and unique analytical perspective, From New Peoples to New Nations will be a valuable resource for anyone interested in historical and contemporary Métis identities.
From New Peoples to New Nations: Aspects of Metis History and Identity from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Centuries
Gerhard J. Ens and Joe Sawchuk
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015. 704 pp. $48.95 paper
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Looking for something for your students to do right after the winter break that will add focus to conversations?
This activity allows students to move around the room and ask questions about activities during the winter break.
Your students should find a friend and have the friend write his/her name in the box of something he/she did over break. The goal is to fill your board with your friend's names!
Each student is responsible for writing his/her own name on other papers so there is no worrying about spelling! You can even use initials to make the activity go faster.
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The live streams below come from the ship and show incredible footage taken by robots sent deep into the Central Pacific Ocean – one of the most mysterious and remote regions of our planet.
NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, dubbed America’s Ship for Ocean Exploration, set off on its an expedition from American Samoa to Hawaii about two weeks ago.
Nearly every day scientists have been sending remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) into the depths of the ocean in a bid to find out more about the deep-sea world.
The mission, named Mountains of the Deep, aims to find out more about underwater mountains rising from the ocean seafloor, known as seamounts.
Yesterday the ship posted: “The mapping team has been hard at work all night and will be mapping all day as we transit ~300 nautical miles north from our last dive site towards Palmyra Atoll in the Line Islands.
“We will continue mapping operations through the night until the beginning of our dive tomorrow.”
Palmyra Atoll is located almost due south of the Hawaiian Islands and is roughly a third of the way between American Samoa and Hawaii. The expedition ends on May 15 in Honolulu.
The ROV dives take place most days, usually from 8pm BST (3pm EDT) to 5am BST (12am EDT).
During the dives when the ROVs are in the water, live video will stream off the ship with audio from the ROV pilots and conversations between scientists.
In between the dives, the live streams show footages of sea creatures, the robots in action and scientific data collected as part of the expedition.
The Okeanos Explorer live video webpage says:” When the Okeanos Explorer is underway on an expedition, this page will broadcast streams from the ship.
“What is being shown on the different video streams may change depending on the exploration and operations at hand.”
Explore the ocean live from NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer
The mission plan said that a vast majority of the waters have never been properly mapped and “remain unseen by human eyes”.
“The expedition will collect critical data to better understand the origin of seamounts in this area and how the deepwater communities on these seamounts are connected,” it added.
Scientists on the mission are trying to find answers to many unresolved questions such as how seamounts formed, how old they are and what biological communities might exist there.
The plan said: “With so much unknown in this area, it is nearly impossible for one cruise to answer all of these questions, but we plan to bring back the first puzzle pieces to help solve them.
“As with many exploration missions, Mountains in the Deep will likely end with more questions than it started with, hopefully spuring the next round of exploration and scientific research.”
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Pain in the teeth can cause earaches and headaches. When a toothache occurs, pain from the oral cavity can radiate up through the jaw and cause an earache. The following information is kindly shared by the team of Evergreen Dental in Chatswood, NSW to make the readers aware of how they might experience ear pain from tooth problems.
Infections caused by bacteria in the teeth and gums can cause pain, and as the nerves run through the sinuses are connected to the ears through the face, this can also cause ear pain. A second reason a person might have an earache in addition to a toothache is if they grind their teeth. Teeth grinding is called bruxism and is when a person unknowingly grinds their teeth, usually the back teeth or molars, or clenches or grinds their teeth out of stress. This can cause ear pain, as a result of the constant gnashing, because it places stress on the teeth which results in triggering pain in the nervous system.
Other reasons may include TMJ, the temporomandibular joint problems and when a toothache occurs, or a tooth has been pulled, this can also radiate through the jaw, causing an earache. Temperatures can cause a toothache, which can result in an earache as well. Hot and cold temperatures on teeth, can affect the faces nervous system and cause a reaction depending on whether it is extremely cold air coming in through the nose and mouth, or extremely cold liquids, as well as exceedingly hot food or liquids, and can result in ear pain and toothaches. An uncommon reason for an earache along with a toothache can be heart problems. Because the nervous system is so complex, pain can be reverted to other nerves throughout the body, and when a person has heart problems, it can cause unexplained aches and pains in the rest of the body.
Scheduling an appointment with a doctor is highly recommended before taking any medications or making assumptions as to the causes of an earache and toothache.
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Representation of power in relation to gender and religion in the scarlet letter
Discuss how power is represented in relation to gender and religion in The Scarlet Letter.
The Scarlet Letter has been the subject to extensive examination and interpretation since it was published. Hawthorne's style, particularly in this novel, allows in-depth reading into his writing, with issues such as symbolism, and themes such as 'light and dark' or 'good and evil' all playing large parts in his work. Because of the large amount of interpretation that the novel can be subjected to it is important that evidence be provided to substantiate such arguments, and even then the evidence mus…
E-pasta adrese, uz kuru nosūtīt darba saiti:
Saite uz darbu:
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‘Equal Pay Day’ is April 4 this year. But ever since its founding in 1996, this event is based on erroneous assumptions. It is meant to illustrate the gap between men’s and women’s wages. But is there really such a gap? And is it based on discrimination?
The idea to select a Tuesday as Equal Pay Day was to represent how far into the work week women must work to earn what men earned the previous week. A date in April was selected which would mark the month when a woman’s earnings catch up to what her male counterpart earned in the previous year.
According to statistics from Equity.org, women now earn 79.6 cents for every dollar men earn. A few years ago, it was 77 cents; a few years before that, it was 74 cents. Maybe ‘Equal Pay Day’ should be on a Monday in March.
The first time I heard that women earn less than men, I nearly choked on my food (served by a waitress who earns more than I do) at a cafe (owned by a woman who earns more than I do) before returning to work (for a woman who earns more than I do).
What is implied — but not stated — in the ’79 cent mantra’ is that such inequality is due to discrimination. This is an erroneous assumption.
The first assumption is that the statement is based on straight wages. It is not! Men do earn more than women but it is based on a number of factors.
* Men, on average, work more hours (even in cases where both report full-time employment, the average man works six hours more per week than the average woman).
* Their job entails more hazardous assignments (92% of workplace deaths occur to men, even more for battlefield fatalities).
* They are more apt to move overseas or to an undesirable location (off-shore work, anyone?).
* Men often accept more-technical jobs with less people contact (most engineers are men, same with accountants).
Judging from the job choices they make, women are more likely to balance income with a desire for safety, fulfillment, flexibility, potential for personal growth, and proximity-to-home. These are not bad things.
The ‘Equal Pay Day’ folks have re-defined earnings as payment for the same hours for the same work. But this contains erroneous assumptions as well.
Many women have gaps in their employment that were spent in giving care for their children. In my personal experience, I subjugated my career to be a stay-at-home dad.
When I re-entered the workforce, I did not expect to earn as much as my friends who stayed on the job. No discrimination here. Not every woman takes time off from work — but enough do such that it skewers the statistics.
When I did re-enter the workforce, I accepted a job that entailed 30 hours a week so I could pick up my son from school and spend time with him on weekends. My co-worker who worked 40 hours a week — and was always available for overtime — received promotions more than me.
Again, there was no prejudice. Even though two people may do the same job, the person with more experience often receives the larger salary.
Statistics offered by the pay gap people will lump the salaries of all medical doctors together. This erroneous assumption falls apart when one realizes that male physicians are more likely than women to pursue higher-stress specialties with unpredictable hours, thus enjoying greater pay.
The ‘Occupy Protests’ brought to light an interesting observation. The top one percent of the population control 42 percent of our country’s wealth. Because the vast majority of these one percenters are men, their earnings skew the statistics for women all the way down the line. Chances are, you and I will never be in the one percent, but their earnings can cause a lot of erroneous assumptions.
Yet, the ‘Equal Pay’ folks insist on believing women are at a disadvantage in the ordinary workplace. Erroneous assumption again!
According to a 2010 Time magazine article, “in 147 out of 150 of the biggest cities in the U.S., the median full-time salaries of young women are 8% higher than those of the guys in their peer group.”
It is much the same in the United Kingdom. In 2011, the Independent (l) reported that “women aged between 22 and 29 in employment are now earning more on average per hour than men of the same age.”
Dr. Warren Farrell (former board member of the New York National Organization for Women), arrived at the same conclusion in his book, “Why Men Earn More”; “women earn more when they work equal hours at the same job with the same size of responsibility for the same length of time with equal productivity, etc.”
An oft-repeated argument against such ‘politically incorrect’ beliefs is the charge of a hatred of women. But just as patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel, the first defense of a misandrist is to pull out the ‘misogynist’ label.
It is not sexist to recognize the truth. Who exhibits the greater bias: the one who believes women are poor helpless creatures who need governmental favoritism, or the one who believes women are whole and strong and able to be treated equally in any situation?
Name-calling is not the only propaganda technique used by the ‘Equal Pay’ party. The adage, ‘If you repeat a lie often enough, it becomes the truth,’ has been bouncing around since the days of the Nazi Party. Perhaps some people have come to believe discrimination is the cause of income disparity because it has been repeated so loudly for so long.
The pay gap contingent will have none of these facts. They insist that all things being equal, women make less than men and it’s because of prejudice.
The erroneous assumption is apparent when considering self-employed women. In his article, “Men Don’t Have it Easy Either,” Marty Nemko finds that working women who have no boss (they own their own business) “earn only 49% of what the average male business owner earns.”
A Rochester Institute of Technology study may explain this. It was found that money was the primary motivator for only 29 percent of women versus 76 percent of men. According to Nemko, “Women put a premium on shorter work weeks, proximity to home, fulfillment, autonomy, and safety.”
More females than males finish high school. More women than men enter — and finish — college. Why is this not reflected in wages? The correlation between education and earnings is not a myth. What is a myth is the erroneous assumption that men earn more than women due to prejudice.
If women earned less than men for the same work, why would anyone hire a man? ”Ah, ha,” the pay gappers may exclaim, “this accounts for the he-cession.” Well, no. That is another erroneous assumption. The majority of jobs that were lost in the recession were in the ‘high-dollar’ blue-collar industries like construction; jobs that most women avoid.
The Equal Pay Act was passed in 1963 to abolish wage disparity based on sex. So why do we need additional governmental regulation? If a woman believes she earns less than a man due to discrimination, she can take it to federal court.
Where are these women who earn 79 cents for every dollar a man earns anyway? One could save 21 cents on the dollar if he or she sought treatment from a female dentist. Want to cut your legal expenses? Hire a woman lawyer! Think how much taxpayers are saving for enlisting all those women soldiers. And Americans save money for every woman politician. The taxpayer must be saving millions!
No, this is an erroneous assumption. Just as the gender pay gap is an erroneous assumption.
Photo Credit: Getty Images
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How do you explain Raksha Bandhan to Children? The Value, the Origin of it??
"Raksha" means to protect and "Bandhan" means to tie. Hence the word Raksha Bandhan means Protection on tying! This is a Hindu festival celebrated across the globe essentially by Hindus on a full moon day in the month of August. On this day the sisters will tie Rakhi (a thread with beads in any color- generally red and gold) on their brother’s wrist, in return of which they pledge to protect their pride and honor.
The true meaning of Raksha Bandhan is soo very relevant to the current social situation. Where building sensitivity in boys/men to respect, protect and be sensitive to the feelings of girls /sisters around them. And for Girls its festival of reassuring "Yes, my brothers are always there to protect me in all circumstances". Hive parenting truly feels this festival should be celebrated at each house and each school to teach the gender sensitivity in children. And set the expectation in each one of boys and girls we should leave in harmony and mutual respect.
But talking about the origin, how the whole episode of Raksha Bandhan came into existence there is a beautiful story behind it! It takes us to our school days when the chapter of Raksha Bandhan was taught in Social Studies!!
Son: - How is it celebrated?
Mom: -Both the siblings will get up early in the morning, take bath and visit the temple. After which the sister will decorate the Thali (plate having Rakhi, Sweets, Tilik- “Kumkum powder mixed with rice and drops of water”, and Aarti – “a plate with two diyas set a light for ritual”).
The sister will then put tilak on his forehead. Tie a Rakhi on his wrist, wishing the best of the world to him. Sweets are mutually exchanged followed by Aarti.
The brother in return amuses his sister by giving gift. Hence Rakhi is traditionally given to a brother from his sister. It represents the sister's promise to pray for her brother and the brother's vow to protect his sister.
Son: - How and when did this tradition start?
Mom: - There are many stories related to Raksha Bandhan but the most popular one is about Maharani Karnavati and Emperor Humayun.
This started many years ago around 1500 AC when Maharani Karnavati, the queen of Chittor in Rajasthan sent a Rakhi to Humayun, the Mughal Emperor of Delhi, and called him for help when Chittor was threatened to be attacked by Bahadur Shah of Mewar, Gujrat.Humayun accepted her request to protect her and fought to give their kingdom back.
Son: - What is Rakhi made up of?
Mom: - It’s a combination of colored threads with beads on the top or sides. It can be made at home using various craft and decorative materials either using glue or stitching it up.
Son: - What kind of gift does the brother give?
Mom: - The brother usually gifts money to sister and the sister prays for his well-being, prosperity, health and wealth.
Amongst so many other festivals celebrated around the world, this one strengthens the bond between a brother and a sister and truly glorifies the shared memories of childhood, laughter, fun and frolic times of yesteryears.
There have been numerous songs, movies, plays and dramas made in Bollywood and other industries inspired by this festival. This is a holy festival which involves personal bondage led by common threads of parentage. Hence the value increases by many folds.
Hence to sum it up I will quote Raksha Bandhan as a beautiful festival celebrating relationship between a brother and a sister. It celebrates the holiness, love, bonding, trust and all the memories nurtured in the past and promises to foster the same in the future.
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HSAC's Crisis & Event Management Platform
What is GIS?
Geographic Information Systems, commonly known as GIS, is a mapping technology used to manage and analyze data. GIS is used to visualize information, such as patterns and relationships, that help crisis managers make informed decisions and gain a more complete situational awareness before, during and after a crisis.
Use SALUS to enhance readiness and resilience for your organization and the community you serve.
Develop and map incident, emergency and event plans
Quickly define threats and hazards and locate critical infrastructure
Identify potential, impacted populations and nearby resources
Utilize customized, mobile reports that are automatically mapped and analyzed
See up-to-the-minute incident and event alerts provided by NC4
Visually represent real-time locations of staff and resources
Analyze location-driven trends to ensure resources are aligned with objectives
Share information from the field to the Command Post, the Emergency Operations Center and organization leadership
Generate a common operating picture, including analytics specifically tailored to your organization and leadership
Create electronic briefings using dynamic maps and data.
A Platform of customizable, web-based tools and
fully integrated mobile apps
Click on the images below to preview the SALUS platform.
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Readers Question: from solutions to economic crisis? I agree on ‘growth’ but we don’t understand how to achieve sustainable growth. This can only come from either continuing to increase the UK’s population or by continuing to improve efficiency. The first is clearly impossible as we would bust at the seams. This means the only choice we have is INVESTMENT – And in the RIGHT areas. Our politicians (and most economists?) do not understand this.
There are two main aspects to economic growth:
- Aggregate demand (AD) (consumer spending, investment levels, government spending, exports – imports)
- Aggregate supply (AS) (Productive capacity, efficiency of economy, labour productivity)
Since 1945, the UK economy has grown by an average of 2.5% a year. Most economists would argue that, on average, the UK’s productive capacity can increase by around 2.5% a year. This is known as the ‘trend rate of growth’ or ‘underlying trend rate’.
Note, even when the government tried supply side polices, they usually failed to shift this long run trend rate. (e.g. supply side policies of 1980s, did little to alter the long run trend rate)
The graph below shows how actual GDP fell below the trend rate from 2008. This was due to the recession and significant fall in Aggregate Demand.
Growth in productive capacity (AS) occurs because of:
- Improved technology developed by private sector which enables higher labour productivity (e.g. development of computers enables greater productivity)
- Improved management techniques which enable more skilled workforce.
- Improved education and training by both private sector and public sector
- Investment in infrastructure, e.g. building new roads and train lines. This is mainly the responsibility of the government.
Overall, I would say most productivity growth is determined by the private sector. With a few exceptions, most technological improvements come from private firms. It is the private sector which develops new technology which enables the vast majority of productivity growth we see in the UK. I’m sceptical of the governments ability to invest in new technology which would boost this rate of productivity growth.
However, the government can play a role in boosting infrastructure and improving education. These are areas neglected by free markets. If the government didn’t provide these public services it would harm the long run trend rate of growth. If the government really could improve standards of education and training, it may enable a higher sustainable rate of growth.
The Problem of Demand
Since 2007, UK growth has fallen way below the trend rate. This is not due to a sudden halting of technological change or productivity growth. The problem was the precipitous fall in AD that occurred in 2009, and is occurring again in 2011.
Demand fell in 2009 because
- Credit crunch – banks stopped lending. Firms couldn’t borrow to invest
- Fall in consumer confidence from financial concerns
- Rise in unemployment created negative multiplier effect
- Fall in house prices led to negative wealth effect and fall in confidence.
Demand in 2011 is very weak because:
- Government spending cuts
- Fear of unemployment
- Low wage growth; real wages are falling because inflation is higher than nominal wage growth.
- Continuation of credit crunch
Unsurprisingly, this fall in economic output, led to a sharp rise in unemployment.
The fundamental problem in the UK is insufficient aggregate demand. To increase the growth rate in the short-term, we need to increase AD.
Also, it is important for long term sustainable growth. If we persist with insufficient demand, then this will discourage private firms from investing. We could end up with a lost decade like Japan.
Investing in the right areas (e.g. education, transport and technology) would provide some short-term boost to demand. Also, if the investment (from private and public sector) was very successful and actually increased productivity growth, then it may also lift the UK’s long run trend rate of economic growth, and in future decades, the long run trend rate could be 3% rather than 2.5%. But, now the immediate problem is lack of demand. This lack of demand and deflationary pressure is harming long term growth prospects.
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Find Out More
The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) maintains extensive research information and a directory of organizations that can answer questions and provide printed or electronic materials on all of the areas of its research:
- MedlinePlus. www.medlineplus.gov. Type "Parkinson's disease" in the Search box.
- NIHSeniorHealth—Parkinson's Disease http://nihseniorhealth.gov/parkinsonsdisease/whatisparkinsonsdisease/01.html
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)—Parkinson's Disease Information Page www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm
What Research Is Being Done?
The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is the nation's leading funder of research on Parkinson's disease. The goals are to better understand and diagnose the disease, develop new treatments, and, ultimately, prevent Parkinson's.
NINDS also supports training of the next generation of researchers and clinicians, and serves as an important source of information for people with Parkinson's and their families. The Institute conducts and supports three types of research:
- basic—scientific discoveries in the laboratory;
- clinical—development and study of therapeutic approaches, and
- translational—focus on tools and resources that speed development of therapeutics into practice.
The Parkinson's Disease-Biomarkers Programs (PDBP), a major NINDS initiative, aims to discover how to identify those at risk for Parkinson's and to track its progression. Identifying biomarkers—signs that may indicate risk for and improve diagnosis of a disease—will speed development of new Parkinson's treatments.
The NINDS also collaborates with the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research (MJFF) on BioFIND, a project collecting biological samples and clinical data from healthy volunteers and those with Parkinson's. For more information on how to get involved, please visit http://pdbp.ninds.nih.gov/.
The NINDS Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research program is a central component of NINDS Parkinson's research to find the causes of Parkinson's and better diagnose and treat people with the disease. The NINDS currently funds 10 Udall Centers across the country, where researchers are examining the disease's mechanisms, the genetic contributions to Parkinson's, and potential therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. To learn more, see www.ninds.nih.gov/research/parkinsonsweb/udall_centers/index.htm.
Parkinson's Disease Clinical Studies offer an opportunity now, and hope for the future, for researchers to find better ways to safely detect, treat, or prevent Parkinson's. NINDS conducts clinical studies on Parkinson's disease at the NIH research campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and supports Parkinson's studies at medical research centers throughout the United States.
Current Parkinson's studies include ones on genetics, biomarkers, experimental therapies and other treatment options, diagnostic imaging, brain control and movement disorders, DBS, and exercise.
Studies depend on volunteers. By participating in a clinical study, both healthy individuals and people with Parkinson's can help to make a difference and improve the quality of life for everyone threatened with this disorder. For more information, see http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=Parkinson's+disease+AND+NINDS.
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Protection of Primate Health in the Wild
WHEREAS many of our primate subjects are already being negatively impacted by human activities that result in destruction of their habitat and fragmentation of their populations; and
WHEREAS the study of primates often involves the close proximity of the subjects, the research workers and their guides; and
WHEREAS very little information is available on the presence of or exposure to infectious disease in wild primate populations; and
WHEREAS evidence suggests that many primate species are susceptible to many of the pathogenic infections that afflict humans and that the transmission of infection can occur in both directions;
The International Primatological Society therefore RECOMMENDS:
- THAT field research workers consult with veterinary and medical experts to develop health and sanitation standards specific to the research site.
- THAT field researchers observe these prescribed health and sanitation standards throughout their research and that these standards be considered in all research proposals;
- THAT the health and sanitation standards apply equally to local staff and volunteers employed by the research worker and that the observance of these standards is an ethical obligation;
- THAT experts in primate handling and anesthesia be involved in training researchers and staff in proper handling or anesthesia techniques if the experts are not actually present in the field;
- THAT efforts are made to maximize the knowledge gained during primate research by consulting or collaborating with experts in other disciplines to properly obtain data or samples that may help with understanding primate diseases;
- THAT field primatologists, assisted by veterinary and medical advisors, initiate and develop occupational health programs for employees and their family members living in or near the study site. This should include consideration for sanitary and health protocols, relevant infectious disease screening, immunization, and/or quarantine periods as appropriate, in accordance with current professional recommendations.
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Patriot Nations: Native Americans in Our Nation’s Armed Forces
Through October 18, 2021
Patriot Nations: Native Americans in Our Nation’s Armed Forces tells the remarkable history of the brave American Indian and Alaska Native men and women who have served in the United States military. Native peoples have participated in every major US military encounter from the Revolutionary War to today’s conflicts in the Middle East, serving at a higher rate in proportion to their population than any other ethnic group.
The contributions of Native servicemen and women have been largely unrecognized. This will soon change. The Patriot Nations exhibition announces the development of the National Native American Veterans Memorial, requisitioned by Congress to be placed on the grounds of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, DC.
This exhibition is being shown concurrently in venues across the country.
Visit the National Native American Veterans Memorial website for more information and to donate.
Produced by the Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian, the exhibition was made possible by the generous support of:
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On July 9, within just a few hours of the polls closing in the tightly contested presidential election in the world’s third-largest democracy – the Republic of Indonesia – the only two contestants running had claimed victory. Nearly 200 million people in the world’s fourth-largest country had turned out to vote for either the current Jakarta Governor Joko “Jokowi” Widodo or former military general Prabowo Subianto. Despite seven of the independently run “Quick Count” exit polls indicating that Jokowi had won the election by a margin of roughly 3 percent to 5 percent, Prabowo declared victory of his own citing three Quick Count results that supported his own victory by narrower margins.
Following both contestants' claim to winning the presidency, the current president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, quickly made a televised appeal for self-restraint from supporters on both sides, in order to prevent street clashes. He asked that the people show restraint and allow the National Elections Committee (Komisi Pemilihan Umum, or KPU) to review the voting results and make a formal decision of the winner.
What happens next? The Law on National Elections requires the KPU to announce the results of the presidential election within 14 days of the election; most experts expect the KPU to make an official announcement of a winner July 22.
Within three days of any official decision from the KPU, the losing party can, thereafter, file a challenge of the KPU’s decision with the Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court then has 30 days to review the election results and either affirm or overturn the KPU’s decision. The Constitutional Court’s decision is thereafter final.
Regardless of the KPU decision and any challenge before the Constitutional Courts, security consultants in Indonesia are expecting protests.
Should the KPU confirm Jokowi the winner, Prabowo supporters will inevitably challenge the decision in the Constitutional Court, as well as take to the streets to formally protest the decision.
Likewise, if the KPU finds that Prabowo is the winner, Jokowi’s supporters are expected to file a protest with the Constitutional Court and take to the streets. In this scenario, Jokowi’s supporters are expected to be more vocal and aggressive, given the Quick Counts were overwhelmingly in favor of Jokowi.
Despite rumors in Jakarta that one party has control of the military, the information we are receiving from reliable security consultants in Indonesia is that the military itself is neutral. The military has, however, indicated that it is ready to suppress any civil unrest should it occur.
July 22, 2014 While the KPU tallies the vote, both sides are stacking up for a victory. One side will inevitably be disappointed. Given that both sides have ties to the various street groups that have in the past shown willingness to use violence, the intelligence community in Jakarta is indicating that there could be a significant risk of civil unrest in the hours and days after the results are issued from the KPU. Given that the Constitutional Court has been under severe scrutiny since the former chief justice was very recently convicted of corruption charges in relation to bribes taken in election dispute cases, calls from the Constitutional Court to wait for a decision are unlikely to quell violent public protests. That said, folks in Jakarta are hopeful that the holy month of Ramadan will suppress violence. Ramadan will, however, end in July, and a decision from the Constitutional Court – the final decision – would be expected at the end of August, which may just delay the inevitable.
Regardless of the ultimate result and reaction from the Indonesian public, it is a good idea for your company to review and make sure your employees have both personal and commercial risk management contingency plans in place. If one is not in place already, developing an effective risk management plan will help mitigate possible safety issues that could impact your employees and your company’s business should a situation arise.
Develop a plan – review the contents of your contracts Developing a risk management plan is a straightforward exercise – discuss internally what could happen to your personnel and how your business could be affected. Preparing a ‘worst case scenario’ and how to address this situation will help to mitigate any losses that occur – even head them off, if possible. Understanding what your contracts have called for in relation to notice periods and defining force majeure events will be invaluable. Typical force majeure events often include periods of civil unrest.
Working locally with security consultants is important as well – to understand the safety issues in your work environment. In many cases in Indonesia, you will find you are working with your local government officials, police or military in these safety and security issues. It is not uncommon, for example, to be paying for these services as well. For international companies with ties to the United States, making payments to government officials often raises Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA) risk. As a general matter, the FCPA prohibits providing anything of value to a foreign official in order to improperly influence the official, or in order to secure an improper advantage. In addition, the FCPA requires U.S. issuers to keep accurate books and records, and to maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls. Violations of the FCPA can carry criminal and/or civil penalties, including significant fines. Thus, it is important to speak to your local representatives to understand what dealings your company has with the local government officials, and to consult with in house or outside U.S. legal counsel to make sure that your company complies with the FCPA.
Idul Fitri (Eid al-Fitr) Gift Giving Regardless of what happens July 22, Idul Fitri – the end of the holy month of Ramadan festivities – is also right around the corner. This year’s celebrations are currently estimated to start July 28. With Idul Fitri come the traditional gift-giving culture as well.
While Indonesian regulations generally prohibit the giving of gifts to government officials, gift giving is an established part of culture and gifts are still given. Often, in practice, gifts are given at the request of government officials themselves. Given Indonesia’s non-confrontational culture, it is frequently difficult to say no to these requests – and sometimes just saying no can cause ‘loss of face’ that could destroy an otherwise important relationship. As a result, gifts are often given by local employees but not reported. While the Indonesian officials themselves may be relaxed to gift giving during the holiday season, the FCPA may prohibit the gift depending upon various factors such as the value of the gift, the purpose of the gift, whether it was accurately booked and, whether the company had adequate internal controls and policies relating to gifts. Not all gifts are illegal, however, and provided an accounting is made and the gift is reasonable under the circumstances, a gift can still be given to preserve these important cultural traditions. Speak to your local representatives to find out more about what is being done – understand the local culture and step in to mitigate any potential liabilities you could have back in the United States or in Indonesia. Having effective company gift-giving policies in place, and reviewing them at this time of year, are important to mitigating risk as well.
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Clay remains clay: how radionuclides sorb to the host rock in repositories
Researchers from the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences join forces to investigate the basic properties of argillaceous rocks in a repository for high-level radioactive waste. As the results reveal, the insights gained so far for Opalinus Clay can be transferred also to the Boda Clay found in Hungary. These two types of clay formations are regarded as potential host rocks for a repository by the respective countries. Besides the new knowledge obtained, the project also served as an exchange of expertise.
In the worldwide search for deep repositories for high-level radioactive waste, geologically stable, virtually impermeable rocks are considered. In this context, natural barriers (host rocks) as well as technical safety barriers will be used to reduce the mobility of the radionuclides present in the waste and ensure maximum safety over long periods. The less mobile radionuclides are, the greater the proportion of them that will decay in the rock and hence not reach the biosphere.
In order to predict the mobility of radionuclides, researchers must understand the processes that control the uptake of radionuclides in rocks at the molecular level. For example, radionuclides which bind to the rock by electrostatic attraction are more mobile than those that are adsorbed by chemical bonds, incorporated into the rock or even form new solids (Fig. 1). Previous laboratory and synchrotron-based studies at PSI showed that radionuclides sorb particularly strongly on argillaceous rocks. The reason for this is that the majority of radionuclides are positively charged and form strong bonds with the negatively charged surfaces of the argillaceous rock.
Opalinus Clay and Boda Clay: a comparison
In Switzerland, the search for a site for deep geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste focuses on locations with clay-rich rocks, so-called argillaceous rocks. In collaboration with the National Cooperative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (NAGRA), PSI has been researching such argillaceous rocks for more than ten years.
While Switzerland has opted for the Opalinus Clay, the Boda Clay is the first choice in Hungary. Both host rocks consist largely of minerals from the class of phyllosilicates, which are grouped together under the name of illite. They are made up of three-layer clay minerals, consisting of an aluminum octahedral layer, surrounded by two silicate tetrahedral layers.
Both Opalinus and Boda Clay are sedimentary rocks, the Opalinus Clay being a marine sediment, and the Boda Clay a lake sediment. This results in differences between the two rock types. For instance, Boda Clay contains the iron mineral hematite which gives the rock its red to reddish brown color.
PSI researchers teamed up with colleagues from Hungary to examine how far Boda Clay and Opalinus Clay have the same uptake properties, i.e. whether they retain the same radionuclides equally as effectively. The project arose from the more fundamental question as to which minerals in argillaceous rocks are responsible for the uptake of radionuclides
Sorption model put to the test
The experiments on complex rocks should serve as a touchstone for a theoretical model of the radionuclide adsorption on the mineral illite developed by PSI researchers. Using their model, the PSI researchers attempt to understand how single minerals in the Opalinus Clay interact with the radionuclides. From this, they then extrapolate how many of which radionuclides the rock will adsorb. In other words, they go from the bottom level of the minerals to the top level of the more complex rocks – which scientists refer to as a bottom-up approach.
The scientists used different techniques to study the adsorption behaviour of radionuclides on Boda Clay and Opalinus Clay. Firstly, radionuclides that are relevant for a repository were brought into contact with argillaceous rock in an aqueous solution and after reaching an equilibrium the suspension was centrifuged to separate the aqueous solution from the solid rock. By measuring how many of the radionuclides remained in the solution, the number of radionuclides that were still retained to the rock could be determined. The amount adsorbed corresponded well to the values predicted by the PSI model. Only elements such as zinc, cobalt and nickel adsorbed more than the model predicted when their initial concentrations were high. By means of the technique of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, which is available at synchrotron facilities such as the Synchrotron Light Source SLS at PSI, the researchers found that this surplus, that would only increase the safety of the repository, was due to precipitation. This means that elements such as zinc were extracted from the aqueous solution by undergoing a transition into the solid state and were thus also retained in the rock.
In addition, studies have shown that the uptake of metals such as nickel and zinc (called divalent transition metals) takes place at the edges of the clay particles (Fig. 2). Furthermore, X-ray absorption spectroscopy has clearly demonstrated that these transition metals could become incorporated in the clay structure in the long term.
One more method made use of X-ray radiation from a synchrotron facility. The researchers used a fluorescence technique, in which the X-rays are focussed down to micrometers, in order to find out which radionuclides are correlated to mineral phases in the argillaceous rock. As every element has a characteristic fluorescence spectrum, the elements sorbed to specific mineral phases could be identified and their concentrations determined. Finally, the researchers resorted to another spatially resolved technique: micro-X-ray diffraction. With the aid of this technique they concluded that the clay minerals were responsible for the bulk of the adsorption in both Opalinus Clay and Boda Clay.
PSI model passes test
The latest experiments also confirm the accuracy of the PSI researcher’s bottom-up model for other types of argillaceous clay like Boda Clay. The tests reveal that the clay minerals, especially illite, are the main sink for the adsorption of radionuclides in argillaceous rock, regardless of whether it is Opalinus Clay or Boda Clay. “This increases the confidence in our model and shows that it can be used in safety analyses for a repository beyond Switzerland’s borders,” says the PSI researcher Bart Baeyens, who co-developed the sorption model. Rainer Dähn, who was also involved in the project, highlights the transfer of knowhow achieved: “The colleagues from Hungary brought their expertise in X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction to the table, we added our experience in wet chemical and X-ray absorption techniques at synchrotron sources and both sides learned from each other.”
Text: Paul Scherrer Institut/Leonid Leiva
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What is it?
The liver is an organ that is located in the right upper side of your abdomen, mostly behind the ribs. It is about the size of a football. The liver makes proteins and processes foods that we eat in to glucose, a form of sugar that can be used as energy throughout the body. The liver stores glucose. The liver also serves to detoxify substances that enter our body. It processes and filters used red blood cells. Cirrhosis is replacement of normal liver tissues with scar tissue. This scarring is thought to be irreversible. There may be so much scar tissue and so little remaining healthy liver tissue that the liver begins to fail. The only treatment option at that time is transplanting a new liver. Multiple complications are possible with cirrhosis.
Who gets it?
Risk factors for chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are:
- Alcohol consumption
- Diabetes mellitus
- Illicit drug use, injection or inhalation
- Blood transfusion with blood that carries a hepatitis virus
- Family history of liver disease
- Presence of autoimmune disease
Why does it happen?
The most common causes of cirrhosis in the United States are: alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C. Other chronic diseases of the liver can lead to cirrhosis, such as fatty liver disease.
What are the symptoms?
Sometimes people have no symptoms at all
Symptoms can include:
- Easy bruising
- Lower extremity swelling.
- Weight loss
- Increasing abdominal size due to ascites (fluid in the abdomen)
- Confusion. Ammonia is made when protein is broken down; the confusion is usually due to elevated ammonia levels that cannot be cleared by the damaged liver.
- Sleep disturbance
- Esophageal Varices. Esophageal Varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus. These veins can cause life threatening bleeding.
How is it diagnosed?
Chronic liver disease may be identified at the time of a physical exam by your health
professional. Abnormal findings may include:
- Spider angiomata/telangiectasis: Small lesions on your skin appearing as a red spot with areas that extends out like a spiders legs or web. They are usually found on the trunk, face and upper limbs.
- Palmar erythema. Redness of the palm of the hand.
- Changes to the fingernails.
- Abnormal horizontal white bands of the fingernails, known as “Muehrke’s Nails” or “Terry’s Nails.”
- Clubbing. Nailbeds in the fingers or toes soften, the nail curves downward, and the end of the finger or toe may swell.
- Dupuytren’s contracture. Thickening of the tissue underneath the palm of the hand and fingers that causes the finger to curl.
- Breast development and smaller testicles in men.
- Enlarged liver
- Enlarged spleen
- Ascites (this is the term for fluid collecting in the lining of the abdomen)
- Caput medusa. Blood vessels on the abdomen are visible and swollen.
- Sweet smelling breath
- Jaundice. Yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes and eyes.
- Asterixis (flapping of an outstretched hand)
Imaging studies. Ultrasound, CT or MRI can suggest the presence of cirrhosis. The benefit of imaging is to evaluate for complications such as ascites, hepatocellular carcinoma, (liver cancer) or clots in the veins of the liver.
Liver biopsy. This is taking a tissue sample of the liver and examining it under a microscope. This may not be necessary to perform if other testing clearly demonstrates cirrhosis. Sometimes, the biopsy helps to determine the cause for cirrhosis, if that is unknown.
Sometimes, the initial diagnosis will come with the presentation of a life threatening complication of cirrhosis such as:
- Variceal bleeding
- Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. In this condition the ascites fluid has become infected with bacteria.
- Hepatic encephalopathy. Difficulty sleeping or sleeping too much, confusion, delirium or even coma.
How is it treated?
Different causes of liver injury can lead to cirrhosis, so, a specific cause should be determined. Often a cause can be determined through blood work and/or a liver biopsy. Cirrhosis cannot be cured but complications can be reduced or prevented.
- Avoid substances that can damage the liver - this includes alcohol, many prescription and over the counter medicines (especially acetaminophen/Tylenol and nonsteoridal antiinflammatory drugs), and some herbs, vitamins and dietary supplements
- Screen for and treat varices: an upper endoscopy will be performed. In this exam a tube with light and camera is inserted through your mouth into your throat down to your esophagus and stomach.
- Vaccinations. You should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. Every year get the seasonal influenza vaccine. Obtain pneumococcal vaccine.
- For Ascites and swelling (edema), treatment may include a water pill (diuretic) and following a low salt (low sodium) diet. Some people need to have periodic drainage of thefluid that has collected in their abdomen. This is called a paracentesis. A needle will be inserted and fluid will be withdrawn. Sometimes, a surgical procedure is performed if none of the above work to control the fluid buildup.
- Screen for cancer of the liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
- Watch for encephalopathy. Treatment includes lactulose or antibiotics. Lactulose is a medicine, actually a sugar, which will pull ammonia out of the blood into the colon where it will be excreted in a bowel movement.
- Consideration for liver transplantation
Copyright © 2012 GI Associates. S.C. All Rights Reserved.
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Although Rosicrucian ideas influence the Scottish Rite degrees of Freemasonry, the origins of the two orders are distinctly different. Throughout the history of both Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry, each has borrowed from the other, yet they both retain their own symbols and beliefs.
Origins of the Rosicrucians
An anonymous Rosicrucian manifesto, the "Fama Fraternitatis," published in 1614, details the legend of a mystic German philosopher who studied in the Middle East and who was fabled to have lived to the age of 106. This sage is identified as Christian Rosenkreuz, or "Rose-cross," and he was said to have founded the Rosicrucians based on his metaphysical teachings.
Origins of the Freemasons
There are several proposed histories of the origins of the Masons. These include a secret society based on the lore of the builders of Solomon's Temple, survivors from within the Knights Templar, or a spiritual movement that began out of the Rosicrucian Enlightenment of the 1600s.
Primary Symbolism of the Orders
The primary symbol of the Rosicrucians is the rose on the cross. This symbol is seen by different orders of Rosicrucians in different ways, including Christ crucified, the alchemical Philosopher's Stone or a particular form of sexual congress. Freemasonry's primary symbolism is based on the working tools of a stone mason such as the compass, square and the ashlar, which is a perfectly square stone. Masonry also features the symbol of the capital letter G, which is usually interpreted to represent God.
- The primary symbol of the Rosicrucians is the rose on the cross.
- Freemasonry's primary symbolism is based on the working tools of a stone mason such as the compass, square and the ashlar, which is a perfectly square stone.
Goals in Common
Both Masons and Rosicrucians seek to remove perceived separateness from God. They teach that each individual has latent powers that can be unlocked through discipline and right action. Both orders are open to people of any faith and teach a form of reincarnation based on the cycles of life.
Influence of Rosicrucianism on Freemasonry
The most striking element of Rosicrucian influence on Masonry is the inclusion of the Sovereign Princes of Rose-Croix degree in the Scottish Rite branch. The Rose-Croix degree is rumoured to have been created in Palestine by Godfrey de Bouillon in the year 1100, but Arthur Edward Waite maintains in his "The Real History of the Rosicrucians" that there is no evidence that the degree is any older than the 18th century.
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What has jumping got to do with learning to read and spell? Good question!
If you have ever been abroad or heard a foreign language being spoken, it can be difficult to pick out the individual words
It’s like that for young children – they don’t always know consciously where one word ends and another starts. And this is really important for later literacy
Sounds boring? Nothing to do with play?
Today our Speech and Language Therapy colleagues have come up with a great set of games for learning about word boundaries. Once you get going, be warned, your child may not want to stop!
If your child does not get the idea, or does not enjoy it – never mind. Cuddle up and read a favourite story instead, it is just as good!
On Thursdays, we usually have a rhyme and it is a lovely Scots one today
Not everyone will know the tune or the words, so the sheet includes a link to a video – you can sing along with your child until you get confident
It is fun to sing, and bounce to, and there is a lots of learning about sounds and about money
As well as a chance to have fun with the words and exploring the culture and history around them if your child is interested
A story today that will make us laugh, while stretching our memories and showing us how stories and sequences fit together
All poor Hairy Maclary and his friends want to do is explore the town
But they get a terrible fright …
You can listen to and read the story with your child using the link below – and then see how your own explorations go! A chance as well to talk about friends, the things that might scare us, and how we can all be safe together
A fun rhyme today about some naughty sheep who get lost – poor Little Bo Peep!
Losing things and finding them is all part of life, and this is a gentle way for children to learn about it and how to cope
And we have some ideas for turning this into a game of hide-and-seek, or lose-and-seek, that you can play indoors or out
If playing outdoors, always follow the latest health advice of course
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My wife and I were in New York's Central Park last fall when we saw a nearly 4,000-year-old Egyptian obelisk that has been remarkably well preserved, with hieroglyphs that were clearly legible — to anyone capable of reading them, that is. I've included a couple of pictures below to give you a better sense of this ancient artifact — and how it relates to data storage issues.
As we stood wondering at this archaeological marvel, my wife, ever mindful of how I spend the bulk of my time, blurted out, "Rocks do not need backing up!"
Luckily for me, no one backs up data to stone anymore, with the possible exception of the Rosetta project, but my wife raised an important point: electronic data storage and preservation raises a host of technological concerns that the builders of the obelisk never had to consider. Just try reading your backup tape, archived DVD or old Word file after 10 years, much less after thousands of years. Electronic data faces format, migration and data integrity issues that hard copies don't, although they have their own preservation issues, as archaeologists and document preservation specialists could tell you.
In some ways, the Egyptians with their simpler approach were far better off than we are at recording and saving information. Just look at the well preserved obelisk as you consider all the formats you probably have lying around that can no longer be accessed, from 5.25-inch floppy disks to 8-track tapes and old home movies. What would it take to preserve those for 3,500 years?https://o1.qnsr.com/log/p.gif?;n=203;c=204655439;s=10655;x=7936;f=201806121855330;u=j;z=TIMESTAMP;a=20400368;e=i
After rocks, the human race moved on to writing on animal skins and papyrus, which were faster at recording but didn't last nearly as long. Paper and printing presses were even faster, but also deteriorated more quickly. Starting to see a pattern? And now we have digital records, which might last a decade before becoming obsolete. Recording and handing down history thus becomes an increasingly daunting task, as each generation of media must be migrated to the next at a faster and faster rate, or we risk losing vital records.
Paper was the medium of choice until about 10 to 15 years ago. Before that, digital storage was far too expensive. Today, we store just about everything digitally, from home pictures, music and movies to feature films, medical records, documents and personal communications like e-mail. But our brave new digital world poses a number of significant problems for future generations, such as formats, frameworks, interfaces and data integrity, that need to be solved through the standards process so that our digital records can be preserved and handed down more easily. Nothing less than the preservation of our history depends on it.
Photos by Lisa Belvito
What we need is a framework that can transfer and maintain metadata between systems. Some home file systems have ways of adding metadata, but they are not transferable between operating systems. All you get is the POSIX-based information when transferring between Apple, Microsoft and Linux. This does not provide much incentive to add the metadata. What if there is a disaster? Does this type of information even get transferred to a backup device? Transport protocols such as ftp, NFS and CIFS do not transfer the metadata between systems except perhaps between like systems. For Microsoft, most secondary devices are formatted at the FAT file system instead of NTFS, and FAT does not support some of the features that NTFS has for metadata. On the enterprise side, vendors either have proprietary frameworks or put everything into a database, which is used to access the file system or manage the storage space. An application is written to display and manipulate the file metadata. This is not very portable and is often expensive to maintain.
Storage Drives and Interfaces
It wasn't all that long ago that we were using 5.25-inch floppy drives to back up our systems, then came 3.5-inch drives and CD-ROMs and now DVDs, and maybe this year we'll see Blu-Ray recording drives and then something else a few years from now. Are the drivers available on Windows and Mac systems to support these devices?
On the enterprise side during the same time period we had ER-90s, Redwood, 9940A, 9940B, DLT and lots of other technologies. The only technology that seems to have long-term support for the enterprise is 3480 and 3490 tape drives on mainframes. The same can be said about the channels that interconnect these technologies. Where is SCSI-FW, where is FC-AL (Fibre Channel arbitrated loop, for those you not old enough to remember), and even where is FC-2? All of these communications interfaces are dead (end of life and end of service), and even if they were alive, what operating system today has drivers to support them? What if there was a driver bug that needed to be fixed? IBM does this for mainframes, but not for the general purpose, open system enterprise environment; it is too difficult and far too expensive.
Clearly, as technology changes, you must migrate your old data, whether it is your home machine or the systems that you use at work. This was not required for rocks, of course. All that was needed was to understand the language the rocks were written in, and we have been able to do that for just about all forms of written communications.
Just like with a poor language translation, the integrity of modern data is not guaranteed except at high cost. File systems and storage management frameworks such as ZFS and Hadoop might verify a checksum, but such solutions are beyond the average home user. Low-power options such as flash do not solve the problem either, as they have other issues. The hard error rate of disk drives has not changed very much over the last 15 years even as the density has increased significantly. This hard error rate means that disk drives, whether they are enterprise or consumer, are going to fail, and when they do the result is data loss and lots of time spent rebuilding the environment. You can add hardware and reduce the likelihood that this will happen, but that does not eliminate the problem either at home or at work. You can throw lots of money at the problem and build a very high reliability archive, but that isn't something that even many enterprises can afford.
Clearly, rocks have some advantage here as along as they remain intact. With electronic records, if there is a device failure, reading the data requires specialized expertise, and even with that, much of the data will likely be lost.
Has anyone tried opening an MS Word document circa 1990 with Word 2007? We all know that all data formats have a limited lifespan. That format might be longer with something like PDF or shorter with other applications, but nothing is guaranteed for very long, and formats can change very quickly. We have no real framework to change and transcribe formats. With Windows, you know the file type by the extension, and that can be misleading. With Mac OS, there is extra metadata for each file that does not translate to Windows, and in the enterprise on UNIX systems there is nothing to help you. Rocks, on the other hand, have only the same language translation issues that we face today.
My wife is not in the data storage business, but she clearly understands that digital data management is far more complex than information management used to be. Digital data management concepts, technologies and standards just do not exist today. I don't know of anyone or anything that addresses all of these problems, and if it is not being done by a standards body, it will not help us manage the data in the long run. It is only a matter of time until a lot of data starts getting lost. A few thousand years from now, what will people know about our lives today? If we are to leave obelisks for future generations, we'd better get started now.
Henry Newman, a regular Enterprise Storage Forum contributor, is an industry consultant with 28 years experience in high-performance computing and storage.
See more articles by Henry Newman.
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Teresa Freixes, Professor of Constitutional Law at the Autonomous University of Barcelona and full academician of the Royal European Academy of Doctors-Barcelona 1914 (RAED), has reiterated during a lecture delivered on 27 November at the Ateneo de Madrid the need to promote a unique educational model in Spain that ends with the current total of 17, one for each Autonomous Community, under the parameters of freedom and construction of a critical spirit that mark the main international treaties on education signed by Spain.
“We are painfully sick that education is serving as a manipulative instrument of our youth and does not prepare them for an adult life based on the free development of their personality, founded on rights and obligations”, Freixes began his reflection on the speech “Educación en libertad” (Education in freedom). For the academician, both the different governments of the State and of the Communities have prioritised partisan interests in their educational policies.
“Since we were able, by virtue of hard work, to establish democracy and approve the 1978 Spanish Constitution, education has been the most ideologised workhorse of social and political debate: parties of the left and right, nationalists… each has focused its interests in the field of education, without sometimes taking into account that the educational model is the fundamental pillar not only for the formation of the person, but for the construction of citizenship”.
“According to how successive generations have been educated, societies, peoples, nations, states and empires have been built or destroyed. The problem we have suffered is that, whether or not we are aware of it, the promoters of the successive reforms and counter-reforms have taken better account of their partisan interests, trying to build their own societies, that the formation of them what Bobbio defined as participatory citizens, free and conscious and Habermas claimed as democratic subjects of constitutional rights of which one could be patriotically proud”, reflected Freixes.
The thinker appealed to the Spanish State to assume the full powers of education that the Constitution allows to build a unique model based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, the jurisprudence of the Court of Strasbourg, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the European Social Charter and the Unesco Convention against Discrimination in the Sphere of Education.
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People are willing to do anything to prevent suffering from any type of cancer. Because of this, researchers are looking into all sorts of preventive methods. A certain newspaper claims that brain cancer risk will diminish significantly if people consumed caffeine. According to them, a person should consume one cup of coffee or tea every day and that dosage of caffeine will stop the tumors from growing. This is done by restriction of blood flow to the brain. The actual study included some 410,000 men and women from 10 European countries. The whole study lasted eight and a half years and it was focused on the development of two forms of brain tumor. Even though brain tumor is extremely rare, experts are looking for ways to prevent it and believe that caffeine is the key. Because of these results the experts are looking further into caffeine and its powers to prevent brain cancer. However, people should know that even though the results are promising, the research has plenty of important limitations.
What kind of research was this?
First of all, people should know that the research was carried out in London and various other academic institutions in Europe and the United States. The original goal of the study was to determine the connection between tea and coffee and the risk of glioma and meningioma, which are both types of brain tumor. A similar study was conducted in the US and it showed that glioma is a lot less common with people who consume coffee. People should also know that this was a cohort study.
What did the research involve?
This particular study involved exactly 521,448 men and women from 10 different European countries. All participants were aged between 25 and 70. At the beginning, the participants needed to complete a health and lifestyle questionnaire about their diet in the previous year. Coffee and tea intake was particularly important in order for the researchers to be able to estimate the daily intake of these two beverages. What were the basic results?
The study included 410, 309 man and women after the exclusion of the final cohort. 343 new cases of glioma and 245 cases of meningioma were discovered in the follow-up. According to the researches, people in Denmark drank most coffee, some 798mL per day. The lowest amount was in Italy. On the other hand, people in the UK drank most tea. People should know that there were no significant connections between tea and coffee consumption and brain cancer, but when looked upon combined, the results were good and showed a 34% reduced risk of glioma development.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Today, this definition of health should not just apply to the mind and body but also financial health and cyber health.
Technology has transformed how we operate our day-to-day lives and businesses, placing a greater emphasis on taking preventative measures to safeguard what we put online, much like we would our mind and body.
Cisco — a worldwide leader in IT, networking and online security solutions — says that cybersecurity is the “practice of protecting systems, networks and programs from digital attacks.” These types of attacks include stealing personal and sensitive information, extorting money or interrupting business. In the past year, news of cyberattacks has plagued the healthcare industry, from a crippling series of attacks on small medical practices to Universal Health Services, one of the largest healthcare providers, suspending user access to information technology applications due to a “security incident” recently.
Why Healthcare Organizations?
Health organizations tend to be attractive targets for hackers thanks to the abundance of billing information and medical records, which are almost more useful to hackers than social security numbers or credit cards. The 2019 Mid-Year Data Breach Barometer Report from Protenus and Databreaches.net reported more patient records were breached in the first half of 2019 than in all of 2018. Cybersecurity Ventures, a researcher and source for cybersecurity facts, predicts healthcare organizations will suffer two to three times more cyberattacks than other industries in 2021.
Outdated IT systems, undefined cybersecurity protocols and limited IT staff make up just a few reasons why health organizations have such a prominent target. These vulnerabilities have been further exposed while navigating the global pandemic. Since the start of the pandemic, cybercriminals have hacked temporary medical facilities being used to treat patients, gained control of patients’ medical devices and employed email phishing tactics — all with the intent to sell information or hold the network for ransom. These attacks not only cost organizations millions, but they also hinder the power to provide quality, acute care for patients.
Ways to Stay Ahead of Cyber Threats
The healthcare industry cannot afford to suffer in cyber health, no matter the organization’s size. Healthcare leaders must prioritize ways to stay ahead of these attacks, including real-time monitoring and cybersecurity assessments. Other strategies that could make an immediate impact on preventing cyberattacks include:
- Training: Health IT Security shared a report that revealed 24% of the country’s health employees had never received cybersecurity awareness training as of the summer of 2019, though they felt they should have. Cybersecurity preparation should involve all staff members, as most cyberattacks begin with a reaction to an email phishing scam. All it takes is one click on a malicious link to compromise an entire system. Cybersecurity training can arm employees with the necessary awareness.
- Budget: Healthcare organizations should reevaluate their IT budgets. Lisa Rivera, a former federal prosecutor who now advises health companies on criminal healthcare fraud, said that on average, only 4 to 7% of a health system’s IT budget is in cybersecurity. Other sectors, like the financial industry, allocate about 15%. An investment in cybersecurity would be well worth the cost, as preventing a data breach is more cost-effective than responding to one.
- Education: A higher education degree like the online Master of Business Administration (MBA) with a Concentration in Cybersecurity program from Murray State University could equip future leaders with a strong management foundation and skills in concepts like data communications, network infrastructure and intrusion prevention techniques. Advanced degree programs can prepare graduates to confidently step into an industry with substantial projected growth as more fields shift operations online.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects information security analysts’ employment to increase by 31% between 2019 and 2029, faster than the average of all occupations. Meanwhile, Cybersecurity Ventures projects the global healthcare cybersecurity market to increase 15% yearly over the next five years.
As we continue to navigate a global pandemic and technological shifts in this digital age, cyberattacks and data breaches are not unorthodox. They are a given. Leaders in healthcare organizations must prioritize cyber health to protect their staff and the patients for whom they care.
Learn more about the Murray State University MBA with a Concentration in Cybersecurity online program.
Cybersecurity Ventures: Healthcare Industry to Spend $125 Billion on Cybersecurity From 2020 to 2025
Forbes: Healthcare Cybersecurity Continues to Be a Major Concern
Healthcare Finance: Number of Cybersecurity Attacks Increases During Covid-19 Crisis
HealthTech Magazine: Why All Healthcare Businesses Need a Cybersecurity Assessment
Health IT Security: 24% of US Health Employees Never Received Cybersecurity Training
HIPPA Journal: First Half of 2019 Sees 31.6 Million Healthcare Records Breached
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook: Information Security Analysts
Wall Street Journal: Smaller Medical Providers Get Burned by Ransomware
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Urbanism is the study of cities. Urbanists look at the different factors present in a city. A city is different from rural areas. There are certain things than make people come to a city, to live and work there. There are also certain factors, like where the city is located, that have an influence on the economic, social and cultural development of that city.
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The PDF was saved in your download folder or opened in a new tab in your browser. You can find the download folder on your drive or in the browser bar of Firefox and Safari at the top right next to the arrow icon.
Immunophenotyping is key to the diagnostics of hematologic neoplasms. It is used to complete diagnosis, classify diseases, assess prognoses and to quantify malignant cells over the course of treatment (minimal/measurable residual disease, MRD). Diagnostic application of the method is based on the characterization of antigen expression patterns among malignant cells and their discrimination from healthy cells.
Between 5 and 10 ml of peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirate with heparin as anticoagulant are needed for immunophenotyping. Alternatively, EDTA can also be used as anticoagulant, although it is associated with a faster loss of cell viability. Peripheral blood is sufficient as a test material, provided that malignant cells have infiltrated peripheral blood. Therefore, bone marrow aspirate should be tested if peripheral blood is not infiltrated.
Characterization involves multi-parametric flow cytometry (MFC) of the analyzed cell populations based on their light-scattering properties. This procedure uses fluorescence-marked monoclonal antibodies that are targeted at diagnostically relevant antigens on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. Modern flow cytometers enable simultaneous detection of several different fluorochromes and hence allow a precise description of antigen expression patterns for approximately 1,000 cells per second. This means that even cell populations with a frequency of 1% or less can be characterized very quickly.
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Economic war on the Internet
The threat of cyberattacks is increasing worldwide. Hackers use security vulnerabilities to extort large sums of money in ransom. Researchers are working to detect and fix flaws in software systems.
At the beginning of May 2021, one of the largest gasoline pipelines in the U.S. temporarily stops its operations completely. Cyber criminals had managed to encrypt data from the operator Colonial Pipeline with a "ransomware". They demanded a ransom for the release of the key with which the data can be restored. The company is paying $4.4 million to the computer hackers - in bitcoin. With the cryptocurrency, the identity of the recipient remains unknown for the time being, making it difficult to trace the attack. The next headline follows already at the end of May: JBS, the world's largest meat company, has to partially stop its production. Again, cybercriminals and ransomware were involved. The ransom in this case was eleven million dollars.
Criminals are increasingly using the Internet to make loot
The examples show: Criminals are increasingly using the Internet to make loot. Currently, ransomware is one of their most popular tools. "The blackmailers penetrate an IT system and use it to encrypt all data, so that a company can no longer operate," explains Professor Christian Rossow, senior researcher at the Helmholtz Center for Information Security (CISPA) in Saarbrücken. "With online banking becoming more secure in recent years, ransomware is a relatively easy and therefore common way to get money." To become infected with ransomware, a careless click on an email attachment can be enough. In other cases, criminals exploit previously unknown vulnerabilities in software systems ("zero day exploits"). Sometimes their victims make it even easier for them - by working with outdated program versions whose security vulnerabilities are generally known and could have been fixed with a simple update.
You don't have to be a technical genius to break into a computer system today
You no longer have to be a technical genius to penetrate a computer system today. "There are now regular markets on the Internet where you can get the necessary skills or ready-made malware," says Professor Jörn Müller-Quade, spokesman and initiator of the Competence Center for Applied Security Technology (KASTEL) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). "An attacker only needs enough criminal energy - he can buy the rest." The lure is great: global turnover in cybercrime is higher than in drug trafficking, according to Müller-Quade.
In addition to criminal organizations, numerous states are also active as attackers in cyberspace. Espionage is one of their targets: "Governments, offices and companies offer a large attack surface with their diverse IT systems," says Rossow. "Malware can be used to record data streams or search files for information." The advanced persistent threats (APTs) observed in Germany currently originated mainly from Russia, China and the Middle East, he said. In addition to information gathering, state actors also focus on sabotage: the best-known example is the "Stuxnet" computer worm, which was discovered in 2010 and was intended to disrupt Iran's nuclear program. "Shortly thereafter, the Stuxnet successor Duqu was discovered, which apparently collected data for a later sabotage attack," Müller-Quade reports. "This is how the cyberwars of the future are being prepared."
Above all, critical infrastructures such as electricity and water supplies, as well as IT and telephone networks, are likely to be the first targets of attack in a cyber war. Their protection is therefore particularly important. "In extreme cases, you could take critical infrastructures completely offline," Müller-Quade explains. "In Israeli nuclear power plants, they use so-called data diodes that only allow information to pass through in one direction and thus prevent manipulation from the outside." Expert Rossow is also focusing on more protection through hardware: "Storages, in which data can be stored securely, are very much on the rise. Only authorized persons and secure, certified programs have access to them, so they can't be tapped by attackers." But it's crucial to raise awareness among users as well: Often, attacks only succeed because hackers have previously gained the trust of employees - who, for example, unsuspectingly open the attachment of an e-mail after this successful "social engineering".
Vigilance is therefore still required, and not only in the area of critical infrastructures
Vigilance therefore remains in demand, and not only in the environment of critical infrastructures. Those who want to protect themselves against cyberattacks should first follow a few basic rules: always use the latest versions of the operating system and application software; use a state-of-the-art virus scanner with up-to-date virus signatures; do not open any mail attachments if you do not know the sender. "Attachments from unknown senders can now be tested in sand boxes - these are servers in the cloud that can detect malware," Rossow reports. "But one thing has to be clear: We are in an arms race between attackers and defenders that will go on for years."
So cybercrime and government hacking activity are likely to be with us for a long time. "The wars of the future will be economic wars in which cyberattacks are crucial," Müller-Quade believes. "In part, we are already in the middle of it." At least the two experts also offer hope: On the one hand, programming languages, and thus the software written with them, are becoming increasingly secure. On the other hand, researchers are working on detecting and correcting errors in software systems with the help of analysis programs. In ten to 20 years, programs could thus be safe from attackers. However, the pace of technological development remains high - and no one can say today whether artificial intelligence and quantum computing will play into the hands of the attackers or the defenders. The arms race continues.
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Canavese is an historical-geographical area of Piedmont placed between the Serra di Ivrea, the Po river, Stura di Lanzo and the Graian Alps: hence it’s the territory between Turin and Valle d'Aosta and, towards east, the Biellese and Vercellese areas. Its most important cities are Ivrea, considered the capital of Canavese, Chivasso, Ciriè, Cuorgnè and Rivarolo Canavese.
The Canavese area is not clearly defined as neither historical documents nor geography offer precise boundaries. Perhaps the most precise definition is given by the Encyclopaedia Treccani, although it doesn’t include the village of Villareggia, beyond Dora Baltea:
« With the name Canavese we indicate that area of Piedmont between the Serra d’Ivrea and Dora Baltea’s lower course, from Mazzè to its confluence with Po, and the course of this river up to the boundaries of Stura di Lanzo, the left bank of the Stura, except a small part of the plain land north of Turin (Settimo Torinese), then the peaks of the Graian Alps from the Levanne to the massif Gran Paradiso (Malone Valley, Val di Locana, Val di Soana Val Chiusella) »
The territory is crossed by the rivers Dora Baltea, Chiusella, Soana, Malone and Orco, and dominated by Ivrea’s morainic amphitheater and the Gran Paradiso massif, which surround the large flat land around Chivasso. There are many glacial lakes; the most important ones are the Candia Canavese and Viverone on the eastern border with the Biellese territory.
The historical capital of Canavese is the city of Ivrea. A city of Celtic origin, Ivrea became a Roman town hall in the 1st century BC with the name Eporedia, hence the name of its inhabitants, eporediesi. However, the name comes from the ancient village of Cuorgnè, Canava, situated on the banks of the Orco stream or, most likely on the slopes of Mount Quinzèina, where still today you can find the Nava village. Some says it may be related to an ancient hemp cultivation in the area. The inhabitants of the region are called canavesani.
Generally, the Canavese is divided into Alto Canavese (Cuorgnè’s area, Rivarolo Canavese, Castellamonte and the Orco, Soana and Malone valleys), Eporediese (Ivrea’s surroundings, enclosed within the morainic amphitheater), and Basso Canavese (San Giusto Canavese, Caluso’s area, Mazzè, up to Chivasso, and the Turin area).
The "Anfiteatro Morenico di Ivrea" (Ivrea's Morainic Amphitheater)
The morainic amphitheater of Ivrea (AMI) is a glacial moraine located in the Canavese and within the administration of the province of Turin as well as, though marginally, those of Biella and Vercelli. The AMI dates back to the Quaternary period and was caused by the sediments’ movement to the Po Valley during the glaciations of the great glacier which was running through the Dora Baltea’s valley. With an area of more than 500 km², this is one of the best preserved geomorphologic areas in the world.
The name “amphitheater” given to these geomorphological structures refers to their typical elliptical shape when it’s represented on a map.
AMI’s area includes some popular touristic destinations such as Lake Viverone and Lake Sirio, with many accommodation facilities like campsites, as well as many different hotels and restaurants. You can swim in the waters of these two lakes, and in the Viverone’s lake you’ll find a public shipping line that connects the main inhabited areas of the coast.
More recently, the Ecomuseum of the Morainic Amphitheater of Ivrea introduced some innovative touristic projects in the area. The Ecomuseum is a nonprofit association established in 2008 which brings together 14 municipalities in the area, the Mountain Community of Val Chiusella, The Hill Community of the Small Morainic Amphitheater Canavese as well as other associations and subjects. In addition to museum activities, the Ecomuseum organizes various types of events such as theatrical performances, concerts, seminars and tours.
There are plenty hiking trails in the area; the most closely related to AMI’s geological conformation is undoubtedly the Highway of the Ivrea Morainic Amphitheater, about 120 km long, which runs through the entire outer side of the AMI, from Andrate to Brosso. There are several routes connected to the main route which allow reaching the main path from the surrounding towns. The trekking paths in the area of the 5 lakes of Ivrea were expanded too, with some variations to the main path and plenty of themed itineraries. All these routes are accessible on foot, horseback and mountain bikes. Another important hiking route that crosses the AMI’s North-South area is the Francigena Road, which retraces a medieval pilgrim route. In the AMI’s north-eastern side you may also find the GtB (Grande traversata del Biellese, Biellese’s Big Crossing).
Sporting events are common. In particular it’s worth mentioning a classic running competition in the Piedmont, the 5 laghi, which in 2010 celebrated its 33rd edition. About 25 km long, the competition takes place in the area of the 5 lakes and passes through mostly dirt tracks. Closely linked to the hiking paths described earlier is the Morainic Trail, an individual trail that runs for 109 km following the main trail of the Highway of the Ivrea Morainic Amphitheater.
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Malaria is caused by single-celled parasites that replicate inside red blood
cells, and that naturally can only be transmitted by mosquitoes. We want to reveal the hidden and fascinating biology of these important organisms, so that it can be exploited by new drugs and vaccines.
Preconceived ideas can get in the way of new discoveries. We have therefore developed molecular tools to interrogate the functions of thousands of parasite genes simultaneously and in an unbiased manner. Now we can conduct genome-scale genetic screens in Plasmodium berghei, a species of parasite that only infects rodents and that we can study safely and easily at all stages of its life cycle. We transfer concepts for the effective discovery of gene functions from model organisms like yeast, to malaria parasites. This will help unlock important areas of parasite cell biology, from the regulation of development to parasite-host-mosquito interactions.
In our lab at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Cambridge (UK) we have been working closely with Dr. Julian Rayner and Dr. Marcus Lee and their teams to scale up Plasmodium genetics and to generate molecular tools for the research community.
While resource production will continue in Cambridge, to conduct genome scale screens in P. berghei and delve deeply into tranmssion bioligy, we have now opened a new laboratory at Umeå University in northern Sweden. Umeå has long been a centre of excellence for molecular genetics and pathogen research. It hosts Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, a member of the Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine.
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Summary: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Perceptual decision making in less than 30 milliseconds
Terrence R. Stanford, Swetha Shankar, Dino P. Massoglia, M. Gabriela Costello and Emilio Salinas
Note 1: what happens if the monkeys wait?
A potential concern with the compelled-response design is that, rather than responding immedi-
ately after the go signal, the monkeys could try to wait for the cue before initiating their responses.
Intuitively, such behavior might seem problematic because it could bias the reaction time (RT) val-
ues of the subjects in a non-uniform way. There are, however, three points to consider about this
issue: (1) the conditions of the task make it difficult for the subjects to wait beyond the go signal,
(2) there is no evidence in the data indicating that the subjects wait for the cue, and (3) unless such
waiting were extremely exaggerated, it would have no impact whatsoever on the measurement of
sensory processing speed.
First, to prevent the monkeys from waiting or predicting when the cue is revealed, gap inter-
vals were always delivered pseudo-randomly, and responses that took more than 600 ms were not
rewarded. It is unclear whether this time deadline was necessary or not, because trials with RTs
longer than 600 ms were always rare ( 1%). Still, these measures do not completely rule out the
possibility that, within the allotted time, the monkeys could gamble about how long to wait for
the cue and still execute the saccade in time.
If the monkeys waited, however, this would become apparent in two ways. First, their RTs
would likely change in proportion to the gap duration, because they would need to wait more at
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Understanding history of game industry and social/cultural/educational impact of games.
Fall 2015, Spring 2016
This course provides an overview of digital games from an interdisciplinary perspective, including as an economic powerhouse, a cultural artifact, an educational tool, and a persuasive tool. This course introduces students to the history of video games and discusses the social, psychological, and economic impact of video games. (This course is NOT a game design course or a comparative video game criticism course).
This class runs with rich multimedia readings and extensive individual and team discussions in class and online, as well as essays for self-reflections and two exams. Besides, throughout the semester, students form teams and work toward final team presentation with their own choice of game-related topics.
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Published at Thursday, 21 January 2021. Multiplication Worksheets. By Celestyna Cousin.
Here are a few of the reasons your preschooler needs to learn about color. The obvious reason is to teach your child the different colors so that they can recognize them and name them. This is one of the many indicators used to determine whether your child is ready for kindergarten. Colors are often the first adjectives your child will learn and use. Color is used to describe and identify specific objects, helping your child to learn how to pronounce many different words. By incorporating colors to describe various items, your child expands their vocabulary too. Discovering new items of a certain color helps them learn new words to name the items, such as a red apple, a red fire truck, a red shirt and so forth.
That is why they are used by tutors to offer remedial tuition and by parents at home so that they can offer their kids extra tuition to sharpen their skills. Math is known to be difficult and is often a headache for the young and so the math worksheets come in handy in helping resolve this problem. Thanks to the sites over the internet that offer free printable math worksheets, you do not need to worry about the cost of purchasing one, maybe only the ink cost. So do not go making excuses for not being able to access a math work sheet.
Teachers use printable writing paper sheets. They let their students trace the numbers, letters, words or dots as this is the perfect way for a child to practice the controlled movements of his fingers and wrist. With continued practice or tracing, he will soon be able to write more legibly and clearly. Schools use worksheet from printing to cursive writing of letters to writing of words. There are also online help to show the children how to exactly form a letter or word. After showing the students or children the way of writing, you can print the worksheets and give them practices on how to write exactly the right way. Children will be interested to do the activity because they had fun watching the software that you showed them.
Any content, trademark’s, or other material that might be found on the CCP4 Wiki website that is not CCP4 Wiki’s property remains the copyright of its respective owner/s. In no way does CCP4 Wiki claim ownership or responsibility for such items, and you should seek legal consent for any use of such materials from its owner.
Copyright © 2021 CCP4 Wiki. All Rights Reserved.
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A takes twice as much time as B or thrice as much time as C to finish a piece of work. Working together, they can finish the work in 2 days. B can do the work alone in:
Answer: Option B
x = 12.
So, B takes (12/2) = 6 days to finish the work.
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Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 – 1959) is one of the most prominent architects in modern history, but he was also an enthusiastic collector and dealer in ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock prints). In some years he made more money from selling ukiyo-e prints than he did as an architect. He made multiple trips to Japan after 1905 in order to buy the prints while designing several landmark buildings including The Imperial Hotel Tokyo, which is known to have withstood the devastating M7.9 Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. It is said that Wright especially loved the “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo” by Utagawa Hiroshige. Hiroshige is one of the most prominent ukiyo-e artists along with Katsuhika Hokusai.
The Imperial Hotel Tokyo, Japan designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, 1923 [Public Domain]
Japanese architect Kengo Kuma re-visited Wright’s intriguing relationship with Hiroshige’s “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo” in his book “自然な建築 (Natural Architecture), 2008, Iwanami Publishing.” According to Kuma, Wright respected Hiroshige for his translucency and “continuous sense of space.”
The appreciation/comprehension of space in these works is critical in recognizing the uniqueness of Japanese style because it was very different from the European approach. European style had prioritized perspective as it was developed in the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. When these techniques were rediscovered, during the Italian Renaissance, there was a technical leap forward, dramatically increasing the representational qualities of the art. The use of perspective (using techniques like the vanishing point and the golden ratio) to focus on the main subject.
On the contrary, Japanese artists traditionally used parallel projection. By intentionally eliminating a vanishing point, they re-constructed the sense of space in order to fit three-dimensional, vast and elusive nature onto a two-dimensional, small piece of paper. As a result, Japanese paintings escaped what Kuma calls “monumentality” – the subjective emphasis on one element that bears more importance than the surrounding ones.
For example, with the “Shono,” explains Kuma, Hiroshige used multiple layers stacked in parallel in order to express the spatial extension. With no vanishing point, the foreground was emphasized by linearly expressed rain. And as a background, which is a couple of layers behind, he used color gradation to indicate the relative distance of the forests while keeping their size identical. It was as if Horshige leveraged a copy machine, argues Kuma; the repetition of the same motif with gradually fading tones effectively created incredibly abundant dimensional continuation without the need to fix your eye on one point.
In his “organic architecture” concept, Wright describes what “space” means for him: “an area is never fully comprehended when viewed from one point but must be slowly experienced as one moves through the space.” It is as if Wright was talking about the Japanese painting style that intentionally avoided a fixed focal point in order to embrace ever-changing nature as is, and find beauty in its elusiveness.
Then, Wright found something more revolutionary in Hiroshige’s sense of spatial continuation in “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo,” a series of snapshots of then-Tokyo that he started working on when he was 58. It became Hiroshige’s last work before passing away at the age of 60 in 1858 (9 years before Wright was born).
In “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo,” Hiroshige tried something seemingly unnatural for him: he chose a portrait rather than landscape orientation to produce landscape paintings. Nature stretches out horizontally rather than vertically, just because most of the elements are located on/under the ground. As an ukiyo-e artist who excelled in capturing elusive natural elements, he had used the landscape orientation for most of his career, including the “53 Stations of Tokaido” as shown above. It made perfect sense.
But out of the blue, points out Kuma, Hiroshige pivoted to try a vertically long frame at the very end of his career. Was it his choice or at the request of his client, we will never know, continues Kuma, but it’s certain that limitation can be the mother of a creation.
And that is how it turned out.
Apparently, the sense of “special continuity” increased when Hiroshige added more physical limitations on his work. Wright was right to admire Hiroshige’s bold move:
Because here he [Hiroshige] had an idea of swinging this horizontal into the vertical; and in doing that so handled everything to give you a continuous sense of space. Not something within the frame, as most of these others were, but something of which you caught a glimpse which gave you a sense of a great continuity. That element wasn’t present in any of the previous things. But you see that go through all the series. The greatest idea in landscape that ever could be found. This is unique in the history of art. And this is certainly was a great idea. Now here Hiroshige did, with a sense of space, very much what we have been doing with it in our architecture. Here you get a sense of tremendous, limitless space, instead of something confined within a picture…
…Now the non-objectivists are preaching that everything should be within the frame. That you choose a spot somewhere in it, and that everything should be concentrated on that spot. Well, I think that’s absolutely the bunk when you see what can be done by disregarding any spot… eliminating the spot. Where is the focus? Show me. On what is your attention focused? Nothing. You are right in the great breadth and spread of the scene.” (Kevin Nute, Frank Lloyd Wright and Japan, Routledge, 2000)
Kuma reminds us that the vertically long frame is inherently “monumental” – it usually calls for a strong focal point (that’s why it’s called “portrait,” isn’t it?), especially when depth/background is dealt with using a perspective. But Hiroshige miraculously succeeded in framing horizontally natural landscapes in a vertically expansive but horizontally limited frame without dramatizing any particular elements. One of the reasons why he could do such a seemingly impossible job was his ability to deal with the dimensional depth by applying a variety of techniques (including perspective this time), to blur the spatial boundaries that would otherwise have emphasized one element over the others. The outcome was the uniquely quiet, subdued but expressive snapshots of Edo that seemed to keep expanding way outside the frame. Especially when he only left a “glimpse” or a hint of someone/something that was there a second ago, an absence augmented by the elusiveness of our own existence or nature. It is just thrilling.
A glimpse of a woman – often a prostitute that occupied a unique corner in Japanese traditional culture – frequently appears in the “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo.” It is worth emphasizing that it was mostly just a glimpse of her, sometimes just a hint, but never the entire profile.
Even using a portrait frame with limited horizontal expansion, Hiroshige was not afraid of introducing bold vertical lines. The composition amazingly delivers a continuous sense of space.
And finally, bridges were frequently used to literally “bridge” one side of the piece with the other side, without strictly defining the actual distance – they deliver the impression that they could extend as far as they want, and you are left with a vast sense of space.
It is this sense of divergence and diffusion, not convergence, which is unique to Japanese arts, whose fundamental philosophy had been to accept and embrace ever-changing nature as it is, rather than resist the change and try to capture and own part of nature. Such an approach influenced Wright’s “elusive” idea of “organic architecture” – although he adamantly denied it – and also Kuma’s work proposing alternative ways to connect people, architecture and nature. The next post will discuss how Hiroshige’s aesthetics inspired prominent architects in different places and at a different time.
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Individuals who as children were removed from their biological families are the nation’s highest risk group to suicide. They are four times at risk than the nation’s highest population risk group to suicide; the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population of the Kimberley which is the world’s second highest population risk group to suicide – behind Greenland’s Inuit peoples.
Despite all the good work done by many in saving lives, the suicide toll, particularly for the most elevated risk groups, is on the increase. The most elevated risk groups for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are individuals removed as children from their families, former inmates, the homeless and families evicted from public rental housing. When children are removed from their families because of alleged exposure to violence, dysfunction and other perceived aberrant behaviour they are not provided adequate healing and trauma informed counselling and restorative therapies.
The removal of a child from his or her family is a significant psychosocial hit, going straight to the validity of the psychosocial self and the id and simply it hurts, for many unbearably. Where there is no prospect of reunification with the parent(s) and siblings the trauma can degenerate to a constancy of traumas. One’s familial identity is made a liability and there is a disconnection with who they are and this impacts who they will be. Doubly so for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who daily have to deal with potential racism and the negative public spectacles and ceaseless conversations that diminish their historical and traditional heritage. When your identity is manifest as a liability it rips into your self-worth.
For many there is the inescapable constancy of trauma, compounding the situational trauma of removal with multiple, composite traumas and for many degenerating into disordered thinking, aggressive complex traumas. Childhood in itself, no matter how train-wreck a childhood is a protective factor and instead the traumas can play out once the child becomes an adult and starts to navigate through the world, through family building and through the accumulation of stressors. Individuals who have been removed as children from their families endure the highest rates of high end depression, attempted suicides and suicide.
Child Protection and Family Services should reinvest the majority of their enormous budgets into assisting vulnerable families instead of far too often taking the reductionist and minimalist approach and remove children. There is a two year old program in Western Australia, the First Nations Homelessness Project and Advocacy Service that so far has a one hundred per cent success rate in keeping Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families together who were at-risk to having children removed, and who were at-risk of homelessness. This game-changing project wraps around a through-care approach, ongoing and never gives up on the vulnerable families. The project coordinates psychosocial counsellors, social workers, health practitioners and mentors and has solutions-based approaches to resolving issues for families with both the Departments of Child Protection and Housing (social housing). In so doing they validate people and this is imperative. Increasingly one agency after another is turning to this program but what should occur is the inculcating of their approach, period.
One in nine of Western Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children have been removed from their families and it is a similar debacle in South Australia and New South Wales. A significant proportion of these children will grow up with a sense of despair, self-loathing and the high distress levels will delve into aberrant behaviour, filling prisons and mental health wards at the highest rates.
There will always be some children who must be removed from their families but they should be supported 24/7 with various hope, for this must always flicker – and that they are not completely disconnected from familial and cultural heritage. It is my immutable view that the majority of Australia’s children who have been removed should not have been.
Identifying trauma in any given population, including LGBQTI people, former inmates, foster children, the homeless, the chronically impoverished, newly arrived migrants, culturally and linguistic migrants and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, we start with behavioural observations and proceed with the opportunity for the individual to tell their story. We should never use the telling of their story against them but to inform the ways forward, to keep families together or to connect them with their families who love them but who at the time may not have been coping and always to keep them connected to their identity.
Our capacity to listen is an imperative and must be achieved without judgment, for often redemption is needed: forgiveness in addition to sympathy and empathy. These skills do not come easy to everyone but they are vital in the suicide prevention space, in trauma counselling, in restorative therapies, in navigating people to a positive self.
There is no greater legacy that any government can have than to prioritise and invest in the improving of lives, the changing of lives, the saving of lives.
As I end this piece, I remember a father of eight children who took his life because he had not recovered from the unaddressed trauma of being removed from his parents. In the last several years I have responded to many suicide-trauma-affected families. I have found that a significant proportion of the child and youth suicides were children and youth who had been removed from their biological families. A significant proportion of fathers and mothers who took their lives had also been removed from their parents.
There is a humanitarian crisis in this affluent nation, a catastrophic, systematic crisis: the suicide toll of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, officially at more than 5 % of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, is a staggering statistic but it is even more harrowing, with the real figure at around 10%. One in 9 of the nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders have been to prison, in fact one in 8 in South Australia and one in 6 in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. South Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders are jailed at the world’s fourth highest rate, with Western Australia second highest and the Northern Territory ranked third. The multifaceted issues are intertwined in having produced this narrative and unless we radically change policies to authentically work with families and in addition to transform prisons to places where the onus is on improving the wellbeing of inmates the number of children removed and the suicides will increase.
Source : http://thestringer.com.au/children-removed-from-families-are-at-highest-risk-to-suicide-12154#.WAraVCTRVCY
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The words acute and chronic are terms that are often used when diagnosing and describing diseases, symptoms and conditions of the body. Patients visiting an osteopath often use these terms either interchangeably or incorrectly. Simply put, the term ‘acute’ is used to describe a disease or condition that has presented for a relatively short period of time, usually under three months. The term ‘chronic’, on the other hand, describes a condition that has been evident for a longer period of time, that is longer than three months.
The term ‘chronic’ may also refer to a condition that is often recurring or is something that worsens every reoccurrence. A condition regarded to as chronic is something that does not affect a person suddenly and is rather affecting the various systems and body parts gradually as it also develops very slowly. In order for a condition or illness to be considered as a chronic one, the disease should last for three months or longer. If an acute illness, such as bronchial asthma or diabetes is left untreated, this may develop into a chronic condition which may be fatal to the person affected. An acute illness that does not improve over time, will gradually be revised to chronic, once three months has passed.
Acute conditions and illnesses generally affect people suddenly. Examples include, a cut to the hand, catching a cold, or being victim to an accident which causes you an injury. However, these conditions may all lead to being chronic if they’re injuries linger for longer.
It is important to note that the terms ‘chronic’ and ‘acute’ do not indicate the severity of a person’s condition but rather the duration this certain condition affects that person. It is a myth to believe that chronic injuries are more painful than acute injuries, or vice versa. The severity of a chronic or acute illnesses depends on the condition and symptoms themselves
rather than the time period noted by being acute or chronic.
An osteopath is adept at treating both acute and chronic muscular skeletal conditions. But generally speaking, the longer that you have had a condition or pain, the longer it will take to treat and alleviate.
For more information contact Inlign Osteopath Melbourne
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Chromosomes and Genes
Basic life constituents
Integral Clinic in Assisted Reproduction in Mexico
An expert team in fertility procedures
In this space we aim to bring you essential information with the objective of familiarizing you in a brief and simple way with this thrilling world.
What are they?
Here an example: let’s take a chromosome from the father and take a chromosome from the mother, together they form one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes, each chromosome is filled with lots of genes, but we’ll center our attention in one GENE which is responsible of the eyes’ color, the gene that codifies the color of the eyes, will always be on the Chromosome 6, to define a place or position in a chromosome we will use the term LOCUS, if the father has blue eyes and the mother has brown eyes, this difference between the LOCUS on the father’s and the mother’s chromosomes will be known as ALLELE or ALLELIC VARIATION and is the origin or the different color options.
The color of the eyes of this couple’s offspring will rely on each of the genes, which are classified as follows:
DOMINANT GENES (they dominate)
RECESIVE GENES (they need two copies of the same allele – which is one the variant of the gene)
If in the Family of one or both Parents blue eyes have predominance, this will be the DOMINANT GENE and that’s the way it will manifest, a baby with blue eyes will be born.
Another basic concept that will help us to understand the subject is:
HOMOZYGOUS: which means that both alleles are the same (both Parents have blue eyes)
HETEROZYGOUS: which means that both alleles are different (father has blue eyes and mother has Brown eyes)
An individual can either be homozygous for blue eyes or heterozygous if carries a dominant brown eye allele and a recessive blue eye allele.
When a spermatozoid and an ovule reach each other producing the beginning of a pregnancy, they form a new cell containing 46 chromosomes (23 from the mother and 23 from the father).
MEIOSIS: process by which the spermatozoids diffusing mother cells divide in half their genetic material and shift from having 46 pairs of chromosomes to 23 chromosomes.
During this process mistakes can be present, which will produce spermatozoids with an abnormal chromosomal provision giving as a result sterility, abortion or failure of the IVF (In Vitro Fecundation) techniques. A study of the MEIOSIS will provide information from all the chromosomes.
Through the performance of a CARIOTYPE study we are able to know if there is any chromosomal alteration, this study is targeted for all people concurring with repetitive abortion, congenital syndrome and infertility confirmation, IVF failure and aged women.
The defects of the chromosomes and genes can be due to: Numeric alterations, the normal number of chromosomal copies should be 2, if there is less or more it causes an alteration, like in Down’s syndrome example, which has 3 copies of the 21st chromosome. Monogenic alterations, which consist in a mistake or mutation in one single GENE. Structure alterations, in which the chromosomal content is not normal, either because there is a fragment missing or it is misplaced.
Alterations in Cariotype or in Meiosis do not have a treatment, but the prognosis of fertility can be improved by selecting the embryos by Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) which allows transferring the better pre-embryo through the study of its GENOMA.
In Fertility Center Cancun, our specialists will be at your disposition to extend this information and that way we can start clearing out your questions step by step, get close to us, it will be a pleasure to help you.
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Before the Thanksgiving break, children began exploring My First Keyboard Book by Sam Taplin. This book has scales and songs composed using color dots, and each key has the corresponding color on it. We noticed many children playing these books with a lot of interest and concentration.
We made the keyboards available for the children to play upon returning from the break. Children were spending more and more time playing these songs, so during a meeting time, teachers invited the class to compose a song.
We teachers displayed drawing tools that matched the colors of the keys along with paper that had both lines and open space. We then asked if anyone had an idea for the song, and many children started saying colors. After teachers recorded the colors requested, the class was asked to listen to how their song sounded. Teachers played the notes from the colors drawn, and this lead to conversations about high and low sounds.
We then asked the children if hearing the song made them think of anything. Some children responded that they thought of scales, so we drew stairs. Others responded that they thought of the ABC’s, so we made some letters to illustrate the song.
We invited the children to compose their own songs if they were interested. There were many different approaches to their song writing. Some children decided to play a few songs from the book before writing their own, while others chose to start their own idea right away. When writing, children would sometimes start by using colors to draw their notes and then illustrate a picture to go along with it. Others would start with a picture idea and then compose a song while thinking about their picture. A few children decided to find a song from the book they really liked and copied it onto their own piece of paper. Some even thought of songs that were not in the book and transcribed their own versions onto paper.
The children eagerly participated in this project, and some have composed multiple songs. Many have proudly played their own pieces for peers and teachers. Some even sung along as they played using their own invented lyrics or those of a familiar song. The focus these children have demonstrated while reading and playing the songs from the book and their own creations has been inspiring! Teachers are working on laminating each child’s first compositions so they can continue to play their own songs and each other’s songs. We will also support this interest by having pianists available for children to listen to and look at on the iPad.
A photo gallery of the children’s exploration of the keyboards is below, followed by some videos of their keyboard play.
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Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment / Climate / Range
Freshwater; demersal. Subtropical
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Oceania: River Mary in Queensland, Australia. Not dealt with in the 2000 Red List (Ref. 36508). Considered endangered (Ref. 52826).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Baillie, J. and B. Groombridge (eds.), 1996. 1996 IUCN red list of threatened animals. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 378 p. (Ref. 12255)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 96402)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Threat to humans
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 4.0 ±0.6 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Very high vulnerability (83 of 100) .
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Ruth Bader Ginsburg
by Leo K.
from Montvale, New Jersey in United States
Ruth Bader Ginsburg public domainThink of a famous hero that wears a black top and a pearl necklace. If you guessed Ruth Bader Ginsburg you are correct. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was very smart and become very successful. She is a strong and intelligent person and stands up for gender equality. I think that this is very heroic.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was born in the year 1933. Her parents were Nathan Bader and Celia Amster. Her father’s occupation was a merchant. A merchant is somebody who trades goods like food. She was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Ruth’s religion is Jewish. She went to Harvard college. One time she was told that women are not as strong as men, but that didn’t stop her. After that, sadly, her mother died of cancer one day before Ruth’s graduation.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg had so many great accomplishments. One of them is that Ruth spent her time fighting for women's rights. She did amazing in school. She became the second female justice and got appointed by Bill Clinton. Then got commissioned on August 5, 1993. Five days later she got sworn in. Ruth Bader Ginsburg is a seat 7 justice.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg is a fighter for women's rights, and the second female Supreme Court Justice. She is still a fighter for gender equality at the age of eighty-five years old. Ruth Bader Ginsburg deserves the name of a hero.
Page created on 1/16/2019 7:38:31 PM
Last edited 1/19/2019 12:18:22 AM
The beliefs, viewpoints and opinions expressed in this hero submission on the website are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the beliefs, viewpoints and opinions of The MY HERO Project and its staff.
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Wind Power For Dummies
After you decide that your home is a good candidate for wind power, you need to understand the basic parts of wind-electric systems and how they fit together. In addition, you need to evaluate how much energy your home needs and how much wind your site actually gets — a realistic wind resource assessment is key. You also want to make sure to steer clear of "too good to be true" energy estimates from the pros who want to sell you their goods and services.
The Major Parts of a Wind-Energy System
When it comes to power, a wind generator by itself will do absolutely nothing for you. You need a wind-energy system, which consists of most or all of these components:
Batteries (for off-grid and backup systems) provide energy storage for periods of calm or during utility grid outages.
A charge controller and/or voltage clamp take raw energy from a wind generator and condition it so it can charge batteries safely and effectively or interface with an inverter and the utility grid.
Disconnects and overcurrent protection provide safety from overloaded circuits and allow you to isolate different parts of the system.
A dump load is a place to divert excess energy in off-grid systems or when the utility grid is down, it's windy, and your batteries are full.
An inverter converts direct current (DC) electricity to conventional household alternating current (AC) electricity, and it may "sell" surplus electricity to the utility grid.
Loads in a system are energy-using devices, such as lights, appliances, and other electricity users.
*Metering gives you data display and logging so you can tell what your system is doing and whether it's performing well.
A tower supports a wind generator, getting it up into the smooth, strong wind that's needed to generate meaningful amounts of electricity.
Transmission wiring and conduit allow you to transfer energy from where it's made to where it's stored and used.
Wind generators (or turbines) collect the energy in the wind and use it to make electricity.
Assess Your Energy Usage to Determine Your Wind-Energy Needs
Doing a usage assessment to determine how much energy you need is a vital step toward getting a successful wind-electric system that meets your power expectations. These steps help you calculate how much energy you're using:
Review all energy bills so you can determine your overall energy use.
List all loads (electrical appliances) with wattage and run time to see specifically where you're using energy and how much you're using.
Measure phantom loads (loads that use energy when turned off) using a watt meter.
Inspect your building envelope (the shell of your house), sealing, windows, and so on by having a professional do a blower door test (which pressurizes your house and measures how leaky it is).
Have an HVAC professional inspect your space and water heating systems.
Consider your energy use habits and goals so you can look for ways to reduce your energy use and plan for future energy use.
Do You Get Enough Wind for a Wind-Energy System?
Analyzing your wind resource (your site's average wind speed, measured in miles per hour) is one of the hardest jobs you face when selecting a wind-electric system; no single method gives you exact numbers. To come up with a good estimate of your site's average wind speed, combine as many of the following strategies as possible:
Put up a recording anemometer at the proposed wind generator height to measure your actual wind resource; you often need to do it over the course of a year or more.
Use a small test turbine with a watt-hour meter to give you some data while giving you a bit of energy; you can learn important lessons from the experience.
Consult wind maps and roses, which show generalized wind resource information for your area.
Sift through local weather data, which may be an excellent source of wind resource information.
Live on site with eyes and ears open to note seasonal variations in wind.
Climb something tall (like a tree that's on a high point on your property) and look at topography and obstructions; this can help you determine your optimum tower height.
Study vegetation, which may reflect how much wind you have; by reading the deformation of trees, you may be able to estimate your wind resource.
Talk with neighbors; they may give you valuable perspective on wind in your neighborhood, especially if your neighbors are wind-energy users.
Verify Energy Claims from Wind Generator Professionals
Many wind generator inventors, manufacturers, and installers make claims about how much energy you can get from their idea or product, but how can you know whether those energy claims are realistic, ambitious, or outright scams? In all cases, you should seek real-world confirmation of estimates and check your wind power professional's numbers.
To test for "enthusiastic" estimates from inventors, manufacturers, or installers, do the following:
Verify the average wind speed the professional or manufacturer is using as the basis of the claim.
Without an accurate average wind speed from your actual tower height, you can't get an accurate prediction of wind energy on your site.
Verify the swept area (the area that the blades sweep) of the wind generator.
For horizontal-axis machines, the swept area equals the rotor radius (half of the diameter) squared times Pi (3.14 if your calculator doesn't have a Pi button). For vertical-axis wind generators, take height times width for swept area; multiply that total by 0.65 for Darrieus-style vertical-axis turbines.
Multiply the swept area (in square feet) by the average wind speed cubed (in miles per hour), and divide that total by 32,000 for an estimate of average daily kWh production from a typical machine.
Multiply your final total by 30 to get your average monthly energy in kWh and 365 for annual energy in kWh.
Check this prediction against manufacturer claims or installer production estimates.
If the manufacturer or installer claim is 50 percent or more above your estimate, the machine may possibly be very efficient, but you're probably looking at an exaggerated claim.
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Septra and Bactrim are both brand names for a combination antibiotic called trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
In children, the most common uses are for ear infections and urinary tract infections.
It also has a role in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, traveler’s diarrhea, shigella, and in both the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Most bacteria must manufacture their own supply of folic acid or folate. Animals (and some bacteria) depend on outside sources of folic acid, getting what they need from what they eat. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are both compounds that block the internal production of folic acid. Thus these compounds are relatively safe for humans, yet lethal to many bacteria.
The sulfamethoxazole component of Septra is a sulfa (or sulfur containing) drug. It causes fewer side effects than the other sulfa drugs, but its side effects should be respected.
The most common significant adverse effects are allergic skin reactions. Most of these are mild, but occasionally they are quite severe. The drug should be discontinued at the first sign of a skin rash.
Excess sun exposure should be avoided by anyone taking Septra.
Sulfa drugs may precipitate in the urine, producing crystals that can cause bleeding, urinary obstruction, or kidney damage. This is best prevented by using the most soluble of the more than 150 different sulfa drugs (such as the sulfamethoxazole in Septra) and by drinking lots of fluids while on the medication.
Allergic kidney damage can also occur, underscoring the need to stop taking Septra at the first signs of an allergic skin rash. When it is used on an ongoing basis, occasional blood and urine testing (a urinalysis, CBC, BUN, and creatinine) can detect early signs of problems.
Septra should not be used in children with folate deficiency.
Septra interacts with Dilantin, with methotrexate, and with anticoagulant medications; it should be used cautiously if these other drugs are being taken.
It should not be used in children under 2 months of age.
Consult your pediatrician before using it for children who have severe allergies or asthma.
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Consciousness Essay, Research Paper
The relation of consciousness to the material world is puzzle, which has its origin in dualism, a philosophy of mind which posits their fundamental separation. Dualism, in turn, has its roots in folk wisdom. The belief that humans are more than bodies and that there is something in human nature that survives bodily death has its origins in prehistory; it becomes explicit in the mythology of Ancient Egypt and Assyria and was formulated into a philosophical position in the Platonic thought of Ancient Greece. But the contemporary view that the interaction of consciousness with matter poses a problem which may be beyond scientific understanding can be traced to a clearer formulation of dualism proposed by Descartes.
According to Descartes (1644) the Universe is composed of two fundamentally different substances, res cogitans, a substance which thinks, and res extensa, a substance which extends in space. Res extensa is the stuff of which the material world is made, including living bodies and brains; res cogitans is the stuff of consciousness. Descartes maintained that, in humans, res cogitans and res extensa interact via the pineal gland, located in the center of the brain. However, even in the seventeenth century, the causal interaction of substances as different as these was thought by some to pose an insuperable problem.
Leibniz (1686), for example, argued that only physical events could cause physical events and only mental events could cause mental events. Fortunately, he thought, God has arranged physical events and mental events into a pre-established harmony so that given sequences of mental and physical events unfailingly accompany each other (”parallelism”). Consequently, there is an apparent causal interaction of mind with body rather than an actual one. This view resurfaces in the contemporary assumption that for every conscious experience there is a distinct neural “correlate.” However, attribution of such correspondences to the workings of a munificent Deity has little appeal to the modern scientific mind.
Within twentieth century philosophy and science it is far more fashionable to reduce dualism to a form of materialism, for example to assume or attempt to show that consciousness is nothing more than a state or function of the brain (physicalism or functionalism). If either form of reduction is successful the explanatory gap left by dualism disappears, for the reason that all that needs to be explained can then be explained within the domain of natural science. Fashion, however, is beginning to change (see, for example, the debates between Dennett, Fenwick, Gray, Harnad, Humphrey, Libet, Lockwood, Marcel, Nagel, Searle, Shoemaker, Singer, Van Gulick, Velmans, and Williams in Ciba Foundation Symposium 174, 1993). The reasons for this are many – but in essence they have to do with the realization that once one has explained everything that there is to explain about the material structure and functioning of brains, one will still be left with the problems of consciousness. To put matters crudely, one cannot find consciousness by any conceivable histological examination of the brain. Nor, as Nagel (1974) puts it, can one know what it is like to be something from a physical description alone. In Velmans (1991a) I have considered functional explanations of consciousness, tracing functional models of the mind through from input to output and concluded that consciousness cannot be found within any information processing “box” within the brain. Consciousness accompanies or results from certain forms of processing but can be dissociated conceptually, and in most cases empirically from the processes with which it is commonly identified in the cognitive literature (perception, learning, memory, language, creativity and so on). The same can be said of models of functioning couched in other terms, such as parallel distributed processing or the language of neurophysiology (Gray 1995; Velmans 1995a).
In short, while it is likely that consciousness will eventually be found to be associated with given forms of processing, it looks increasingly likely that consciousness cannot be reduced to such processing. Or, to put matters another way, “first-person perspective facts” cannot be fully reduced to “third-person perspective facts” (cf Goldman 1993; Velmans 1991a,b, 1993a). In his recent “keynote” article (this issue), Chalmers (1995) comes to the same conclusion.
But if consciousness cannot be reduced to a state or function of the brain, how might one fill the explanatory gap left by dualism? Logically, it might be possible to reduce matter to forms of existence in the mind, for example to argue along with Berkeley (1710) that material events only exist in so far as they are perceived to exist (idealism). Idealism has its modern defenders, for example in some interpretations of the observer effect in quantum mechanics (the view that the Shrodinger wave equation only collapses into an actuality once an observation is made). In the macroworld it may also be true that the world as-perceived only exists if there are perceivers (Velmans 1990). However, as a general theory of the ontology of macroevents this position has its own well-known problems. It might be that the material world cannot have an appearance without perceivers, but it seems counterintuitive that its very existence is similarly vulnerable. Closing one’s eyes, for example, does not seem to be enough to make unpleasant events go away.
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Fall is upon us and it is time to think about putting our landscapes to bed for the winter. One thing that you may notice, and this is a common concern at this time of year is natural needle drop on evergreens. This is a normal occurrence as the weather turns colder. Most of the evergreens will drop their second and third year growth in preparation for new growth next year. There is nothing to be alarmed about if the growth on the inside starts to brown out. However, if the terminal growth begins to brown, then there is a definite problem that has to be corrected.
To prepare the landscape for the winter, certain steps need to be taken to ensure that the landscape is properly protected. A through application of horticultural or dormant oil should be applied to certain plants (some plants are sensitive to oil and can be damaged) to suffocate over wintering adults and their eggs.
Fertilization this fall should be done to any trees and shrubs that suffered any kind of disease or heavy insect damage or were newly planted within the last 5 years. Fall feeding will enhance the root growth over the winter as well as provide nutrients that the plants the plants may not have been able to produce on their own. MeritInsecticide treatments should be done in October and early November to control Birch and Arborvitae leaf miner, scale and Hemlock adelgid since Merit takes up to 6 months to work its way through the vascular system of the plants, applications now will control these pests next year.
Pruning is essential to remove weak and dead branches as well as inside sucker growth that has developed through the year. Thinning the crowns of trees, as well as opening up any tightly pruned shrubs, will provide better airflow through the plants and help reduce insect and disease activity next year. Some plants may need to be thinned twice a year. Shaping is not essential in the fall, since most of the new growth is in the spring.
Planting projects should be done at this time of the year to ensure that new plants survive. Remember when doing any new planting to include a starter fertilizer in the hole and mychorrizae to help new root systems establish themselves. All burlap and wire baskets should be removed or cut down as far as possible and any container grown plants need to have the root ball cut and spread to prevent them from becoming potbound.
October and November are also the months that nematodes should be applied to bed areas to control black vine weevil adults and their larvae as well as any white grubs that are there. Nematodes will seek out their prey in the soil, enter through pores and begin feeding. Death is caused by the build up of bacteria from their feces entering the insects' blood stream.
Late November to mid December is the time when an anti-desiccant should first be applied, with a second treatment 4-6 weeks later (January-February 2002). Anti-Desiccant will protect all of your broad leaf evergreens from winter desiccation or water loss. Plants most effected by desiccation are: Accubbas, rhododendrons, azaleas, andromedas, boxwoods and hollies. Needled evergreens such as white pines and hemlocks are effected to a lesser extent.
As always, if there is anything that I can help you with or look at, I would be glad to assist free of charge. Call my office at 631-691-2381 or E-mail me at email@example.com and I will strive to do my best to help.
- Real Estate
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Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Binding Antibody, AChR Antibody, Myasthenia Gravis Antibodies
This test measures the concentration of a substance called acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody in your blood.
Acetylcholine is a chemical that helps muscles contract. It acts as a messenger between nerves and muscles. People who have myasthenia gravis (MG) often make an abnormal protein called acetylcholine receptor antibody. This protein interferes with how acetylcholine works. At first, this causes muscle weakness in the eye. You may have double vision or drooping eyelids. MG is an autoimmune disease because your body makes the protein that attacks the way acetylcholine normally works.
MG is rare, but it can affect people of any age. It's most common in women younger than 40 and men older than 60. It's not contagious, although sometimes the newborn baby of a mother with MG can show symptoms for a few weeks to several months that disappear with treatment.
Most people with the disorder have a normal life span but need treatment to control its debilitating symptoms. These often include:
Shortness of breath
Trouble using normal speech
Weakness in the arms, legs, neck, and fingers
You might have this test if your healthcare provider suspects that you have MG. Symptoms of MG can range from problems with breathing muscles to weakness of muscles throughout your body. The most common symptoms are weakness in muscles that control:
Eye and eyelid motion, found with ocular MG
Chewing and swallowing
Arm and leg motion
Your healthcare provider may also order these tests to check for MG:
Muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK). The MuSK antibody may be found in 3 in 10 to 2 in 5 people with MG who don't have AChR antibody.
Edrophonium chloride. This medicine may temporarily ease muscle weakness caused by MG. So it can be used to help diagnose MG.
Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS). This is used to test the strength with which muscles respond to low-frequency nerve stimulation. People with MG are likely to have a progressively weaker response as the nerve stimulation continues.
Single fiber electromyography (SFEMG). People with MG and certain other disorders respond to the electrical stimulation of this test with "muscle jitter." This is an unsteady, jittery contraction. If you have a normal SFEMG test in a weak muscle, it means that something other than MG is causing the weakness.
Imaging scans. CT or MRI scans can be used to diagnose thymoma. This is a tumor of the thymus gland that sometimes develops with MG.
Lung function tests. These measure the strength of the muscles involved in breathing.
Many things may affect your lab test results. These include the method each lab uses to do the test. Even if your test results are different from the normal value, you may not have a problem. To learn what the results mean for you, talk with your healthcare provider.
This test can confirm but not completely rule out MG.
If you have a higher concentration of AChR antibody, it means that you may have MG. Even with a normal level, it's still possible that you have MG. Up to 17 in 20 people with MG who have general muscle weakness have AChR antibody. In addition, about half of people with MG around the eyes have the antibody.
The test requires a blood sample, which is drawn through a needle from a vein in your arm.
Taking a blood sample with a needle carries risks that include bleeding, infection, bruising, or feeling dizzy. When the needle pricks your arm, you may feel a slight stinging sensation or pain. Afterward, the site may be slightly sore.
Timing is important. Having anesthesia or muscle relaxants for surgery within 48 hours of the test may give a false-positive result.
You don't need to prepare for this test.
The University of Chicago Medicine
5841 S. Maryland Avenue
Chicago, IL 60637 | 773-702-1000
Appointments: Call UCM Connect at 1-888-824-0200
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Living Wages for All Workers
You shall not withhold the wages of poor and needy laborers, whether other Israelites or aliens who reside in your land in one of your towns. — Deuteronomy 24:14
God’s concern for the poor is at the heart of the Christian ethic of economic justice. Our biblical heritage teaches us that caring for the poor, the least among us, the stranger, and the ones on the margins is central to our understanding of God’s mercy and our willingness to love our neighbor.
God envisions a world where all God’s people live lives of wholeness and have the opportunity to be the people they were created to be. We are called to ensure that God’s abundance, given to us all, is equitably shared so everyone may thrive in the fullness of life. Within an economic system of wage labor, this means that everyone must be paid a living wage and be treated with dignity on the job.
The Minimum Wage is Too Low
Most workers in the U.S. are protected by regulations requiring their hourly wages to exceed the minimum set by law. Congress sets the federal minimum wage which was last increased to $7.25 an hour in 2009. Some 30 states, 24 cities and counties, and the District of Colombia, state and local officials have raised their minimum wages above the federal (or state) level. Check out your state.
Minimum wage laws are critically important. Most people need to work in order to support themselves and their families, and there are usually (essentially always) too few jobs. This reality creates the core conflict in the workplace: an employer has much more power than a worker. So even if a worker doesn’t want to take a job because it pays too little, he or she will be forced to accept it anyway, no matter how low the wage, if nothing else is available. To prevent destitution and put a limit on how low the wage could go, Congress passed the first minimum wage law in 1938. Since then, Congress has periodically increased the minimum but not since 2009.
Today, a full-time worker being paid the federal minimum wage would earn just over $15,000 a year, far too little money to support one person, let alone a family. A single parent with one child who works full time earning the minimum wage would live below the federal poverty line.
The hourly wage required to rent a modest, two-bedroom apartment in the U.S. is $19.35 per hour, more than two and a half times the federal minimum wage of $7.25. In every state, a person working full-time at minimum wage would not be able to afford a one-bedroom apartment at the Fair Market Rent.
The low value of the minimum wage contributes to the growing economic divide between the sliver of very rich at the top of the economic ladder and everyone else, especially the folks on the lower rungs. The minimum wage peaked in inflation-adjusted value in 1968, when it was equal to $11.00 in today’s dollars. Since then, many factors justify a minimum wage that is higher than in 1968 — the amount a typical worker produces in an hour has risen, living standards have risen, low-wage workers’ education and skills have improved – but, instead, the minimum wage today is worth less than 48 years ago.
Tipped Minimum Wage
There is a separate federal minimum wage for anyone classified as a tipped worker – someone who earns at least $30 in tips a month. The tipped minimum wage is $2.13 an hour! It has not been increased since 1991. If the tipped minimum wage plus tips do not add up to at least $7.25 an hour, the employer must make up the difference in cash. But this is difficult to monitor for employers who want to comply and largely unenforceable among employers who chose to ignore the law. The separate tipped minimum wage must be eliminated as a number of states have done already.
Raise the Minimum Wage
Woe to him who builds his house by unrighteousness, and his upper rooms by injustice; who makes his neighbors work for nothing, and does not give them their wages; who says, ‘I will build myself a spacious house with large upper rooms’, and who cuts out windows for it, paneling it with cedar, and painting it with vermilion. Are you a king because you compete in cedar? Did not your father eat and drink and do justice and righteousness? Then it was well with him. He judged the cause of the poor and needy; then it was well. Is not this to know me? says the Lord.
— Jeremiah 22:13-16
There are multiple proposals for raising the minimum wage: to $12 an hour, $15 an hour, or $20 an hour. Research shows that moderate increases in the minimum wage do not cause job loss.
The most modest proposal — raising the minimum wage to $12 by 2020 – would lift wages for 35.1 million workers—more than one in four. People of color would especially benefit; over one-third of African American and Hispanic workers would receive a raise. An increase of the minimum wage even higher, to $15 or $20 an hour, would impact millions more workers.
If the federal minimum rose to $12 an hour, the average affected worker would earn roughly $2,300 more each year than she does today. The lowest paid workers would see the largest raises. The average age of a worker who would be affected by an increase to $12 is 36 years old. About two-thirds of affected workers are 25 years old or older. The majority of affected workers (56%) are women.
Living Wages for All
The problem of low wages goes far beyond the problems with the minimum wage. In the U.S. today, over one-quarter of all jobs (28%) pay poverty wages, so low that a full-time worker cannot keep a four-person family above poverty. Moreover, many of these low wage jobs are part-time, have irregular hours (making child care arrangements or attending school difficult), and no pension. Some 43 million workers — nearly four in 10 private sector workers and more than 80 percent of low-wage workers — do not have paid sick days to care for their own health. Millions more do not have sick days to care for a sick child or family member. More.
Low-wage jobs can be found in every industry or occupation and the number of these jobs is growing rapidly. If nothing is done, the number of low-wage jobs will increase in the future. Much of this work cannot be moved overseas. The jobs performed by low-wage workers — cleaning, caring for children and elders, selling items to customers — need to be done in our local communities.
Many workers in low-wage jobs are seeking higher wages; they want and need support. If people of faith stand with low-wage workers, then poverty-wage jobs can be changed into living-wage jobs. Find efforts happening in your area.
To make God’s vision a reality, God calls the Church to action, to “loose the bonds of injustice, to undo the thongs of the yoke, to let the oppressed go free, and to break every yoke” (Isaiah 58:6). We are called to answer God’s call to be co-creators with God of a world “where justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like an ever flowing stream” (Amos 5:24). God’s reign does not stop at the door to the workplace. The Church, the body of Christ, is called to seek out and accompany people wherever they are and stand with them in the struggle for justice.
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