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Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions are higher in prevalence than ever before. Anxiety, in particular, plagues about 40 million individuals 18 or older in the United States, which is 18% of the population. Depression, meanwhile, affects about 6.7% of the population in any given year.
Often, one suffers from more than just one psychiatric condition. Fortunately, while medication can be effective, there are other ways to better one's mental health. (This also applies to individuals not necessarily diagnosed with a mental illness.) Crafting is one hobby that can positively influence one's mental health. This article will discuss the health benefits of crafting.
Positive Effects of Crafting
While crafting is usually thought of mostly in terms of something that helps create a tangible object for an individual, it can also provide intangible benefits. One survey of 3,545 knitters conducted by Betsan Corkhill, a knitting therapist, found that more than half of respondents reported that they felt “very happy” after knitting, showing the value of knitting for mental health.
According to an article by Time Magazine, these benefits extend past knitting into other crafting and recreational hobbies. Neuroscientists have found that cooking, drawing, cake decorating, photography, art, music, and even trying crossword puzzles are beneficial for one's mind. For a person who is mentally active, finding ways to calm the mind is imperative.
It is thought that crafting and similar hobbies release dopamine, which is a natural antidepressant and the reward-based chemical that our brains emit to trigger a wanted behavior. Serotonin, another neurotransmitter, is strongly associated with crafting and creative hobbies.
Ultimately, the creativity involved with crafting helps reinforce good feelings, and it has been shown to have health benefits as far ranging as reducing aging and its often concomitant cognitive impairment.
Why Not Try Crafting?
There is literally no risk to crafting; if you end up not liking doing it, you simply have something to new to wear or show off to others. It may take up a few hours of your time, but think of the time as being self-discovery.
Many studies have found that crafting produces similar effects to practicing meditation. It can allow one to experience what psychologists call "flow," and truly separate allow one to experience a transcendent, peaceful state. It can help one put their problems in perspective.
The research is still growing-- we don't have extensive studies on the benefits of one craft versus another on mental health-- but it is becoming consensus that some kind of crafting is good for the brain and soul.
As Corkhill alludes to, one of the reasons that crafting is so good for the mind is that it is so engaging, and thus, it allows "less capacity for bad thoughts."
Where to Start?
To start a crafting project, think about what is most suited for you. Melt art is so fun or if you like to draw , do that. Same goes for knitting, woodworking, or whatever else. Then, look for a craft online shop where you can buy crafting supplies. Craft workshops are also an option.
Although many hobbies can have this relaxing effect, the great thing about many crafting projects is that they can be done anywhere. Corkhill points out that drumming, for example, while possessing similar effects, cannot be done on a bus.
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Abdicative means: Causing, or implying, abdication.
Abditive means: Having the quality of hiding.
Abirritative means: Characterized by abirritation or debility.
Abjunctive means: Exceptional.
Ablative means: Taking away or removing.
Ablative means: Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, -- the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away.
Ablative means: The ablative case.
Abnegative means: Denying; renouncing; negative.
Aborsive means: Abortive.
Abortive means: Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as, an abortive child.
Zythum means: A kind of ancient malt beverage; a liquor made from malt and wheat.
Zythepsary means: A brewery.
Zythem means: See Zythum.
Zymotic means: Designating, or pertaining to, a certain class of diseases. See Zymotic disease, below.
Zymotic means: Of, pertaining to, or caused by, fermentation.
Zymosis means: A zymotic disease.
Zymosis means: A fermentation; hence, an analogous process by which an infectious disease is believed to be developed.
Zymose means: Invertin.
Zymophyte means: A bacteroid ferment.
Zymosimeter means: An instrument for ascertaining the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different liquids, and the degree of heat which they acquire in fermentation.
Copyrights © 2016 LingoMash. All Rights Reserved.
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Here at the Arab Film and Media Institute, we pride ourselves on being a strong resource for learning about and experiencing Arab film and cinema. We collected some resources to help you continue to expand your knowledge and appreciation of Arab cinema. Hopefully all of this will leave you excited to watch some amazing Arab films with us at the next Arab Film Festival!
What makes a film “Arab”?
When we talk about Arab film we are generally referring to films made by Arab filmmakers, produced in the Arab world and/or depicting Arab stories. But lets back up a little and start by defining the word “Arab”. The term refers to a group of people who speak Arabic as their first language and are also united by shared history and culture. There are 22 countries that are considered part of the Arab world: Algeria, Djibouti, Jordan, Libya, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Mauritania, Comoros, Iraq, Lebanon, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Qatar, Somalia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
As “Arab” does not refer to one specific country or even one exact culture, it is important to note that it does not refer to a specific religion either. Arab and Muslim are not synonymous or interchangeable. Though a large portion of Arabs are Muslim, there are predominant Christian, Jewish and other religious communities in the Arab world as well.
There are also many ethnic and cultural groups within this “Arab” world who do not identify as Arab. It is impossible to define such a large and diverse group of people. For the purposed of AFMI and this blog, we prefer to err on the side of inclusion over exclusion which means we feature and support films and filmmakers from the “Arab” world, regardless of their identity.
Why is it important to pay attention to Arab film?
It’s always important to support art and expression in its various forms, in cultures, all over the world. It is particularly important for those living in Western countries, such as the United States, to be exposed to Arab stories so that they can better understand our culture and combat the negative stereotypes of Arabs commonly shown in popular media. Dr. Jack Shaheen, the author of numerous books about the depiction of Arabs in American pop culture, described it best: “What is an Arab? In countless films, Hollywood alleges the answer: Arabs are brute murderers, sleazy rapists, religious fanatics, oil-rich dimwits, and abusers of women.” By watching films by and about Arabs, we hope to counteract these stereotypes.
A Brief History of Arab Cinema
Film was an invention of the West that began in the late 19th century. At the time, much of the Arab world belonged to European countries. These countries introduced film to Arab countries but production in these areas was long hampered due to the market being flooded with European product. Cinema was able to flourish early on in Northern Africa, though, specifically in Egypt and Algeria, where films by the Lumiere brothers were first screened in 1896. This was quickly followed by the construction of a number of cinematographes that held regular film screenings. Slowly, though unsteadily, the medium began to spread throughout the Arab world. Some countries were not very accepting of film for a long time, (cinema was not accepted in Saudi Arabia until the 1960’s and 70’s,) or the government held tight control over production. Egypt has developed the strongest industry in the region, with the production of over 2,500 feature films. For a long time film production in the Arab world consisted of Western countries filming in Arab countries or in collaboration with Arab people. Native-made feature films only started to become a regular occurrence in the late 1920’s, with films like Syria’s The Innocent Accused and Egypt’s Layla. Independence also played a factor in local film-making. Many countries saw a sharp spike in film production after they gained independence. Film has also been a strong tool of expression and resistance in Arab culture, and continues to this day. The history of Arab film, despite it’s delayed onset, is extremely rich.
Resources to Watch Arab Films
After all of this educational talk about Arab cinema, you must be ready to watch some films! While we hope you’ll join us for the Arab Film Festival in October, as well as at our screenings throughout the year, there are many other resources for you to explore Arab films in the meantime. Please note that these resources may be limited to the United States.
Where to Watch Arab Films Online
Many of your favorite digital film and TV platforms have more Arab films available than you may think! While offerings are always changing, we have curated some lists of films we recommend that are currently streaming:
We also recommend the following platforms focused on Arab film:
- Palestinian Film Platform is a collaboration with filmmakers from Palestine and Palestinian cultural institutions. PFP streams a Palestinian Feature Film every week for free.
- Aflamuna is an initiative launched by a group of Arab filmmakers and film institutions, lead by Beirut DC, a cultural association for the development of independent Arab cinema. This initiative aims to showcase some of the best, most thought-provoking and independently-minded works of contemporary Arab cinema to enjoy for free for a limited time. New films are released every 15 days.
- Cinemoz is a platform to and from the Arab world, based out of Beirut. The platform is totally free and features both Arab and non-Arab films and television.
Arab film series and regular screenings
- ANA Contemporary Arab Cinema is an annual film series showcasing 12 films by Arab directors. The series is curated by Lina Matta, channel manager at MBC 2, MBC 4 and MBC Max in Dubai. The series takes place in September at the Jacob Burns Film Center in Pleasantville, NY and the Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) in Brooklyn, NY.
- Arab Film Series from the Arab American National Museum brings a wide range of new and classic films by Arab and Arab American filmmakers to the doorstep of metro Detroit, uniting community members through film, dialogue and activism.
- Alwan for the Arts is a New York based organization that promotes the cultures of the Middle East in the New York and tri-state metropolitan area. They host a number of cultural events and classes, including regular screenings of Middle Eastern movies.
- We encourage you to also check out your local colleges, museums, theaters, film festivals or Arab cultural organizations for screenings of Arab films!
Resources to Learn More
These only a few of the many resources available worldwide which delve into the history of Arab cinema, current Arab film, as well as the representation of Arabs in Western media.
- Arab Cinema: History and Cultural Identity by Viola Shafik
- Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence by Josef Gugler
- Ten Arab Filmmakers: Political Dissent and Social Critique by Josef Gugler
- Encyclopedia of Arab Women Filmmakers by Rebecca Hillauer
- Hanan al-Cinema: Affections for the Moving Image by Laura U. Marks
- Filming the Modern Middle East: Politics in the Cinemas of Hollywood and the Arab World by Lina Khatib
- Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies People by Dr. Jack Shaheen
- A is for Arab: Archiving Stereotypes in US Popular Culture by Dr. Jack Shaheen
- Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies People directed by Sut Jhally
- Patterns in New Arab Cinema from Film Reference
- Arab Film Distribution
- Middle Eastern Film Posters Digitization Initiative
- Chronology of Palestinian Cinema
- Arab Face
Do you know about any more festivals, streaming sites or resources you would like to add? Let us know!
Stay in Touch
Join our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates about Arab Cinema and The Arab Film Festival!
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Rectifier: A rectifier is a device that converts an alternating current into a direct current. A p-n junction can be used as a rectifier because it permits current in one direction only.
There are types of rectifiers i.e. half-wave rectifier and full-wave rectifier.
Hence option (1) is the correct answer.
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In any given country, the armed forces are among the biggest consumers of fuel and other resources, and so have the greatest opportunity to readily reduce consumption by a significant amount, while at the same time setting an example to industry and the public. Militaries worldwide are facing the unprecedented challenge of providing more and more energy to support advanced systems while at the same time striving to adhere to ever-tighter budgets and stringent environmental goals.
While targets are set at a national level, the environment does not recognise state borders, and it follows that international collaboration could achieve optimal results in the long term. At a recent conference hosted by the Danish embassy in Paris, diplomatic, military and defence industry representatives exchanged ideas on how to make defence greener.
France and Denmark are well-placed to share innovations, sharing as they do a similar defence administration, procurement and command structure. Their close operational partnership was underscored by their cooperation in Libya and during the recent "boots on the ground" Northern Mali conflict. A Danish Hercules even flew in this year's Bastille Day parade.
But as the conference highlighted, for any environmental aims to have focus, a definition of just what constitutes green defence needs to be set out, and it is clear that it reaches far beyond simple reduction in fuel consumption and emissions. As an indicator of scale, in common with many countries the militaries of France and Denmark are among the biggest owners of land and property, and are among the biggest employers of young people.
The French defence ministry has set out five priorities through its sustainable development strategy (S3D): to improve energy efficiency and consumption management; promote youth employability as a defining element of social cohesion; give SMEs greater access to the ministry of defence's public procurement contracts; increase awareness among the personnel of the ministry in sustainable development; and preserve environment and biodiversity on land and in the sea.
Through this, it has achieved a 13% cut in energetic consumption since 2009, excluding operational fuel, and 80% of defence bases have introduced energy efficiency certificates.
Green defence is high on the Danish political agenda too, and the Ministry of Defence has published two strategy documents setting out strategies for climate and energy, and environment and nature.
Its initial aims with regards to energy consumption are to by 2020 reduce energy consumption by a minimum of 20%, increase the share of electricity consumption that originates from renewable energy to a minimum of 60% and reduce carbon emissions by 40%.
The Danish Government's Defence Agreement 2013-2017 includes an investment of €33m in green bases and €13m in green procurements, and it offers cooperation with commercial companies on green solutions. It has opened a "green bases" commercial project competition, where two bases have been identified as a "playground" for Danish defence and industry to experiment and test solutions.
While it is relatively simple to set a green agenda in the environment of procurement, manufacture, training, accommodation and decommissioning, it is harder to sell the importance of the environment in an operational environment. Here the priorities are the mission in hand and protecting lives. One workshop at the green defence event focused on how green tactics can also provide an operational advantage.
It is often quoted that every litre of diesel that reached the front line in Afghanistan cost a further 12 litres to get there, but beyond the cost and reliance on non-sustainable resources is the cost to those who risk death and injury to transport it there. Modern warfare requires more energy than ever to support advanced systems and keep soldiers safe and comfortable in harsh climates. Front line operations are by their very nature remote from regular utilities and away from the usual supply lines for fuel. The logistics personnel responsible for transporting by land, sea and air the thousands of litres of diesel and other fuel required put their lives on the line on a daily basis.
Among the companies at the workshop presenting low-energy solutions for forward operating bases that could reduce this demand and thus reduce the risk to personnel was Danish company Alpcon, which produces a range of heating and cooling systems and generators designed to reduce fuel consumption for space heating and in heavy duty vehicles by converting exhaust heat into energy. Any power not needed immediately could be used to charge batteries for equipment or act as a range extender for hybrid vehicles.
Chief sales officer Thomas Hirth estimates that the company's 15kW system, by using exhaust heat to power itself, would recoup its purchase cost of €20,000 after running for 1,000 hours, compared with the cost of a standard heater. Alpcon's systems can also burn biomass, so be taken entirely off-grid during front-line operations when fuel is hard to come by.
Another company with similar aims but a different approach is UnatSolar, which produces alternative power solutions using solar and wind energy. UnatSolar has already demonstrated a key success - the UK Ministry of Defence installed the company's solutions as part of its PowerFOB initiative at Episkopi Training Area, Cyprus, in 2011. According to company owner Carsten Schlagelberger, the aim was to save 45% of regular energy consumption, but the trial saved 55%, with the potential to save more when properly integrated.
Moving the focus from bases to infantry soldiers, Sagem Defence and Security, a SAFRAN company, is behind the French military's FELIN (Fantassin à Equipements et Liaisons INtégrés), one of the most successful dismounted soldier modernisation programmes, currently equipped with 12 regiments. Industrial co-operations and offsets director Renaud d'Hautefeuille explained that one of the aims of the programme was to make the individual soldier autonomous for fuel requirements. To this end all the powered systems he carries, including radio, communications, goggles and imaging equipment, are integrated, not just in terms of operations, but using a single Li-ion battery with advanced energy management.
This means overall reduced energy use, and energy can be directed to the equipment that particular user is using at that time. The overall weight of systems carried is also greatly reduced. Once discharged, the central battery can be recharged at base, including using renewable sources, or from a vehicle battery. New, lighter battery technology, such as fuel cells, may be considered in future once established as safe and reliable for soldier-worn systems.
Not all solutions discussed during the workshop were directly related to energy. Etienne Lacroix manufactures pyrotechnic solutions that can be fired from armoured vehicles or aircraft to disrupt enemy targeting solutions. Director of pyrotechnics Dominique Medus explained that the company's main focus was on using green chemicals to reduce damage to the environment. To this end it is experimenting with changing formulations to use fewer chemicals and is measuring the environmental impact of reducing toxicity, while maintaining the full effect of the product.
The company is working directly with the French MOD to reduce the toxicity of smoke and obscurant, using mathematical models to predict which mixtures will be effective, although it is hard to predict the result as perceived by a human being, such as whether an enemy would be able to see the target through the smoke. As well as reducing energy used in the manufacturing process, Etienne Lacroix is attempting to reduce toxic heavy metals, including lead and chromium.
A question of definition
The Green Defence event in Paris had a specific agenda to stimulate discussion around new environmental technologies to support the militaries of France and Denmark, but the lessons learned could offer wider-reaching benefits. The armed forces are such massive enterprises that reducing energy consumption and emissions can offer significant benefits, not just in terms of the environment but also saving money and reducing risk. By embracing the bigger picture of what "green" means and sharing international initiatives, the advantages could be even greater.
Defence organisations across the world have spent millions trying to develop wearable solar technology for soldiers in the field.
From its Joint Strike Fighter origins, the F-35 programme has been plagued by technical hitches, delays and cancelled orders.
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Home / Course / soldering course online SOLDERING COURSE ONLINE 07/08/2021 Soldering Training; Soldering Soldering is a joining method provided for a large variety of components, including fragile electronic components. Solder is a steel alloy designed to melt at very low temperatures, and also assorted techniques of soldering can be offered to join parts together. ... Lead-Free Soldering 230. This class covers the specific qualities ...You watching: Soldering course onlineThe Lead Free Soldering course is designed to teach the standard skills and also understanding of lead totally free soldering and its influence on the soldering procedures. Anyone connected in the assembly of electronics with Wires & Terminals, Through-Hole and also Surconfront Mount, and also Rejob-related & Repair of components in a lead free setting have to attend this class.The basics of lead cost-free hand soldering (Lead Free 101) gives beginning soldering students or those brand-new to the electronic devices sector with understanding and also hands on skills, keeping the nuances of lead-complimentary soldering in mind. The student will certainly be exposed to 25% classroom lecture and 75% hands on skills advance sessions.Using both lead and lead-cost-free alloys, Hand also Soldering Operator Certification introduces the basics of soldering in Wires & Terminals, Through-Hole and also Surface Mount Technologies and also Rework. Students will certainly learn about electrostatic discharge, market terminology, tools familiarization and the accept/refuse criteria for all 3 modern technologies.In collaboration with Injured Gadgets™ and various other Vendors, Loren Nunley, a fellow repair shop owner who’s been self-teaching in circuitry level repair for over three decades, is now giving a 5 day, circuit board level soldering & BGA re-work-related course in … · CareerSource Tampa Bay is now providing a totally free training course for those who qualify to train in soldering and also cabling, welding, machine maintenance and also more.IPC's J-STD-001 is well-known global as the sole industry-agreement conventional spanning soldering materials and procedures. This revision contains support for both conventional solder alloys and for lead-free manufacturing.Page 7 of the soldering and also PCB repair course notes: The beforehand peras of the soldering course looks at the general ethics of how a great solder joint need to be made: Page 10 of the soldering and PCB repair course notes: The middle part of the course looks at how contemporary multi-pinned and leadmuch less surchallenge mount tools need to be solderedThis 3-day course is designed to emphasis mostly on lead-totally free soldering techniques as applied to TH technology, SMT and also inspection. The student will obtain a basic expertise of lead-free alloys and their benefits and also disadvantages plus a more comprehensive expertise of soldering in accordance through IPC-J traditional, ICOMPUTER 7711/7721 and also IPC-610.See more: Clinical Embryology Course Online, Embryology/Dev Bio Online CoursesEPTAC uses industry-leading solder training and IPC certification classes to specialists and also businesses, through a vast variety of classroom, e-training and customized alternatives. Find Out how you deserve to gain the training you need to boost top quality standards, boost productivity, and maximize revenues.The PCB rejob-related and also hand soldering courses courses cover techniques of rejob-related and also repair of PCBs, BGAs and various other electronics assemblies, and teach fundamentals of soldering of electronics assemblies. ... Blackfox Training Institute, LLC: Lead-Free Soldering Online Training: on demand also online: Automated Learning:Aside from soldering components together free-form favor we did with the wire, the various other form of soldering you will certainly do in this course is to affix components to a circuit board. There are 2 forms of printed circuit board or PCBs you will encounter when prototyping.FAQsAre digital classes easy?Online classes are no much easier than classes readily available in the traditional classroom setting and also in some cases can be also be more tough. Tbelow are numerous reasons for this. Online courses require more self-incentive. It have the right to be hard for some students to stay motivated when they"d quite be doing somepoint else.Are digital classes better?Students participating in online classes perform the very same or much better than those in the traditional classroom setup. ... And other research studies display that students taking courses digital score better on standardized tests.Is virtual college a great idea?Yes, digital schooling is the ideal principle for every learner. Online students might get involved in live interactions and real-time feedback for such points as quizzes and also tests. Instructor and student exalters happen in the virtual world with such techniques as chat, e-mail or various other web-based interaction.Are digital courses worth it?Yes. Online courses are can equip you through the important expertise and also abilities that is sought by the employers.About cost-free soldering coursecost-free soldering course gives a substantial and thorough pathmethod for students to view progression after the finish of each module. With a team of incredibly dedicated and also top quality lecturers, free soldering course will not only be a area to share knowledge however also to aid students obtain influenced to explore and also discover many kind of imaginative principles from themselves.Clear and also comprehensive training techniques for each leskid will ensure that students deserve to get and also use understanding right into exercise easily. The teaching tools of complimentary soldering course are guaranteed to be the most complete and intuitive.
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THURSDAY, May 10, 2018 (HealthDay News) -- Exercise can help prevent many chronic illnesses as well as make it easier to manage health conditions, from diabetes to joint pain.
In terms of prevention, aim for the recommended 150 minutes of exercise, like brisk walking or cycling, each week. Along with eating a healthy diet, this can cut your risk of diabetes by more than a third, plus increase your level of good cholesterol. Exercise also lowers body weight, blood pressure and triglycerides, thus reducing key risk factors for heart disease.
If you're already managing a chronic illness, exercise may improve symptoms and reduce the amount of medication you need to take. It builds muscle, which helps you move more easily, and reduces stress, which can aggravate many health conditions. Back pain and arthritis improve with the right stretching and exercise plan. If you have diabetes, exercise can improve blood sugar control.
Exercise's health effects on:
- Heart disease: Regular aerobic exercise and interval training in particular are heart-healthy, boosting cardiovascular fitness.
- Back pain: Core exercises strengthen the muscles around your spine, creating better support for your spine.
- Arthritis: Exercise enhances the muscles that support your joints, making movement easier; it also eases stiffness.
- Diabetes: Exercise helps you use insulin more effectively and lower your blood sugar level.
- Asthma: Exercise can help control attacks.
If you're managing an illness and haven't been active, talk to your doctor about what exercises are safe, any precautions to take, what kind of discomfort is normal, and what are signs to stop, like feeling dizzy, short of breath or chest pain.
Working with your doctor is especially important when you have diabetes. Because exercise can affect blood sugar, you'll need to take precautions to prevent blood sugar from becoming too low during workouts.
In terms of intensity, start off slow -- that means you should be able to talk, but not sing, when working out.
Copyright © 2018 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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Historians still debate Sam Houston's strategy in taking the Texan army on a retreat eastward towards Louisiana rather than engaging immediately with Santa Anna's troops after the Battle of the Alamo. Some observers would never forgive what they considered cowardice, but Houston was determined not to fight the enemy unless he thought he could win.
On April 19, 1836, Sam Houston made notes of his plans to meet Santa Anna on the battlefield. This document is one of several copies Houston made and sent to various friends for safekeeping in case he did not survive the battle.
Two days later, on April 21, 1836, Houston turned his army south and took on the hated forces of Santa Anna. The result was a total rout of the Mexican army.
Sam Houston's Notes Before San Jacinto, April 19, 1836
Camp at Harrisburgh
This morning we are in preparation to
My Adjt Genl Wharton, Inspr Genl Hock-
We will use our best efforts to fight
My country will do justice to those
Col. Rusk is in the field.
Sam Houston notes, April 19, 1836. Andrew Jackson Houston Papers #390, Archives and Information Services Division, Texas State Library and Archives Commission.
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The medical term for a blood clot is thrombus. Blood clotting is a normal process that the body uses to repair injured blood vessels. The damage may be obvious like a cut, or it can be microscopic and completely unnoticeable. However, there are times when a blood clot will form when it is not needed and this can have potentially significant consequences.
Venous thrombosis is when a blood clot occurs in a vein when a person is immobilized and muscles are not contracting to push blood back to the heart. Think of a slow moving river where over time plants and algae begin to grow on the banks. Gradually the small blood clots begin to form along the walls of the vein and eventually they can completely or partially block the vein. Blood clots can also form in an artery (called arterial thrombi) or in the heart.
Venous clots occur most commonly when the body stops moving because of hospitalization or sitting for a long period of time. In these instances the blood can become stagnant in veins and start to clot. Clotting may also occur because of genetics, making a person hypercoagulable and at greater risk for forming clots. High blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and smoking are all risk factors for arterial clots.
Blood clots may cause life-threatening medical conditions including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombus and atrial fibrillation. With a full patient history and examination, a doctor will be able to explore risk factors and diagnose blood clots. Treatment may require surgery and anti-coagulation medications. Prevention of blood clots involves attention to the risk factors for vascular disease.
If you think you may be at risk for blood clots, talk to your doctor and discuss symptoms and and prevention methods.
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SILVER SPRING, Md, June 15, 2012 – The picture of a child on a parent’s lap with a picture book open in front of them is common, but when it comes to infants, is it more entertaining for the parent than the child? The answer is no. Study after study shows that reading to children, even very young children, plays an important role in language development, including vocabulary development and sentence structure.
According to the National Institutes of Health, the most intense period of language development is between birth and 3 years. In fact, due to the rapid development of the brain, babies begin to understand the basic sounds of their native language by 6 months old. In the September 2007 issue of NIH News in Health, NIH explained the difference between speech and language. They define speech as “the verbal expression of language,” and that language is “the entire system by which we express and receive information in a way that’s meaningful.”
The AAP says that infants learn through their experiences and interactions. They go on to say that one of the best ways for an infant to learn how to talk is by being read to, and recommend you make a habit of reading to your baby every day. The National Scientific Council for the Developing Child agrees, stating in one of its briefs that reading to very young children even before they have begun to identify letters can form an important foundation for vocabulary and language development later in life.
Reading to babies increases their language input, thus exposing them to more words and repetitions of words than they would normally get in everyday activities. It also has an effect on the long term educational success of children. In the May 20, 2010 issue of Science Daily, Mariah Evans discusses her 20-year study that revealed that regardless of socio-economic status, literacy and the number of books in the home had a direct effect on the amount of education the child will attain.
Setting the pattern of reading daily early helps ensure that as your child ages they will continue to have an interest in books, which is important as they enter school.
There are a few things to keep in mind when reading to your baby. First, infants have notoriously short attention spans, so starting with longer classic story books will only frustrate you as your little one starts getting bored after a few pages. Infants also like to grab everything and anything. So, try board books that have thicker “pages” that can’t be easily damaged by little hands, but can be easily turned by them.
Have a handful of books for variety, but don’t worry about needing an entire library in your home. Repetition is important to how babies learn, so reading the same book over and over is a good thing. Not to mention, as your child ages he will develop favorites that he will request to hear over and over.
Since babies learn from experience, certain types of baby books can help foster learning through other senses. These books aren’t necessarily about the story. Touch and feel books offer your baby an opportunity to experience new textures, often with context of animals. Other books designed for infants highlight colors or numbers, letters or shapes.
For very young children, don’t strictly stick to the text in the book. Have conversations about what is in each picture. What sounds to the animals make? What color are the balloons? What are the characters doing? All of these discussions give your baby more words to hear and as he gets older, context in which to learn the meaning of those words.
Try to find books that appeal to your baby’s interests. If your little girl loves cats, find a book picture book with a cat as the main character. If your little boy loves trucks, ask your bookseller for a book about things that go.
Babies love bright colors and the faces of other babies. Look for books that feature these characteristics to more fully engage your child’s attention at very young ages.
Finally, try to read to your child daily. Some parents find a small block of reading right before bed is a great way to stay consistent and help calm your baby in preparation for sleep. At the very least, spending time with your baby in your lap and a book in your hands help provide a bonding experience that you wouldn’t get from a Baby Einstein Video.
Follow Brighid on Twitter at @BrighidMoret and receive updates when new columns post on Facebook. Read more about first time parenting issues in Parenting the First Time Through at The Communities at The Washington Times. Check out Brighid’s children’s book reviews at Big Reads For Little Hands.
This article is the copyrighted property of the writer and Communities @ WashingtonTimes.com. Written permission must be obtained before reprint in online or print media. REPRINTING TWTC CONTENT WITHOUT PERMISSION AND/OR PAYMENT IS THEFT AND PUNISHABLE BY LAW.
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There are three primary forms of leaf scorch – and here’s what they are and how to deal with them:
This type of scorch happens when the sun burns the leaves on your trees due to things happening in the environment around them such as dry weather, lack of rain and very high temperatures. It’s not usually caused by any kind of structural deficiency like blockage – it’s just that there’s not enough water to distribute through the trunk of the tree and into the branches and leaves. Simply water your tree deeply and provided your tree is healthy, you should be fine. In addition, mulch can be a great friend as it helps to trap moisture.
Bacterial leaf scorch
Bacterial leaf scorch can look like environmental leaf scorch, but there are a few differences worth noting. Bacterial scorch is an actual disease that comes back year after year, browning your trees’ leaves more and more each year. It’s also weather triggered, so in July and August, it tends to rear its ugly head.
It needs to be treated quickly because unless you address it – it will keep coming back year after year – and get worse. Water and mulch can help a lot – but you’ll likely need to incorporate some other forms of assistance like fertilizers. And when you get to fertilizers, it’s best to call a pro.
Nutrient scorch is caused largely by a vitamin and nutrient deficiency in the soil. The two most common culprits are a lack of iron or manganese. To diagnose it, look for browning in between the veins of the leaves themselves and at the tips of the branches themselves.
Solving this issue requires testing your soil to figure out what nutrients your soil lacks so that you can provide the right ones with fertilizers and others growth enhancers. Again – this is probably professional territory, so call your local arborist to get help. It’s an entirely solvable problem, it just needs someone who knows what they’re looking at.
To be proactive, do some research on your trees’ ideal growing conditions and try to supplement as best as you can. And if you have questions, you can always call us!
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We recently compiled a list of the top 10 most remarkable engineers of all time. The article was an instant hit, gathering several opposing and supporting comments from engineers. Some engineers disliked our tally, while others dismissed it entirely, one going as far as indicating that our list included engineers of “modest contributions.” You be the judge.
We humbly realize that each engineer has their own list remarkable engineers. We have therefore decided to showcase different engineers on a regular basis in an attempt to highlight the contributions of those who preceded us.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Isambard Kingdom Brunel was a British engineer most remembered for his construction of a network of tunnels, bridges and viaducts for the Great Western Railway, which was at the time was the longest and the largest railroad.
Isambard is also the only engineer to have mastered all areas of engineering having achieved many ‘firsts’ in major engineering categories that existed in the era of steam and iron. Long before the Chanel Tunnel, Brunel was the first to build a tunnel under a navigable river.
Brunel’s greatest achievement was his last ship which was able to travel under power more than 10 times as far as anything had ever traveled before – a feat some have argued is the 19th century equivalent of going to the moon.
While Brunel is perhaps best remembered for his construction of a network of tunnels, bridges and viaducts, a more remarkable feat is his contribution to the construction of the ‘Great Western’, the first steamship to engage in transatlantic service.
BOOK – Brunel: The Man Who Built the World
An appropriately titled book about Brunel provides ample evidence to support the claim that he was indeed “the man who built the world.” This book is illustrated with a wealth of blueprints, drawings, and rare photographs, this new biography tracks the life and achievements of Brunel. Click to buy Brunel: The Man Who Built the World (Phoenix Press)
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Writing is an important part of communication. Though we live in a digital world, writing skills still play a predominant role. Text messages, social media posts, emails, blog entries, etc., are all ways of communicating. Writing, whether by hand or with a keypad, still plays an important role in the social, professional and academic contexts of our lives. One of the most challenging tasks in the classroom has been the teaching of writing skills. Teaching writing is challenging because when students produce a piece of writing, they have to deal with many different elements such as content, syntax, grammar, mechanics, word choice and organization. The theoretical perspectives as applied to the teaching of writing, the challenges faced in the teaching and learning of writing skills and the options available to teachers are the focus in this issue of FORTELL. To engage the interests of readers and contributors alike, we have also addressed other concerns of English language and literature through articles, book reviews and an interview with Professor Christel R. Devadawson.
Nivedita V. Bedadur lays emphasis on using authentic material to teach writing in her article. She argues that in the product approach, the writer is not involved and hence the write-up lacks a distinctive voice. On the other hand, in the process method called CODER, writing is more important than spellings, layouts and standards of correctness. Like Bedadur, Divya Chawla also gives importance to the use of authentic material. She discusses that wrappers, menu cards, metro time tables and flyers can be used to create a print rich environment in the classroom; not only will this aid learning, but it will also provide the learners with a connect with life rather than reproducing in writing things learnt by rote.
In S. C. Sood’s article, process and genre-based approaches to teaching writing have been discussed and the experiences of L2 students in writing various genres have been examined. Divya John looks at the advantages of free writing in increasing the speed as well as the thought process in writing based on her experiences with a group of students in an engineering course. Yasmeen Lukmani reveals the inadequacies in student writing that constrain the statement of meaning. She also looks into the different factors that subject teachers and English teachers consider as important when marking student scripts.
Prachi Kalra picks up on a problem frequently encountered by teachers, that of children being reluctant writers. She emphasizes that talking, reading and writing go hand in hand, and stresses on the need to move beyond the focus on rigid format, and instead feels the students should be encouraged to look for a form which fits their functional purpose. Like Kalra, Kirti Kapur gives importance to process writing, to encourage thinking and learning. She opines that right from content selection to the production of the final draft, critical thinking and writing go hand-in-hand.
Lina Mukhopadhyay takes the idea of teaching writing further by discussing the usefulness of feedback to appreciate what the learner has achieved. She provides various suggestions to enable learning through pedagogic feedback, both direct and indirect, and makes a case for keeping a record of student growth across sub-skills. In their paper, Bhaskar and Paliwal approach the problem of resistance of the students towards writing, and suggest that unconscious translation from L1 to L2 must not be rejected. The writers propose that an understanding of the processes and procedures of translation be used for language acquisition and supporting the writing skills of L2 learners.
Rajni Singh and Sanjiv Kumar Choudhary move away from the issue of writing to examine the impact of parental involvement on students’ achievement in learning English as a second language. And Devupalli Vishwa Prasad picks yet another aspect of concern, and elaborates on a few factors that materials writers need to bear in mind while designing textbooks.
Apart from different aspects of language, we have also included papers that delve into varied areas of literature in this issue. Neha Gaur poses a question about the politics at play when building a national identity by using the body of woman as a commodity, and of viewing the nation as woman and woman as nation. She critiques the idea of nationalism as presented in Tagore’s The Home and the World, and the gendered accounts of violence and displacement in the works of Amrita Pritam and Bapsi Sidhwa. In “The Development of Theoretical Principles of Dalit Literature”, Vikas Singh and Vikas Jain trace the spread of Dalit consciousness, the significance of the word “Dalit”, and the tradition of Dalit thinkers that Dalit literature draws from.
The interview with Professor Christel R. Devadawson, Head, Department of English, University of Delhi, picks on the various threads discussed in the articles, and moves beyond to larger concerns about changing boundaries of literature and genres. The Nobel Prize for literature being accorded to Bob Dylan forces us to think afresh about literature beyond its textual sense, and the fact that arts carry a sense of engagement socially and culturally. According to her, we are moving through a fluid, open-ended and complicated cultural space that the discipline needs to negotiate with. Professor Devadawson insists that even as there are shifts and changes at various levels in universities such as syllabi revisions, the important keystone is still the student in the classroom. With the increasing popularity of genres such as blogs, photo essays, graphic novels, cartoons and graffiti among the younger people, and the language shifts influenced by social media, changes are bound to storm into the classroom. She suggests that we need to discuss this, learn to mediate it, and moreover to widen our notion about what constitutes literature and intellectual enjoyment.
We hope that the wide range of articles, the book reviews and the insightful views of Professor Devadawson in the interview leads to invigorating discussions among our readers, in classrooms, staffrooms and through research papers. We look forward to your comments and feedback, and to have a continuing dialogue with you. Do write in if you wish us to focus on areas and themes that we have overlooked so far.
Dear readers, last but not the least, you would have noticed the new look of the FORTELL journal that we have launched from this year. This is just another step in reinventing ourselves to keep abreast with times, among other things it will allow us to include more articles of longer length. We hope for timely renewal of subscriptions and for you to spread the word about FORTELL among your colleagues. As always, you can read the current issue and access the archives for back issues at fortell.org.
Happy New Year 2017 and Happy Reading!
Rachna Sethi and Ravinarayan Chakrakodi
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The experience of breastfeeding is special for so many reasons: the joyful closeness and bonding with your baby, the cost savings, and the health benefits for both mother and baby. Every woman’s journey to
motherhood is different, but one of the first decisions a new mom makes is how to feed her child. Here, you’ll find facts about breastfeeding and get practical tips on how to make breastfeeding work for you while
getting the support you need.
Q: Why should I breastfeed?
A: Breastfeeding is normal and healthy for infants and moms. Breastmilk has hormones and disease-fighting cells called antibodies that help protect infants from germs and illness. This protection is unique and changes to meet your baby’s needs. Some reasons to breastfeed are:
• Breastfeeding offers essential nutrients and a nutritionally
• Breastmilk is easy to digest.
• Breastmilk fights disease
Q: How long should I breastfeed?
A: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding for at least 12 months, and for as long as both the mother and baby would like. Most infants should drink only breastmilk for the first six months.
Q: Does my baby need cereal or water?
A: Until your baby is 6 months old, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends feeding your baby breastmilk only. Giving your baby cereal may cause your baby to not want as much breastmilk. This will decrease your milk supply. You can slowly introduce other foods starting around 6 months of age.
Q: Does my baby need more vitamin D?
A: Most likely, yes. Vitamin D is needed to build strong bones. All infants and children should get at least 400 International Units (IU) of vitamin D each day. To meet this need, your child’s doctor may recommend that you give your baby a vitamin D supplement of 400 IU each day.
Q: Is it okay for my baby to use a pacifier?
A: If you want to try it, it is best to wait until your baby is at least 3 or 4 weeks old to introduce a pacifier. This allows your baby time to learn how to latch well on the breast and get enough milk. Once your baby is breastfeeding well, you should use the pacifier when putting your infant to bed to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Q: Is it safe to smoke, drink, or use drugs?
A: If you smoke, the best thing you can do for yourself and your baby is to quit as soon as possible. If you can’t quit, it is still better to breastfeed because it may protect your baby from respiratory problems and SIDS. Be sure to smoke away from your baby, and change your clothes to keep your baby away from the chemicals smoking leaves behind. Ask a doctor or nurse for help quitting smoking!
You should avoid alcohol in large amounts. An occasional drink is fine, but the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends waiting two hours or more before nursing. You also can pump milk before you drink to feed your baby later. It is not safe for you to use an illegal drug. Drugs such
as cocaine, heroin, and PCP can harm your baby. Some reported side effects in babies include seizures, vomiting, poor feeding, and tremors.
Q: Can I take medicines if I am breastfeeding?
A: Most likely. Almost all medicines pass into your milk in small amounts. Some have no effect on the baby and can be used while breastfeeding. Always talk to your doctor or pharmacist about medicines you are using and ask before you start using new medicines. This includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, and dietary or herbal supplements. For some women, stopping a medicine can be more dangerous than the effects it will have on the breastfed baby.
Q: Do I still need birth control
if I am breastfeeding?
A: Yes. Breastfeeding is not a sure way to prevent pregnancy, even though it can delay the return of normal ovulation and menstrual cycles. Talk to your doctor or nurse about birth control choices that are okay to use while breastfeeding.
Q: Does my breastfed baby need vaccines?
A: Yes. Vaccines are very important to your baby’s health. Breastfeeding may also help your baby respond better to certain immunizations, giving him or her more protection. Follow the schedule your doctor gives you. If you miss any vaccines, check with the doctor about getting your baby back on track as soon as possible.
To view the original fact sheet document in it's entirety, click this link: Office of Women's Health Breastfeeding Fact Sheet.
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A Profile in Christian Courage
John F. Kennedy was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his book, Profiles in Courage, in 1956. He selected eight United States Senators to exemplify the virtue of courage, which, according to Ernest Hemingway, is “grace under pressure.”
The New Testament contains several examples of courageous Christians who were pressure-treated by their experiences, and they brilliantly endured what they faced with grace — God’s grace.
Other than our Lord’s, we know more about Paul’s Christian courage than any of his contemporaries. Several events in his life illustrate Paul’s bravery, but one of the most instructive is the message of his final recorded letter to Timothy.
“The time of my departure is come…” he writes in 2 Timothy (4:6). Paul knew the end was near.Although the apostle’s execution was imminent, his words to Timothy were composed with undaunted resolve to keep the faith, encouraging Timothy to do the same.
Timothy was encouraged, instructed, warned, and summoned by his mentor and friend. But Paul’s farewell admonition did not gloss over the Christian servant’s future.
The Life of Hardship
Paul warned Timothy that his faith and ministry would be challenged by antagonism. Paul’s personal condition was an indication of what may happen to others. The persecuted apostle used the word “suffer” six times, noting that he was in bonds and treated as a criminal (2 Tim. 1:8, 12; 2:3, 9; 3:12; 4:5).He reminded Timothy of the experience in Asia (2 Tim. 1:15), and he warned him about Alexander the coppersmith (2 Tim. 4:14).
Paul’s message was this: Faithful service to Christ will bring antagonism — even persecution. But be strong, and keep the faith (2 Tim. 2:1; cf. 4:7).
Paul’s encouragement was not blind idealism. It was a tested way of thinking and living, coming from one who knew that genuine understanding and appreciation for God’s grace is all that is needed to face antagonists and hostilities (cf. 2 Cor. 12:9; 2 Tim. 4:22).
The beloved apostle also warned Timothy that he would meet obstacles. As a Christian cuts a straight course with the word of truth (2 Tim. 2:15), he will engage those who have strayed from the truth and who have destroyed the faith of others.
Paul speaks from experience; Hymenaeus and Philetus had been a gangrene in the body of Christ. The realistic message for Timothy was this: there will be obstacles, like false teachers, but keep the faith, and preach the truth (2 Tim. 2:14, 25).
Jesus Christ, Our Solid Rock
Again, Timothy was encouraged by Paul. Distractions would come, since the world is focused on self and not God (cf. 2 Tim. 3:4). Some individuals will distract God’s people. From such reprobates, all manner of persecution and spiritual destruction can come.
Paul knew, from his own life, that the stabilizing factor in a world of distractions is the Lord. So the message to Timothy was this: You have been listening to the Lord all your life—continue to heed the saving message of his Word. Through his Word, he will make you “competent, equipped for every good work” (2 Tim. 3:17, ESV).
The Discouragement of Rejection
Paul knew that faithful Christians would also face discouragements. There will be many who do not want to hear the faithful Word. There will be others who want to do you harm. Some, with whom you have worked, will abandon the faith. You may stand alone at times.
Timothy was informed that there would be discouragement, but the message was this: I, Paul, your friend and father in the faith, know about the kind of discouragements you may face. But no matter what, keep and preach the faith (2 Tim. 4:8).
Paul, an Encourager to the End
In Paul’s farewell address to Timothy, he encourages us as well — both by example and instruction. We need encouragement, for we may face antagonism, obstacles, distractions, and discouragement.We can meet antagonism with grace, obstacles with truth, distractions with focus, and discouragement with conviction.
The Lord will deliver us into his eternal kingdom; he will give the crown of righteousness to all who have loved his appearing. The message is this: Keep, live, and preach the faith.
For the courageous Christian, there will be no eternal regrets. He may never be listed as one of the world’s bravest, but his name is written in the book of life.
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Human Trafficking Awareness
January 11, 2018
In support of Human Trafficking Awareness Month and Human Trafficking Awareness Day on January 11, the Florida Department of Health is highlighting the important role that health care providers play in identifying and helping victims of human trafficking, many of whom are minors. It is estimated that more than 20 million men, women and children around the world are victims of human trafficking. Statistics rank Florida as the third highest trafficking destination in the country, with half of all trafficking victims under the age of 18.
Human trafficking is a form of modern day slavery from which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. Criminalized under both federal and state law, it is defined as the transporting, soliciting, recruiting, harboring, providing, or obtaining of another person for transport; for the purposes of forced labor, domestic servitude or sexual exploitation using force, fraud and/or coercion. Victims of trafficking may experience a host of health-related problems and are at high risk of injury, illness and even death from the circumstances of their forced treatment and bondage.
With offices in all 67 counties, victims of human trafficking may likely come into contact with the systems and services DOH provides. Since most victims of human trafficking may have contact with a health care professional during the time they are trafficked, it is crucial that employees in a health care setting have the appropriate training to help identify and assist potential victims.
Basic Human Trafficking Awareness training, produced by the Department of Homeland Security's Blue Campaign, has been made available to all DOH employees. Participants learned how trafficking victims may encounter health care services, how to identify potential victims in a clinical setting and how to identify promising practices for assisting a patient who may be a potential trafficking victim.
Visit the department’s human trafficking page for more information and resources specifically designed to train and assist health care professionals. The additional links offer tips for identifying potential victims of human trafficking, suggested screening questions and a framework for a human trafficking protocol in a health care setting. The resources were prepared by the National Human Trafficking Hotline and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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Despite our sometimes heated national debate about our energy future, Australia is well positioned to benefit from innovative low emission technologies. No matter which avenue we take to cleaner energy, our energy-rich resources means there are opportunities for Australian businesses – and cheaper energy for Australian consumers.
|Australia is awash with options for low-emissions energy.|
That’s the conclusion reached by CSIRO in our Low Emissions Technology Roadmap, which outlines potential pathways for the energy sector to contribute to Australia’s emissions reduction target.
Our target under the Paris climate agreement calls for a 26-28% reduction of emissions by 2030 from 2005 levels. Our analysis also considers how the energy sector could meet the more ambitious aspiration of avoiding 1.5-2℃ global warming.
Read the piece on The Conversation by the Chief economist with CSIRO energy, Paul Graham - “Australia can’t lose in the global race for cheaper, cleaner energy.”
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A Snapshot of Prison Gangs and Youth Gangs in Canada: Well-known Gangs, Membership, Offences, Risk, and Reconviction
Like their American counterparts, prison gangs in Canada are numerous
and diverse, and at many times dispositionally related to the region
in which they operate. In the Prairie provinces, one of the largest
focus areas of Aboriginal criminal justice research today, Native
Canadian gangs (largely youth-composed) are rapidly increasing both
within prison and without. An estimated 250 Aboriginal incarcerated
youths are involved in prison gangs and up to 1,000 in Aboriginal
youth street gangs (Correctional Service Canada 2005). 5% of Canada's
14,000 federal inmates is part of a prison gang, with Aboriginal
inmates contributing a sizable portion. Furthermore, 80% of all
young male offenders aged 25 and younger are affiliated with a gang
(Correctional Service Canada 2002). According to the Calgary
Herald, 450 Aboriginal gang members serve time in prisons throughout
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, with 113 of those on conditional
release, and 58 of those at a single institution, Drumheller.
One may argue that the rise of prison gangs in Canadian correctional
facilities has simply been the direct recoil of recent anti-gang
initiatives by law enforcement. As Correctional Services Canada
admit, the "increase in the admission of members and associates
of gangs and criminal organizations... can be attributed to the
government's introduction of legislation to combat organized crime
and to the success of the integrated approach of law adopted by
law enforcement." (http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/releases/04-06-25_e.shtml)
American influence on Canadian street and prison gangs results
in some gangs adopting American styles of dress, identification,
and organization. Death
Do Us Part, a Prairie prison gang that began in Edmonton Young
Offender Centre (E.Y.O.C) in 1994, changed their color from purple
to blue a year after their inception, to mark their supposed affiliation
with the Crips in Arizona and California. After changing their name
to the DDP Crips, they thereafter became known only as the Crips
in Alberta, a reputation that lasted until 1998.
Some of the reasons for many forms of Western Canadian gang deviance
surrounds the current state of many of Canada's Native Canadians.
Many of those who are young, poor, unemployed, discriminated against,
out of school, and suffering from addiction statistically become
natural candidates for membership in solidarity-focused, "cultural
advocacy" groups. The actual activities of many Aboriginal
youth gangs, however, like their American equivalents protesting
similar cultural- and age-oppressive environments, involve very
little of these supposed cultural goals. Instead, vandalism, auto
thefts, robberies and muggings remain the crimes of choice for many
youth gangs, who either prefer (or must accept) both less prestigious
and less inconspicuous operations than their organized-crime counterparts,
the Manitoba Warriors and the Hells
Angels, who prefer gun-smuggling, drug-trafficking, drug-dealing,
The gangs listed below are by no means an exhaustive list of the
possible organizations operating in prison and on the streets in
the Vancouver, the Prairies, the Greater Toronto Area, Ottawa, and
Montreal, but they are by far the majority, with the largest being
Warriors, the Native
Syndicate, the Indian
Posse, Redd Alert, the Hells Angels, the Crips,
the Bandidos, Shower Posse, White Aryan Resistance, (aka Aggravated Resistance),
and the Bloods.
In all cases, these gangs produce institutional instability, an
increase in transfers, and a spread of membership.
Specific Gangs Across Canada
- Aggravated Resistance / Aryan Resistance / White Aryan
Resistance - transnational gang, reported either in prison
or on the street across Alberta, and in Toronto and Montreal.
Restrictions were imposed on inmates of the Edmonton Remand
Centre in 2003 after a growing feud between Redd Alert and
- Crazy Dragons
- Crazy Dragon
Do Us Part
- East Side Crips (in Winnipeg, but known as the Dog City
Crips in Colorado Springs. According to user-sources, East
Side Crips are known as more of a street gang than a prison
gang in Winnipeg)
- Guerillas Of Death
- Hell's Angels
- Mixed Blood
- RTN - Repping The Northside, reported inside the Manitoba Youth Center, numbering between 20 and 50 members, according to users (see street gang list for more details)
- Saskatchewan Warriors
- Untamed Til Death UTD
- Zig Zag Crew
on the street:
- 3-2 Bloodset (based out of 32st in Edmonton Alberta in
the Abbottsfield area)
- 4 Duece Killers (Blood set out of Edmonton)
- Aggravated Resistance / Aryan Resistance / White Aryan
- African Mafia (Winnipeg)
- Alberta Warriors
- Boyz N Tha Hood (large street gang known in
Calgary, Alberta, in the early 1990's.)
- Brawlers (Brandon, Manitoba)
- B-Side (Winnipeg)
- Brothers and Bitches
- Cash Money Brothers
- Charleswood Priand
- Clareview Crips (Edmonton)
- Crazy Cree
- Crazy Dragons (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Crazy Dragon Killers (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Dakota Warriors Society - Brandon, Manitoba.
- Death Do Us Part
- Dirty Money Crew (DMC) - identified by Dirty Money tattoo
on the stomach, with a smoking gun and money. Main source
of income trafficking. Main colour is grey, with secondary
colours being white and black. Reported in small numbers
but frequently inside Winnipeg Remand Centre.
- Dirty South (Edmonton)
- DK'Z - according to user sources, there are over 300 in
Edmonton's Millwoods area
- Dynamic Crew - Winnipeg-based Blood set.
- Dream City, DC (Calgary, Lethbridge and Medicine Hat,
Alberta) - according to user sources, Dream City "are
known for drug trafficking of cociane in the area. They
are of different ethnic backgrounds. It is unknown the size
of the gang presently but they do seem to be growing in
- Eastside Crips (Winnipeg)
- East End Bandits
- EvR (Regina) - according to users, they wear burgundy/red,
are based in the Eastview area, are rivals with U.K., have
"evr" tatoos, and the motto "All of us or none of us." Relatively
small, about 20-30 members.
- Junior Mixed Blood (Saskatchewan)
- Fresh Off the Boat F.O.B (Calgary)
- Fresh Off the Boat Killers F.O.B.K (Calgary)
- Hell's Angels
- Insane Deathrow Gangsta Crips
- Indian Mafia Crips (Saskatchewan)
- Indian Soulja's (Saskatchewan)
- Jamaican Posse
- Kapital Ground Brotherhood
- Kids (Brooks, Alberta)
- Kingpin Bloods (Based out of Edmonton)
- Kingsway Bloods (Edmonton)
- Krazies (Winnipeg)
- Krazy Cambodian Killers (K.C.K) (Edmonton, Alberta)
- La Raza (Calgary)
- Lawndale 13
- LB Bloods
- Locolz (North End, Winnipeg, Manitoba)
- Los Montoneros (Manitoba)
- Loyalty Honour Silence (LHS) (Manitoba)
- Mad Cowz, a Winnipeg-based gang made up of mostly young
African immigrants, and which recently split into two factions,
one of which calls itself the African Mafia.
- Mafia Crips (MC's), Edmonton, Alberta
- Main Street Rattlers
- Manitoba Bloods
Salvatrucha 13 (MS-13) (Calgary)
- Markham Royalz
- Mixed Blood
- Native Crips (Hobema, Alberta)
- Native Kings
- Native Mob Family (Minnesota-based)
- Native Souljas/Mafia (Saskatchewan)
- Native Syndicate Killers (NSK)
- North End Brotherhood (Winnipeg-based)
- North End Jamaicans (Edmonton)
- North Central Rough Riderz (Saskatchewan)
- North Shore Bloods (Kamloops,British Columbia)
- North Side Jonsquad (Winnipeg)
- Nine-Os (Winnipeg-based)
- Northside (Edmonton)
- Notorious Bloods (Blood set out of Winnipeg)
- Overlords (Winnipeg-based)
- Oriental Killers
- Partners In Crime (PIC) (Calgary, Alberta) offshoot of
- Pretty Boy Mafia P.B.M (Edmonton)
- RTN - Repping The Northside - Winnipeg set based in North
End. Activities include robbery, membership-protection,
graffiti and trafficking of marijuana and psychedelics.
Members have a belief in a socialist ideaology that includes
only robbing the rich or police (called "Sir'z") and not
selling Hard Drugs in the Ghetto.
- Saskatchewan Warriors
- Sisters In Action (S.I.A.) Winnipeg-based female gang
responsible for the death of a 16-year old boy, in a botched
gang fight in the early 1990's.
- Soul Suvivaz (Winnipeg)
- Southside Boys (Edmonton)
- South Side Skulls
13 (Calgary, Alberta)
- Trang Gang (Edmonton)
- Tribal Warriors (Saskatchewan)
- Untamed Til Death (UTD)
- Versace Crew
- West End Boys (Winnipeg-based)
- West End Jamaicans (Edmonton)
- Westside Compadres
- Westside Crips (based out of Edmonton)
- West Side Jonsquad (Winnipeg)
- West Side Kings (Taber, Alberta)
- West Side Soldiers (Saskatchewan)
- Whiteboy Posse (based out of Edmonton, Alberta)
- White Fence
- Wolf Pack
- Wrecking Crew - A user reports that the Wrecking Crew
reside in and around winnipeg mostly in the East Kildonan
and Elmwood area on motorcycles in the bars. They are violent
and are known to be friends to the Hells Angels. They wear
shirts that say "BOW DOWN" on the back. They travel
in in large numbers and often challenge people to fights.
They are growing in numbers very fast.
- Yellowheads (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Young Bloodz (Winnipeg, North Side)
- Zig Zag Crew
Greater Toronto Area (some street and some prison)
- 187 - Large gang associated with Tamils, Guyanese, Afghans,
- 400 Crew
- 5 (Five) Point Generalz (5PGz) - recently implicated in the
boxing day shooting of Jane Creba, an alleged member who was slain
infront of a church in Rexdale. Police also suspect the March
27 murder of Romaine Lawrence, who was shot to death at a pizzeria
on Weston Rd, was related to a turf war involving the 5PGz.
- 12 Buddhas, a Vietnamese gang that has allegedly provided protection
for Asian offenders serving time, especially in the gang-ridden
Mimico Detention Centre in Toronto.
- 18 Buddahsm, which numbered 20 as of 1998.
- 18th Street - Latino gang reported in Guelph and Toronto
- AK Kannon (Toronto and Montreal)
- Alberta Nomads
- Apocalypse Crew (Scarborough)
- Ardwick Blood Crew - subject to the recent 2005 Toronto police
raids targeting attempted murder and firearms trafficking charges
- Aryan Resistance
- Asian Assassins - and Asian youth gang from Alexandra Park,
according to user-sources.
- B3 (Bad Brown Boys) (Montreal, Malvern, Scarborough, Brampton,
- The Basement (Ajax, Ontario)
- Bay Mills Crips - Glendower Crips' arch-rivals from Scarborough,
according to user-sources.
- Big Circle Boys, allegedly behind a 1998 Toronto counterfeit
credit card operation whose success centred on the gang's clever
practice of concealing the transaction on the bill of the credit-holder.
- Black Soldiers (Kitchener-Waterloo)
- Blake Street Massive
- Bleeker Crew
- Block-13 (Scarborough)
- as of 1998, a Florida Blood member was alleged to have moved
north to Toronto and become a top-ranking member in the Toronto
chapter. Police have called the US influence mere "imitation"since
the early 1990s.
- Ardwick Bloods Crew
- BTB - B-Town Bloods (Based in Brampton)
- Bloods With Attitude (BWA)
- The North Riverdale Region had, as of the late 1990s, a
gang called the Young Blood Generation, which was reported
by Toronto Police to have about 20 known members as of 1998.
- Chalkfarm Bloods
- Homicide Bloods (Roywoods)
- Jungle Posse/City Bloods (Lawrence Hieghts)
- Looney Toons
- Ortan Park Bloods (Scarborough)
- Pelham Park Bloods
- Trife Kids (Finch area)
- True Portuguese Bloods
- Willowridge (Rotten Ridge Bloods) (Etobicoke)
- Born to Kill (BTK) (a.k.a. the BTK Canal Boys or just BTK).
Born To Kill was a Vietnamese organized crime group that existed
during the late 1980's & early 1990's. They were formed in
New York City's Chinatown district.
- BTM (Born To Murder)
- BTS (Brown Terror Squad)
- Brave Heartz (BHz)
- Brockton Massives - a Toronto gang reported involved in extortion
and violence in the early 1990s. The Piru Bloods were also reported
to be active in Toronto as of the late 1990s, with a modest force
- Chalkfarm Bloods
- Chester Le crew
- Christie Boys - youth gang from the Christie Pits area of Toronto
responsible for a shooting in 1992
- As of the late 1990s, Toronto's southwest end sported the
West End Crips, while North York harboured the New Born Crips,
a force that numbered 70 in 1998, according to police. New
Born Crips were reported to operate a base in Rexdale as of
1994, where 40 members existed at the time. As of the early
2000s, some of the gang was believed to be operating in Jamestown,
known as the Jamestown Crew. Jamestown has recently also been
home to the Little Gangsta Crips. Murders that occurred in
Toronto throughout the early 2000s were at least partly attributed
to the growing Bloods-Crips rivalry in that city.
- At least 6 sets of the Crips operate in Jamestown, however,
including Mother Natures Mistakes, which numbered 40 strong
in 1998, Jamestown Crips, Mount Olive Crips, Ghetto Boys,
New Born Crips, and the Junior Crips.
- ACG (All Crips Gang, Scarlett Road area)
- Lakeshore Crips
- TGK (Trethewey Gangsta Killaz)
- Falstaff Crips
- Dem Boyz N da Hoake (Tamil gang) in Markham
- Dovercourt Boys
- Duffrin Park Boys
- East Side Thugs (EST) (Tuxedo Court)
- Esplanade Crew
- Evil Ones - a Hells Angels-affiliated biker gang
- Fieldgate Boys (Mississuaga)
- Fred Hamilton Boys, 50 strong as of 1998
- Front Page Gangsters, known in 1998
- Fuller Park Boys
- Galloway Boys, a Scarborough-based gang that was brought to
the public light following the 2004 Toronto police undercover
operation, Project Pathfinder.
Disciples - a Chicago based gang, but recently reported in
Toronto by Toronto Police in an unknown capacity
- Gators, 50 strong in 1998
- Get Mad Crew
- Ghetto Boys, a small gang known in late 1990s.
- Gilder Boys
- Glendower Crips - scarborough gang, rivals of the Bay Mills
- Satan's Choice
- Para Dice Riders
- Last Chance
- Indian Gator Association
- India Mafia - Toronto gang with mixed Tamail and Punjabi membership.
- Indo-Candian Mafia - gang with ties to Vancouver Indo-Candian
gangs as well as ties to the Toronto-area Tamil Tigers
- Jane Finch Killers, which numbered 100 in 1998
- Jane Finch Tamilz (JFT)
- Jamaican Shower Posse - a gang allegedly drawing its name from
its trademark of "showering" its victims with bullets.
In addition to Toronto, shower posse has been reported across
the US, including Boston, New York, Pennsylvannia, Miami, Houston,
Minnesota, Portland, Orgeon, and Milwaukee. Spurred on by a recent
RICO indictment operation in 1988, Jamaican Shower Posse members
were arrested in: Atlanta; Baltimore; Boston; Chicago; Cleveland;
Dallas; Denver; Detroit; Hartford, Conn.; Houston; Kansas City;
Las Vegas; Los Angeles; Martinsburg, W.Va.; Miami; New Orleans;
New York; Norfolk, Va.; Philadelphia; Raleigh, N.C.; and Washington
metropolitan area. In 1991, the chief of police of Toronto called
for a squad to deal with the Jamaican Posse. Canada's border control
has been criticized for being too relaxed with the Jamaican Posse
out of fear of attacks of racial profiling.
- Jamestown Crew - a primarily Toronto street gang affiliated
with the continental Crips and once associated with a Six Nations
gun smuggler, who supplied the Crew with US weapons. The gang
was recently subject to the May 2004 police raid dubbed Project
XXX, which resulted in the arrests of 100 people belonging to
or connected with the Jamestown Crew in Rexdale.
- JFT Gang - located in Toronto. According to users, a gang founded in the 1980s after a terroristic attack, remains unknown.
- Junior Mafia - Gang in Markham (Mccowan and Steeles) consisting
of about 15 members, involved in drug trafficking and car thefts.
- KnL (Kennedy and Lawrence)
- L.A.'s (Latino Americanos) - a Latino youth gang who was approximately
60 members strong as of 1994, and reported in the Christie Pits
area and Alexandra Park area of Toronto. At that time, however,
Toronto Police did not view the L.A.'s as a sophisticated or organized
force to deal with.
- la Cinco Tras Familia (Five Three) - West end, Lakeshore Blvd
West and Mimico Ave, in Etobicoke
- La Familia 13
- Lankan Outlawz (Mississauga, Brampton, Scarborough)
- Lansdowne Boyz
- Latin Knights
- Latin Crips
Salvatrucha 13 (MS-13)
- Lynch Mob - a small gang that allegedly briefly robbed terrorized
passengers on Toronto subways in the early 1990s.
- Malvern Crew - based out of Scarborough (specifically Neilson
Road south of Finch Avenue) and active in Toronto, allegedly a
multi-talented gang with experience in drive-bys and drug smuggling.
Juice Mob is a sub-group of the Malvern Crew.
- Mara Loca 13
- Markham Boys - According to user-sources, the Malvern Crew's
- McCormack Boys, 40 strong in 1998
- Metro Posse - an old 1989 gang known for terrorizing the subway
- Military Minds (MM)
- Money Comes First (MCF)
- Mornelle Court crew
- Mount Olive Crips
- MNE Crew (Markham & Eglinton)
- Native Syndicate - Toronto
- Native Syndicate Killers
- National Front (Skinhead group known in late 1980s)
Association (Rexdale, York Region) - reportedly began by New
- Northshore Crips
- Nosiderz - East York based gang made up of Tamils from the nearby
East York school
- NWA (Niggaz with Additude)
- One Hit Killers (645) - gang in Portunion, Scarborugh
- One Lankan Nation (OLN)
- O.B.B (Oriental Bad Boys - now Original
bad Boys) (Hamilton)
- Outlaws - a motorcycle gang recently afflicted with the powerful
2002 joint police raid against members that uprooted gang bases
in Kingston, London, Toronto, Ajax, St. Catharines, Windsor, Hamilton
- Parkdale Crew
- Persian Soliders (PS) Etobicoke, Scarborough, Toronto,
Richmond Hill. Large Persian gang, in prison and on the street.
- Point Blank Souljahs (younger generation of Regent Park Crew)
- Project Originals - a Blood-affiliated gang (according to user-sources)
reported engaging in petty theft and drugs in and around the Alexandra
Park, College Street, Euclid Avenue, Dundas Street West , and
Spadina Avenue areas in Toronto. P.O. stands for Project Originals,
who are the older gang members, while Next Generation represent
the younger ones. They have also been reported around the Atkinson
Co-op, a downtown housing project formerly known as Alexandra
Park, west of Spadina, between Dundas and Queen, according to
the Toronto Star and user sources.
- Punjabi Mafia - old Indo-Candian gang from the early and mid
1990s, reportedly involved in drugs, thefts and defrauding insurance
companies by burning vehicles and faking car accidents, according
to the Toronto Star (16 February 1995). The relationship between
the Punjabi Mafia in Canada and the Punjabi Mafia in Pakistan,
which remains a formidable presence in that country, are unknown.
- Red Devils (MC)
- Regent Park Crew
- Rollin 200'z - Crip gang operating in Malvern (Wickson Trail,
Crow Trail, B-way)
- Rude Boys - a Jamaican gang linked to narcoterrorism
- Ruff Ryderz
- Ruff Souljahz "RSZ" (Scarborough) - Based in Warden/Finch area
- Scarborough Bandits - reported in the early 1990s as "nothing
more than a group of gun-toting guttersnipes" (5 April 1993
- Seelapu (Tamil Gang)
- Silver Boys, a male Chinatown gang affiliated with the female
- Silver Springs
- Slingers (Kitchener)
- Spadina Girls - a female youth gang that recruited teenagers
from high school, directed by its 16 year-old leader, and who
saw four of its members charged by Toronto Police in 1998 after
a severe beating and $500 robbery.
- Tamil Tigers - reported in the context of organized criminal
terrorist mobilization operations in Montreal and Toronto, connected
to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
- Tivu Boys (Malvern, Toronto)
- Tivu Family
- Toronto Persian Posse - allegedly responsible for various robberies
and violence in Toronto's transit system in the early 1990s.
- Tre Deuce
- Trethewey Gangster Killers 15
- Trife Kids 60
- True Brown Thug (TBT)
- True Portuguese Bloods (a Blood
set based in Toronto's Little Portugal.)
- Tuxedo Boys or Tuxedo Rude Boys (TRB or 292 Boys) at Turf Tuxedo
Court, Scarborough, and Markham Strip.
- Tux Soulz
- Uddaptaday, possibly a Tamil-linked gang with ties to Sri Lanka.
- Untouchables - a long-ago drug-trafficking gang reported in
Toronto and New York City in the late 1970s.
- Vatos Locos (Latino gang)
- Versace Crew - mainly reported in Toronto and Scarborough, including
Kingston Penitentiary, this gang holds as key members several
second-generation Jamaican immigrants and allegedly makes quick
enemies. Police allege the Ebanks brothers were behind much of
the activities of the gang in Toronto
- VVT - reported in Toronto, Scarborough, Etobicoke, Mississauga,
Montreal, and London, England. VVT is a Tamil-associated group
that allegedly fulfills enforcement duties for the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam, the Sri Lankan terrorist group. Many VVT
members are allegedly made up of trained ex-Tamil Tigers. The
VVT's rivals are AK Kanna (named after the popular AK-47 assault
rifle), having engaged in a bloody turf war in Scarborough during
the summer of 1999. The VVTs were subject to the 2001 police and
immigration raid, Project 1050, that eventually resulted in the
deportation of dozens of Tamil members.
- a Chicago-based gang, but has a Toronto chapter allegedly founded
by Andrew Bacchus, according to the The Miami Herald (22
June 2006 ). Bacchus grew up in the Jane and Finch area of the
city, and now runs a gang-exiting program called "Breaking
the Cycle" (see
- VR Troopers
- Woodblock (Mississauga) - Crip-related gang known among user
sources for drugs, shootings, robberies.
- Young Assassins, a very small gang known in late 1990s
- YBS (Young Brown Soljaz) downtown based gang, mostly made of
Tamils and Bengalis.
- Young LankanZ - Also Known as YL. Associated with Credit Card
Frauds, Drug Trafficking. Rivals
with the Junior Mafia.
- Young Thugs
Greater Vancouver Area
- 14K Triad
- 18th Street
- Big Circle Boys
- Born To Kill
- Brown Side Thugz - Indo Canadian gang in the Surrey, BC area.
According to user sources, significant members have operated in
the drug trade, sex trade, gun smugling, kidnapping, and murder
- Daku Killaz - according to user sources, a violent Indo-Canadian
gang located in East Vancouver, with close ties to the Independent
Soldiers. The gang has allegedly been involved in kidnapping Indo
Canadian business-men, home invasions, murder, and cross border
- Dark Cloud Bloods
do us Part (DDP)
- Dosanjh Brothers - According to users, the Dosanjh Brothers
were the first Indo Canadian gang in
Vancouver. Brothers Ron and Jimmy Dosanjh were killed in separate
hits in 1994 and 1995 in a drug turf war by former associate-turned-rival
Bindy Johal. Bindy Johal then took over the gang in the mid 1990s
until he was murdered in a Vancover night club on in Dec 20, 1998.
The deaths of such members, often revered for the respect they
attracted, continue to influence young Indo Canadian gangsters.
(for more information on Indo-Canadian gangs, see this Vancouver
- Eastside Disciples Crips (connected to 1960s-era Eastside Disciples?)
- The Elite (Richmond, B.C based Indo-Canadian hit squad)
- FBK - South Vancouver Indo-Canadian gang
- Independent Soldiers (Vancouver Indo-Canadian gang)
- Indo-Canadian Mafia
- KBC - major Filipino gang in the 1990s with membership from
60-100 (now defunct)
Ground Brotherhood (KGB)
- Krazy Cambodian Killers KCK
- L.A Boys (Latino gang)
- Los Diablos (as of 1989)
- Mara Loca (Latino gang)
- Mobtown Crew - East Indian organization in East Vancouver
- Night Crawlers
- Persian Pride (now defunct)
- Red Eagles (as of 1989)
- Red Scorpions - users report that the Red Scorpions were originaly
formed in the Young Offenders
facility in 2000 and from there continued to grow. They are muli-cultured,
as race is secondary to loyalty and respect. They have allegedly
been involved in a variety of serious crimes, and a range of international
ties. However, users say they are small in numbers (20), and most are in prison.
- Sunset Boyz - East Indian gang from Southeast Vancouver
- Surrey Jacks - Indo-Canadian gang in the Surrey area, involved
in car theft, home invasions and kidnappings, according to user
- TJ Thandi
- U.N Gang (Abbotsford, B.C based gang. U.N stands for United
Nations because of
the gangs multiracial make-up; Indo-Canadians, Asians, Persians,
- Viet Ching (also heavily reported on the US west coast, especially
Los Angeles. According to a 1999 article by Agence-Presse France,
"The two largest gangs in the United States are the Los Angeles
branch of the Viet-Ching and the Born To Kill gang of New York
city, also affiliated to the Viet-Ching." According to other
reports, Vietnamese gangs such as Viet Ching have typically leaned
more towards organized, high-tech and business crime, including
extortion and human trafficking)
- West Coast Players WCP (Black gang of pimps and drug dealers)
- WCPM - West Coast Punjabi Mafia, Indo-Canadian crime organization
with ties in California
- Ace Crew - responsible for the famous Sylvain Leduc killing
in 1995, when recently paroled John Wartley Richardson slayed
the 17 year-old for allegedly disrespecting the gang in a time
when the gang's legitimacy and street presence were both fading.
While Ace Crew activity has subsided since the late 1990s, there
are still apparently a small band of members left.
- Baycrest Crips
- Cedar Wood Crips
- Central Park Click (CPC) - reported to operate in Ottawa's Eastend (Manor
Park and Downtown), and was founded in the late 1990's.
- Combat18. (C-18) (Southwest Ontario) - originally a British terrorist organization formed in 1992, Combat-18, most commonly known as a paramilitary advocate of the neo-nazi/fascist cause, allegedly provided with funds by Skrewdriver's record label White Noise. C18 hosted the band No Remorse, which strived to be a "proper" terrorist organization at one point, according to Ryan, (2004:121). C18 leader William Browning fully intended the record label ISD Records to be 'created to fund terrorist organizations' (122). His plan was to keep the money from ISD earnings and funnel it into terrorist activities, using Denmark as a base of operations. There, bomb-maker Marcel Schift was to be handed responsibility of managing IDS Records' Scandinavian branch, with the ultimate goal of deploying a series of bombings across several European cities. The organization has been reported in cities across Canada.
- Crack Down Posse (historically) - in 1998 two CDP members shot then-21-year-old Apaid Noel with a sawed-off shutgun outside a club on Rideau Street downtown, in what the Assistant Crown attorney said was "one of the most brazen crimes imaginable." (Ottawa Citizen, January 20, 2006). A recent sentencing hearing opened new wounds for the victims, while offering a chance for the convicted to plead their case for parole eligibility in 12 years, highlighting that one of the two convicted of the murder has since removed the CDP's familiar machine-gun-tattoo as a sign that he has distanced himself from the gang world. It is unclear whether CDP members still exist in Ottawa.
- Double R - gang hailing from the West End of Ottawa. Started
as an alliance between the Ritchie and Ramsey housing units in the West
End, and has recently evolved into the Bloods.
- Eastside Mafia Crips, allegedley to have begun activity
in 2007 in the eastend of Ottawa.
- Gilder Boys - allegedly headed by Ottawa electrical engineer
Kaileshan Thanabalasingham, who later took over the leadership
of the VVT gang currently most active in Toronto, and who was
arrested in Ottawa in October of 2001. However, any Tamil linked
gangs, such as VVT, largely operate in Montreal, Toronto, and
Vancouver and any presence in Ottawa may be either transitory,
insignificant, or unknown.
- Hell's Angels - Ontario Nomads based out of Ottawa
- Ledbury Banff Crips
- Overbrook Bloods, allegedly created in 2002 in Overbrook,
a neighbourhood in the eastend of Ottawa
- Sandlewood Crips
- Triple S (South Side Souljaz) - South End gang.
- Westside 613 - users say it was created in 2006 in West Ottawa
- 18th Street (St-Leonard)
- Bloods - known as Bo-Gars in Montreal, reported to have a membership
of about 200, as of 2000, of mostly Haitian origin. The Bo-Gars
reportedly began in Montreal North in the mid-1980s. The gang
has since spread to Laval and Longeuil, and has been connected
to a host of violent and serious crime, as well as telemarketing
- Crips - known as C.D.P's (Crackdown Posse) in Montreal, reported
with a membership of about 200 in 2000, of mostly Haitian origin.
The CDP began in the early 1990s in the St. Michel district. The
turf war between CDP and the Bo-Gars has recently spread to Laval.
- Downtown Posse - A Montreal Crip gang in Cote-des-Neige, mostly
of Jamaican origin. Rivals of the Uptown Posses.
- Hells Angels
- Money Over Bitches (M.O.B ) - Bloods gang
- Montreal Italian Mafia
- Montreal West End Gang AKA the "Irish Mob" AKA the
"Westies" - according to user sources, a group of older
men who control the port of Montreal, and according to the Vancouver
Sun, a "group of anglophone criminals" running guns
and drugs (4 October 2001). The term "Westies" may have
originated from the custom of referring to South Boston's Irish-Americans
as "Southies." Montreal was the reported place of refuge
for Stephen "The Rifleman" Flemmi, an informer in the
Boston Irish Mob during the 1970s. Former Boston Irish Mob kingpin
Whitey Bulger built a strong underground network with the West
End Gang since Bulger went into hiding. The West End Gang (Irish
Mob) have been reported to work closely with the Hells Angels,
including fixing prices on cocaine for trafficking and distribution.
- MSBK - a Blood set in St. Hubert, off the Island of Montreal
- National League (Skinhead group known in late 1980s)
- N.D.G bloods
- Piru Park Boyz - a blood/piru gang with affiliation to piru's
in Compton, located in Greenfield Park, from St.constant to Longuiel. 100 to 150 members.
- Rock Machine - since absorbed by the Bandidos
- Ruff Ryders, in the West Island. Ruff Ryders began in West Island
high schools and graduated to higher level criminal activities
such as extortion and weapons trafficking. They developed alliances
with the Rockers up until 2001.
- Syndicate - according to user sources, a powerful street gang
that works for the Hell's
- T.L.R - Toronto Lankan Recruitement
- Uptown Posse - A Montreal Blood gang in Cote-des-Neige. Mostly
of Jamaican origin.
- White Boy Wrecking Crew
- Bayers Westwood Mob
- Hell's Angels
- MOB, (aka Sprytown Mob) Spryfield, Nova Scotia
- North End Dartmouth (NED), Halifax
- North Preston's Finest (Nova Scotia)
- Spry Town Mob (aka MOB), Spryfield, Nova Scotia
Gangs in Atlantic Canada have been reported incarcerated at Atlantic
Institution (maximum), Dorchester
Penitentiary, and Springhill
|Geographic Distribution of Canadian Prison Gangs, by City
source: Correctional Service Canada
According to the Winnipeg Free Press, the Manitoba Warriors
and the Indian Posse are the largest gangs in the city of Winnipeg,
and probably account for the city's 7% ownership of the country's
entire gang population. The Deuces, West End Boyz (WEB), North End
Brotherhood (NEB) and the Nine-Os are the city's other significant
gangs, but exist in much fewer numbers. The Indian Posse, known
as the Warriors' "farm team," was formed in 1990 and has
not yet matched the degree of organization the Manitoba Warriors
have achieved, but both gangs have successfully spread across rural
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Northwestern Ontario. Recent efforts
from an anti-gang task force in Winnipeg in 2001, however, won a
national law enforcement award for its work in Operation Snow, a
criminal intelligence operation that sentenced 35 Warriors to prison
on various drug and weapons charges, and allegedly reduced the Warriors
to a gang "in name only" (Winnipeg Free Press,
24 November 2001). A highlight from these take-downs included the
conviction of former Vice-President Roger Kyle Sanderson in 2000,
a Warrior kingpin who helped torture and execute Russell Krowetz,
Stefan Zurstegge and Jason Gross on Winnipeg's 319 Semple ave. At
the time, the murders were believed to be precipitated by a turf
war between the Warriors and the Hells Angels over Winnipeg's prostitution
trade (Broadcast News, 12 October 2000).
In Edmonton, Aboriginal gangs such as the Indian Posse and Redd Alert are growing so fast that competition over resources is pushing
other gangs into outlying areas across rural Alberta. In the 12,000
person jurisdiction of Hobbema, the hub of the four Native reserves
Samson, Montana, Ermineskin and Louis Bull, drug-networks are being
set up by the Indian Posse and Redd Alert. Fort McMurray, with a
population of about 60,000, is now dealing with a new organized
drug-trade, while Camrose is becoming a convenient "commuter
destination" for gangs from Edmonton. Redd Alert is quickly
winning the battle for the control of street crime in Edmonton,
Fort McMurray, Hobbema, Regina, and North Battleford, Saskatchewan.
The city of Brooks, just east of Calgary, is experiencing "skyrocketing"
gang activity, while Lethbridge, just 100 km north of the American
border, is becoming a rendezvous point for marijuana and cocaine
dealers importing and exporting to the US. Along with Lethbridge
and Medicine Hat, Brooks is also becoming known for its up-and-coming
youth gang the Kids, consisting of about twelve street kids who
sell crack cocaine. In addition to these Aboriginal and street-youth
gangs, Hells Angels-affiliates the Devil's Henchmen, Iron Steed
and Red Demons are also growing (CISA 2005).
Saskatchewan reported the highest per capita Aboriginal youth gang
membership in Canada, at 1.34 per 1,000 people. After Alberta began
transferring Manitoba Aboriginal prison gang leaders into secure
custody units in Saskatchewan, gang involvement spread to prisons
in Saskatchewan (CISS 2005). Prisons in Atlantic Canada have seen
a conglomeration of drug smugglers from past Medellin drug cartel
members, while prisons in British Columbia have seen the growing
domination of Asian gangs.
In Quebec, prisons house 272 of the nation's 278 incarcerated outlaw
biker gang members (Calgary Herald, 5 May 2006). Both the
outlaw motorcycle gangs the Hells Angels and Rock Machine have been
vying for control of Quebec's prison drug trade since 1996. Donnaconna
Penitentiary near Quebec City houses several top-ranking members
of the Hells Angels, including Hells Angels kingpin Maurice "Mom"
Boucher, who was accused of killing two prison guards, Diane Lavigne
and Pierre Rondeau, in 1997. In October of 1998, a prison guard
was convicted of smuggling cocaine and heroin from Bordeaux jail
in Montreal to the Hells Angels "wing" of Donnacona penitentiary
(Ottawa Citizen 11 July 2002 ). Jean-Paul Ramsay, a member
of the Hells Angels Montreal chapter since 1987, was recently denied
parole from a Quebec penitentiary for allegedly running drug operations
from inside prison.
Offences of Prison Gang Members
In prison, gang members deal mostly in drugs and extortion, although
prostitution, murder, and retaliatory violence are becoming more
common. Criminal Intelligence Service Canada's Annual 2005 Report
states that "Incarcerated gang members and associates use assaults,
intimidation, and to a much lesser extent, homicide, to discipline
members/associates, to retaliate against rivals and to establish
or maintain involvement in criminal activities, like drug trafficking,
within correctional institutions." In 2004, Drumheller Institution
inmate Todd Jefferey Irving murdered Alberta Warriors inmate Roy
Eyre, allegedly in self-defence, immediately after he heard Jefferey
had marked Irving for assassination. In all cases, in the Prairies,
fights and drug trafficking are "stock-in-trade" for native
prison gangs (Calgary Herald 26 April 2004).
|Current Offences of Canadian Prison Gang Members, by Offence
source: Correctional Service Canada
Not surprisingly, risk levels for gang members in prison are comparably
very high. The largest cause of this risk involves the already high
risk level of existing street gang members entering prison, but
a small part also involves the requirements attached to prison gang
membership, including threat gestures, defiance to authority, misconduct,
and even homicide as a way to protect one's turf or to preserve
one's prestige and respect. One of the most common requirements
for prison gang membership is drug trafficking, conspiracy, and
criminal abetting. See the Risk
Assessment article for more information on individual factors
that increase one's risk of reoffending.
|Risk Level of Canadian Prison Gang Members at Intake, by Selected Measures|
source: Correctional Service Canada
|Institutional Misconducts of Canadian Prison Gang Members
source: Correctional Service Canada
As stated above, certain requirements of being a gang member may
contribute to an increased incidence of staff assaults and rule
violations. In California, for example, known gang members recently
admitted to prison are asked to disclose all information about their
rank, position, duties, allegiances, fellow members, and criminal
operations to correctional staff, called by correctional officials
as "debriefing." If they deny this information, which
is frequently the case, they will temporarily be placed in a disciplinary
segregation unit before being returned to the general population.
|Reconviction Rates of Canadian Prison Gang Members, by
source: Correctional Service Canada
Aboriginal programs have recently been implemented in Prairie prisons
by the Correctional Service of Canada, in an effort to curb gang
involvement in prison and to reduce recidivism rates following release.
Surprisingly, when controlling for risk, prison gang members were
only more likely to reoffend than the general prison population
when inmate were members of Asian gangs and street gangs. Specific
types of offences, such as armed robbery, weapon offences and drug
possession, were more likely in recently released prison gang members
compared to non-prison gang members, consistent with unique patterns
of offending of each type of gang member at intake.
Criminal Intelligence Service Alberta (2005). "Annual Report."
Edmonton, Alta: Criminal Intelligence Service Alberta.
Criminal Intelligence Service Saskatchewan (2005). "Aboriginal
Based Gangs in Saskatchewan." Regina, Sask: Criminal Intelligence
Correctional Service Canada. (2002). "An Examination of Youth
and Gang Affiliation within the Federally Sentenced Aboriginal Population."
Ottawa, ON: Correctional Service Canada.
Correctional Service Canada. (2004). "A Profile and Examination
of Gang Affiliation within the Federally Sentenced Offender Population."
Ottawa, ON: Correctional Service Canada.
Correctional Service Canada. (2005). "Report of the Task Force
on Security." Ottawa: ON. Correctional Service Canada.
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D with stroke
Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), known as crossed D or dyet, is a letter formed from the base character D/d overlaid with a crossbar. Crossing was used to create eth (ð), but eth has an uncial as its base whereas đ is based on the straight-backed roman d. Crossed d is a letter in the alphabets of several languages and is used in linguistics as a phonetic symbol.
In the lowercase, the crossbar is usually drawn through the ascender, but when used as a phonetic symbol it may be preferred to draw it through the bowl, in which case it is known as a barred d. In some African languages' orthographies, such as that of Moro, the barred d is preferred.
In the uppercase, the crossbar normally crosses just the left stem, but in Vietnamese and Moro it may sometimes cross the entire letter.
The DE ligature should not be confused with the Đ. That ligature was used stylistically in pre-19th century Spanish as a contraction for de, as a D with an E superimposed. For example, Universidad DE Guadalajara.
Uses by language
A lowercase đ appeared alongside a lowercase retroflex D in a 1982 revision of the African reference alphabet. This revision of the alphabet eliminated uppercase forms, so there was no conflict between ɖ and đ.
Đ was used in Medieval Latin to mark abbreviations of words containing the letter d. For example, hđum could stand for heredum "of the heirs". Similar crossbars were added to other letters to form abbreviations.
South Slavic languages
The crossed d was introduced by Serbian philologist Đuro Daničić in 1878 for use in Serbo-Croatian in his Dictionary of the Croatian or Serbian Language, replacing the older digraphs dj and gj. Daničić modeled the letter after the Icelandic or Anglo-Saxon letter eth, albeit representing a different sound, the affricate [dʑ]. In 1892 it was officially introduced in Croatian and Slavonian schools (in the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia where the Croatian language was official) and so definitively added to Gaj’s Latin alphabet. The letter thereafter gradually entered daily use, spreading throughout Serbo-Croatian and then to Macedonian (its Latin transliterations heavily influenced by Serbo-Croatian from the Yugoslav period).
The crossed d is today considered a distinct letter, and is placed between Dž and E in alphabetical order. Its Cyrillic equivalent is Ђ ђ. Its partial equivalent in Macedonian is Ѓ ѓ (because only some dialects contain the /dʑ/ sound). When a true đ is not available or desired, it is transcribed as dj in modern Serbo-Croatian, and as gj in Macedonian. The use of dj in place of đ used to be more common in Serbo-Croatian texts, but is now considered obsolete and discouraged by style guides.
Đ is the seventh letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, after D and before E. Traditionally, digraphs and trigraphs like CH and NGH were considered letters as well, making Đ the eighth letter. Đ is a letter in its own right, rather than a ligature or letter-diacritic combination; therefore, đá would come after dù in any alphabetical listing.
Đ represents a voiced alveolar implosive (/ɗ/) or, according to Thompson (1959), a preglottalized voiced alveolar stop (/ʔd/). Whereas D is pronounced as some sort of dental or alveolar stop in most Latin alphabets, an unadorned D in Vietnamese represents either /z/ (Hanoian) or /j/ (Saigonese).
The Vietnamese alphabet was formally described for the first time in the 17th-century text Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem, attributed to a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, possibly Francisco de Pina or Filipe Sibin. This passage about the letter Đ was later incorporated into Alexandre de Rhodes' seminal Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum:
Another letter written with the symbol đ is completely different than our own and is pronounced by raising the tip of the tongue to the palate of the mouth, immediately removing it, without in any way touching the teeth, for example đa đa: partridge. And this letter is very commonly used at the beginning of a word.— Manuductio ad Linguam Tunckinensem[note 1]
On computers without support for a Vietnamese character set or Unicode, Đ is encoded as
DD and đ as
dd according to the Vietnamese Quoted-Readable standard. Vietnamese computer users typically input Đ as DD in the Telex and VIQR input methods or as D9 in the VNI input method. In the absence of an input method, the TCVN 6064:1995 and Microsoft Windows Vietnamese keyboard layouts map ZA0-09 (0 on a U.S. keyboard) to đ, or Đ when holding down ⇧ Shift. The Windows layout also maps ZA0-11 (=) to ₫.
Other modes of communication also have dedicated representations of Đ. In Vietnamese Braille, it is ⠙, which corresponds to D in French Braille. In the Vietnamese manual alphabet, Đ is produced by touching the thumb to the index finger. In Morse code, it is rendered – · · – · ·, corresponding to Telex's "DD".
The lowercase đ is used in some phonetic transcription schemes to represent a voiced dental fricative [ð] (English th in this). Eth (ð) is more commonly used for this purpose, but the crossed d has the advantage of being able to be typed on a standard typewriter, by overlaying a hyphen over a d.
A minuscule form of the letter, đ, is the symbol of the đồng, the currency of Vietnam, by a 1953 decree by Ho Chi Minh. The South Vietnamese đồng, on the other hand, was symbolized "Đ.", in majuscule. In Unicode, the Vietnamese đồng symbol is properly represented by U+20AB ₫ Dong sign, but U+0111 đ Latin small letter D with stroke is often used instead. In Vietnamese, the đồng sign is written after the amount in superscript, often underlined.
The uppercase eth (Ð) is also now used to symbolize the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. The idea originated in December 2013 on the website Reddit when a user realized that the symbol wasn't currently being used for any other currency, and the community believed it was fitting for Dogecoin.
Dispersity is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.
Đ and đ are encoded in Unicode as U+0110 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE and U+0111 LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH STROKE; in Latin-2, Latin-4 and Latin-10 as D0 and F0 respectively; and, in Latin-6 as A9 and B9 respectively. In PostScript they are Dcroat, Dmacron, Dslash, dcroat, dmacron and dslash. In Unicode, both crossed d and barred d are considered glyph variants of U+0111.
Unicode has a distinct code point for the visually very similar capital eth, Ð, U+00D0, which can lead to confusion.
As part of WGL4, Đ and đ can be expected to display correctly even on older Windows systems.
- As printed in Hồn Việt: Alterum đ notatur eo signo, quia est omnino diversù à nostro et pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguae ad palatum oris illamque statim amovendo absque eo, quod ullo modo dentes attingat, ùt đa đa: perdrix. Et haec littera est valde in usu in principio dictionis.
As paraphrased by de Rhodes: ...estque vitium linguæ, aliud đ notatur eo signo quia est omninò diversum à nostro & pronunciatur attollendo extremum linguæ ad palatum oris, illamque statim amovendo, absque eo quod ullo modo dentes attingat ut đa đa, perdix: & hæc litera est valdè in usu in principio dictionis.
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
- The Unicode Consortium (2003). The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Developers Press. p. 432.
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Latin Orthographic Character JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2847R
- Example: Lê Bá Khanh; Lê Bá Kông (1991). Vietnamese-English/English-Vietnamese Dictionary (7th printing ed.). New York City: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-87052-924-2.
- Bischoff, Bernhard (1990). Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
- Maretić, Tomislav. Gramatika i stilistika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga književnog jezika, p. 14-15. 1899.
- "Bài Tập Tại Nhà #1" [Homework Practice #1] (PDF). Portland, Oregon: Lạc Hồng Vietnamese Language School. August 7, 2009. p. 1. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
- "Tài Liệu Cho Giáo Viên" [Teaching Materials] (PDF) (in Vietnamese). La Vang Vietnamese Language School. October 28, 2011. p. 1. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- Thompson, Laurence (1959). "Saigon phonemics". Language. Linguistic Society of America. 35 (3): 458–461. doi:10.2307/411232. JSTOR 411232.
- Jacques, Roland (2002). Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 9748304779.
- Gesammelte Studien. Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I. (in Portuguese). 21. Jesuit Historical Institute. 1963. p. 12.
…e a « Manuductio ad linguam Tunckinensem » do Padre Filipe Sibin SI…
- Nguyễn Minh Hoàng. "Alexandre de Rhodes có phải là cha đẻ của chữ Quốc ngữ?" [Was Alexandre de Rhodes the father of the Vietnamese alphabet?]. Hồn Việt (in Vietnamese). Retrieved November 17, 2013.
- de Rhodes, Alexandre (1651). "Lingue annamiticæ seu tunchinensis brevis declaratio". Dictionarium annamiticum lusitanicum, et latinum (in Latin). Rome: Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. p. 3.
- VietNamese Typewriter on Flickr
- "Morse Code". Alberquerque, New Mexico: Our Lady of La Vang Eucharistic Youth Society. 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996). Phonetic Symbol Guide. University of Chicago Press. pp. 36–37.
- Ho Chi Minh (May 20, 1953). "Sắc lệnh của Chủ tịch Nước Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa số 162/SL" [Decree number 162/SL of the President of Vietnam] (in Vietnamese). Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
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The theory of groundwater flow and the transport of pollutants in groundwater are covered in this course. Topics include the modeling of groundwater flow and contaminant transport, well hydraulics, flow nets, subsurface chemical and microbial processes, sea water intrusion, groundwater monitoring and remediation.
- Semester 2 - 2016
- Semester 2 - 2017
On successful completion of the course students will be able to:
1. Introduce the discipline of hydrogeology and contaminant transport
2. Include laboratory experiments to illustrate key concepts.
3. Introduce solution techniques for common problems in contaminant hydrogeology
4. Develop critical thinking skills.
- Introduction to groundwater, groundwater history and groundwater resources in Australia.
- Darcy's Law and basic definitions.
- Aquifer properties and groundwater geology.
- 3D and 2D groundwater flow equation.
- Developing solutions to groundwater flow problems; boundary conditions, initial conditions.
- Analytical solutions to groundwater flow problems.
- Flow nets.
- Regional groundwater flow.
- Well hydraulics.
- Pump tests.
- Numerical modelling of groundwater flow problems; MODFLOW.
- Model calibration, parameter estimation and prediction.
- Groundwater contamination - overview.
- Groundwater chemistry.
- Contaminant transport equation.
- Diffusion and dispersion.
- Model calibration and parameter estimation.
- Boundary and initial conditions.
- Analytical solutions.
- Measurement of dispersivity.
- Sea water intrusion.
- Site remediation.
Content covered in courses CIVL1331; CIVL2050; MATH2310.
Written Assignment: Assignments
Tutorial / Laboratory Exercises: Laboratory Experiments
Formal Examination: Formal Examination
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 4 Weeks
Plus informal student consultation time.
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 3 Weeks
Face to Face On Campus 3 hour(s) per Week for Full Term
Face to Face On Campus 2 hour(s) per Week for 8 Weeks
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HOPE FOR THE BEST, BUT PREPARE FOR THE WORST: Knowing The Potential for Property Damage in the Advent of Hurricane Matthew
Hurricane Matthew is making its way through the Caribbean
towards the eastern seaboard of the United States less than 60 days before the
end of the 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season.As we continue to track Hurricane Matthew in the possible advent of U.S.
landfall, several local authorities have been activated in Florida and other
U.S. coastal states.
During an emergency preparedness press conference on
October 3, 2016, Florida Governor Rick Scott announced, “Hurricane Matthew is a
life-threatening category four hurricane and we must all take it seriously. If
Hurricane Matthew directly impacts Florida, there could be massive destruction
which we haven’t seen since Hurricane Andrew devastated Miami-Dade County in
1992. That is why we cannot delay and must prepare for direct impact now.
Today, I signed an Executive Order declaring a State of Emergency in every
Florida county to ensure we have resources for evacuations, sheltering and
other logistical needs across our state. We are preparing for the worst,
but hoping for the best and we will not take any chances to ensure our state is
As local, state, and federal authorities release updated
information throughout the course of this week, it is important to understand
the impact of this storm and how it may affect public safety and property risk
management.Even if Hurricane Matthew
does not make landfall, the wind projections are sufficiently elevated to anticipate
severe property damage in the outlying portions of the storm.As illustrated in the graphic below, as of 5
am this morning, Advisory No. 29 reports that the entire eastern coast of
Florida is under a tropical storm and hurricane warning/watch.
According to the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the above graphic shows
an approximate representation of coastal areas under a hurricane warning (red),
hurricane watch (pink), tropical storm warning (blue), and tropical storm watch
(yellow). The white dot indicates the current position of the center of the
tropical cyclone, and the dashed line shows the history of its center. Understanding
the difference between National Weather Service watches and warnings is
critical to being prepared for Hurricane Matthew or other any dangerous weather
The National Weather Service issued “watch” lets you know that weather conditions are favorable for a
hazard to occur. A “warning”
designation means a weather hazard is imminent - it is either occurring or it
is about to occur at any moment. Additionally, the issuance of an “extreme wind warning” indicates that
sustained winds of a major hurricane (115 mph or greater), usually associated
with the eyewall, are expected to begin within an hour in the designated area.
While there is no substitute for the professional analysis
of engineering and climatological experts with regard to the effects of storm
force winds, a general understanding of the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale
is helpful in comprehending the implications of a warning designation in the
context of anticipating the potential for devastation.The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (a 1
to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed) estimates potential
property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major
hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage.
Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however, and require preventative
An animated illustration of the various scales of damage
is available for observation here.
As Hurricane Matthew heads toward the Bahamas and makes
its projected westward turn toward the Florida coastline, its strength should
be monitored and preparations undertaken to handle the insurance claims arising
from the probable trail of destruction that it is expected to leave
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20 March 2018
Australia seems ideally suited to turn its trash into treasure by using it to generate electricity. But politics and regulation is holding the burgeoning energy-from-waste (EfW) industry back, as Kate Burgess reports for Inframation News
On paper, Australia seems destined to follow the lead of the UK, France and certain Southeast Asian countries in turning the mountains of urban waste that ends up in landfill into electricity.
Even though Australians are prodigious recyclers, a rapidly increasing number of city dwellers and an addiction to upgrading ‘throwaway’ consumable goods is fuelling an 8% rise in annual waste volumes.
Of the nearly 64 million tonnes of solid waste generated each year, 40% ends up being tipped into landfill sites dotted around the country, according to the latest figures available from the Department of Environment.
Aside from a handful of small-scale organic waste facilities, an enormous potential to divert larger quantities of residential, commercial and industrial waste away from pits in the ground and into generators has so far remained untapped.
To date, municipal councils have been the main driving forces for EfW schemes as they seek to recover more usable materials from rubbish thrown out by residents and businesses as a means to make local communities more liveable and sustainable.
A key stumbling block has been that most councils lack the scale, skill and expertise to design and run their own projects of any scale, says Ron Wainberg, a technical director of waste industry advisers MRA Consulting.
“Some local governments are interested in building energy-from-waste plants but in my view they don’t have the expertise. They wouldn’t consider building an oil refinery, so why would they build an energy from waste plant?," he says.
Research from MRA consulting estimates that councils and waste companies such as Veolia and Suez Environnement together have enough appropriately sorted waste to generate enough electricity to supply 2% of Australia’s baseload needs. In 2016, the from identified around 60 smaller schemes that can generate a combined 623MW of electricity.
The federal government’s Clean Energy Finance Corporation has also spotted the potential to turn rubbish into riches. In 2015, it predicted waste-to-energy and bioenergy could develop into an AUD 5bn (USD 3.85bn) industry, and provide 800MW of generation capacity.
While local councils have successfully pioneered schemes that break down organic waste from food and unwanted garden materials in a process known as anaerobic digestion, they have struggled to accumulate waste in the quantities needed to supply larger projects, which use combustion or gasification technologies to turn the waste into fuel for generating power.
“There are only a limited number of councils in Australia that are large enough to have enough waste to underpin a project by themselves so it takes multiple council groups to come together to have enough waste to underpin a project,” says Henry Anning, corporate and project finance director at the CEFC.
Anning believes the opportunity is as tangible as when the 2015 study was conducted. Yet three years on, not a single large-scale urban waste project has gotten off the ground.
Anning and Wainberg agree there is room for the private sector to take the lead on projects, and work with local councils to aggregate their waste into the quantities required for larger schemes.
First, financial incentives are needed. Councils and other waste providers pay a so-called “gate fee” to project developers for the waste that would otherwise be sent to landfill.
The cost of putting waste into landfill must therefore be higher than what a project developer would charge.
Some Australian states make this easy by charging councils a levy on each tonne of waste they send to landfill. The higher the levy, the more attractive it becomes to find other ways to dispose of the waste. New South Wales charges the highest levy, followed by Victoria and Western Australia, which targets sending zero tonnes of waste to landfill by 2020.
Queensland, on the other hand, abolished its levy in 2013 shortly after the conservative Campbell Newman government came to power. There is now little incentive for councils to consider energy from waste because it would be more expensive than the default option of dumping waste into landfill sites.
While the gate fee is a project’s main source of income, developers earn a smaller amount of revenue for every megawatt of power they produce. To date they have struggled to land on the radars of big energy retailers to sign on as long-term customers. Also, the Clean Energy Regulator only classifies 50% of the power they generate as renewable energy and eligible to earn subsidies under the national Renewable Energy Target.
Local communities have also acted as roadblocks to projects going ahead, fearing they will impact air quality and have adverse health impacts. Many remember the days when households and businesses freely used incinerators to burn waste before recycling programmes were widely implemented in the 1990s.
A proposed incinerator at a EfW facility in Eastern Creek on the fringes of Sydney has attracted the ire of local residents and environment groups. Its developer, Dial A Dump, has been slammed by the Environmental Protection Authority for not providing enough information on the “feedstock” or type of waste the project will use. The ongoing battle for an environmental permit has been referred to an Upper House inquiry, which was due to report back by the end of the first quarter of this year.
Better regulation to recognise the environmental and social costs of landfill, as well as how they can act as a baseload energy supplier are needed to improve the economics of bigger projects and attract investors, Anning says.
Investors and lenders have struggled to gain comfort with the complex web of contracts that underpin waste to energy schemes, and the fact that larger grate combustion and gasification technologies are as yet unproven in an Australian context.
“The trouble with waste is that somebody always owns it,” MRA’s Wainberg says. “What a lot of the entrepreneurs don’t appreciate is that waste is managed under a fairly complex interconnecting network of contracts and people who own those contracts and make their living out of it want to defend their patch.”
He adds that various waste contracts expire at different times, and co-ordinating them so they provide a reliable stream of waste to feed an incinerator can be challenging.
“It can become chicken and egg because councils want to secure their waste from projects that are likely to proceed but projects won’t go ahead unless the contracts are signed,” the CEFC’s Anning says.
Signs of progress
Councils in Western Australia have joined forces to alleviate this issue. Rivers Regional Council and Eastern Metropolitan Regional Councils are municipal clusters that have collectively agreed to supply waste to project developers.
Phoenix Energy has partnered with Rivers Regional Council (RRC) to develop the Kwinana Waste to Energy project in conjunction with Macquarie Capital as financial sponsor. Meanwhile, local developer New Energy is proposing a facility at East Rockingham, south of Perth together with the ERMC grouping.
Despite both projects being in development for several years, neither has yet managed to secure the project financing and equity investment they are seeking.
The schemes have been dogged at various times by a various technical, contractual and financial issues. A group of international lenders including ING and SMBC lost interest in the Phoenix project after the developer sacked engineering and procurement contractor POSCO in late 2015.
Phoenix has since dumped EY as financial adviser and taken on Macquarie in an advisory and sponsor capacity. Banking sources familiar with the project said funding talks involving MUFG and SMBC took place around six months ago but have not progressed into the signing of a project loan facility.
New Energy’s AUD 400m Rockingham project is also seeking lenders and equity sponsors, after enduring a major facelift when it ditched its original American contractor Kiewit in 2013. It later switched to a grate combustion technology provided by Hitachi Zosen and partnered with Abu Dhabi-based Tribe Infrastructure Group. The trio then entered their project in a tender run in 2017 by the ERMC, which specifically called for a combustion-based EfW solution. They were anointed preferred
bidder in September 2017, have agreed to process 330,000 tonnes of council waste annually, and are understood to be in early stage discussions with lenders and potential equity sponsors.
Phoenix is plowing ahead with its AUD 400m Kwinana project regardless, having signed 20-year waste supply agreements with RRC along with seven other local council to the tune of 400,000 tonnes of waste per annum. It has secured planning and environmental permits, and expects to have finished building the facility after 2020.
The ability of either Perth project or Sydney’s Eastern Creek to lock in financing will be critical to the viability of large scale energy from waste in Australia. The CEFC is looking to provide debt or equity to such projects, although Anning declines to say whether the agency has decided to back any.
“We’re looking to support proven technologies overseas that have been using a similar feedstock and at a similar scale and deploying those to market.
“We haven’t seen much project finance in the waste sector generally. Most of the projects are done on the balance sheets of large waste companies. We need one of the large-scale projects to reach financial close. That always builds investor confidence,” Anning adds.
Picking a winner
The CEFC is also looking to give a leg-up to the smaller end of the market where anaerobic digestors dominate, and in 2016 appointed UK infrastructure fund manager Foresight Group to manage an AUD 100m bioenergy fund.
Foresight director Gary Sofarelli says the fund is currently building a portfolio of about five to ten commercial and industrial projects each around AUD 10m-15m in size. It is speaking to various agribusinesses, handlers of urban landfill waste and those converting forestry materials into wood pellets to produce biofuels. The completed portfolio will be backed with non-recourse project finance.
He points out that anaerobic digestor projects are less political and more straightforward to build, but adds it is time consuming to mesh several different smaller schemes into a single investment.
"[Closing the first waste-to-energy project] will set a benchmark and once operational it will prove that the technology can work whilst still providing a healthy return to investors and delivering an environmentally and socially more responsible outcome,"Sofarelli says.
Large project or small, institutional investors are well on their way to finding a foothold in Australia’s burgeoning EfW scene. Watch this space.
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STATE MEDIA in the United States of America – DESPICABLE!
We might as call our media network PRAVDA.
State media or state-owned media is media for mass communication which is “controlled financially and editorially by the state.” These news outlets may be the sole media outlet or may exist in competition with corporate and non-corporate media.
State media is not to be confused with public-sector media. Public-sector media is “funded directly or indirectly by the state, but over which the state does not have tight editorial control.”
The term state media is primarily understood in contrast to corporate media, and occasionally non-corporate independent news. Which has no direct control from any political party.
Its content, according to some sources, is usually more prescriptive, telling the audience what to think. Particularly as it is under no pressure to attract high ratings or generate advertising revenue. Therefore may cater to the forces in control of the state as opposed to the forces in control of the corporation, as described in the propaganda model of the mass media.
In more controlled regions, the state may censor content which it deems illegal, immoral or unfavorable to the government. Likewise regulate any programming related to the media; therefore, it is not independent of the governing party.
In this type of environment, journalists may be required to be members or affiliated with the ruling party, such as in the former Soviet Union or North Korea.
Within countries that have high levels of government interference in the media, it may use the state press for propaganda purposes:
- to promote the regime in a favorable light,
- vilify opposition to the government by launching smear campaigns
- giving skewed coverage to opposition views, or
- act as a mouthpiece to advocate a regime’s ideology.
Additionally, the state-controlled media may only report on legislation after it has already become law to stifle any debate. The media legitimizes its presence by emphasizing “national unity” against domestic or foreign “aggressors”.
In more open and competitive contexts, the state may control or fund its own outlet and is in competition with opposition-controlled and/or independent media. The state media usually have less government control in more open societies and can provide more balanced coverage than media outside of state control.
State media outlets usually enjoy increased funding and subsides compared to private media counterparts, but this can create inefficiency in the state media.
However, in the People’s Republic of China, where state control of the media is high, levels of funding have been reduced for state outlets, which have forced the Party media to sidestep official restrictions on content or publish “soft” editions, such as weekend editions, to generate income.
Read the NEXT PolitOpinion story HERE before the STATE CENSORS IT!
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Classic first-person shooter Quake has been ported to an Oscilloscope by Programmer Pekka Väänänen, marking one of the oldest video game demakes we've ever seen.
Physicist William Higinbotham was the first to create a video game for this device: a 2D tennis game in 1958, turning out to be one of the first games ever created. And now, 56 years later, Pekka has used the 2D dot matrix graphics to draw a 3D space to recreate the popular FPS.
Many difficulties were faced, including mapping the audio effects to the game and representing depth in what is a flat space of lines, but this could open the door for more demakes of this kind.
I am the Founder and Editor-in-chief of New Rising Media. You can follow me on Twitter @MrJasonEngland.
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Testing is an essential part of any digital system design and one that can be made much easier if testing is considered during the design process rather than after the system is complete. There are a number of techniques for integrating testability into system design, but many of these traditional testing methods used for synchronous circuits are not directly applicable to non-clocked asynchronous circuits. As a result, many asynchronous circuits do not employ design for testability techniques. A method of using the familiar model of scan paths modified to test self-timed systems are presented. Specifically, circuits designed using a library of self-timed modules to assemble systems with two-phase transition control and bundled data paths are considered. The method involves modifying these self-timed modules such that circuits designed from them have a built-in scan path.
5th NASA Symposium on VLSI Design
- Pub Date:
- Digital Systems;
- Very Large Scale Integration;
- Test Equipment;
- Electronics and Electrical Engineering
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A backout plan is an IT governance integration approach that specifies the processes required to restore a system to its original or earlier state, in the event of failed or aborted implementation.
A backout plan adheres to an action list created prior to software or system integration. This list includes detailed steps and techniques for uninstalling or deintegrating a new system, as well reversing process changes.
A backout plan is a contingency plan component of the IT service management framework. It is implemented prior to any software or system upgrade, installation, integration or transformation to ensure automated system business operations, should a new system fail to deliver not clear post-implementation testing.
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The United Nations reports that over four billion people worldwide are suffering through severe water scarcity. This crisis poses a threat far greater than societal epidemics like unemployment and crime. When our water supply is completely depleted, we lose the ability to sustain ourselves in every respect. The most egregious example of this can be found in Cape Town. The South African capital now holds the distinction as being the first major city to run out of water. City without Water travels to the region to investigate how city officials are struggling to manage the crisis, and how citizens are fighting for their lives in the throes of endless drought.
The situation in Cape Town is dire. Rainfall levels are well below average, and the city's crisis management personnel are imposing strict restrictions on water usage. Residents are relegated to only 50 liters of water per day, or a little more than European citizens use to flush their toilets during a 24-hour period. The wealthy enjoy the luxury of purchasing bottled water to supplement these restrictions.
The impacts of the crisis are far reaching. Reduced water usage means diminished city revenues. As a result, consumer water bills have risen. This places an additional strain on poor families who are already struggling to make ends meet. There's also the worry of dwindling tourism dollars and the increased unemployment rates that follow. Left without sufficient access to clean water, the region is suffering widespread agricultural decay, public sanitation concerns, health-related epidemics, and environmental devastation.
Throughout the film, the filmmakers focus on the daily lives of destitute citizens who are desperate to have their voices heard. A series of city officials, political scientists and others speak to the necessity for an infrastructure overhaul to combat the crisis. Climate change has been a major culprit in propelling this crisis, they claim, but it's not the only one. The country's government and the international community at large have largely ignored the warning signs for many years.
City without Water is a harrowing portrait of an arid landscape, a rallying cry for change, and a wake-up call to other nations who may soon find themselves on the brink of a similar fate.
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People have been celebrating Halloween—or some version of it—for more than 2,000 years. Today, many mistakenly associate this Americanized holiday with Dia de los Muertos (Day of the Dead). However, that is not quite true. The roots of Halloween reach much farther back, to Western Europe B.C.E.
The Original Halloween
Halloween originates from the Celtic New Year festival, Samhain (sow-in). The Celts, who lived during the Iron Age in the areas that are now Ireland, the U.K., and parts of northern Europe, celebrated their New Year on November 1. The Celts split their years into two halves—light and dark. Literally meaning “summer’s end” in modern Irish, Samhain marked the end of the light half of the year and the beginning of the dark half. This day signaled both a time of rebirth (a bountiful harvest) and death (a harsh winter).
Along with ushering in a new year, this was a time for the Celts to take stock and make sacrifices. They believed that on New Year’s Eve, the “world of the gods” was made visible to humankind. This open border allowed otherworldly spirits to enter the natural world. Faeries would play tricks, ghosts of the dead would visit the living, and the gods would cause trouble. However, they also believed that the presence of these spirits could provide the Celtic priests a clearer sight. The Druid priests recited prophecies and made predictions about the future.
Sacred bonfires were built to commemorate this event. Here, Druids sacrificed crops and animals to appease the Celtic deities. People gathered around the fire dressed in costumes of animal heads and skins in hopes of fooling spirits who might want to harm them on this night. Likewise, they left offerings outside of their homes to deter the devious faeries. The next day, using hollowed out turnips, the Celts would carry home a bit of the bonfire to light their own hearths and begin a new year.
These Celtic customs held strong for centuries until other visitors came to call.
The Romans conquered most of the Celtic lands by 43 C.E., and ruled for nearly 400 years. Celtic customs and religion continued on through the Romans’ reign. They still held festivals in celebration of the equinoxes and solstices; Samhain was still observed on the night that the spirits come to visit. In the course of that time, Roman traditions began to meld with the Celtic. Two Roman holidays—Feralia and Pomona—were combined with the Celts’ celebration of Samhain.
Feralia was a day in late October for the Romans to commemorate the passing of the dead. The second holiday, observed at the end of the harvest, was a festival in honor of Pomona, the goddess of fruit and trees. The incorporation of Pomona’s symbol—an apple—into the Celtic festival is often thought to be the origins of the modern Halloween tradition of bobbing for apples.
Christianity Takes Over
Throughout the centuries of Roman sovereignty, Christianity grew. Emperors in the 4th century of the Common Era issued mandates making this religion more and more common. Even after the Empire fell in 476 C.E., Christianity continued to spread throughout Europe.
On May 13th, 609 C.E., Pope Boniface IV dedicated the Pantheon—formerly a Pagan temple—as a memorial to Christian martyrs. On this day, he established the Catholic feast of All Martyrs Day for the Western church. In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III expanded the festival to include saints, as well. In doing so, he moved the observance to November 1, and the celebration became known as All Saints’ Day.
By the 9th century, Christianity reached the Celtic lands, displacing Druidism and blending with Celtic rites. The Catholic Church went on to establish November 2 as All Souls’. It is widely believed that All Souls’ Day was meant to replace the Celtic festival of the dead, in an attempt to dispel the ancient belief in faeries and monsters. But some things, like ghosts, don’t die.
The two Catholic holiday observations were similar to the Celtic Samhain celebrations. There were bonfires, feasts, parades, and costumes (though now they dressed up as saints, angels, and devils). The celebration on November 1 was often referred to as All-hallows, from Middle English Alholowmesse, meaning All Saints’ Day. October 31, the traditional night of Samhain, started to be known as All-hallows Eve and, eventually, Halloween.
Halloween in America
Early observations of Halloween could be sparsely seen in the colonial United States. Colonies south of Maryland were more likely to participate. The rigid Protestant belief systems that monopolized New England rejected anything that hinted of Catholicism. Soon a distinctly American version emerged from the blend of diverse groups on the land. The first observances were community events to celebrate the harvest. Much like Samhain, neighbors would share stories of the dead, tell fortunes, dance and sing. Soon the telling of ghost stories and mischief-making were common around the harvest festivals.
Later on, in the late 19th century, large populations of Irish immigrated to the U.S. and brought with them their Halloween customs. This was the start of Halloween celebrations all across the nation. But the Great Depression and the World Wars kept participation at bay in the early 20th century. The 1950s is when Halloween’s popularity soared. Merchants began to realize that there was money to be made in manufacturing costumes and making candy. In fact, today, one quarter of the candy sold in the U.S. annually, is for Halloween.
According to the National Retail Federation in 2015, Halloween sales rose to nearly $7 billion yearly with 64% of Americans spending an average of $74.34 per person on candy, costumes, and decorations. It is now the second-largest commercial holiday in the country, only beat by Christmas.
If you were paying attention, it is easy to draw a line from modern American Halloween traditions to the ancient Celtic festival. Ghosts of the dead are still depicted today. Dressing up in costumes evolved from the cloaks of animal skins to ward off harmful spirits. Trick-or-Treating is an imitation of the Celtic leaving offerings outside of their homes to dissuade trickery from faeries. And the hollowed out turnips carrying the sacred fire is the basis of Jack-O-Lanterns. After more than 2,000 years, celebrating Halloween seems to be as enduring as our innate fear of the dark and things that “go bump in the night,” or maybe we just can’t resist a feast to have fun and gorge on candy.
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Berglund, D.R. 2002. Flax: New uses and demands. p. 358360. In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA.
Duane R. Berglund
Flax (Linum uistatissimum L., Linaceae) and certain perennial species has been used in food in Europe and Asia since 50008000 bce, and the fiber of flax stem has been used for linen cloth, and many other uses. Approximately 200 species of Linum (flaxseed or linseed) are known (Carter 1993). Flax was first brought to North America for its stem fiber to use in making of linen and paper. The stem fiber of flax makes a fine parchment paper. In the Northern Great Plains region of the United States and Canada, flaxseed has been grown as a commercial oilseed crop for over 100 years. Linseed oil is pressed from flaxseed and further extracted with a petroleum solvent. Industrial linseed is not useable for food or feed, although the linseed meal remaining as a by-product after oil extraction is used for animal feed rations. Use is increasing for flaxseed as a food. Approximately 2,340,000 bu [60,000 tonnes (t)] of flaxseed are used for food annually in Germany (Prentice 1990). Although cold-pressed flaxseed oil is not considered suitable for frying at high temperatures, flaxseed oil is used for low-temperature stir-frying in hundreds of villages in the flax-growing region of the Peoples Republic of China (Pan 1990).
Flax has been grown in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana since the early 1900s. North Dakota is the flax production leader with over 95% of crop area planted in 2001. In 2001 North Dakota farmers planted 214,120 ha of oilseed flax whereas the United States total flax crop area was 224,600 ha (NASS-USDA 2001). Total flax area in the United States has greatly increased in the past six years, from 38,800 ha in 1996 to 224,600 ha this past growing season. The Canadian prairie provinces produce a very large amount of oilseed flax. In 2001, 661,000 ha were planted in Canada which is approximately three times the crop area planted in the United States. Total 2000 production of oilseed flax in the United States was 273,000 t. In Canada, 2000 oilseed flax production was reported to be 707,000 t.
Flaxseed and flaxseed oil have been used for food for centuries in Asia, Europe, and Africa. More recently flaxseed has come onto its own in North America. Flaxseed has three major components making it beneficial in human and animal nutrition: (1) a very high content of alpha linolenic acid (omega-3 fatty acid) essential for humans; (2) a high percentage of dietary fiber, both soluble and insoluble; and (3) the highest content of plant lignans of all plant or seed products used for human food. Lignans appear to be anti-carcinogenic compounds (Lay et al. 1989). Scientific literature over the last 30 years supports the many expected health benefits of consuming flaxseed and cold-pressed flaxseed oil. Some of the benefits were studied directly by feeding flaxseed to people in controlled studies, and some were studied indirectly by feeding laboratory animals including mono-gastric animals which are consumed as meat or eggs. The National Cancer Institute has evaluated flaxseed, along with a number of other potential food ingredients, as a component of designer foods (Stitt 1990). Designer foods may be defined as those foods composed of one or more ingredients that contribute essential nutrients for health but also protect against certain diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease. Several universities in US and Canada plus the Food and Drug Administration have conducted research on feeding flaxseed, with its high fiber and omega-3 fatty acid in its oil, to people or animals to evaluate potential health benefits. The apparent results have been positive.
Several authors have published details of flaxseed composition. The average composition of 11 flax cultivars are shown in Table 1 (Hettiarachchy et al. 1990).
Table 1. Composition of whole flaxseed produced in North Dakota, average of 11 cultivars.
|Lipids (DW basis)||
|Total dietary fiber||
|Fatty acid composition|
The North Dakota flaxseed cultivar Omega, a yellow or golden flaxseed is preferred in Europe and also sold in Japan, Korea, and in United States food markets. Its yellow color when ground blends well as a food ingredient. Ground or whole flaxseed can be added to almost any baked product and adds a nutty flavor to bread, waffles, pancakes, and other products if it composes 6%8% of the dry components of the recipe or formula. Some other food uses of flaxseed are: ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, breakfast drinks, salad dressings made with cold-pressed flaxseed oil, salad toppings, biscuits, meat extenders, crackers, soups, bagels, fiber bars, and cakes. Flaxseed flour is used commercially in breads in the United States by one or more large bakeries selling thousands of loaves per day (Burckhardt 1989) and by many bakeries and chain stores in Canada.
Flaxseed once ground or processed can be fed as an ingredient to poultry. So-called Omega eggs are being produced by two companies in the US and 11 companies in Canada (Henkes 1999). Omega eggs contain increased amounts (300 mg/egg) of omega-3 fatty acids and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids (Scheideler and Lewis 1997). The increase in yolk polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is accompanied by substantial decrease in saturated fatty acid, resulting in a healthy fat profile and more nutritional egg. Omega eggs have been consistently lower in cholesterol content from 210 mg/egg (Standard USDA egg level) to 180 mg/egg (Omega egg).
Feeding flaxseed to laying hens increases the omega-3 fatty acid in the egg by 6 to 8 times, making one egg equal to 113 g (4 oz) of cold water fish as a source of the omega-3 fatty acids. Further, research supported by the North Dakota Oilseed Council in Nebraska and Texas indicates consumption of up to 14 flax eggs/week improves the nature of blood lipids. If 5% of the laying hens in the US were fed 10% flaxseed in the ration then 60,000 ha more flax would be needed to supply the increased demand.
Several researchers have looked at the use of flaxseed in dairy cattle diets in an attempt to influence milk-fat composition. However, more research is needed before feeding flaxseed to dairy cattle will be a commercial reality. Researchers suggest that feeding flaxseed to breeding chickens and sows can increase the level of unsaturated fatty acids in the young chick and piglet. It is felt that these young animals may have tissue deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids. Their health and livability may improve as a consequence of receiving more omega-3 fatty acids via their mothers. In the pet food industry, flaxseed is attracting attention from researchers. Feeding flaxseed may improve pet health in a similar manner as it does human health.
Gain and efficiency were greatest for cattle fed diets containing flax, and were substantially improved (P<0.05) relative to diets containing full-fat soybeans (Drouillard et al. 2000). No notable differences were evident in terms of the percentage of cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease, though cattle tended to require fewer retreatments when fed the diet containing flax. Death losses among stressed feeder calves were numerically highest for cattle fed beef tallow, and were lowest for those fed the diet containing flax. Growth performance and immunity can potentially be influenced by the source of dietary lipid.
The principal use of oilseed flax in the past has been for its linseed oil which is used in paints and coatings and other industrial uses. The use of modified other vegetable oils and petroleum products in place of linseed oil led to the reduced flax crop area. Paints and coatings containing linseed oil still are the highest quality and most durable of products. The linseed oil meal (LSOM) by-product left from oil extraction was and is used as an animal feed.
Linseed oil has recently been used as a diluent in paints and coatings. Linseed oil is a drying oil, a vegetable oil which undergoes oxidation and forms a natural, plastic-like film. The reactivity of linseed oil can be improved by the addition of metal catalysts, called driers, which promote oxidation, and by partially pre-oxidizing the linseed oil through exposure to the air. The use of linseed oil in this capacity is limited. Linseed oil has a comparatively slow curing rate, and has a tendency to soften paint films. As a diluent it cannot reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) levels to the degree required by proposed VOC regulations while still providing the desired film properties for many applications. Dilulin, a new linseed oil based reactive diluent manufactured by Cargill (Minneapolis, Minnesota), overcomes these problems.
Oilseed flax stem fiber is now being processed and used for a number of products. In addition to cigarette paper, flax fibers are being used for pulp and paper, erosion control mats, reinforcing materials in plastics and particle composite products (Domier et al. 2000). The value-added potential of oilseed flax straw is usually just burned or left in the field and sold to the three companies for $6.00 to $9.00/t. In Europe there is considerable interest in the use of natural fibers (such as oilseed flax) in interior panels, visors, and other parts of automobiles. Natural fibers like flax are blended with polypropylene or other synthetic fibers then needle-punched into a mat, a cover material can be added and then the composite can be hot pressed in one operation. North American manufacturers have started to use composites made from natural fibers. One company manufactures automotive head liners made from natural fibers (flax, hemp, jute) sandwiched between polyurethane foam. General Motors has Canadian oilseed flax fibers in the rear parcel shelf of selected models. Other vehicles also have some oilseed flax fibers in some of their interior components. Panels and molded products made from oilseed flax fiber/polypropylene mats may be very suitable for hygienic applications such as dairy plants, abattoirs, food processing facilities, etc. This composite material should combine excellent strength and durability characteristics with moisture resistance. Mats made from oilseed flax fibers with or without the addition of other materials such as polypropylene, polyethylene, cotton, wool, may be suitable for use as insulation, filters, upholstery padding, carpet backing, geotextiles for erosion control, and horticultural applications.
It is likely that the use and demand for oilseed flax will continue to increase and be utilized as a healthful food additive plus its use for animal feeding. New industrial uses of both the linseed oil and the fibers of oilseed flax also will increase the demand for this multi-use oilseed crop.
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Lanphier would begin each day going from office to office, house to house, and shop to shop; but by midday he was physically, emotionally and spiritually worn out. He discovered that, even as the body needs food, the soul and spirit need prayer. Lanphier realized his need and regularly returned to a room in the church Consistory building to cry out to God for spiritual strength. This fresh, personal experience of the power of prayer suggested to Lanphier that there might be others, especially those engaged in business, who might profit from time in prayer. He handed out some 20,000 flyers advertising the first noonday prayer meeting on September 23, 1857.
For the first thirty minutes he sat alone praying. Eventually, steps were heard coming up the staircase and another joined. Then another and another until Lanphier was joined by five men. The next Wednesday the six increased to twenty. The following week there were 40. Lanphier and the others then decided to meet daily, and within weeks thousands of business leaders were meeting for prayer each day. Before long over 100 churches and public meeting halls were filled with noonday prayer meetings. God moved so powerfully that similar prayer meetings sprang up around the nation. For a season there were 10,000 conversions to Christ each week in New York City, and it is estimated that nearly one million people across the U.S. were transformed during this incredible move of God.
One man’s obedience to prayer… began a revival… that transformed a nation.
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Steel industry workers melt, mold, and form iron ore and other materials to make the iron and steel used in countless products. These workers operate furnaces, molding equipment, and rolling and finishing machines to make iron pipes, grates, and other objects and steel slabs, bars, billets, sheets, rods, wires, and plates. Iron and steel products range from carpentry nails to building girders and from cars to guitar strings.
History of Steel Industry Worker Career
Civilization changed forever when people first learned to heat and hammer iron ore into iron objects about 3,000 years ago. The first raw iron used was probably that found in meteorites on the surface of the earth. Smelting of iron ore from under the earth’s surface came later. People already knew how to make metal alloys (bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, had been in use since 3800 b.c.), and about 500 years after iron became widely used, steel was being made in India. Until modern times, however, steel was fairly rare. Now steel is one of the most ubiquitous substances in our civilization. Modern blast furnaces duplicate many of the processes used by the ancients, but in quantities they never could have dreamed of.
The Job of Steel Industry Workers
Today most molten iron goes into steel. Elements such as chromium, nickel, and manganese are added to the iron. The material is then tempered— heated and cooled to make it hard and tough. Forged—hammered or squeezed—steel is strong and dense. To produce iron and steel in traditional, integrated mills, the iron is first melted in huge blast furnaces, often more than 10 stories tall. These furnaces are water-cooled steel cylinders heated by blasts from other, dome-topped cylinders that heat air for melting ore.
Skip operators fill railroad cars with raw materials, such as iron ore, coke, and limestone, work controls that hoist the cars up to the top of the furnace, and dump the contents in layers into the furnace. Stove tenders heat air in the domed cylinders (or stoves) until it is the correct temperature and open valves to blast the heated air into the furnace. At temperatures exceeding 3000 degrees Fahrenheit, the materials burn and melt. The limestone purifies the iron, and pure molten iron collects at the bottom of the furnace, while the limestone and impurities float on the top as slag.
Blast furnace keepers and helpers then tap the furnace to remove the molten metal. They drill tapholes in the furnace’s firebrick lining and allow the slag to run out of the furnace. The liquid iron flows through a taphole that is drilled lower into torpedo or bottle cars that keep the iron heated. Keepers and helpers then shoot clay into the tapholes to plug them. One furnace can make as many as 8,000 tons of molten iron per day.
Pure molten iron may be cast into molded forms called “pigs,” which are used to make engine blocks and other items. Pig-machine operators and their helpers run machines that position molds under ladles holding the molten iron. By moving controls, they tilt the ladles and allow the iron to flow into the molds. Workers spray the molds with lime to keep iron from sticking.
Most iron is made into steel in one of three kinds of furnaces: the basic oxygen furnace, the open-hearth furnace, and the electric furnace. To make steel, kiln operators heat minerals such as lime, chromium, or manganese before they are mixed with iron. Mixer operators transfer molten iron from bottle cars to mixers and mix the iron and other elements together. Furnace operators regulate the temperature and flow of coolant in furnaces into which charging-machine operators dump loads of iron and other elements using controls that move mechanical arms to pick up boxes of materials and rotate them to spill the contents into the furnace.
When the steel is ready, the furnace is tilted or tapped to allow the molten metal to run into ladles. Next the steel is formed by pouring it into molds to make ingots. Hot-metal crane operators control cranes that pick up the ladles and hold them above molds. Steel pourers and their helpers assemble the stoppers used to plug these ladles. Other workers maintain the molds. Hot-top liners and helpers line the mold covers with firebrick and mortar. Mold workers remove the ingots from the molds and clean and coat the molds for the next casting.
The steel ingots then go to soaking pits for further processing. In the soaking pits, the ingots are reheated so that they may be rolled. Charger operators and helpers move steel through soaking-pit furnaces, where it stays heated at temperatures of up to 2450 degrees Fahrenheit for as long as 14 hours. The ingots are then ready for rolling or shaping into billets, blooms, and slabs. Bottom makers reline the bottom of the soaking pits with coke dust to keep oxide scale from forming on ingots. The soaking pits are then ready for more ingots.
Rail-tractor operators transport hot ingots and slabs from soaking pits to conveyors that take them to rolling mills. There, massive steel rollers squeeze the hot ingots into specified shapes. In five minutes, a 25″ x 27″ ingot can be rolled into a bloom with a 9″ x 9″cross section or into a 4″ billet. Roll builders and mill utility workers set up rollers for steel to pass through. Guide setters adjust rollers according to the type of shape required. Mill recorders control the scheduling of rolling ingots and record production data. Manipulators operate mechanisms that guide the ingots into the rolling mills. Primary mill rollers and rolling attendants operate machines that perform the first rolling operations. Rolltube setters adjust machines that roll ingots into shapes for pipes and tubing.
Some rolled steel goes to foundries to be made into tools, heavy equipment, and machine gears. Most, however, goes to finishing mills to be made into sheet steel, piping, wire, and other types of steel. Hot-mill tin rollers run machines that roll slabs into sheets and strips. Roller-leveler operators run machines that remove wrinkles from sheets. Roughers, rougher operators, speed operators, screwdown operators, and table operators set up and operate mills that reduce billets, blooms, and slabs to various shapes, depending on requirements. Some finishing operators make seamless tubing by piercing steel billets lengthwise and rolling them into tubing. Reeling-machine operators then round out and burnish the inner and outer surfaces of these tubes. As steel strips are made, coiler operators wind them into coils, checking for defects and cutting them into specified lengths. Tubing-machine operators roll metal ribbon into tubes and solder the seams to form conduit. Finishers roll strips, sheets, and bars to specified gauges, shapes, and finishes.
Most rods and tubes and other solid and hollow objects are formed through extruding and drawing hot metal through a die. Draw-bench operators and their helpers adjust dies to specified dimensions and draw hot metal rods through them to give them a specified shape and diameter. Tube drawers do the same in forming steel tubes.
Other workers process metal that is recovered in powder form from other iron and steel making processes. Much of this powder comes from dust in furnace flues. Batch makers tend equipment that recovers powdered metal and separates it from impurities. Mixers blend batches of powdered metal, and sinter workers make sinter cake, a mass of powdered metal formed without melting. This powder is processed by press setters and operators to make bearings, gears, filters, and rings.
Steel production is recorded by workers to assure that procedures are carried out correctly. Inspectors and assorters check steel products to make sure they meet customers’ specifications. Other workers test samples of metal to measure their strength, hardness, or ductility.
The industry also employs various mechanics and construction workers, including bricklayers who line furnaces with firebrick and refractory tile and repair cracked or broken linings. Millwrights install and maintain equipment and machinery. Electricians install and repair computer controls for machine tools and other equipment. Industrial engineers determine the most efficient and cost-effective methods for production. Mechanical engineers often work in management positions to solve mechanical issues on the production line. Environmental engineers design, build, and maintain systems to control air and water pollution. Metallurgical engineers try to improve or alter the properties of steel, as well as find new uses for the metal. General laborers are employed to feed, unload, and clean machines; to move supplies and raw materials; to hoist materials for processing; and to perform a variety of other unskilled tasks. Other workers bale scrap metal or strap coils.
Steel Industry Worker Career Requirements
In the past, some employers hired workers without high school diplomas, but today most prefer high school graduates. Classes to take in high school include English, communications, general mathematics, computers, and mechanical drawing as well as shop courses.
Most steelworkers learn their skills on the job or through apprenticeships. Apprenticeships are open to high school graduates who are at least 18 years old. Apprentice programs generally last four to five years and teach skills through classroom lectures and on-the-job training. Some employers pay for workers to take additional courses in subjects they can use on the job—chemistry, management, and metallurgy, for example. Other education is available through home-study courses, technical schools, and colleges.
Most of the jobs in this industry are physically demanding, and workers need to be in good health and have strength and endurance. Traits that employers look for include good mechanical skills, computer aptitude, strong reading comprehension, oral communication, and math skills.
Exploring Steel Industry Worker Career
One of the best ways to learn about the steel industry is to visit a steel mill. If this is not feasible, you may be able to invite a union or industry representative to your school to speak with students about careers in the steel industry. Reading publications, such as Iron & Steel Technology (http://www.aist.org/conference-expositions/aistech), put out by iron and steel associations is a good way to become more familiar with the industry and current trends.
Most steel mills are located in Illinois, Indiana, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Texas, although there are also steel plants in California, Utah, Alabama, North Carolina, and Florida. Most workers are members of the United Steelworkers of America union.
Newspaper want ads and state employment agencies sometimes list openings in steel mills. Job seekers should also apply directly at the mills’ personnel offices. Workers who would like to begin as an apprentice should contact a local union or a state apprenticeship bureau.
Entry-level steelworkers and those new to a plant may start in a pool of unskilled laborers. Because steelworkers have a strong union, advancement is often dependent on seniority. As workers gain skills and seniority, they may move into more difficult but higher-paying jobs. Workers may take five years to learn the work of supervisors or rollers but then have to wait much longer for openings to occur. With further education and training, workers may advance into management positions.
Most steel mills operate 24 hours a day. Workers work one of three shifts: day, night, or graveyard. Late-shift workers receive premium pay, as do those who work overtime (more than 40 hours per week), or on Sundays and holidays.
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the average weekly earnings for non-supervisory production workers in steel manufacturing in 2004 were $1,028 (or $53,450 annually). The Department of Labor reports the following median salaries for workers employed in and steel mills by specialty in 2004: first-line supervisors/ managers of production and operating workers, $50,620; electricians, $46,675; general maintenance and repair workers, $37,250; rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic, $36,170; crane and tower operators, $34,590; cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic, $29,575; and production work helpers, $22,630.
Workers receive paid holidays, paid vacations, sick leave, retirement plans, health and life insurance, and other fringe benefits. Many benefits are determined by contracts between the representative union and company management.
Safety is a great concern in steel mills. Furnaces create incredibly high temperatures, and machines handle mountains of materials. Yet the steel industry is one of the safest in America. While steelworkers of the past worked in searing, dangerous conditions, today’s workers often work in air-conditioned spaces and come no closer to machinery than pressing a button. Those who work in close proximity to machines and molten metal wear safety clothing and equipment (hard hats, safety glasses, protective aprons, and so on) provided by the company. Still, some workers are exposed to heat and great amounts of noise. The industry, however, is focused on making mills as safe as possible for workers.
Steel Industry Worker Career Outlook
Strong foreign competition, an increase in imported steel, decreases in domestic manufacturing, and overproduction of steel on the world market has negatively affected the U.S. steel industry and its workers. The U.S. Department of Labor predicts that employment in the steel industry will decline by 13 percent through 2014. Opportunities will be slightly better for workers employed at electronic arc furnace mills, which are more cost-effective than traditional steel mills (see sidebar for more information).
For More Information
American Iron and Steel Institute
Steel Manufacturers Association
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The Government will use next week's Budget to launch a consultation into whether taxes could be used to limit our use of plastic packaging.
Sources in the Treasury suggest the Chancellor will look at whether similar measures to those used to target carrier bags could help reduce plastic waste such as bottles, bubble wrap and takeaway boxes.
There has been an 80% reduction in plastic bag use since 2015 after shops were legally obliged to charge for their purchase.
Philip Hammond is expected to "call for evidence" next Wednesday from consumers, environmental groups and companies involved in the life cycle of plastic products to see whether taxes and charges could be used more widely.
Over 300 million tonnes of plastic were produced in the UK alone in 2014 and that number is expected to double over the next 20 years.
Tisha Brown from Greenpeace told Sky News: "Taxation measures can help as we've seen with the plastic bag levy, which dramatically reduced the number of bags purchased and those ending up in the environment.
"We know that works and we're hoping that taxation measures on other items can reduce our plastic footprint," she added.
But the Taxpayers' Alliance pressure group has warned the Government against using taxation as a "blunt instrument".
Research director Alex Wild argues that businesses often correct their own behaviours without interference and that "all too often governments use the tax system to correct every perceived ill they can think of".
The Scottish and Welsh parliaments are already using their devolved powers to try to limit single-use plastics.
Cardiff may follow Edinburgh and start trialling a deposit return scheme next year, while Sky's Ocean Rescue campaign has helped maintain the political pressure.
Government advisers say they want to look at what can be done to decrease use, increase recycling and force businesses to innovate in the materials they use for packaging.
They insist the aim is for Britain to become a world leader in green technologies, but argue levies - if used judiciously - can help alter behaviours without adding costs to business.
:: Sky has been running a campaign to make people more aware of the effect plastic has on the world's oceans and to share ways of tackling the problem. To get involved in Sky Ocean Rescue, visit the campaign website here. You can also watch our documentary, A Plastic Voyage.
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Effective Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programs are essential for improving global health, reducing poverty, and promoting sustainable development. Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning (MEAL) plays a vital role in the design, implementation, and assessment of WASH programs, ensuring that interventions are evidence-based, efficient, and responsive to the needs and priorities of affected communities. This article will explore the importance of MEAL in WASH programs, discuss the unique challenges and opportunities presented by these initiatives, and provide strategies and best practices for effectively implementing MEAL in WASH programs.
The Importance of MEAL for WASH Programs
The significance of MEAL in WASH programs can be attributed to several factors:
- Enhancing the effectiveness of interventions: MEAL helps identify successful practices, lessons learned, and areas for improvement, leading to the design and implementation of more effective and impactful WASH programs. By tracking progress and measuring results, MEAL enables practitioners to learn from experience and adapt their strategies and actions accordingly.
- Promoting accountability and transparency: MEAL fosters accountability and transparency among program implementers, donors, and other stakeholders by systematically tracking progress, reporting results, and ensuring the efficient and responsible use of resources.
- Supporting adaptive management and learning: WASH programs often involve complex and rapidly changing contexts, necessitating adaptive management and continuous learning. MEAL facilitates reflection and learning, enabling program staff and stakeholders to adjust and innovate in response to emerging challenges and changing circumstances.
- Informing policy and decision-making: MEAL generates evidence and insights that can inform policy and decision-making in the WASH sector, helping to shape more effective strategies and interventions.
- Empowering affected communities and stakeholders: By involving affected communities and stakeholders in the MEAL process, these approaches can empower local actors, ensuring their voices, concerns, and priorities are taken into account in program design and implementation.
Challenges and Opportunities for MEAL in WASH Programs
MEAL for WASH programs presents unique challenges and opportunities that require tailored strategies and adaptations. Some of the primary challenges and opportunities include:
Challenge 1: Measuring Complex and Interconnected Outcomes
WASH programs often involve complex and interconnected goals, such as improving access to water and sanitation, promoting hygiene behavior change, and enhancing the sustainability of WASH services. Measuring these outcomes can be challenging, as they may not be easily quantifiable or observable, and may require the use of proxy indicators or qualitative data.
Opportunity: Develop innovative and context-specific tools and indicators that can capture the complex and interconnected aspects of WASH programs. For example, the use of participatory video or storytelling can help document narratives of change and provide insights into the lived experiences of affected communities.
Challenge 2: Balancing Rigor and Flexibility
MEAL approaches in WASH need to balance the need for rigor and robust evidence with the need for flexibility and adaptability in response to changing contexts and priorities. Traditional evaluation methods, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), may offer high levels of rigor, but may not be suitable for all programs or contexts, particularly those that require rapid adaptation or involve multiple partners and interventions.
Opportunity: Utilize a mix of evaluation methods and approaches that combine rigor with flexibility, such as developmental evaluation, rapid assessment techniques, and adaptive learning approaches. These methods can generate timely and context-specific evidence while still maintaining a focus on rigorous data collection and analysis.
Challenge 3: Ensuring Inclusivity and Representation
MEAL approaches in WASH must ensure that the voices and perspectives of marginalized and vulnerable groups, including women, youth, and persons with disabilities, are included and represented, both in the design and implementation of programs and in the evaluation of their impacts. This can be challenging, particularly in contexts with high levels of inequality, discrimination, or social exclusion.
Opportunity: Adopt participatory and inclusive MEAL approaches that actively engage marginalized and vulnerable groups and promote their leadership and decision-making in program design, implementation, and evaluation. For example, the use of gender-sensitive and disability-inclusive evaluation techniques can help ensure that the needs and priorities of these groups are adequately addressed and reflected in program outcomes.
Challenge 4: Operating in Rapidly Changing and Uncertain Contexts
WASH programs often take place in rapidly changing and uncertain contexts, such as in the aftermath of a disaster or in the face of climate change-induced hazards. These conditions can pose significant challenges for MEAL activities, as data collection and monitoring may be hindered by logistical constraints, safety concerns, or shifting priorities.
Opportunity: Adapt MEAL strategies and methodologies to suit the constraints and realities of rapidly changing and uncertain environments. This may include the use of remote data collection techniques, such as mobile surveys or satellite imagery, or the adoption of flexible and adaptive monitoring frameworks that can accommodate changing circumstances.
Challenge 5: Navigating Political and Ethical ConsiderationsWASH programs often involve political and ethical considerations, such as power dynamics, resource allocation, and the potential for unintended consequences. Navigating these complexities can be challenging for MEAL practitioners, particularly in contexts with competing priorities, interests, and values.
Opportunity: Develop ethical guidelines and principles for MEAL in WASH programs that help ensure the rights, dignity, and well-being of affected communities are protected and promoted. This may include adopting principles such as “do no harm,” ensuring informed consent, and promoting equity and social justice in program design, implementation, and evaluation.
Strategies and Best Practices for Implementing MEAL in WASH Programs
To effectively implement MEAL in WASH programs, practitioners should consider the following strategies and best practices:
- Develop a clear MEAL framework and plan: Establish a comprehensive MEAL framework that outlines the purpose, objectives, indicators, and data sources for monitoring and evaluation, as well as the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders. Develop a detailed MEAL plan that sets out the specific activities, timelines, and resources required for each component of the framework.
- Utilize a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods: Employ a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to capture the full range of outcomes and impacts associated with WASH programs. This may include surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, direct observation, and participatory techniques.
- Adopt participatory and inclusive approaches: Ensure that affected communities and stakeholders are actively engaged in the MEAL process, including in the design, implementation, and evaluation of WASH programs. Promote the leadership and decision-making of marginalized and vulnerable groups, and ensure that their voices, concerns, and priorities are taken into account.
- Invest in capacity building and training: Strengthen the capacity of program staff and stakeholders to effectively implement MEAL activities, through training, mentoring, and the provision of technical support. Encourage a culture of learning and reflection, and promote the sharing of lessons learned and best practices across the WASH sector.
- Promote coordination and collaboration: Foster collaboration and coordination among different actors involved in WASH programs, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, donors, and the private sector. This can help ensure that MEAL activities are harmonized, reducing duplication of effort and promoting the sharing of data, knowledge, and expertise.
- Establish feedback and accountability mechanisms: Implement feedback and accountability mechanisms that enable affected communities and stakeholders to provide input, raise concerns, and hold program implementers accountable for their actions. This may include the establishment of community feedback committees, hotlines, or grievance redress mechanisms.
- Regularly review and adapt MEAL activities: Periodically review and reflect on the effectiveness of MEAL activities, and adapt strategies and approaches as needed in response to changing contexts, priorities, and evidence. This may involve revising indicators, updating data collection tools, or modifying evaluation methodologies to better capture program outcomes and impacts.
In conclusion, MEAL plays a critical role in the success of WASH programs, helping to ensure that interventions are effective, efficient, and responsive to the needs and priorities of affected communities. By adopting innovative and context-specific strategies and best practices, practitioners can overcome the unique challenges and opportunities presented by WASH programs and contribute to the achievement of global health, poverty reduction, and sustainable development goals.
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