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The mandible is the lower jawbone of a vertebrate animal. Mandible may also refer to: Mandible (arthropod mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in arthropods Mandible (insect mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in insects Human mandible, the lower jawbone in humans Mandible Cirque, Antarctica Entertainment Mandibles (film), a 2020 French film The Mandibles, a 2016 American novel "Mandible", a song by Odette from the 2021 album Herald	null	[ "The mandible is the lower jawbone of a vertebrate animal. Mandible may also refer to: Mandible (arthropod mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in arthropods Mandible (insect mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in insects Human mandible, the lower jawbone in humans Mandible Cirque, Antarctica Entertainment Mandibles (film), a 2020 French film The Mandibles, a 2016 American novel \"Mandible\", a song by Odette from the 2021 album Herald" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Mandible (disambiguation)' to be more casual in tone: The mandible is the lower jawbone of a vertebrate animal. Mandible may also refer to: Mandible (arthropod mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in arthropods Mandible (insect mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in insects Human mandible, the lower jawbone in humans Mandible Cirque, Antarctica Entertainment Mandibles (film), a 2020 French film The Mandibles, a 2016 American novel "Mandible", a song by Odette from the 2021 album Herald	enhance	0	Mandible (disambiguation)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible (disambiguation)	{"Introduction": "The mandible is the lower jawbone of a vertebrate animal. Mandible may also refer to: Mandible (arthropod mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in arthropods Mandible (insect mouthpart), one of several mouthparts in insects Human mandible, the lower jawbone in humans Mandible Cirque, Antarctica", "Entertainment": "Mandibles (film), a 2020 French film The Mandibles, a 2016 American novel \"Mandible\", a song by Odette from the 2021 album Herald"}
Michael Garrick (30 May 1933 – 11 November 2011) was an English jazz pianist and composer, and a pioneer in mixing jazz with poetry recitations and in the use of jazz in large-scale choral works. Biography Garrick was born in Enfield, Middlesex, and educated at University College, London, from which he graduated in 1959 with a BA in English literature. As a student there he formed his first quartet, featuring vibraphonist Peter Shade. Recordings of this are on HEP (Chronos and Silhouette, released on Gearbox vinyl). Aside from some lessons at the Ivor Mairants School of Dance Music, Garrick was "an entirely self-taught musician" (he had been expelled from Eleanor B. Franklin-Pike's piano lessons for quoting from "In the Mood" at a pupils' concert), though he attended Berklee College, Boston, as a mature student in the 1970s. Soon after graduating, Garrick became the musical director of "Poetry & Jazz in Concert", a roadshow devised by poet and publisher Jeremy Robson, and involving writers as diverse as Laurie Lee, Adrian Mitchell, Vernon Scannell, Spike Milligan, Dannie Abse, and John Smith. Garrick's quintet at this time included Joe Harriott and Shake Keane. Garrick came to special prominence in the British contemporary jazz world initially as the pianist with the Don Rendell–Ian Carr quintet from 1965 to 1969, and led his own sextet from 1966. Garrick is perhaps best known for his jazz-choral works, the first of which he started in 1967. Jazz Praises, an extended religious work for his sextet and a large choir, was performed at St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and elsewhere. With poet John Smith he produced a series of such works, starting in 1969 with Mr Smith's Apocalypse for sextet, speakers, and chorus, which had its premiere at the Farnham Festival. The culmination of this partnership was A Zodiac of Angels, a choral jazz ballet performed opposite Carmina Burana under the baton of Victor Fox in the Opera Theatre Manchester in January 1988 and using symphony orchestra, seven jazz soloists including Norma Winstone, full choir and a dance company. Indian classical music has influenced many of his compositions. Aside from his performing, recording, and composing, Garrick was heavily involved in jazz education, and held teaching posts at the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, London; he continued to teach at summer schools, both for the Guildhall School of Music and on his own Jazz Academy Vacation Courses, from 1989 at Beechwood in Tunbridge Wells. For many years he took his trio into schools presenting interactive events to introduce children to jazz. His own record label, Jazz Academy Records, features many albums by his Michael Garrick Jazz Orchestra and has trio, solo, quartet and other small groupings, some including singers Norma Winstone, Anita Wardell and Jacqui Dankworth. In 2009, Garrick began a collaboration with vocalist Nette Robinson. At the time of his death he had also begun to develop work with a quartet including vibraphonist Jim Hart, which would have reworked some of the music of the Modern Jazz Quartet and would have provided an echo of his own first quartet, half a century earlier. That year, he also participated in the release of a 1964 recording, The Girl with Brown Hair, featuring his trio (with Colin Barnes on drums and Dave Green on bass) backing Dick Morrissey. Garrick was appointed MBE in the 2010 Birthday Honours. He published his autobiography Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands, co-written with Trevor Bannister, in the same year. Garrick died on 11 November 2011 after suffering heart problems for some years. Discography As leader Main sources: Almost all of Garrick's early recordings have been reissued on CD, especially through the Vocalion label. Moonscape was reissued in 2007 on Trunk Records. Albums from the 1990s to 2010 appeared mainly on his Jazz Academy label. As co-leader With The Don Rendell / Ian Carr Quintet Dusk Fire (Columbia, 1966) Phase III (Columbia, 1968) Live (Columbia, 1969) Change Is (Columbia, 1969) As sidemen With Nette Robinson Remembered Time (Jazz Academy, 2010) – as Michael Garrick Trio Compositions Praises: a miscellany of religious texts and images for jazz group, organ, and chorus. Recorded in 1965: Simon Preston (organ), Louis Halsey's Elizabethan Singers, and jazz quintet with Joe Harriott (alto sax) and Shake Keane (trumpet) Mr Smith's Apocalypse: cantata (poems by John Smith). Commission from Farnham Festival, 1969. Same forces as Praises, plus readers. Recorded in 1970 with the Garrick septet. Judas Kiss: the Passion of Christ. Text compiled from the four gospels. Commission from Nottingham Festival, 1971. Same forces as Mr Smith's Apocalypse, with string orchestra added in 1990. Not commercially recorded. A Hobbit Suite or Gemstones: suite based on J. R. R. Tolkien The Hobbit, in nine sections. Commission from Mersey Arts, 1973 for jazz sextet, including the voice of Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Recorded in 1994 (selections from expanded version). Jazz Portraits: an ongoing project from 1975, depicting figures from jazz such as Duke Ellington, John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, McCoy Tyner, Thelonious Monk, and Bill Evans; for large and small ensembles. Underground Streams: an after-death soliloquy, with interludes from angels and other heavenly beings. Based on Rudolf Steiner's 1912 lecture-cycle Life between Death and Rebirth. Commission from the Jazz Centre Society, London, 1978. Forces: voice, guitar, and piano. First performance at South Bank Centre, June 1978 with Norma Winstone (voice), Phil Lee (guitar), and Garrick (piano). Not commercially recorded; broadcast on BBC Radio 3. Hardy Country: suite for small or large ensemble, with or without vocal part; in nine self-contained movements, plus three poem settings for speaker. Commission from South-West Arts and Eldridge Pope, brewers, of Dorchester. First performance June 1990 in the Thomas Hardy Hall by jazz quartet with Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Selections of expanded version recorded in 1994. A Zodiac of Angels: suite of twelve pieces, depicting the situation and function of twelve heavenly beings as defined in A Dictionary of Angels by Gustav Davidson; selected and turned into verse by John Smith. Commission from Manchester Education Authority for symphony orchestra, six jazz instrumental soloists, jazz singer, chorus, and soloists. First performance at Royal Northern College of Music Opera Theatre, January 1988 in a fully staged (dance) version. The Royal Box: suite in nine movements based on phrases connected with royalty (e.g., "The Old Pretender", "The Royal Prerogative", "A Lady in Waiting", etc.). Inspired by the media treatment of the British Royal Family, in particular Prince Charles and Princess Diana. In two versions: piano/bass/drums trio and jazz orchestra. Trio version recorded complete; selections of jazz-orchestra version recorded. Bovingdon Poppies: oratorio of poem "Bovingdon Poppies" (a poem by Eva Travers), for chorus, soloists, jazz sextet, and string orchestra. First performance: Remembrance Day, November 1993. Autobiography Michael Garrick, Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands (with Trevor Bannister). Earley, Reading: Springdale Publishing, 2010. Other sources Coleridge Goode and Roger Cotterrell, Bass Lines: A Life in Jazz. London: Northway Publications, 2002. Alan Robertson, Joe Harriott: Fire in His Soul, 2nd edn. London: Northway Publications, 2011.	null	[ "Michael Garrick (30 May 1933 – 11 November 2011) was an English jazz pianist and composer, and a pioneer in mixing jazz with poetry recitations and in the use of jazz in large-scale choral works. Biography Garrick was born in Enfield, Middlesex, and educated at University College, London, from which he graduated in 1959 with a BA in English literature. As a student there he formed his first quartet, featuring vibraphonist Peter Shade. Recordings of this are on HEP (Chronos and Silhouette, released on Gearbox vinyl). Aside from some lessons at the Ivor Mairants School of Dance Music, Garrick was \"an entirely self-taught musician\" (he had been expelled from Eleanor B. Franklin-Pike's piano lessons for quoting from \"In the Mood\" at a pupils' concert), though he attended Berklee College, Boston, as a mature student in the 1970s. Soon after graduating, Garrick became the musical director of \"Poetry & Jazz in Concert\", a roadshow devised by poet and publisher Jeremy Robson, and involving writers as diverse as Laurie Lee, Adrian Mitchell, Vernon Scannell, Spike Milligan, Dannie Abse, and John Smith. Garrick's quintet at this time included Joe Harriott and Shake Keane. Garrick came to special prominence in the British contemporary jazz world initially as the pianist with the Don Rendell–Ian Carr quintet from 1965 to 1969, and led his own sextet from 1966.", "Garrick is perhaps best known for his jazz-choral works, the first of which he started in 1967. Jazz Praises, an extended religious work for his sextet and a large choir, was performed at St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and elsewhere. With poet John Smith he produced a series of such works, starting in 1969 with Mr Smith's Apocalypse for sextet, speakers, and chorus, which had its premiere at the Farnham Festival. The culmination of this partnership was A Zodiac of Angels, a choral jazz ballet performed opposite Carmina Burana under the baton of Victor Fox in the Opera Theatre Manchester in January 1988 and using symphony orchestra, seven jazz soloists including Norma Winstone, full choir and a dance company. Indian classical music has influenced many of his compositions. Aside from his performing, recording, and composing, Garrick was heavily involved in jazz education, and held teaching posts at the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, London; he continued to teach at summer schools, both for the Guildhall School of Music and on his own Jazz Academy Vacation Courses, from 1989 at Beechwood in Tunbridge Wells. For many years he took his trio into schools presenting interactive events to introduce children to jazz.", "His own record label, Jazz Academy Records, features many albums by his Michael Garrick Jazz Orchestra and has trio, solo, quartet and other small groupings, some including singers Norma Winstone, Anita Wardell and Jacqui Dankworth. In 2009, Garrick began a collaboration with vocalist Nette Robinson. At the time of his death he had also begun to develop work with a quartet including vibraphonist Jim Hart, which would have reworked some of the music of the Modern Jazz Quartet and would have provided an echo of his own first quartet, half a century earlier. That year, he also participated in the release of a 1964 recording, The Girl with Brown Hair, featuring his trio (with Colin Barnes on drums and Dave Green on bass) backing Dick Morrissey. Garrick was appointed MBE in the 2010 Birthday Honours. He published his autobiography Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands, co-written with Trevor Bannister, in the same year. Garrick died on 11 November 2011 after suffering heart problems for some years.", "Discography As leader Main sources: Almost all of Garrick's early recordings have been reissued on CD, especially through the Vocalion label. Moonscape was reissued in 2007 on Trunk Records. Albums from the 1990s to 2010 appeared mainly on his Jazz Academy label.", "As co-leader With The Don Rendell / Ian Carr Quintet Dusk Fire (Columbia, 1966) Phase III (Columbia, 1968) Live (Columbia, 1969) Change Is (Columbia, 1969) As sidemen With Nette Robinson Remembered Time (Jazz Academy, 2010) – as Michael Garrick Trio Compositions Praises: a miscellany of religious texts and images for jazz group, organ, and chorus. Recorded in 1965: Simon Preston (organ), Louis Halsey's Elizabethan Singers, and jazz quintet with Joe Harriott (alto sax) and Shake Keane (trumpet) Mr Smith's Apocalypse: cantata (poems by John Smith). Commission from Farnham Festival, 1969. Same forces as Praises, plus readers. Recorded in 1970 with the Garrick septet. Judas Kiss: the Passion of Christ. Text compiled from the four gospels. Commission from Nottingham Festival, 1971. Same forces as Mr Smith's Apocalypse, with string orchestra added in 1990. Not commercially recorded. A Hobbit Suite or Gemstones: suite based on J. R. R. Tolkien The Hobbit, in nine sections. Commission from Mersey Arts, 1973 for jazz sextet, including the voice of Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Recorded in 1994 (selections from expanded version). Jazz Portraits: an ongoing project from 1975, depicting figures from jazz such as Duke Ellington, John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, McCoy Tyner, Thelonious Monk, and Bill Evans; for large and small ensembles. Underground Streams: an after-death soliloquy, with interludes from angels and other heavenly beings. Based on Rudolf Steiner's 1912 lecture-cycle Life between Death and Rebirth. Commission from the Jazz Centre Society, London, 1978. Forces: voice, guitar, and piano. First performance at South Bank Centre, June 1978 with Norma Winstone (voice), Phil Lee (guitar), and Garrick (piano). Not commercially recorded; broadcast on BBC Radio 3. Hardy Country: suite for small or large ensemble, with or without vocal part; in nine self-contained movements, plus three poem settings for speaker. Commission from South-West Arts and Eldridge Pope, brewers, of Dorchester. First performance June 1990 in the Thomas Hardy Hall by jazz quartet with Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Selections of expanded version recorded in 1994. A Zodiac of Angels: suite of twelve pieces, depicting the situation and function of twelve heavenly beings as defined in A Dictionary of Angels by Gustav Davidson; selected and turned into verse by John Smith. Commission from Manchester Education Authority for symphony orchestra, six jazz instrumental soloists, jazz singer, chorus, and soloists. First performance at Royal Northern College of Music Opera Theatre, January 1988 in a fully staged (dance) version. The Royal Box: suite in nine movements based on phrases connected with royalty (e.g., \"The Old Pretender\", \"The Royal Prerogative\", \"A Lady in Waiting\", etc.). Inspired by the media treatment of the British Royal Family, in particular Prince Charles and Princess Diana. In two versions: piano/bass/drums trio and jazz orchestra. Trio version recorded complete; selections of jazz-orchestra version recorded. Bovingdon Poppies: oratorio of poem \"Bovingdon Poppies\" (a poem by Eva Travers), for chorus, soloists, jazz sextet, and string orchestra. First performance: Remembrance Day, November 1993.", "Autobiography Michael Garrick, Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands (with Trevor Bannister). Earley, Reading: Springdale Publishing, 2010. Other sources Coleridge Goode and Roger Cotterrell, Bass Lines: A Life in Jazz. London: Northway Publications, 2002. Alan Robertson, Joe Harriott: Fire in His Soul, 2nd edn. London: Northway Publications, 2011." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Michael Garrick' to be more academic in tone: Garrick is perhaps best known for his jazz-choral works, the first of which he started in 1967. Jazz Praises, an extended religious work for his sextet and a large choir, was performed at St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and elsewhere. With poet John Smith he produced a series of such works, starting in 1969 with Mr Smith's Apocalypse for sextet, speakers, and chorus, which had its premiere at the Farnham Festival. The culmination of this partnership was A Zodiac of Angels, a choral jazz ballet performed opposite Carmina Burana under the baton of Victor Fox in the Opera Theatre Manchester in January 1988 and using symphony orchestra, seven jazz soloists including Norma Winstone, full choir and a dance company. Indian classical music has influenced many of his compositions. Aside from his performing, recording, and composing, Garrick was heavily involved in jazz education, and held teaching posts at the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, London; he continued to teach at summer schools, both for the Guildhall School of Music and on his own Jazz Academy Vacation Courses, from 1989 at Beechwood in Tunbridge Wells. For many years he took his trio into schools presenting interactive events to introduce children to jazz.	enhance	1	Michael Garrick	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael Garrick	{"Introduction": "Michael Garrick (30 May 1933 \u00e2 11 November 2011) was an English jazz pianist and composer, and a pioneer in mixing jazz with poetry recitations and in the use of jazz in largescale choral works.", "Biography": "Garrick was born in Enfield, Middlesex, and educated at University College, London, from which he graduated in 1959 with a BA in English literature. As a student there he formed his first quartet, featuring vibraphonist Peter Shade. Recordings of this are on HEP (Chronos and Silhouette, released on Gearbox vinyl). Aside from some lessons at the Ivor Mairants School of Dance Music, Garrick was \"an entirely selftaught musician\" (he had been expelled from Eleanor B. FranklinPike's piano lessons for quoting from \"In the Mood\" at a pupils' concert), though he attended Berklee College, Boston, as a mature student in the 1970s. Soon after graduating, Garrick became the musical director of \"Poetry Jazz in Concert\", a roadshow devised by poet and publisher Jeremy Robson, and involving writers as diverse as Laurie Lee, Adrian Mitchell, Vernon Scannell, Spike Milligan, Dannie Abse, and John Smith. Garrick's quintet at this time included Joe Harriott and Shake Keane. Garrick came to special prominence in the British contemporary jazz world initially as the pianist with the Don Rendell\u00e2Ian Carr quintet from 1965 to 1969, and led his own sextet from 1966. Garrick is perhaps best known for his jazzchoral works, the first of which he started in 1967. Jazz Praises, an extended religious work for his sextet and a large choir, was performed at St. Paul's Cathedral in London, and elsewhere. With poet John Smith he produced a series of such works, starting in 1969 with Mr Smith's Apocalypse for sextet, speakers, and chorus, which had its premiere at the Farnham Festival. The culmination of this partnership was A Zodiac of Angels, a choral jazz ballet performed opposite Carmina Burana under the baton of Victor Fox in the Opera Theatre Manchester in January 1988 and using symphony orchestra, seven jazz soloists including Norma Winstone, full choir and a dance company. Indian classical music has influenced many of his compositions. Aside from his performing, recording, and composing, Garrick was heavily involved in jazz education, and held teaching posts at the Royal Academy of Music and at Trinity College of Music, London; he continued to teach at summer schools, both for the Guildhall School of Music and on his own Jazz Academy Vacation Courses, from 1989 at Beechwood in Tunbridge Wells. For many years he took his trio into schools presenting interactive events to introduce children to jazz. His own record label, Jazz Academy Records, features many albums by his Michael Garrick Jazz Orchestra and has trio, solo, quartet and other small groupings, some including singers Norma Winstone, Anita Wardell and Jacqui Dankworth. In 2009, Garrick began a collaboration with vocalist Nette Robinson. At the time of his death he had also begun to develop work with a quartet including vibraphonist Jim Hart, which would have reworked some of the music of the Modern Jazz Quartet and would have provided an echo of his own first quartet, half a century earlier. That year, he also participated in the release of a 1964 recording, The Girl with Brown Hair, featuring his trio (with Colin Barnes on drums and Dave Green on bass) backing Dick Morrissey. Garrick was appointed MBE in the 2010 Birthday Honours. He published his autobiography Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands, cowritten with Trevor Bannister, in the same year. Garrick died on 11 November 2011 after suffering heart problems for some years.", "As leader": "Main sources: Almost all of Garrick's early recordings have been reissued on CD, especially through the Vocalion label. Moonscape was reissued in 2007 on Trunk Records. Albums from the 1990s to 2010 appeared mainly on his Jazz Academy label.", "As coleader": "With The Don Rendell / Ian Carr Quintet Dusk Fire (Columbia, 1966) Phase III (Columbia, 1968) Live (Columbia, 1969) Change Is (Columbia, 1969)", "With Nette Robinson": "Remembered Time (Jazz Academy, 2010) \u00e2 as Michael Garrick Trio", "Compositions": "Praises: a miscellany of religious texts and images for jazz group, organ, and chorus. Recorded in 1965: Simon Preston (organ), Louis Halsey's Elizabethan Singers, and jazz quintet with Joe Harriott (alto sax) and Shake Keane (trumpet) Mr Smith's Apocalypse: cantata (poems by John Smith). Commission from Farnham Festival, 1969. Same forces as Praises, plus readers. Recorded in 1970 with the Garrick septet. Judas Kiss: the Passion of Christ. Text compiled from the four gospels. Commission from Nottingham Festival, 1971. Same forces as Mr Smith's Apocalypse, with string orchestra added in 1990. Not commercially recorded. A Hobbit Suite or Gemstones: suite based on J. R. R. Tolkien The Hobbit, in nine sections. Commission from Mersey Arts, 1973 for jazz sextet, including the voice of Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Recorded in 1994 (selections from expanded version). Jazz Portraits: an ongoing project from 1975, depicting figures from jazz such as Duke Ellington, John Coltrane, Dizzy Gillespie, McCoy Tyner, Thelonious Monk, and Bill Evans; for large and small ensembles. Underground Streams: an afterdeath soliloquy, with interludes from angels and other heavenly beings. Based on Rudolf Steiner's 1912 lecturecycle Life between Death and Rebirth. Commission from the Jazz Centre Society, London, 1978. Forces: voice, guitar, and piano. First performance at South Bank Centre, June 1978 with Norma Winstone (voice), Phil Lee (guitar), and Garrick (piano). Not commercially recorded; broadcast on BBC Radio 3. Hardy Country: suite for small or large ensemble, with or without vocal part; in nine selfcontained movements, plus three poem settings for speaker. Commission from SouthWest Arts and Eldridge Pope, brewers, of Dorchester. First performance June 1990 in the Thomas Hardy Hall by jazz quartet with Norma Winstone. Later expanded for jazz orchestra. Selections of expanded version recorded in 1994. A Zodiac of Angels: suite of twelve pieces, depicting the situation and function of twelve heavenly beings as defined in A Dictionary of Angels by Gustav Davidson; selected and turned into verse by John Smith. Commission from Manchester Education Authority for symphony orchestra, six jazz instrumental soloists, jazz singer, chorus, and soloists. First performance at Royal Northern College of Music Opera Theatre, January 1988 in a fully staged (dance) version. The Royal Box: suite in nine movements based on phrases connected with royalty (e. g. , \"The Old Pretender\", \"The Royal Prerogative\", \"A Lady in Waiting\", etc. ). Inspired by the media treatment of the British Royal Family, in particular Prince Charles and Princess Diana. In two versions: piano/bass/drums trio and jazz orchestra. Trio version recorded complete; selections of jazzorchestra version recorded. Bovingdon Poppies: oratorio of poem \"Bovingdon Poppies\" (a poem by Eva Travers), for chorus, soloists, jazz sextet, and string orchestra. First performance: Remembrance Day, November 1993.", "Autobiography": "Michael Garrick, Dusk Fire: Jazz in English Hands (with Trevor Bannister). Earley, Reading: Springdale Publishing, 2010.", "Other sources": "Coleridge Goode and Roger Cotterrell, Bass Lines: A Life in Jazz. London: Northway Publications, 2002. Alan Robertson, Joe Harriott: Fire in His Soul, 2nd edn. London: Northway Publications, 2011."}
Elizabeth Raffald (; 1733 – 19 April 1781) was an English author, innovator and entrepreneur. Born and raised in Doncaster, Yorkshire, Raffald went into domestic service for fifteen years, ending as the housekeeper to the Warburton baronets at Arley Hall, Cheshire. She left her position when she married John, the estate's head gardener. The couple moved to Manchester, Lancashire, where Raffald opened a register office to introduce domestic workers to employers; she also ran a cookery school and sold food from the premises. In 1769 she published her cookery book The Experienced English Housekeeper, which contains the first recipe for a "Bride Cake" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake. She is also possibly the inventor of the Eccles cake. In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a listing of 1,505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester—the first such listing for the up-and-coming town. The Raffalds went on to run two important post houses in Manchester and Salford before running into financial problems, possibly brought on by John's heavy drinking. Raffald began a business selling strawberries and hot drinks during the strawberry season. She died suddenly in 1781, just after publishing the third edition of her directory and while still updating the eighth edition of her cookery book. After her death there were fifteen official editions of her cookery book, and twenty-three pirated ones. Her recipes were heavily plagiarised by other authors, notably by Isabella Beeton in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861). Raffald's recipes have been admired by several modern cooks and food writers, including Elizabeth David and Jane Grigson. Biography Early life Raffald was born Elizabeth Whitaker in Doncaster, one of the five daughters of Joshua and Elizabeth Whitaker. Raffald was baptised on 8 July 1733. She was given a good schooling, which included learning French. At fifteen she began working in service as a kitchen maid, and rose to the position of housekeeper. Her final post as a domestic servant was at Arley Hall, Cheshire, North West England, where she was housekeeper for Lady Elizabeth Warburton, from the family of the Warburton baronets. Starting work in December 1760, Raffald was paid £16 a year. In all she spent fifteen years in service. After a few years working for the Warburtons, Elizabeth married John Raffald, the head gardener at Arley Hall. The ceremony took place on 3 March 1763 at St Mary and All Saints Church, Great Budworth, Cheshire; on 23 April the couple left the Warburtons' service and moved to Fennel Street, Manchester, where John's family tended market gardens near the River Irwell. Over the following years, the couple had probably six daughters. The girls each had their own nurse, and when going out, were dressed in clean white dresses, with the nurses in attendance; at least three of the girls went to boarding schools. Business career John opened a floristry shop near Fennel Street; Raffald began an entrepreneurial career at the premises. She rented her spare rooms for storage, began a register office to bring together, for a fee, domestic staff with employers, and advertised that she was "pleased to give her business of supplying cold entertainments, hot French dishes, confectionaries, &c." Over the next few years her business grew, and she added cookery classes to the services she supplied. In August 1766 the Raffalds moved to what was probably a larger premises in Exchange Alley in Market Place. Here John sold seeds and plants, while Raffald, according to her advertisements in the local press, supplied "jellies, creams, possets, flummery, lemon cheese cakes, and all other decorations for cold entertainments; also, Yorkshire hams, tongues, brawn, Newcastle salmon, and sturgeon, pickles, and ketchups of all kinds, lemon pickles"; she also supplied the produce for, and organised, civic dinners. The following year, alongside confectionery, she was also selling: pistachio nuts, French olives, Portugal and French plumbs, prunellos [prunes], limes, preserved pine apples, and all sorts of dry and wet sweetmeats, both foreign and English. Also Turkey figs and other raisins, Jorden and Valencia almonds ... truffles, morels and all sorts of spices. In 1769 Raffald published her cookery book, The Experienced English Housekeeper, which she dedicated to Lady Warburton. As was the practice for publishers at the time, Raffald had obtained subscribers—those who had pre-paid for a copy. The first edition was supported by more than 800 subscribers which raised over £800. The subscribers paid five shillings when the book was published; the non-subscribers paid six. The book was "printed by a neighbour whom I can rely on doing it the strictest justice, without the least alteration". The neighbour was Joseph Harrop, who published the Manchester Mercury, a weekly newspaper in which Raffald had advertised extensively. She described the book as a "laborious undertaking" that had damaged her health as she had been "too studious and giving too close attention" to it. In an attempt to avoid piracy of her work, Raffald signed the front page of each copy of the first edition. In the introduction to The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald states "I can faithfully assure my friends that ... [the recipes] are wrote from my own experience and not borrowed from any other author". Like her predecessor Hannah Glasse, who wrote The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy in 1747, Raffald did not "gloss ... over with hard names or words of high style, but wrote in ...[her] own plain language". The historian Kate Colquhoun observes that Glasse and Raffald "wrote with an easy confidence", and both were the biggest cookery book sellers in the Georgian era. In 1771 Raffald released a second edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, which included a hundred additional recipes. The publisher was Robert Baldwin of 47 Paternoster Row, London, who had paid Raffald £1,400 for the copyright of the book. When he asked her to change some of the Mancunian vernacular, she declined, stating "What I have written I proposed to write at the time; it was written deliberately, and I cannot admit of any alteration". Further editions of the book appeared during her lifetime: in 1772 (printed in Dublin), 1773, 1775 and 1776 (all printed in London). In May 1771 Raffald advertised that she had begun to sell cosmetics from her shop, and listed the availability of distilled lavender water, wash balls, French soap, swan-down powder puffs, tooth powder, lip salve and perfumes. The historian Roy Shipperbottom considers that her nephew—the perfumer to the King of Hanover—was probably the supplier of the items. The same year she also assisted in setting up Prescott's Manchester Journal, the second Mancunian newspaper. In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a listing of 1,505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester. She wrote, "The want of a directory for the large and commercial town of Manchester having been frequently complained about ... I have taken on the arduous task of compiling a complete guide". The following year a larger edition followed, also covering Salford. At some point the Raffalds had also run the Bulls Head tavern—an important post house in the area, but in August 1772 the couple took possession of a coaching inn they described as: the old accustomed and commodious inn, known by the sign of the Kings Head in Salford, Manchester, which they have fitted up in the neatest and most elegant manner, for the reception and accommodation of the nobility, gentry, merchants and tradesmen. With a large function room at the premises, the Raffalds hosted the annual dinner of the Beefsteak Club and hosted weekly "card assemblies" during the winter season. Cox relates that Raffald's cuisine and her ability to speak French attracted foreign visitors to the inn. Raffald's sister, Mary Whitaker, opened a shop opposite the Kings Head and began selling the same produce Raffald had from the Fennel Street outlet; Mary also restarted the servants' register office. The couple had problems at the Kings Head. John was drinking heavily and feeling suicidal; when he said he wanted to drown himself, Raffald replied "I do think that it might be the best step you could take, for then you would be relieved of all your troubles and anxieties and you really do harass me very much." Thefts at the inn were common and trade did not flourish; money problems—possibly because they had overstretched themselves with their business dealings over two decades—brought creditors with their demands for repayment. John, as all the financial dealings were in his name, settled the debts by assigning over all the couple's assets and leaving the Kings Head; he was declared bankrupt. They moved back to Market Place in October 1779 where they occupied the Exchange Coffee House. John was made master of the business and Raffald provided food, chiefly soups. During strawberry season she set up a business on the Kersal Moor Racecourse, near the ladies' stand, selling strawberries with cream, tea and coffee. In 1781 the Raffalds' finances improved. Raffald updated The Manchester Directory and a third edition was published; she was compiling the eighth edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper and was writing a book on midwifery with Charles White, the physician and specialist in obstetrics. She died suddenly on 19 April 1781 of "spasms, after only one hour's illness"; the description is now considered to describe a stroke. The historian Penelope Corfield considers John's bankruptcy may have been a factor in Raffald's early death. She was buried at St Mary's Church, Stockport on 23 April. A week after Raffald's death, John's creditors took action and he was forced to close the coffee shop and sell off all his assets; initially he attempted to let it as a going concern, but there were no offers, so the lease and all his furniture was handed over to settle the debts. The copyright for the midwifery manuscript seems to have been sold; it is not known if it was ever published, but if it was, Raffald's name did not appear in it. John moved to London soon after Raffald's death and "lived extravagantly", according to Cox. He remarried and returned to Manchester after his money had run out. He reformed on his return, and joined the Wesleyan Methodist Church, where he attended chapel for the next thirty years. He died in December 1809, aged 85 and was buried in Stockport. Works Cookery For the first edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald had tested all the recipes herself; for the second edition in 1771, she added 100 recipes, some of which she had bought and not tested, but, she informed her readers, she had "weighed them the best I could". Colquhoun considers that the recipes Raffald wrote were those that appealed to Middle England, including "shredded calves' feet, hot chicken pies and carrot puddings, poached eggs on toast, macaroni with parmesan, and lettuce stewed in mint and gravy". Raffald was, Colquhoun writes, typical of her time, as she did not want to use garlic, preferred to eat crisp vegetables, and used grated horseradish and cayenne pepper—the last of these Colquhoun describes as "the taste of Empire". The Experienced English Housekeeper comprises recipes for food and drink only and, unlike many other cookery books of the time, there are no recipes for medicines or perfumes. The work contains one page with instructions for laying the table, and no instructions for servants. More than a third of the recipes in The Experienced English Housekeeper were given over to confectionery, including an early recipe for "Burnt Cream" (crème brûlée), details of how to spin sugar into sugar baskets and instructions of how to create multi-layered jellies, which included in them "fish made from flummery or hen's nests from thinly sliced, syrup poached lemon rind". The food historian Esther Bradford Aresty considers that "fantasy was Mrs. Raffald's specialty", and cites examples of "A Transparent Pudding Cover'd with a Silver Web, and Globes of Gold with Mottoes in Them", "A Rocky Island", which has peaks of gilded Flummery, a sprig of myrtle decorated with meringue, and a calves-foot jelly sea. Colquhoun thinks some of the recipes are "just a bit bizarre", including the "Rabbit Surprised", where the cook is instructed, after roasting, to "draw out the jaw-bones and stick them in the eyes to appear like horns". Colquhoun admires Raffald's turn of phrase, such as the advice to reserve water from a raised-pie pastry, as "it makes the crust sad". Shipperbottom highlights Raffald's phrases such as "dry salt will candy and shine like diamonds on your bacon", and that wine "summer-beams and blinks in the tub" if barm is not added in time. According to the lexicographer John Ayto, Raffald was the first writer to provide a recipe for crumpets; she provided an early recipe in English cuisine for cooking yams, and an early reference to barbecuing. Ahead of her time, she was a proponent of adding wine to dishes while there was still cooking time left, "to take off the rawness, for nothing can give a made dish a more disagreeable taste than raw wine or fresh anchovy". Directory Raffald published three editions of The Manchester Directory, in 1772, 1773 and 1781. To compile the listing, she sent "proper and intelligent Persons round the Town, to take down the Name, Business, and place of Abode of every Gentleman, Tradesman, and Shop-keeper, as well as others whose Business or Employment has any tendency to public Notice". The historian Hannah Barker, in her examination of businesswomen in northern England, observes that this process could take weeks or months to complete. The work was divided into two sections: first, a list of the town's traders and the civic elite, in alphabetical order; second, a list of Manchester's major religious, trade, philanthropic and governmental organisations and entities. Raffald did not list her shop under her own name, but it was recorded under that of her husband, as "John Raffald Seedsman and Confectioner"; Barker observes that this was different from Raffald's usual approach, as her shop and book were both advertised under her own name. The Directory contains listings of 94 women in trade—only 6 per cent of the total listings; of those, 46 were listed as widows, which the historian Margaret Hunt considers "a suspiciously large proportion". Historians have used Raffald's Directory to study the role of women in business in the 18th century. Barker warns of potential drawbacks with the material, including that only women trading independently of their families, or those who were widowed or single, were likely to be listed, but any woman who traded in partnership with her husband—such as Raffald—would be listed under her husband's name. Hunt points out that there are no keepers of lodging houses listed; directories that cover other towns list significant numbers, but the category is absent from Raffald's work. Legacy Baldwin brought out the eighth edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper shortly after Raffald died. Throughout her life she had refused to have her portrait painted, but Baldwin included an engraving of her in this edition, wearing a headdress that one of her daughters had made. The Experienced English Housekeeper was a popular book and remained in print for nearly fifty years. Fifteen authorised editions of her book were published and twenty-three pirated ones: the last edition appeared in 1810. Along with Hannah Glasse's 1747 work The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy and Eliza Smith's The Compleat Housewife (1727), The Experienced English Housekeeper was one of the cookery books popular in colonial America. Copies had been taken over by travellers and "The Experienced Housekeeper" was printed there. Raffald's work was plagiarised heavily throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th century; the historian Gilly Lehmann writes that Raffald was one of the most copied cookery book writers of the century. Writers who copied Raffald's work include Isabella Beeton, in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861); Mary Cole's 1789 work The Lady's Complete Guide; Richard Briggs's 1788 book The English Art of Cookery; The Universal Cook (1773) by John Townshend; Mary Smith's The Complete House-keeper and Professed Cook (1772); and John Farley's 1783 book The London Art of Cookery. Handwritten copies of individual recipes have been located in family recipe books around England, and Queen Victoria copied several of Raffald's recipes, including one for "King Solomon's Temple in Flummery", when she was a princess. Ayto states that Raffald was possibly the person who invented the Eccles cake. The food writer Alan Davidson observes that Raffald's recipe—for "sweet patties"—was the basis from which the Eccles cake was later developed. Raffald also played an important role in the development of the wedding cake. Hers was the first recipe for a "Bride Cake" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake. Although cakes had been a traditional part of nuptials, her version differed from previous recipes by the use of what is now called royal icing over a layer of almond paste or icing. Simon Charsley, in the Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, considers that Raffald's basis for her cake "became the distinguishing formula for British celebration cakes of increasing variety" over the next century. Raffald has been admired by several modern cooks and food writers. The 20th-century cookery writer Elizabeth David references Raffald several times in her articles, collected in Is There a Nutmeg in the House, which includes a recipe for apricot ice cream. In her 1984 book, An Omelette and a Glass of Wine, David includes Raffald's recipes for potted ham with chicken, potted salmon, and lemon syllabub. In English Bread and Yeast Cookery (1977), David includes recipes for crumpets, barm pudding, "wegg" (caraway seed cake) and bath buns. The food writer Jane Grigson admired Raffald's work, and in her 1974 book English Food, she included five of Raffald's recipes: bacon and egg pie (a quiche lorraine with a pastry lid); "whet" (anchovy fillets and cheese on toast); potted ham with chicken; crème brûlée; and orange custards. Raffald is quoted around 270 times in the Oxford English Dictionary, including for the terms "bride cake", "gofer-tongs", "hedgehog soup" and "Hottentot pie". A blue plaque marked the site of the Bulls Head pub which Raffald ran. It was damaged in the 1996 Manchester bombing and replaced in 2011 on the Marks & Spencer Building, Exchange Square. In 2013 Arley Hall introduced some of Raffald's recipes into the menu at the hall's restaurant, which caters for public visitors. Steve Hamilton, Arley Hall's general manager stated that Raffald is "a huge character in Arley's history and it is only right that we mark her contribution to the estate's past". Arley Hall considers Raffald "the Delia Smith of the 18th century". Notes and references Notes	null	[ "Elizabeth Raffald (; 1733 – 19 April 1781) was an English author, innovator and entrepreneur. Born and raised in Doncaster, Yorkshire, Raffald went into domestic service for fifteen years, ending as the housekeeper to the Warburton baronets at Arley Hall, Cheshire. She left her position when she married John, the estate's head gardener. The couple moved to Manchester, Lancashire, where Raffald opened a register office to introduce domestic workers to employers; she also ran a cookery school and sold food from the premises. In 1769 she published her cookery book The Experienced English Housekeeper, which contains the first recipe for a \"Bride Cake\" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake. She is also possibly the inventor of the Eccles cake. In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a listing of 1,505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester—the first such listing for the up-and-coming town. The Raffalds went on to run two important post houses in Manchester and Salford before running into financial problems, possibly brought on by John's heavy drinking. Raffald began a business selling strawberries and hot drinks during the strawberry season. She died suddenly in 1781, just after publishing the third edition of her directory and while still updating the eighth edition of her cookery book. After her death there were fifteen official editions of her cookery book, and twenty-three pirated ones. Her recipes were heavily plagiarised by other authors, notably by Isabella Beeton in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861). Raffald's recipes have been admired by several modern cooks and food writers, including Elizabeth David and Jane Grigson.", "Biography Early life Raffald was born Elizabeth Whitaker in Doncaster, one of the five daughters of Joshua and Elizabeth Whitaker. Raffald was baptised on 8 July 1733. She was given a good schooling, which included learning French. At fifteen she began working in service as a kitchen maid, and rose to the position of housekeeper. Her final post as a domestic servant was at Arley Hall, Cheshire, North West England, where she was housekeeper for Lady Elizabeth Warburton, from the family of the Warburton baronets. Starting work in December 1760, Raffald was paid £16 a year. In all she spent fifteen years in service. After a few years working for the Warburtons, Elizabeth married John Raffald, the head gardener at Arley Hall. The ceremony took place on 3 March 1763 at St Mary and All Saints Church, Great Budworth, Cheshire; on 23 April the couple left the Warburtons' service and moved to Fennel Street, Manchester, where John's family tended market gardens near the River Irwell. Over the following years, the couple had probably six daughters. The girls each had their own nurse, and when going out, were dressed in clean white dresses, with the nurses in attendance; at least three of the girls went to boarding schools.", "Business career John opened a floristry shop near Fennel Street; Raffald began an entrepreneurial career at the premises. She rented her spare rooms for storage, began a register office to bring together, for a fee, domestic staff with employers, and advertised that she was \"pleased to give her business of supplying cold entertainments, hot French dishes, confectionaries, &c.\" Over the next few years her business grew, and she added cookery classes to the services she supplied. In August 1766 the Raffalds moved to what was probably a larger premises in Exchange Alley in Market Place. Here John sold seeds and plants, while Raffald, according to her advertisements in the local press, supplied \"jellies, creams, possets, flummery, lemon cheese cakes, and all other decorations for cold entertainments; also, Yorkshire hams, tongues, brawn, Newcastle salmon, and sturgeon, pickles, and ketchups of all kinds, lemon pickles\"; she also supplied the produce for, and organised, civic dinners. The following year, alongside confectionery, she was also selling: pistachio nuts, French olives, Portugal and French plumbs, prunellos [prunes], limes, preserved pine apples, and all sorts of dry and wet sweetmeats, both foreign and English. Also Turkey figs and other raisins, Jorden and Valencia almonds ... truffles, morels and all sorts of spices.", "In 1769 Raffald published her cookery book, The Experienced English Housekeeper, which she dedicated to Lady Warburton. As was the practice for publishers at the time, Raffald had obtained subscribers—those who had pre-paid for a copy. The first edition was supported by more than 800 subscribers which raised over £800. The subscribers paid five shillings when the book was published; the non-subscribers paid six. The book was \"printed by a neighbour whom I can rely on doing it the strictest justice, without the least alteration\". The neighbour was Joseph Harrop, who published the Manchester Mercury, a weekly newspaper in which Raffald had advertised extensively. She described the book as a \"laborious undertaking\" that had damaged her health as she had been \"too studious and giving too close attention\" to it. In an attempt to avoid piracy of her work, Raffald signed the front page of each copy of the first edition. In the introduction to The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald states \"I can faithfully assure my friends that ... [the recipes] are wrote from my own experience and not borrowed from any other author\". Like her predecessor Hannah Glasse, who wrote The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy in 1747, Raffald did not \"gloss ... over with hard names or words of high style, but wrote in ...[her] own plain language\". The historian Kate Colquhoun observes that Glasse and Raffald \"wrote with an easy confidence\", and both were the biggest cookery book sellers in the Georgian era. In 1771 Raffald released a second edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, which included a hundred additional recipes. The publisher was Robert Baldwin of 47 Paternoster Row, London, who had paid Raffald £1,400 for the copyright of the book. When he asked her to change some of the Mancunian vernacular, she declined, stating \"What I have written I proposed to write at the time; it was written deliberately, and I cannot admit of any alteration\". Further editions of the book appeared during her lifetime: in 1772 (printed in Dublin), 1773, 1775 and 1776 (all printed in London). In May 1771 Raffald advertised that she had begun to sell cosmetics from her shop, and listed the availability of distilled lavender water, wash balls, French soap, swan-down powder puffs, tooth powder, lip salve and perfumes. The historian Roy Shipperbottom considers that her nephew—the perfumer to the King of Hanover—was probably the supplier of the items. The same year she also assisted in setting up Prescott's Manchester Journal, the second Mancunian newspaper.", "In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a listing of 1,505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester. She wrote, \"The want of a directory for the large and commercial town of Manchester having been frequently complained about ... I have taken on the arduous task of compiling a complete guide\". The following year a larger edition followed, also covering Salford. At some point the Raffalds had also run the Bulls Head tavern—an important post house in the area, but in August 1772 the couple took possession of a coaching inn they described as: the old accustomed and commodious inn, known by the sign of the Kings Head in Salford, Manchester, which they have fitted up in the neatest and most elegant manner, for the reception and accommodation of the nobility, gentry, merchants and tradesmen. With a large function room at the premises, the Raffalds hosted the annual dinner of the Beefsteak Club and hosted weekly \"card assemblies\" during the winter season. Cox relates that Raffald's cuisine and her ability to speak French attracted foreign visitors to the inn. Raffald's sister, Mary Whitaker, opened a shop opposite the Kings Head and began selling the same produce Raffald had from the Fennel Street outlet; Mary also restarted the servants' register office. The couple had problems at the Kings Head. John was drinking heavily and feeling suicidal; when he said he wanted to drown himself, Raffald replied \"I do think that it might be the best step you could take, for then you would be relieved of all your troubles and anxieties and you really do harass me very much.\" Thefts at the inn were common and trade did not flourish; money problems—possibly because they had overstretched themselves with their business dealings over two decades—brought creditors with their demands for repayment. John, as all the financial dealings were in his name, settled the debts by assigning over all the couple's assets and leaving the Kings Head; he was declared bankrupt. They moved back to Market Place in October 1779 where they occupied the Exchange Coffee House. John was made master of the business and Raffald provided food, chiefly soups. During strawberry season she set up a business on the Kersal Moor Racecourse, near the ladies' stand, selling strawberries with cream, tea and coffee.", "In 1781 the Raffalds' finances improved. Raffald updated The Manchester Directory and a third edition was published; she was compiling the eighth edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper and was writing a book on midwifery with Charles White, the physician and specialist in obstetrics. She died suddenly on 19 April 1781 of \"spasms, after only one hour's illness\"; the description is now considered to describe a stroke. The historian Penelope Corfield considers John's bankruptcy may have been a factor in Raffald's early death. She was buried at St Mary's Church, Stockport on 23 April. A week after Raffald's death, John's creditors took action and he was forced to close the coffee shop and sell off all his assets; initially he attempted to let it as a going concern, but there were no offers, so the lease and all his furniture was handed over to settle the debts. The copyright for the midwifery manuscript seems to have been sold; it is not known if it was ever published, but if it was, Raffald's name did not appear in it. John moved to London soon after Raffald's death and \"lived extravagantly\", according to Cox. He remarried and returned to Manchester after his money had run out. He reformed on his return, and joined the Wesleyan Methodist Church, where he attended chapel for the next thirty years. He died in December 1809, aged 85 and was buried in Stockport.", "Works Cookery", "For the first edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald had tested all the recipes herself; for the second edition in 1771, she added 100 recipes, some of which she had bought and not tested, but, she informed her readers, she had \"weighed them the best I could\". Colquhoun considers that the recipes Raffald wrote were those that appealed to Middle England, including \"shredded calves' feet, hot chicken pies and carrot puddings, poached eggs on toast, macaroni with parmesan, and lettuce stewed in mint and gravy\". Raffald was, Colquhoun writes, typical of her time, as she did not want to use garlic, preferred to eat crisp vegetables, and used grated horseradish and cayenne pepper—the last of these Colquhoun describes as \"the taste of Empire\". The Experienced English Housekeeper comprises recipes for food and drink only and, unlike many other cookery books of the time, there are no recipes for medicines or perfumes. The work contains one page with instructions for laying the table, and no instructions for servants. More than a third of the recipes in The Experienced English Housekeeper were given over to confectionery, including an early recipe for \"Burnt Cream\" (crème brûlée), details of how to spin sugar into sugar baskets and instructions of how to create multi-layered jellies, which included in them \"fish made from flummery or hen's nests from thinly sliced, syrup poached lemon rind\". The food historian Esther Bradford Aresty considers that \"fantasy was Mrs. Raffald's specialty\", and cites examples of \"A Transparent Pudding Cover'd with a Silver Web, and Globes of Gold with Mottoes in Them\", \"A Rocky Island\", which has peaks of gilded Flummery, a sprig of myrtle decorated with meringue, and a calves-foot jelly sea. Colquhoun thinks some of the recipes are \"just a bit bizarre\", including the \"Rabbit Surprised\", where the cook is instructed, after roasting, to \"draw out the jaw-bones and stick them in the eyes to appear like horns\". Colquhoun admires Raffald's turn of phrase, such as the advice to reserve water from a raised-pie pastry, as \"it makes the crust sad\". Shipperbottom highlights Raffald's phrases such as \"dry salt will candy and shine like diamonds on your bacon\", and that wine \"summer-beams and blinks in the tub\" if barm is not added in time. According to the lexicographer John Ayto, Raffald was the first writer to provide a recipe for crumpets; she provided an early recipe in English cuisine for cooking yams, and an early reference to barbecuing. Ahead of her time, she was a proponent of adding wine to dishes while there was still cooking time left, \"to take off the rawness, for nothing can give a made dish a more disagreeable taste than raw wine or fresh anchovy\".", "Directory Raffald published three editions of The Manchester Directory, in 1772, 1773 and 1781. To compile the listing, she sent \"proper and intelligent Persons round the Town, to take down the Name, Business, and place of Abode of every Gentleman, Tradesman, and Shop-keeper, as well as others whose Business or Employment has any tendency to public Notice\". The historian Hannah Barker, in her examination of businesswomen in northern England, observes that this process could take weeks or months to complete. The work was divided into two sections: first, a list of the town's traders and the civic elite, in alphabetical order; second, a list of Manchester's major religious, trade, philanthropic and governmental organisations and entities. Raffald did not list her shop under her own name, but it was recorded under that of her husband, as \"John Raffald Seedsman and Confectioner\"; Barker observes that this was different from Raffald's usual approach, as her shop and book were both advertised under her own name. The Directory contains listings of 94 women in trade—only 6 per cent of the total listings; of those, 46 were listed as widows, which the historian Margaret Hunt considers \"a suspiciously large proportion\". Historians have used Raffald's Directory to study the role of women in business in the 18th century. Barker warns of potential drawbacks with the material, including that only women trading independently of their families, or those who were widowed or single, were likely to be listed, but any woman who traded in partnership with her husband—such as Raffald—would be listed under her husband's name. Hunt points out that there are no keepers of lodging houses listed; directories that cover other towns list significant numbers, but the category is absent from Raffald's work.", "Legacy", "Baldwin brought out the eighth edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper shortly after Raffald died. Throughout her life she had refused to have her portrait painted, but Baldwin included an engraving of her in this edition, wearing a headdress that one of her daughters had made. The Experienced English Housekeeper was a popular book and remained in print for nearly fifty years. Fifteen authorised editions of her book were published and twenty-three pirated ones: the last edition appeared in 1810. Along with Hannah Glasse's 1747 work The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy and Eliza Smith's The Compleat Housewife (1727), The Experienced English Housekeeper was one of the cookery books popular in colonial America. Copies had been taken over by travellers and \"The Experienced Housekeeper\" was printed there. Raffald's work was plagiarised heavily throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th century; the historian Gilly Lehmann writes that Raffald was one of the most copied cookery book writers of the century. Writers who copied Raffald's work include Isabella Beeton, in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861); Mary Cole's 1789 work The Lady's Complete Guide; Richard Briggs's 1788 book The English Art of Cookery; The Universal Cook (1773) by John Townshend; Mary Smith's The Complete House-keeper and Professed Cook (1772); and John Farley's 1783 book The London Art of Cookery. Handwritten copies of individual recipes have been located in family recipe books around England, and Queen Victoria copied several of Raffald's recipes, including one for \"King Solomon's Temple in Flummery\", when she was a princess. Ayto states that Raffald was possibly the person who invented the Eccles cake. The food writer Alan Davidson observes that Raffald's recipe—for \"sweet patties\"—was the basis from which the Eccles cake was later developed. Raffald also played an important role in the development of the wedding cake. Hers was the first recipe for a \"Bride Cake\" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake. Although cakes had been a traditional part of nuptials, her version differed from previous recipes by the use of what is now called royal icing over a layer of almond paste or icing. Simon Charsley, in the Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, considers that Raffald's basis for her cake \"became the distinguishing formula for British celebration cakes of increasing variety\" over the next century. Raffald has been admired by several modern cooks and food writers. The 20th-century cookery writer Elizabeth David references Raffald several times in her articles, collected in Is There a Nutmeg in the House, which includes a recipe for apricot ice cream. In her 1984 book, An Omelette and a Glass of Wine, David includes Raffald's recipes for potted ham with chicken, potted salmon, and lemon syllabub. In English Bread and Yeast Cookery (1977), David includes recipes for crumpets, barm pudding, \"wegg\" (caraway seed cake) and bath buns. The food writer Jane Grigson admired Raffald's work, and in her 1974 book English Food, she included five of Raffald's recipes: bacon and egg pie (a quiche lorraine with a pastry lid); \"whet\" (anchovy fillets and cheese on toast); potted ham with chicken; crème brûlée; and orange custards. Raffald is quoted around 270 times in the Oxford English Dictionary, including for the terms \"bride cake\", \"gofer-tongs\", \"hedgehog soup\" and \"Hottentot pie\". A blue plaque marked the site of the Bulls Head pub which Raffald ran. It was damaged in the 1996 Manchester bombing and replaced in 2011 on the Marks & Spencer Building, Exchange Square. In 2013 Arley Hall introduced some of Raffald's recipes into the menu at the hall's restaurant, which caters for public visitors. Steve Hamilton, Arley Hall's general manager stated that Raffald is \"a huge character in Arley's history and it is only right that we mark her contribution to the estate's past\". Arley Hall considers Raffald \"the Delia Smith of the 18th century\".", "Notes and references Notes" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 400-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Elizabeth Raffald. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Elizabeth Raffald	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth Raffald	{"Introduction": "Elizabeth Raffald (; 1733 \u00e2 19 April 1781) was an English author, innovator and entrepreneur. Born and raised in Doncaster, Yorkshire, Raffald went into domestic service for fifteen years, ending as the housekeeper to the Warburton baronets at Arley Hall, Cheshire. She left her position when she married John, the estate's head gardener. The couple moved to Manchester, Lancashire, where Raffald opened a register office to introduce domestic workers to employers; she also ran a cookery school and sold food from the premises. In 1769 she published her cookery book The Experienced English Housekeeper, which contains the first recipe for a \"Bride Cake\" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake. She is also possibly the inventor of the Eccles cake. In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a listing of 1, 505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester\u00e2the first such listing for the upandcoming town. The Raffalds went on to run two important post houses in Manchester and Salford before running into financial problems, possibly brought on by John's heavy drinking. Raffald began a business selling strawberries and hot drinks during the strawberry season. She died suddenly in 1781, just after publishing the third edition of her directory and while still updating the eighth edition of her cookery book. After her death there were fifteen official editions of her cookery book, and twentythree pirated ones. Her recipes were heavily plagiarised by other authors, notably by Isabella Beeton in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861). Raffald's recipes have been admired by several modern cooks and food writers, including Elizabeth David and Jane Grigson.", "Early life": "Raffald was born Elizabeth Whitaker in Doncaster, one of the five daughters of Joshua and Elizabeth Whitaker. Raffald was baptised on 8 July 1733. She was given a good schooling, which included learning French. At fifteen she began working in service as a kitchen maid, and rose to the position of housekeeper. Her final post as a domestic servant was at Arley Hall, Cheshire, North West England, where she was housekeeper for Lady Elizabeth Warburton, from the family of the Warburton baronets. Starting work in December 1760, Raffald was paid \u00c216 a year. In all she spent fifteen years in service. After a few years working for the Warburtons, Elizabeth married John Raffald, the head gardener at Arley Hall. The ceremony took place on 3 March 1763 at St Mary and All Saints Church, Great Budworth, Cheshire; on 23 April the couple left the Warburtons' service and moved to Fennel Street, Manchester, where John's family tended market gardens near the River Irwell. Over the following years, the couple had probably six daughters. The girls each had their own nurse, and when going out, were dressed in clean white dresses, with the nurses in attendance; at least three of the girls went to boarding schools.", "Business career": "John opened a floristry shop near Fennel Street; Raffald began an entrepreneurial career at the premises. She rented her spare rooms for storage, began a register office to bring together, for a fee, domestic staff with employers, and advertised that she was \"pleased to give her business of supplying cold entertainments, hot French dishes, confectionaries, c. \" Over the next few years her business grew, and she added cookery classes to the services she supplied. In August 1766 the Raffalds moved to what was probably a larger premises in Exchange Alley in Market Place. Here John sold seeds and plants, while Raffald, according to her advertisements in the local press, supplied \"jellies, creams, possets, flummery, lemon cheese cakes, and all other decorations for cold entertainments; also, Yorkshire hams, tongues, brawn, Newcastle salmon, and sturgeon, pickles, and ketchups of all kinds, lemon pickles\"; she also supplied the produce for, and organised, civic dinners. The following year, alongside confectionery, she was also selling: pistachio nuts, French olives, Portugal and French plumbs, prunellos, limes, preserved pine apples, and all sorts of dry and wet sweetmeats, both foreign and English. Also Turkey figs and other raisins, Jorden and Valencia almonds\u00c2. .. truffles, morels and all sorts of spices. In 1769 Raffald published her cookery book, The Experienced English Housekeeper, which she dedicated to Lady Warburton. As was the practice for publishers at the time, Raffald had obtained subscribers\u00e2those who had prepaid for a copy. The first edition was supported by more than 800 subscribers which raised over \u00c2800. The subscribers paid five shillings when the book was published; the nonsubscribers paid six. The book was \"printed by a neighbour whom I can rely on doing it the strictest justice, without the least alteration\". The neighbour was Joseph Harrop, who published the Manchester Mercury, a weekly newspaper in which Raffald had advertised extensively. She described the book as a \"laborious undertaking\" that had damaged her health as she had been \"too studious and giving too close attention\" to it. In an attempt to avoid piracy of her work, Raffald signed the front page of each copy of the first edition. In the introduction to The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald states \"I can faithfully assure my friends that\u00c2. .. are wrote from my own experience and not borrowed from any other author\". Like her predecessor Hannah Glasse, who wrote The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy in 1747, Raffald did not \"gloss\u00c2. .. over with hard names or words of high style, but wrote in\u00c2. .. own plain language\". The historian Kate Colquhoun observes that Glasse and Raffald \"wrote with an easy confidence\", and both were the biggest cookery book sellers in the Georgian era. In 1771 Raffald released a second edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, which included a hundred additional recipes. The publisher was Robert Baldwin of 47 Paternoster Row, London, who had paid Raffald \u00c21, 400 for the copyright of the book. When he asked her to change some of the Mancunian vernacular, she declined, stating \"What I have written I proposed to write at the time; it was written deliberately, and I cannot admit of any alteration\". Further editions of the book appeared during her lifetime: in 1772 (printed in Dublin), 1773, 1775 and 1776 (all printed in London). In May 1771 Raffald advertised that she had begun to sell cosmetics from her shop, and listed the availability of distilled lavender water, wash balls, French soap, swandown powder puffs, tooth powder, lip salve and perfumes. The historian Roy Shipperbottom considers that her nephew\u00e2the perfumer to the King of Hanover\u00e2was probably the supplier of the items. The same year she also assisted in setting up Prescott's Manchester Journal, the second Mancunian newspaper. In August 1772 Raffald published The Manchester Directory, a listing of 1, 505 traders and civic leaders in Manchester. She wrote, \"The want of a directory for the large and commercial town of Manchester having been frequently complained about\u00c2. .. I have taken on the arduous task of compiling a complete guide\". The following year a larger edition followed, also covering Salford. At some point the Raffalds had also run the Bulls Head tavern\u00e2an important post house in the area, but in August 1772 the couple took possession of a coaching inn they described as: the old accustomed and commodious inn, known by the sign of the Kings Head in Salford, Manchester, which they have fitted up in the neatest and most elegant manner, for the reception and accommodation of the nobility, gentry, merchants and tradesmen. With a large function room at the premises, the Raffalds hosted the annual dinner of the Beefsteak Club and hosted weekly \"card assemblies\" during the winter season. Cox relates that Raffald's cuisine and her ability to speak French attracted foreign visitors to the inn. Raffald's sister, Mary Whitaker, opened a shop opposite the Kings Head and began selling the same produce Raffald had from the Fennel Street outlet; Mary also restarted the servants' register office. The couple had problems at the Kings Head. John was drinking heavily and feeling suicidal; when he said he wanted to drown himself, Raffald replied \"I do think that it might be the best step you could take, for then you would be relieved of all your troubles and anxieties and you really do harass me very much. \" Thefts at the inn were common and trade did not flourish; money problems\u00e2possibly because they had overstretched themselves with their business dealings over two decades\u00e2brought creditors with their demands for repayment. John, as all the financial dealings were in his name, settled the debts by assigning over all the couple's assets and leaving the Kings Head; he was declared bankrupt. They moved back to Market Place in October 1779 where they occupied the Exchange Coffee House. John was made master of the business and Raffald provided food, chiefly soups. During strawberry season she set up a business on the Kersal Moor Racecourse, near the ladies' stand, selling strawberries with cream, tea and coffee. In 1781 the Raffalds' finances improved. Raffald updated The Manchester Directory and a third edition was published; she was compiling the eighth edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper and was writing a book on midwifery with Charles White, the physician and specialist in obstetrics. She died suddenly on 19 April 1781 of \"spasms, after only one hour's illness\"; the description is now considered to describe a stroke. The historian Penelope Corfield considers John's bankruptcy may have been a factor in Raffald's early death. She was buried at St Mary's Church, Stockport on 23 April. A week after Raffald's death, John's creditors took action and he was forced to close the coffee shop and sell off all his assets; initially he attempted to let it as a going concern, but there were no offers, so the lease and all his furniture was handed over to settle the debts. The copyright for the midwifery manuscript seems to have been sold; it is not known if it was ever published, but if it was, Raffald's name did not appear in it. John moved to London soon after Raffald's death and \"lived extravagantly\", according to Cox. He remarried and returned to Manchester after his money had run out. He reformed on his return, and joined the Wesleyan Methodist Church, where he attended chapel for the next thirty years. He died in December 1809, aged 85 and was buried in Stockport.", "Cookery": "For the first edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper, Raffald had tested all the recipes herself; for the second edition in 1771, she added 100 recipes, some of which she had bought and not tested, but, she informed her readers, she had \"weighed them the best I could\". Colquhoun considers that the recipes Raffald wrote were those that appealed to Middle England, including \"shredded calves' feet, hot chicken pies and carrot puddings, poached eggs on toast, macaroni with parmesan, and lettuce stewed in mint and gravy\". Raffald was, Colquhoun writes, typical of her time, as she did not want to use garlic, preferred to eat crisp vegetables, and used grated horseradish and cayenne pepper\u00e2the last of these Colquhoun describes as \"the taste of Empire\". The Experienced English Housekeeper comprises recipes for food and drink only and, unlike many other cookery books of the time, there are no recipes for medicines or perfumes. The work contains one page with instructions for laying the table, and no instructions for servants. More than a third of the recipes in The Experienced English Housekeeper were given over to confectionery, including an early recipe for \"Burnt Cream\" (cr\u00c3me br\u00c3l\u00c3e), details of how to spin sugar into sugar baskets and instructions of how to create multilayered jellies, which included in them \"fish made from flummery or hen's nests from thinly sliced, syrup poached lemon rind\". The food historian Esther Bradford Aresty considers that \"fantasy was Mrs. Raffald's specialty\", and cites examples of \"A Transparent Pudding Cover'd with a Silver Web, and Globes of Gold with Mottoes in Them\", \"A Rocky Island\", which has peaks of gilded Flummery, a sprig of myrtle decorated with meringue, and a calvesfoot jelly sea. Colquhoun thinks some of the recipes are \"just a bit bizarre\", including the \"Rabbit Surprised\", where the cook is instructed, after roasting, to \"draw out the jawbones and stick them in the eyes to appear like horns\". Colquhoun admires Raffald's turn of phrase, such as the advice to reserve water from a raisedpie pastry, as \"it makes the crust sad\". Shipperbottom highlights Raffald's phrases such as \"dry salt will candy and shine like diamonds on your bacon\", and that wine \"summerbeams and blinks in the tub\" if barm is not added in time. According to the lexicographer John Ayto, Raffald was the first writer to provide a recipe for crumpets; she provided an early recipe in English cuisine for cooking yams, and an early reference to barbecuing. Ahead of her time, she was a proponent of adding wine to dishes while there was still cooking time left, \"to take off the rawness, for nothing can give a made dish a more disagreeable taste than raw wine or fresh anchovy\".", "Directory": "Raffald published three editions of The Manchester Directory, in 1772, 1773 and 1781. To compile the listing, she sent \"proper and intelligent Persons round the Town, to take down the Name, Business, and place of Abode of every Gentleman, Tradesman, and Shopkeeper, as well as others whose Business or Employment has any tendency to public Notice\". The historian Hannah Barker, in her examination of businesswomen in northern England, observes that this process could take weeks or months to complete. The work was divided into two sections: first, a list of the town's traders and the civic elite, in alphabetical order; second, a list of Manchester's major religious, trade, philanthropic and governmental organisations and entities. Raffald did not list her shop under her own name, but it was recorded under that of her husband, as \"John Raffald Seedsman and Confectioner\"; Barker observes that this was different from Raffald's usual approach, as her shop and book were both advertised under her own name. The Directory contains listings of 94 women in trade\u00e2only 6 per cent of the total listings; of those, 46 were listed as widows, which the historian Margaret Hunt considers \"a suspiciously large proportion\". Historians have used Raffald's Directory to study the role of women in business in the 18th century. Barker warns of potential drawbacks with the material, including that only women trading independently of their families, or those who were widowed or single, were likely to be listed, but any woman who traded in partnership with her husband\u00e2such as Raffald\u00e2would be listed under her husband's name. Hunt points out that there are no keepers of lodging houses listed; directories that cover other towns list significant numbers, but the category is absent from Raffald's work.", "Legacy": "Baldwin brought out the eighth edition of The Experienced English Housekeeper shortly after Raffald died. Throughout her life she had refused to have her portrait painted, but Baldwin included an engraving of her in this edition, wearing a headdress that one of her daughters had made. The Experienced English Housekeeper was a popular book and remained in print for nearly fifty years. Fifteen authorised editions of her book were published and twentythree pirated ones: the last edition appeared in 1810. Along with Hannah Glasse's 1747 work The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy and Eliza Smith's The Compleat Housewife (1727), The Experienced English Housekeeper was one of the cookery books popular in colonial America. Copies had been taken over by travellers and \"The Experienced Housekeeper\" was printed there. Raffald's work was plagiarised heavily throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th century; the historian Gilly Lehmann writes that Raffald was one of the most copied cookery book writers of the century. Writers who copied Raffald's work include Isabella Beeton, in her bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861); Mary Cole's 1789 work The Lady's Complete Guide; Richard Briggs's 1788 book The English Art of Cookery; The Universal Cook (1773) by John Townshend; Mary Smith's The Complete Housekeeper and Professed Cook (1772); and John Farley's 1783 book The London Art of Cookery. Handwritten copies of individual recipes have been located in family recipe books around England, and Queen Victoria copied several of Raffald's recipes, including one for \"King Solomon's Temple in Flummery\", when she was a princess. Ayto states that Raffald was possibly the person who invented the Eccles cake. The food writer Alan Davidson observes that Raffald's recipe\u00e2for \"sweet patties\"\u00e2was the basis from which the Eccles cake was later developed. Raffald also played an important role in the development of the wedding cake. Hers was the first recipe for a \"Bride Cake\" that is recognisable as a modern wedding cake. Although cakes had been a traditional part of nuptials, her version differed from previous recipes by the use of what is now called royal icing over a layer of almond paste or icing. Simon Charsley, in the Encyclopedia of Food and Culture, considers that Raffald's basis for her cake \"became the distinguishing formula for British celebration cakes of increasing variety\" over the next century. Raffald has been admired by several modern cooks and food writers. The 20thcentury cookery writer Elizabeth David references Raffald several times in her articles, collected in Is There a Nutmeg in the House, which includes a recipe for apricot ice cream. In her 1984 book, An Omelette and a Glass of Wine, David includes Raffald's recipes for potted ham with chicken, potted salmon, and lemon syllabub. In English Bread and Yeast Cookery (1977), David includes recipes for crumpets, barm pudding, \"wegg\" (caraway seed cake) and bath buns. The food writer Jane Grigson admired Raffald's work, and in her 1974 book English Food, she included five of Raffald's recipes: bacon and egg pie (a quiche lorraine with a pastry lid); \"whet\" (anchovy fillets and cheese on toast); potted ham with chicken; cr\u00c3me br\u00c3l\u00c3e; and orange custards. Raffald is quoted around 270 times in the Oxford English Dictionary, including for the terms \"bride cake\", \"gofertongs\", \"hedgehog soup\" and \"Hottentot pie\". A blue plaque marked the site of the Bulls Head pub which Raffald ran. It was damaged in the 1996 Manchester bombing and replaced in 2011 on the Marks Spencer Building, Exchange Square. In 2013 Arley Hall introduced some of Raffald's recipes into the menu at the hall's restaurant, which caters for public visitors. Steve Hamilton, Arley Hall's general manager stated that Raffald is \"a huge character in Arley's history and it is only right that we mark her contribution to the estate's past\". Arley Hall considers Raffald \"the Delia Smith of the 18th century\"."}
The 2008 budget crisis in Nevada was a fiscal crisis in which the state faced a budget shortfall of at least US$1.2 billion out of a $6.8 billion budget. The budget crisis was a result of the larger subprime mortgage crisis and the late-2000s recession. The budget shortfall resulted Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons and the Nevada Legislature making large cuts to many state programs and agencies. Origins As the fastest growing state in the U.S. during the United States housing bubble, Nevada was hit especially hard by subprime mortgage crisis. The Nevada Policy Research Institute argues that the state government raised taxes during an economic boom and increased government spending more than 20% in 2004. The shortfall for 2008 and 2009 resulted from, they argue, government spending money at unsustainable levels. Las Vegas Housing Crisis The libertarian Nevada Policy Research Institute blames the financial crisis in Nevada, especially Las Vegas, on poor monetary policies, moral hazards created by government bailouts, and bad regulations such as the Community Reinvestment Act and the Security and Exchange Commission allowing several investment banks to increase their capital ratios. The result, according to NPRI was to rapidly increase home prices in Nevada, from a median level of about $130,000 to about $330,000 in less than 3 years. NPRI created a chart that documents this rapid rise in home prices. It can be viewed here:http://npri.org/docLib/20081013_Chart_Las_Vegas_Home_Prices.pdf Solving the Budget Crisis Several camps have emerged with solutions to solving the budget crisis. Governor Jim Gibbons has successfully pushed for spending cuts, which have allowed Nevada to balance its budget. Gibbons has opposed placing limits on government spending and currently opposes raising taxes. State Assembly Speaker Barbara Buckley has proposed restructuring the tax code so it is less reliant on gaming and sales taxes which she claims make up more than 60% of the general fund revenue. She also supports increasing the rainy day fund. Barbara Buckley is supported by Nevada System of Higher Education Chancellor Jim Rogers and TV personality Jon Ralston. The Nevada Policy Research Institute supports balancing the budget by reducing spending but argues that Nevada needs spending limits and a larger rainy day fund. NPRI, state senator Bob Beers and Chuck Muth of Citizen Outreach all oppose raising taxes.	null	[ "The 2008 budget crisis in Nevada was a fiscal crisis in which the state faced a budget shortfall of at least US$1.2 billion out of a $6.8 billion budget. The budget crisis was a result of the larger subprime mortgage crisis and the late-2000s recession. The budget shortfall resulted Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons and the Nevada Legislature making large cuts to many state programs and agencies. Origins As the fastest growing state in the U.S. during the United States housing bubble, Nevada was hit especially hard by subprime mortgage crisis. The Nevada Policy Research Institute argues that the state government raised taxes during an economic boom and increased government spending more than 20% in 2004. The shortfall for 2008 and 2009 resulted from, they argue, government spending money at unsustainable levels.", "Las Vegas Housing Crisis The libertarian Nevada Policy Research Institute blames the financial crisis in Nevada, especially Las Vegas, on poor monetary policies, moral hazards created by government bailouts, and bad regulations such as the Community Reinvestment Act and the Security and Exchange Commission allowing several investment banks to increase their capital ratios. The result, according to NPRI was to rapidly increase home prices in Nevada, from a median level of about $130,000 to about $330,000 in less than 3 years. NPRI created a chart that documents this rapid rise in home prices. It can be viewed here:http://npri.org/docLib/20081013_Chart_Las_Vegas_Home_Prices.pdf", "Solving the Budget Crisis Several camps have emerged with solutions to solving the budget crisis. Governor Jim Gibbons has successfully pushed for spending cuts, which have allowed Nevada to balance its budget. Gibbons has opposed placing limits on government spending and currently opposes raising taxes. State Assembly Speaker Barbara Buckley has proposed restructuring the tax code so it is less reliant on gaming and sales taxes which she claims make up more than 60% of the general fund revenue. She also supports increasing the rainy day fund. Barbara Buckley is supported by Nevada System of Higher Education Chancellor Jim Rogers and TV personality Jon Ralston. The Nevada Policy Research Institute supports balancing the budget by reducing spending but argues that Nevada needs spending limits and a larger rainy day fund. NPRI, state senator Bob Beers and Chuck Muth of Citizen Outreach all oppose raising taxes." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 300-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic '2008 Nevada budget crisis': The 2008 budget crisis in Nevada was a fiscal crisis in which the state faced a budget shortfall of at least US$1.2 billion out of a $6.8 billion budget. The budget crisis was a result of the larger subprime mortgage crisis and the late-2000s recession. The budget shortfall resulted Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons and the Nevada Legislature making large cuts to many state programs and agencies. Origins As the fastest growing state in the U.S. during the United States housing bubble, Nevada was hit especially hard by subprime mortgage crisis. The Nevada Policy Research Institute argues that the state government raised taxes during an economic boom and increased government spending more than 20% in 2004. The shortfall for 2008 and 2009 resulted from, they argue, government spending money at unsustainable levels.	continue	0	2008 Nevada budget crisis	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008 Nevada budget crisis	{"Introduction": "The 2008 budget crisis in Nevada was a fiscal crisis in which the state faced a budget shortfall of at least US1. 2 billion out of a 6. 8 billion budget. The budget crisis was a result of the larger subprime mortgage crisis and the late2000s recession. The budget shortfall resulted Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons and the Nevada Legislature making large cuts to many state programs and agencies.", "Origins": "As the fastest growing state in the U. S. during the United States housing bubble, Nevada was hit especially hard by subprime mortgage crisis. The Nevada Policy Research Institute argues that the state government raised taxes during an economic boom and increased government spending more than 20 in 2004. The shortfall for 2008 and 2009 resulted from, they argue, government spending money at unsustainable levels. Las Vegas Housing Crisis The libertarian Nevada Policy Research Institute blames the financial crisis in Nevada, especially Las Vegas, on poor monetary policies, moral hazards created by government bailouts, and bad regulations such as the Community Reinvestment Act and the Security and Exchange Commission allowing several investment banks to increase their capital ratios. The result, according to NPRI was to rapidly increase home prices in Nevada, from a median level of about 130, 000 to about 330, 000 in less than 3 years. NPRI created a chart that documents this rapid rise in home prices. It can be viewed here: Solving the Budget Crisis Several camps have emerged with solutions to solving the budget crisis. Governor Jim Gibbons has successfully pushed for spending cuts, which have allowed Nevada to balance its budget. Gibbons has opposed placing limits on government spending and currently opposes raising taxes. State Assembly Speaker Barbara Buckley has proposed restructuring the tax code so it is less reliant on gaming and sales taxes which she claims make up more than 60 of the general fund revenue. She also supports increasing the rainy day fund. Barbara Buckley is supported by Nevada System of Higher Education Chancellor Jim Rogers and TV personality Jon Ralston. The Nevada Policy Research Institute supports balancing the budget by reducing spending but argues that Nevada needs spending limits and a larger rainy day fund. NPRI, state senator Bob Beers and Chuck Muth of Citizen Outreach all oppose raising taxes."}
Travis Tremaine Stephens (born June 26, 1978) is a former American football running back. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers after being drafted by the team in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 119th overall pick. He played college football at the University of Tennessee, where he is the single season record holder for rushing yards (1,464 yards in 2001). He was a first-team AP All America selection. Early years Stephens attended Northeast High School in Clarksville, Tennessee. He played football for Northeast. He was a three-year starter at wingback and tailback on offense and linebacker and safety on defense. He rushed for a school-record 2,550 yards and 23 touchdowns in his junior season. In addition, he recorded 87 tackles and two interceptions as a free safety on defense. As a senior, he rushed for 991 yards and eight touchdowns despite having to deal with an ankle injury. Stephens committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football under head coach Phillip Fulmer. College career 1997 season In Stephens's freshman season with the Volunteers, he was part of a strong backfield that contained Jamal Lewis and Shawn Bryson. On the season, he recorded nine rushes for 36 yards. In the 1998 Orange Bowl loss to Nebraska, Stephens did not record any statistics but did appear late in the game. Tennessee scored a touchdown late and on the two-point conversion, Stephens caught a pass from quarterback Tee Martin in the fourth quarter. 1998 season In Stephens's sophomore season, he saw more work despite being in a crowded backfield with Travis Henry, Jamal Lewis, and Shawn Bryson. He would record 107 rushes for 477 yards and four touchdowns. In addition, he had two receptions for three yards in regular season play. Tennessee completed an undefeated 13-0 season in the 1998 season. The season culminated in the Fiesta Bowl where the Volunteers defeated the Florida State Seminoles by a score of 23-16. In the National Championship, Stephens had 13 carries for 60 yards. 1999 season Stephens was redshirted in the 1999 season due to continued trend of a crowded backfield. With Stephens redshirting, Jamal Lewis and Travis Henry did most of the rushing for the Volunteers in 1999. 2000 season As a redshirt junior, Stephens entered the 2000 season with Travis Henry to form a solid combination of running backs for the 8–4 Volunteers. On the season, he had 81 carries for 359 yards and seven touchdowns in regular season play. In addition, he had six receptions for 28 yards in regular season play. 2001 season In his redshirt senior season, Stephens was the number one running back for the 11–2 Volunteers. On the season, he had 291 rushes for a single-season school-record 1,464 yards and ten touchdowns. In addition, he had 19 receptions for 169 yards and one touchdown in regular season play. In the 2002 Florida Citrus Bowl, Stephens had 16 carries for 38 yards, one rushing touchdown, and one reception for 19 yards in the 45-17 victory over the Michigan Wolverines. He earned All-American honors for the 2001 season. In his collegiate career at Tennessee, Stephens had 488 rushes for 2,338 yards and 21 touchdowns in regular season play. In addition, he recorded 27 receptions for 200 yards and one touchdown in regular season play. Statistics Professional career Tampa Bay Buccaneers Stephens was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round with the 119th overall pick in the 2002 NFL Draft. In a game against the New Orleans Saints on September 8, he had one reception for six yards. His one reception would be his only meaningful recorded statistic in his NFL career. He was considered part of the team when they won Super Bowl XXXVII over the Oakland Raiders. Stephens was released from the Buccaneers before the 2003 season. Houston Texans The Houston Texans signed Stephens to a futures contract before the 2004 season. He was eventually allocated to NFL Europe and placed on their exempt/injured list. After this stint with the Texans, Stephens' professional career ended. Personal life Since his days as a football player, Stephens has continued to stay in the game. In 2017, he helped out with youth football camps in Jackson, Tennessee with some other Tennessee alumni.	null	[ "Travis Tremaine Stephens (born June 26, 1978) is a former American football running back. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers after being drafted by the team in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 119th overall pick. He played college football at the University of Tennessee, where he is the single season record holder for rushing yards (1,464 yards in 2001). He was a first-team AP All America selection. Early years Stephens attended Northeast High School in Clarksville, Tennessee. He played football for Northeast. He was a three-year starter at wingback and tailback on offense and linebacker and safety on defense. He rushed for a school-record 2,550 yards and 23 touchdowns in his junior season. In addition, he recorded 87 tackles and two interceptions as a free safety on defense. As a senior, he rushed for 991 yards and eight touchdowns despite having to deal with an ankle injury. Stephens committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football under head coach Phillip Fulmer. College career 1997 season In Stephens's freshman season with the Volunteers, he was part of a strong backfield that contained Jamal Lewis and Shawn Bryson. On the season, he recorded nine rushes for 36 yards. In the 1998 Orange Bowl loss to Nebraska, Stephens did not record any statistics but did appear late in the game. Tennessee scored a touchdown late and on the two-point conversion, Stephens caught a pass from quarterback Tee Martin in the fourth quarter.", "1998 season In Stephens's sophomore season, he saw more work despite being in a crowded backfield with Travis Henry, Jamal Lewis, and Shawn Bryson. He would record 107 rushes for 477 yards and four touchdowns. In addition, he had two receptions for three yards in regular season play. Tennessee completed an undefeated 13-0 season in the 1998 season. The season culminated in the Fiesta Bowl where the Volunteers defeated the Florida State Seminoles by a score of 23-16. In the National Championship, Stephens had 13 carries for 60 yards. 1999 season Stephens was redshirted in the 1999 season due to continued trend of a crowded backfield. With Stephens redshirting, Jamal Lewis and Travis Henry did most of the rushing for the Volunteers in 1999. 2000 season As a redshirt junior, Stephens entered the 2000 season with Travis Henry to form a solid combination of running backs for the 8–4 Volunteers. On the season, he had 81 carries for 359 yards and seven touchdowns in regular season play. In addition, he had six receptions for 28 yards in regular season play. 2001 season In his redshirt senior season, Stephens was the number one running back for the 11–2 Volunteers. On the season, he had 291 rushes for a single-season school-record 1,464 yards and ten touchdowns. In addition, he had 19 receptions for 169 yards and one touchdown in regular season play. In the 2002 Florida Citrus Bowl, Stephens had 16 carries for 38 yards, one rushing touchdown, and one reception for 19 yards in the 45-17 victory over the Michigan Wolverines. He earned All-American honors for the 2001 season.", "In his collegiate career at Tennessee, Stephens had 488 rushes for 2,338 yards and 21 touchdowns in regular season play. In addition, he recorded 27 receptions for 200 yards and one touchdown in regular season play. Statistics Professional career Tampa Bay Buccaneers Stephens was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round with the 119th overall pick in the 2002 NFL Draft. In a game against the New Orleans Saints on September 8, he had one reception for six yards. His one reception would be his only meaningful recorded statistic in his NFL career. He was considered part of the team when they won Super Bowl XXXVII over the Oakland Raiders. Stephens was released from the Buccaneers before the 2003 season. Houston Texans The Houston Texans signed Stephens to a futures contract before the 2004 season. He was eventually allocated to NFL Europe and placed on their exempt/injured list. After this stint with the Texans, Stephens' professional career ended.", "Personal life Since his days as a football player, Stephens has continued to stay in the game. In 2017, he helped out with youth football camps in Jackson, Tennessee with some other Tennessee alumni." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Travis Stephens' to be more professional in tone: Travis Tremaine Stephens (born June 26, 1978) is a former American football running back. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers after being drafted by the team in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 119th overall pick. He played college football at the University of Tennessee, where he is the single season record holder for rushing yards (1,464 yards in 2001). He was a first-team AP All America selection. Early years Stephens attended Northeast High School in Clarksville, Tennessee. He played football for Northeast. He was a three-year starter at wingback and tailback on offense and linebacker and safety on defense. He rushed for a school-record 2,550 yards and 23 touchdowns in his junior season. In addition, he recorded 87 tackles and two interceptions as a free safety on defense. As a senior, he rushed for 991 yards and eight touchdowns despite having to deal with an ankle injury. Stephens committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football under head coach Phillip Fulmer. College career 1997 season In Stephens's freshman season with the Volunteers, he was part of a strong backfield that contained Jamal Lewis and Shawn Bryson. On the season, he recorded nine rushes for 36 yards. In the 1998 Orange Bowl loss to Nebraska, Stephens did not record any statistics but did appear late in the game. Tennessee scored a touchdown late and on the two-point conversion, Stephens caught a pass from quarterback Tee Martin in the fourth quarter.	enhance	0	Travis Stephens	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis Stephens	{"Introduction": "Travis Tremaine Stephens (born June 26, 1978) is a former American football running back. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers after being drafted by the team in the fourth round of the 2002 NFL Draft with the 119th overall pick. He played college football at the University of Tennessee, where he is the single season record holder for rushing yards (1, 464 yards in 2001). He was a firstteam AP All America selection.", "Early years": "Stephens attended Northeast High School in Clarksville, Tennessee. He played football for Northeast. He was a threeyear starter at wingback and tailback on offense and linebacker and safety on defense. He rushed for a schoolrecord 2, 550 yards and 23 touchdowns in his junior season. In addition, he recorded 87 tackles and two interceptions as a free safety on defense. As a senior, he rushed for 991 yards and eight touchdowns despite having to deal with an ankle injury. Stephens committed to the University of Tennessee to play college football under head coach Phillip Fulmer.", "1997 season": "In Stephens's freshman season with the Volunteers, he was part of a strong backfield that contained Jamal Lewis and Shawn Bryson. On the season, he recorded nine rushes for 36 yards. In the 1998 Orange Bowl loss to Nebraska, Stephens did not record any statistics but did appear late in the game. Tennessee scored a touchdown late and on the twopoint conversion, Stephens caught a pass from quarterback Tee Martin in the fourth quarter.", "1998 season": "In Stephens's sophomore season, he saw more work despite being in a crowded backfield with Travis Henry, Jamal Lewis, and Shawn Bryson. He would record 107 rushes for 477 yards and four touchdowns. In addition, he had two receptions for three yards in regular season play. Tennessee completed an undefeated 130 season in the 1998 season. The season culminated in the Fiesta Bowl where the Volunteers defeated the Florida State Seminoles by a score of 2316. In the National Championship, Stephens had 13 carries for 60 yards.", "1999 season": "Stephens was redshirted in the 1999 season due to continued trend of a crowded backfield. With Stephens redshirting, Jamal Lewis and Travis Henry did most of the rushing for the Volunteers in 1999.", "2000 season": "As a redshirt junior, Stephens entered the 2000 season with Travis Henry to form a solid combination of running backs for the 8\u00e24 Volunteers. On the season, he had 81 carries for 359 yards and seven touchdowns in regular season play. In addition, he had six receptions for 28 yards in regular season play.", "2001 season": "In his redshirt senior season, Stephens was the number one running back for the 11\u00e22 Volunteers. On the season, he had 291 rushes for a singleseason schoolrecord 1, 464 yards and ten touchdowns. In addition, he had 19 receptions for 169 yards and one touchdown in regular season play. In the 2002 Florida Citrus Bowl, Stephens had 16 carries for 38 yards, one rushing touchdown, and one reception for 19 yards in the 4517 victory over the Michigan Wolverines. He earned AllAmerican honors for the 2001 season. In his collegiate career at Tennessee, Stephens had 488 rushes for 2, 338 yards and 21 touchdowns in regular season play. In addition, he recorded 27 receptions for 200 yards and one touchdown in regular season play.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers": "Stephens was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round with the 119th overall pick in the 2002 NFL Draft. In a game against the New Orleans Saints on September 8, he had one reception for six yards. His one reception would be his only meaningful recorded statistic in his NFL career. He was considered part of the team when they won Super Bowl XXXVII over the Oakland Raiders. Stephens was released from the Buccaneers before the 2003 season.", "Houston Texans": "The Houston Texans signed Stephens to a futures contract before the 2004 season. He was eventually allocated to NFL Europe and placed on their exempt/injured list. After this stint with the Texans, Stephens' professional career ended.", "Personal life": "Since his days as a football player, Stephens has continued to stay in the game. In 2017, he helped out with youth football camps in Jackson, Tennessee with some other Tennessee alumni."}
Jacob Carl Gustaf Herman Björnström (December 14, 1881 – July 17, 1935) was a Finnish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Finnish boat Nina, which won the silver medal in the 10 metre class.	null	[ "Jacob Carl Gustaf Herman Björnström (December 14, 1881 – July 17, 1935) was a Finnish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Finnish boat Nina, which won the silver medal in the 10 metre class." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Jacob BjÃrnstrÃm' to be more professional in tone: Jacob Carl Gustaf Herman Björnström (December 14, 1881 – July 17, 1935) was a Finnish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Finnish boat Nina, which won the silver medal in the 10 metre class.	enhance	0	Jacob BjÃrnstrÃm	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob Björnström	{"Introduction": "Jacob Carl Gustaf Herman Bj\u00c3rnstr\u00c3m (December 14, 1881 \u00e2 July 17, 1935) was a Finnish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was a crew member of the Finnish boat Nina, which won the silver medal in the 10 metre class."}
Hasamba (or Chasamba, , an acronym for חבורת סוד מוחלט בהחלט; Havurat Sod Muchlat Behechlet; lit. "The Absolutely Absolute Secret Group") is a series of children's adventure novels written by Yigal Mossinson. The stories are a chronicle of the heroic exploits of a group of children from Tel Aviv as they assist the underground Haganah in its struggle for Israeli statehood against the British. Subsequent books revolve around assisting the security forces, including the IDF, against Israel's external and internal enemies. It became the most popular series of pocket books ever written in Israel (over a million copies sold), and part of the Israeli culture. Plot summary A group of girls and boys set up a secret society called "Hasamba"; their adventures take place, first during the British Mandate and the struggle for statehood of Israel, and then as they battle their country's enemies: infiltrators, spies, criminals and other offenders. The group has taken active part in the wars of Israel during the period the series has been written (until 1994). Though suspenseful, the writing is entertaining, with humor, as well as with related science, history, and trivia information, provided by knowledgeable participating characters. It emphasizes kindness, good behavior, loyalty, friendship, dedication, courage, and love to Israel. Yaron Zahavi (the handsome guy) and his deputy, Tamar (the pretty girl), are the first leaders of Hasamba. In later books (where they are supposed to be much older) they are replaced by the younger Yoav Tzur and his deputy, Rachel. The other heroes are replaced as well. Years later Yaron and Tamar get married, and their son Uri joins Hasamba in book number 25. In the books they face dangerous and smart enemies. They fight them, occasionally become captives, but outsmart the enemies and get free, sometimes with help of allies, and finally win. Though not always with a happy end: Two of the first-generation heroes, Eliahu Hermon and Refael Kaduri die, sacrificing their lives for important causes. Their secret meeting place is a real location in Tel Aviv, known as "The Electric Cave", which upon returning from a long stay abroad, the author discovered to be destroyed for the sake of building the Tel Aviv Hilton Hotel. High-tech inventions, sometimes preceding the technology available when written about, plays role in the stories. This includes the Electric cave, an intelligent robot, "Zagloba," that helps the group in some adventures, a laser rifle, and more (Yigal Mossinson himself was the inventor of patents). Characters The main character, the handsome leader Yaron Zahavi, was inspired by Yaron London, now a well known Israeli journalist, and the son of a famous Israeli actor, and the other characters, like "Tamar", "Fat Ehud", "Skinny Uzi", or "Menashe the Yemeni" and others, were created based on the children of Kibbutz Na'an (and to whom the books were dedicated: "To the children of Na'an, the yellow (blond), the black, and the red-headed"), where the author, Yigal Mossinson, lived from 1938 to 1950. Also the enemies are people with names and characters, like the antisemitic British police detective sergeant Jack Smith aka the "Red beetle", the dangerous thief Elimelech Zurkin, and the ruthless mercenary-saboteur Nazi Von-Bilov. History and spin-offs The series, by Yigal Mossinson, was first published in 1950 and was extremely popular (over a million copies sold in Israel; "national acclaim"), and a model for many children at that time for courage and conduct. The first book, about the group establishment and their initial adventures during the British mandate in Israel was Hasamba – Havurat sod muchlat be hechlet (Hasamba – The Absolutely Absolute Secret Group). Tens of books followed, adventures in the young State of Israel (established in 1948) and in later times, a total of 44 Hasamba books written until the author died in 1994. Mossinson started to write Hasamba after his elder son, Ido, asked him to write for him new Tarzan books. Mossinson preferred to write original books. His son Ido died in 1973 in the Yom Kippur War. Some of the books were made into films: In 1971 the book (number 5) Hasamba Ve-Na'arei hahefker (Hasamba and the deserted youths). In 1985 the book (number 3) Hasamba Ve-Shodedey Ha-Susim (Hasamba and the horse robbers). Plays and musicals: In 1998 a theatrical musical composed by Yaron Kafkafi (Hasamba) was produced. Hasamba has been also produces as a play by the Orna Porat Theater for Children and Youth and is being played in many places in Israel. TV series: In October 2010 Israeli TV channels Hot 3 and Arutz HaYeladim started airing a 17 episodes series called "Hasamba 3G" which depicts the story of the group when they are elderly, aged 70, and featuring series of many famous players, including Oded Kotler who plays Yaron Zehavi as an adult, while Yaron London (whom as a teenager inspired Yigal Mossinson when he created the character of Yaron Zehavi) – in a cameo role as prime minister of Israel. Other milestones: In 2004 an Israeli stamp for Hasamba was issued in a group of stamps depicting most popular early Israeli youth adventure books. New printings of the books in a paperback format (the first were hardcover; same pages and drawings) continue to appear.	null	[ "Hasamba (or Chasamba, , an acronym for חבורת סוד מוחלט בהחלט; Havurat Sod Muchlat Behechlet; lit. \"The Absolutely Absolute Secret Group\") is a series of children's adventure novels written by Yigal Mossinson. The stories are a chronicle of the heroic exploits of a group of children from Tel Aviv as they assist the underground Haganah in its struggle for Israeli statehood against the British. Subsequent books revolve around assisting the security forces, including the IDF, against Israel's external and internal enemies. It became the most popular series of pocket books ever written in Israel (over a million copies sold), and part of the Israeli culture.", "Plot summary A group of girls and boys set up a secret society called \"Hasamba\"; their adventures take place, first during the British Mandate and the struggle for statehood of Israel, and then as they battle their country's enemies: infiltrators, spies, criminals and other offenders. The group has taken active part in the wars of Israel during the period the series has been written (until 1994). Though suspenseful, the writing is entertaining, with humor, as well as with related science, history, and trivia information, provided by knowledgeable participating characters. It emphasizes kindness, good behavior, loyalty, friendship, dedication, courage, and love to Israel. Yaron Zahavi (the handsome guy) and his deputy, Tamar (the pretty girl), are the first leaders of Hasamba. In later books (where they are supposed to be much older) they are replaced by the younger Yoav Tzur and his deputy, Rachel. The other heroes are replaced as well. Years later Yaron and Tamar get married, and their son Uri joins Hasamba in book number 25.", "In the books they face dangerous and smart enemies. They fight them, occasionally become captives, but outsmart the enemies and get free, sometimes with help of allies, and finally win. Though not always with a happy end: Two of the first-generation heroes, Eliahu Hermon and Refael Kaduri die, sacrificing their lives for important causes. Their secret meeting place is a real location in Tel Aviv, known as \"The Electric Cave\", which upon returning from a long stay abroad, the author discovered to be destroyed for the sake of building the Tel Aviv Hilton Hotel. High-tech inventions, sometimes preceding the technology available when written about, plays role in the stories. This includes the Electric cave, an intelligent robot, \"Zagloba,\" that helps the group in some adventures, a laser rifle, and more (Yigal Mossinson himself was the inventor of patents).", "Characters The main character, the handsome leader Yaron Zahavi, was inspired by Yaron London, now a well known Israeli journalist, and the son of a famous Israeli actor, and the other characters, like \"Tamar\", \"Fat Ehud\", \"Skinny Uzi\", or \"Menashe the Yemeni\" and others, were created based on the children of Kibbutz Na'an (and to whom the books were dedicated: \"To the children of Na'an, the yellow (blond), the black, and the red-headed\"), where the author, Yigal Mossinson, lived from 1938 to 1950. Also the enemies are people with names and characters, like the antisemitic British police detective sergeant Jack Smith aka the \"Red beetle\", the dangerous thief Elimelech Zurkin, and the ruthless mercenary-saboteur Nazi Von-Bilov. History and spin-offs The series, by Yigal Mossinson, was first published in 1950 and was extremely popular (over a million copies sold in Israel; \"national acclaim\"), and a model for many children at that time for courage and conduct. The first book, about the group establishment and their initial adventures during the British mandate in Israel was Hasamba – Havurat sod muchlat be hechlet (Hasamba – The Absolutely Absolute Secret Group). Tens of books followed, adventures in the young State of Israel (established in 1948) and in later times, a total of 44 Hasamba books written until the author died in 1994. Mossinson started to write Hasamba after his elder son, Ido, asked him to write for him new Tarzan books. Mossinson preferred to write original books. His son Ido died in 1973 in the Yom Kippur War.", "Some of the books were made into films: In 1971 the book (number 5) Hasamba Ve-Na'arei hahefker (Hasamba and the deserted youths). In 1985 the book (number 3) Hasamba Ve-Shodedey Ha-Susim (Hasamba and the horse robbers). Plays and musicals: In 1998 a theatrical musical composed by Yaron Kafkafi (Hasamba) was produced. Hasamba has been also produces as a play by the Orna Porat Theater for Children and Youth and is being played in many places in Israel. TV series: In October 2010 Israeli TV channels Hot 3 and Arutz HaYeladim started airing a 17 episodes series called \"Hasamba 3G\" which depicts the story of the group when they are elderly, aged 70, and featuring series of many famous players, including Oded Kotler who plays Yaron Zehavi as an adult, while Yaron London (whom as a teenager inspired Yigal Mossinson when he created the character of Yaron Zehavi) – in a cameo role as prime minister of Israel. Other milestones: In 2004 an Israeli stamp for Hasamba was issued in a group of stamps depicting most popular early Israeli youth adventure books. New printings of the books in a paperback format (the first were hardcover; same pages and drawings) continue to appear." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 380-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Hasamba. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Hasamba	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasamba	{"Introduction": "Hasamba (or Chasamba, , an acronym for \u00aa; Havurat Sod Muchlat Behechlet; lit. \"The Absolutely Absolute Secret Group\") is a series of children's adventure novels written by Yigal Mossinson. The stories are a chronicle of the heroic exploits of a group of children from Tel Aviv as they assist the underground Haganah in its struggle for Israeli statehood against the British. Subsequent books revolve around assisting the security forces, including the IDF, against Israel's external and internal enemies. It became the most popular series of pocket books ever written in Israel (over a million copies sold), and part of the Israeli culture.", "Plot summary": "A group of girls and boys set up a secret society called \"Hasamba\"; their adventures take place, first during the British Mandate and the struggle for statehood of Israel, and then as they battle their country's enemies: infiltrators, spies, criminals and other offenders. The group has taken active part in the wars of Israel during the period the series has been written (until 1994). Though suspenseful, the writing is entertaining, with humor, as well as with related science, history, and trivia information, provided by knowledgeable participating characters. It emphasizes kindness, good behavior, loyalty, friendship, dedication, courage, and love to Israel. Yaron Zahavi (the handsome guy) and his deputy, Tamar (the pretty girl), are the first leaders of Hasamba. In later books (where they are supposed to be much older) they are replaced by the younger Yoav Tzur and his deputy, Rachel. The other heroes are replaced as well. Years later Yaron and Tamar get married, and their son Uri joins Hasamba in book number 25. In the books they face dangerous and smart enemies. They fight them, occasionally become captives, but outsmart the enemies and get free, sometimes with help of allies, and finally win. Though not always with a happy end: Two of the firstgeneration heroes, Eliahu Hermon and Refael Kaduri die, sacrificing their lives for important causes. Their secret meeting place is a real location in Tel Aviv, known as \"The Electric Cave\", which upon returning from a long stay abroad, the author discovered to be destroyed for the sake of building the Tel Aviv Hilton Hotel. Hightech inventions, sometimes preceding the technology available when written about, plays role in the stories. This includes the Electric cave, an intelligent robot, \"Zagloba, \" that helps the group in some adventures, a laser rifle, and more (Yigal Mossinson himself was the inventor of patents).", "Characters": "The main character, the handsome leader Yaron Zahavi, was inspired by Yaron London, now a well known Israeli journalist, and the son of a famous Israeli actor, and the other characters, like \"Tamar\", \"Fat Ehud\", \"Skinny Uzi\", or \"Menashe the Yemeni\" and others, were created based on the children of Kibbutz Na'an (and to whom the books were dedicated: \"To the children of Na'an, the yellow (blond), the black, and the redheaded\"), where the author, Yigal Mossinson, lived from 1938 to 1950. Also the enemies are people with names and characters, like the antisemitic British police detective sergeant Jack Smith aka the \"Red beetle\", the dangerous thief Elimelech Zurkin, and the ruthless mercenarysaboteur Nazi VonBilov.", "History and spinoffs": "The series, by Yigal Mossinson, was first published in 1950 and was extremely popular (over a million copies sold in Israel; \"national acclaim\"), and a model for many children at that time for courage and conduct. The first book, about the group establishment and their initial adventures during the British mandate in Israel was Hasamba \u00e2 Havurat sod muchlat be hechlet (Hasamba \u00e2 The Absolutely Absolute Secret Group). Tens of books followed, adventures in the young State of Israel (established in 1948) and in later times, a total of 44 Hasamba books written until the author died in 1994. Mossinson started to write Hasamba after his elder son, Ido, asked him to write for him new Tarzan books. Mossinson preferred to write original books. His son Ido died in 1973 in the Yom Kippur War. Some of the books were made into films: In 1971 the book (number 5) Hasamba VeNa'arei hahefker (Hasamba and the deserted youths). In 1985 the book (number 3) Hasamba VeShodedey HaSusim (Hasamba and the horse robbers). Plays and musicals: In 1998 a theatrical musical composed by Yaron Kafkafi (Hasamba) was produced. Hasamba has been also produces as a play by the Orna Porat Theater for Children and Youth and is being played in many places in Israel. TV series: In October 2010 Israeli TV channels Hot 3 and Arutz HaYeladim started airing a 17 episodes series called \"Hasamba 3G\" which depicts the story of the group when they are elderly, aged 70, and featuring series of many famous players, including Oded Kotler who plays Yaron Zehavi as an adult, while Yaron London (whom as a teenager inspired Yigal Mossinson when he created the character of Yaron Zehavi) \u00e2 in a cameo role as prime minister of Israel. Other milestones: In 2004 an Israeli stamp for Hasamba was issued in a group of stamps depicting most popular early Israeli youth adventure books. New printings of the books in a paperback format (the first were hardcover; same pages and drawings) continue to appear."}
The 1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1922 college football season. Led by first-year head coach William Henry Dietz, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 5–1–1. The team's captain was Edgar L. Walker. Schedule	null	[ "The 1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1922 college football season. Led by first-year head coach William Henry Dietz, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 5–1–1. The team's captain was Edgar L. Walker. Schedule" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic '1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team' to be more childish in tone: The 1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1922 college football season. Led by first-year head coach William Henry Dietz, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 5–1–1. The team's captain was Edgar L. Walker. Schedule	enhance	0	1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team	{"Introduction": "The 1922 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team was an American football team that represented the Louisiana Polytechnic Institute\u00e2now known as Louisiana Tech University\u00e2as a member of the Louisiana Intercollegiate Athletic Association (LIAA) during the 1922 college football season. Led by firstyear head coach William Henry Dietz, Louisiana Tech compiled an overall record of 5\u00e21\u00e21. The team's captain was Edgar L. Walker."}
Ceolwulf (or Ceolulfus) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey. Ceolwulf was consecrated in 767. He died in 796. Charlemagne, in about 793–796 wrote to both Ceolwulf and Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury asking them to plead with Offa of Mercia about some Englishmen who were currently in exile. Ceolwulf left England in 796 with Eadbald, the Bishop of London, but it is not clear if this was as an exile or on pilgrimage or for some other reason. This was shortly after the collapse of Mercian power following the death of Offa. Ceolwulf seems to have not returned to Lindsey, as a new bishop, Eadwulf begins to appear in the records not long after Ceolwulf's departure. Citations	null	[ "Ceolwulf (or Ceolulfus) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey. Ceolwulf was consecrated in 767. He died in 796. Charlemagne, in about 793–796 wrote to both Ceolwulf and Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury asking them to plead with Offa of Mercia about some Englishmen who were currently in exile. Ceolwulf left England in 796 with Eadbald, the Bishop of London, but it is not clear if this was as an exile or on pilgrimage or for some other reason. This was shortly after the collapse of Mercian power following the death of Offa. Ceolwulf seems to have not returned to Lindsey, as a new bishop, Eadwulf begins to appear in the records not long after Ceolwulf's departure.", "Citations" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 350-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Ceolwulf of Lindsey': Ceolwulf (or Ceolulfus) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey. Ceolwulf was consecrated in 767. He died in 796. Charlemagne, in about 793–796 wrote to both Ceolwulf and Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury asking them to plead with Offa of Mercia about some Englishmen who were currently in exile. Ceolwulf left England in 796 with Eadbald, the Bishop of London, but it is not clear if this was as an exile or on pilgrimage or for some other reason. This was shortly after the collapse of Mercian power following the death of Offa. Ceolwulf seems to have not returned to Lindsey, as a new bishop, Eadwulf begins to appear in the records not long after Ceolwulf's departure.	continue	0	Ceolwulf of Lindsey	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolwulf of Lindsey	{"Introduction": "Ceolwulf (or Ceolulfus) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey. Ceolwulf was consecrated in 767. He died in 796. Charlemagne, in about 793\u00e2796 wrote to both Ceolwulf and \u00c3thelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury asking them to plead with Offa of Mercia about some Englishmen who were currently in exile. Ceolwulf left England in 796 with Eadbald, the Bishop of London, but it is not clear if this was as an exile or on pilgrimage or for some other reason. This was shortly after the collapse of Mercian power following the death of Offa. Ceolwulf seems to have not returned to Lindsey, as a new bishop, Eadwulf begins to appear in the records not long after Ceolwulf's departure."}
A pie is a baked food, with a shell usually made of pastry. Pie or PIE may also refer to: Places Canada Pie Island, Ontario Pie-IX Boulevard, Montreal United States Pie, West Virginia "Sedgwick Pie", a family burial plot in Stockbridge, Massachusetts St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport (IATA code), Florida Elsewhere Pan Island Expressway, Singapore Pie de la Cuesta, Guerrero, Mexico Pié La Costa, L'Aquila, Italy Pie-d'Orezza, Corsica, France San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, Guatemala People Pie (surname), people with this surname Pie Allen, American prospector, businessman, and politician Pie Corbett, English educational writer and poet Pie Geelen, Dutch freestyle swimmer Pié Masumbuko, Burundian politician Pie Traynor, American professional baseball player Arts, entertainment, and media Music "Pie" (song), by Future, 2017 "The Pie", a 1972 song by Sutherland Brothers & Quiver Television "The Pie" (Seinfeld), a 1994 Seinfeld episode "The Pie", a 2011 Bananas in Pyjamas episode PIE (TV channel), a Philippine free-to-air television channel Other media Pie (game) (also Pieman or Pieman), an outdoor game for children Character in manga series Pie (Tokyo Mew Mew) "The Pie", piebald horse in book and film National Velvet Computing Android Pie, version 9 of Android mobile operating system Pie menu Pocket Internet Explorer, a browser for Windows CE Position-independent executable, code that can execute anywhere in memory Language and typography Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), a hypothesized ancestor language Humble pie, an expression reflecting humility or contrition Pied type, a jumbled mixture of printer's type; See Pi Alley (Boston) Mathematics and units Principle of inclusion and exclusion Pie chart, a type of circular chart Indian pie, a former currency unit in India Pie, a foot length in Spanish customary units Natural sciences Pied Pierrot or Pie, a butterfly genus Post Irradiation Examination, of spent nuclear fuel Proximity, Immediacy, Expectancy: principles for treating combat stress reaction U1A polyadenylation inhibition element (PIE), an RNA element Organizations Collingwood Football Club, Australia, nicknamed "The Pies" Juventud Uruguaya de Pie, a former far-right youth organization Pacific International Enterprises, a film production company and distributor Paedophile Information Exchange, a UK 1974–1984 pro-paedophile group Pioneers in Engineering, a student-run organization based at the University of California, Berkeley Other uses Pie (loa), a type of spirit in Vodun/Voodoo religion Piebald or pied, an animal with white and black patches Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act, 1998, a South African law	null	[ "A pie is a baked food, with a shell usually made of pastry. Pie or PIE may also refer to: Places Canada Pie Island, Ontario Pie-IX Boulevard, Montreal United States Pie, West Virginia \"Sedgwick Pie\", a family burial plot in Stockbridge, Massachusetts St. Pete–Clearwater International Airport (IATA code), Florida Elsewhere Pan Island Expressway, Singapore Pie de la Cuesta, Guerrero, Mexico Pié La Costa, L'Aquila, Italy Pie-d'Orezza, Corsica, France San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, Guatemala People Pie (surname), people with this surname Pie Allen, American prospector, businessman, and politician Pie Corbett, English educational writer and poet Pie Geelen, Dutch freestyle swimmer Pié Masumbuko, Burundian politician Pie Traynor, American professional baseball player", "Arts, entertainment, and media Music \"Pie\" (song), by Future, 2017 \"The Pie\", a 1972 song by Sutherland Brothers & Quiver Television \"The Pie\" (Seinfeld), a 1994 Seinfeld episode \"The Pie\", a 2011 Bananas in Pyjamas episode PIE (TV channel), a Philippine free-to-air television channel Other media Pie (game) (also Pieman or Pieman), an outdoor game for children Character in manga series Pie (Tokyo Mew Mew) \"The Pie\", piebald horse in book and film National Velvet Computing Android Pie, version 9 of Android mobile operating system Pie menu Pocket Internet Explorer, a browser for Windows CE Position-independent executable, code that can execute anywhere in memory Language and typography Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), a hypothesized ancestor language Humble pie, an expression reflecting humility or contrition Pied type, a jumbled mixture of printer's type; See Pi Alley (Boston)", "Mathematics and units Principle of inclusion and exclusion Pie chart, a type of circular chart Indian pie, a former currency unit in India Pie, a foot length in Spanish customary units Natural sciences Pied Pierrot or Pie, a butterfly genus Post Irradiation Examination, of spent nuclear fuel Proximity, Immediacy, Expectancy: principles for treating combat stress reaction U1A polyadenylation inhibition element (PIE), an RNA element Organizations Collingwood Football Club, Australia, nicknamed \"The Pies\" Juventud Uruguaya de Pie, a former far-right youth organization Pacific International Enterprises, a film production company and distributor Paedophile Information Exchange, a UK 1974–1984 pro-paedophile group Pioneers in Engineering, a student-run organization based at the University of California, Berkeley Other uses Pie (loa), a type of spirit in Vodun/Voodoo religion Piebald or pied, an animal with white and black patches Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act, 1998, a South African law" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 340-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Pie (disambiguation). Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Pie (disambiguation)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie (disambiguation)	{"Introduction": "A pie is a baked food, with a shell usually made of pastry. Pie or PIE may also refer to:", "Canada": "Pie Island, Ontario PieIX Boulevard, Montreal", "United States": "Pie, West Virginia \"Sedgwick Pie\", a family burial plot in Stockbridge, Massachusetts St. Pete\u00e2Clearwater International Airport (IATA code), Florida", "Elsewhere": "Pan Island Expressway, Singapore Pie de la Cuesta, Guerrero, Mexico Pi\u00c3 La Costa, L'Aquila, Italy Pied'Orezza, Corsica, France San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, Guatemala", "People": "Pie (surname), people with this surname Pie Allen, American prospector, businessman, and politician Pie Corbett, English educational writer and poet Pie Geelen, Dutch freestyle swimmer Pi\u00c3 Masumbuko, Burundian politician Pie Traynor, American professional baseball player Arts, entertainment, and media", "Music": "\"Pie\" (song), by Future, 2017 \"The Pie\", a 1972 song by Sutherland Brothers Quiver", "Television": "\"The Pie\" (Seinfeld), a 1994 Seinfeld episode \"The Pie\", a 2011 Bananas in Pyjamas episode PIE (TV channel), a Philippine freetoair television channel", "Other media": "Pie (game) (also Pieman or Pieman), an outdoor game for children Character in manga series Pie (Tokyo Mew Mew) \"The Pie\", piebald horse in book and film National Velvet", "Computing": "Android Pie, version 9 of Android mobile operating system", "Pie menu": "Pocket Internet Explorer, a browser for Windows CE Positionindependent executable, code that can execute anywhere in memory", "Language and typography": "ProtoIndoEuropean language (PIE), a hypothesized ancestor language Humble pie, an expression reflecting humility or contrition Pied type, a jumbled mixture of printer's type; See Pi Alley (Boston)", "Mathematics and units": "Principle of inclusion and exclusion Pie chart, a type of circular chart Indian pie, a former currency unit in India Pie, a foot length in Spanish customary units", "Natural sciences": "Pied Pierrot or Pie, a butterfly genus Post Irradiation Examination, of spent nuclear fuel Proximity, Immediacy, Expectancy: principles for treating combat stress reaction U1A polyadenylation inhibition element (PIE), an RNA element", "Organizations": "Collingwood Football Club, Australia, nicknamed \"The Pies\" Juventud Uruguaya de Pie, a former farright youth organization Pacific International Enterprises, a film production company and distributor Paedophile Information Exchange, a UK 1974\u00e21984 propaedophile group Pioneers in Engineering, a studentrun organization based at the University of California, Berkeley", "Other uses": "Pie (loa), a type of spirit in Vodun/Voodoo religion Piebald or pied, an animal with white and black patches Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act, 1998, a South African law"}
"Tie Me Down" is a song by American DJ and producer Gryffin and American singer Elley Duhé, released on August 3, 2018, from his debut studio album Gravity (2018). Background Gryffin said in a statement: "Tie Me Down' is a song that's been over a year in the making." "It's one of the hardest records I've had to make, but one of my favorites. We went through over 10 different vocalists looking for the perfect match on this song, and finally found it with Elley Duhé. She brings the perfect energy and passion to the record, and I couldn't be more proud of the way it came together." Music video The music video was released on September 5, 2018, directed by Drew Kirsch and Jordan Rosenheck. They use real people to express their love, and it has a universal message of acceptance and love. Live performance On December 23, 2018, Gryffin and Duhé Performed "Tie Me Down" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications	null	[ "\"Tie Me Down\" is a song by American DJ and producer Gryffin and American singer Elley Duhé, released on August 3, 2018, from his debut studio album Gravity (2018). Background Gryffin said in a statement: \"Tie Me Down' is a song that's been over a year in the making.\" \"It's one of the hardest records I've had to make, but one of my favorites. We went through over 10 different vocalists looking for the perfect match on this song, and finally found it with Elley Duhé. She brings the perfect energy and passion to the record, and I couldn't be more proud of the way it came together.\" Music video The music video was released on September 5, 2018, directed by Drew Kirsch and Jordan Rosenheck. They use real people to express their love, and it has a universal message of acceptance and love.", "Live performance On December 23, 2018, Gryffin and Duhé Performed \"Tie Me Down\" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 300-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Tie Me Down (Gryffin and Elley DuhÃ song)': Live performance On December 23, 2018, Gryffin and Duhé Performed "Tie Me Down" on Jimmy Kimmel Live! Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications	continue	1	Tie Me Down (Gryffin and Elley DuhÃ song)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie Me Down (Gryffin and Elley Duhé song)	{"Introduction": "\"Tie Me Down\" is a song by American DJ and producer Gryffin and American singer Elley Duh\u00c3, released on August 3, 2018, from his debut studio album Gravity (2018).", "Background": "Gryffin said in a statement: \"Tie Me Down' is a song that's been over a year in the making. \" \"It's one of the hardest records I've had to make, but one of my favorites. We went through over 10 different vocalists looking for the perfect match on this song, and finally found it with Elley Duh\u00c3. She brings the perfect energy and passion to the record, and I couldn't be more proud of the way it came together. \"", "Music video": "The music video was released on September 5, 2018, directed by Drew Kirsch and Jordan Rosenheck. They use real people to express their love, and it has a universal message of acceptance and love.", "Live performance": "On December 23, 2018, Gryffin and Duh\u00c3 Performed \"Tie Me Down\" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!"}
Leptoseps osellai, known as Osella's skink, is a species of skink found in Thailand. Etymology The specific name osellai is in honor of Italian entomologist Giuseppe Osella.	null	[ "Leptoseps osellai, known as Osella's skink, is a species of skink found in Thailand. Etymology The specific name osellai is in honor of Italian entomologist Giuseppe Osella." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 310-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Leptoseps osellai. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Leptoseps osellai	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptoseps osellai	{"Introduction": "Leptoseps osellai, known as Osella's skink, is a species of skink found in Thailand.", "Etymology": "The specific name osellai is in honor of Italian entomologist Giuseppe Osella."}
Jam sandwich may refer to: Jam sandwich (food), a food item made from bread and jam Jam sandwich (police car), British slang for one style of police vehicle	null	[ "Jam sandwich may refer to: Jam sandwich (food), a food item made from bread and jam Jam sandwich (police car), British slang for one style of police vehicle" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Jam sandwich' to be more casual in tone: Jam sandwich may refer to: Jam sandwich (food), a food item made from bread and jam Jam sandwich (police car), British slang for one style of police vehicle	enhance	0	Jam sandwich	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam sandwich	{"Introduction": "Jam sandwich may refer to: Jam sandwich (food), a food item made from bread and jam Jam sandwich (police car), British slang for one style of police vehicle"}
Doug Fine is an American author, journalist, humorist, and goat herder. Early life Fine left the East Coast of the United States for college in 1989. Shortly thereafter, he strapped a pack on his back and began his career as a freelance journalist for such organizations as The Washington Post, Salon, U.S. News & World Report, Sierra, Wired, Outside, National Public Radio, and many other venues. His investigative reporting took him to five continents, often to remote locations like Burma, Rwanda, Laos, Guatemala and Tajikistan. One of his dispatches, on Burmese democracy efforts, was read into the Congressional Record. Fine won numerous awards for his radio reporting from rural Alaska before he moved to New Mexico. Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man In an experiment to see if someone raised in suburban consumer culture could manage a comfortable life in an extremely rural situation, Fine moved to a remote part of Alaska in the winter of 1998. The result was his first book, Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man, published by Alaska Northwest Books, an imprint of Graphic Arts Center Publishing. As Fine works to hone what he calls his "Indigenous Gene," the book is a document of wilderness adventure as Fine learns how to live in a one-room cabin surrounded by moose and "non-liberals." Farewell, My Subaru Fine's second book, Farewell, My Subaru, was published March 24, 2009 by Villard Books, an imprint of Random House. The book documents life at Fine's Funky Butte Ranch. It became a bestseller and is now in its seventh printing, with Chinese and Korean language editions. Fine's challenges in the book come from dealing with his mischievous goats, setting up his Funky Butte Ranch's solar power system, converting his used truck to run on vegetable oil, and growing his ranch's own crops. Farewell, My Subaru'''s critical acclaim in national and international media includes comparisons to Bill Bryson and Douglas Adams, landing Fine television interviews on CNN and on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Too High to Fail Fine's third book, Too High to Fail: Cannabis and the New Green Economic Revolution, was published by Gotham Books, an imprint of Penguin Group, on August 2, 2012. Pre-publication reviews included a starred Kirkus Reviews review reading in part, "Fine examines how the American people have borne the massive economic and social expenditures of the failed Drug War, which is "as unconscionably wrong for America as segregation and DDT." A captivating, solidly documented work rendered with wit and humor." Fine began promoting the book with an appearance on the Conan O'Brien show on July 25, 2012. Three weeks after publication, Too High to Fail debuted at #2 on the Denver Post bestseller list. Personal life Fine lives on the solar-powered Funky Butte Ranch, where he is a columnist for New Mexico Magazine. Works Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man (2004) Farewell, My Subaru (2008) Too High to Fail (2012) Hemp Bound (2014) American Hemp Farmer'' (2020)	null	[ "Doug Fine is an American author, journalist, humorist, and goat herder. Early life Fine left the East Coast of the United States for college in 1989. Shortly thereafter, he strapped a pack on his back and began his career as a freelance journalist for such organizations as The Washington Post, Salon, U.S. News & World Report, Sierra, Wired, Outside, National Public Radio, and many other venues. His investigative reporting took him to five continents, often to remote locations like Burma, Rwanda, Laos, Guatemala and Tajikistan. One of his dispatches, on Burmese democracy efforts, was read into the Congressional Record. Fine won numerous awards for his radio reporting from rural Alaska before he moved to New Mexico.", "Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man In an experiment to see if someone raised in suburban consumer culture could manage a comfortable life in an extremely rural situation, Fine moved to a remote part of Alaska in the winter of 1998. The result was his first book, Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man, published by Alaska Northwest Books, an imprint of Graphic Arts Center Publishing. As Fine works to hone what he calls his \"Indigenous Gene,\" the book is a document of wilderness adventure as Fine learns how to live in a one-room cabin surrounded by moose and \"non-liberals.\" Farewell, My Subaru Fine's second book, Farewell, My Subaru, was published March 24, 2009 by Villard Books, an imprint of Random House. The book documents life at Fine's Funky Butte Ranch. It became a bestseller and is now in its seventh printing, with Chinese and Korean language editions. Fine's challenges in the book come from dealing with his mischievous goats, setting up his Funky Butte Ranch's solar power system, converting his used truck to run on vegetable oil, and growing his ranch's own crops. Farewell, My Subaru'''s critical acclaim in national and international media includes comparisons to Bill Bryson and Douglas Adams, landing Fine television interviews on CNN and on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Too High to Fail Fine's third book, Too High to Fail: Cannabis and the New Green Economic Revolution, was published by Gotham Books, an imprint of Penguin Group, on August 2, 2012. Pre-publication reviews included a starred Kirkus Reviews review reading in part, \"Fine examines how the American people have borne the massive economic and social expenditures of the failed Drug War, which is \"as unconscionably wrong for America as segregation and DDT.\" A captivating, solidly documented work rendered with wit and humor.\" Fine began promoting the book with an appearance on the Conan O'Brien show on July 25, 2012. Three weeks after publication, Too High to Fail debuted at #2 on the Denver Post bestseller list.", "Personal life Fine lives on the solar-powered Funky Butte Ranch, where he is a columnist for New Mexico Magazine. Works Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man (2004) Farewell, My Subaru (2008) Too High to Fail (2012) Hemp Bound (2014) American Hemp Farmer'' (2020)" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Doug Fine' to be more casual in tone: Doug Fine is an American author, journalist, humorist, and goat herder. Early life Fine left the East Coast of the United States for college in 1989. Shortly thereafter, he strapped a pack on his back and began his career as a freelance journalist for such organizations as The Washington Post, Salon, U.S. News & World Report, Sierra, Wired, Outside, National Public Radio, and many other venues. His investigative reporting took him to five continents, often to remote locations like Burma, Rwanda, Laos, Guatemala and Tajikistan. One of his dispatches, on Burmese democracy efforts, was read into the Congressional Record. Fine won numerous awards for his radio reporting from rural Alaska before he moved to New Mexico.	enhance	0	Doug Fine	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug Fine	{"Introduction": "Doug Fine is an American author, journalist, humorist, and goat herder.", "Early life": "Fine left the East Coast of the United States for college in 1989. Shortly thereafter, he strapped a pack on his back and began his career as a freelance journalist for such organizations as The Washington Post, Salon, U. S. News World Report, Sierra, Wired, Outside, National Public Radio, and many other venues. His investigative reporting took him to five continents, often to remote locations like Burma, Rwanda, Laos, Guatemala and Tajikistan. One of his dispatches, on Burmese democracy efforts, was read into the Congressional Record. Fine won numerous awards for his radio reporting from rural Alaska before he moved to New Mexico. Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man In an experiment to see if someone raised in suburban consumer culture could manage a comfortable life in an extremely rural situation, Fine moved to a remote part of Alaska in the winter of 1998. The result was his first book, Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man, published by Alaska Northwest Books, an imprint of Graphic Arts Center Publishing. As Fine works to hone what he calls his \"Indigenous Gene, \" the book is a document of wilderness adventure as Fine learns how to live in a oneroom cabin surrounded by moose and \"nonliberals. \" Farewell, My Subaru Fine's second book, Farewell, My Subaru, was published March 24, 2009 by Villard Books, an imprint of Random House. The book documents life at Fine's Funky Butte Ranch. It became a bestseller and is now in its seventh printing, with Chinese and Korean language editions. Fine's challenges in the book come from dealing with his mischievous goats, setting up his Funky Butte Ranch's solar power system, converting his used truck to run on vegetable oil, and growing his ranch's own crops. Farewell, My Subaru'''s critical acclaim in national and international media includes comparisons to Bill Bryson and Douglas Adams, landing Fine television interviews on CNN and on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Too High to Fail Fine's third book, Too High to Fail: Cannabis and the New Green Economic Revolution, was published by Gotham Books, an imprint of Penguin Group, on August 2, 2012. Prepublication reviews included a starred Kirkus Reviews review reading in part, \"Fine examines how the American people have borne the massive economic and social expenditures of the failed Drug War, which is \"as unconscionably wrong for America as segregation and DDT. \" A captivating, solidly documented work rendered with wit and humor. \" Fine began promoting the book with an appearance on the Conan O'Brien show on July 25, 2012. Three weeks after publication, Too High to Fail debuted at on the Denver Post bestseller list.", "Personal life": "Fine lives on the solarpowered Funky Butte Ranch, where he is a columnist for New Mexico Magazine.", "Works": "Not Really An Alaskan Mountain Man (2004) Farewell, My Subaru (2008) Too High to Fail (2012) Hemp Bound (2014) American Hemp Farmer'' (2020)"}
Dio c'è is a 1998 Italian comedy film directed by Alfredo Arciero. Cast Riccardo Rossi as Riccardo Chiara Noschese as Chiara Daniele Formica as Barbone Ivo Garrani as Ettore Wanna Marchi as Chiara's mother Miranda Martino as Riccardo's mother Luigi Montini as Mangoni Elisabetta Pezzoni as Roberta Maurizio Santilli as Vinicio	null	[ "Dio c'è is a 1998 Italian comedy film directed by Alfredo Arciero. Cast Riccardo Rossi as Riccardo Chiara Noschese as Chiara Daniele Formica as Barbone Ivo Garrani as Ettore Wanna Marchi as Chiara's mother Miranda Martino as Riccardo's mother Luigi Montini as Mangoni Elisabetta Pezzoni as Roberta Maurizio Santilli as Vinicio" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 350-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Dio c'Ã. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Dio c'Ã	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dio c'è	{"Introduction": "Dio c'\u00c3 is a 1998 Italian comedy film directed by Alfredo Arciero.", "Cast": "Riccardo Rossi as Riccardo Chiara Noschese as Chiara Daniele Formica as Barbone Ivo Garrani as Ettore Wanna Marchi as Chiara's mother Miranda Martino as Riccardo's mother Luigi Montini as Mangoni Elisabetta Pezzoni as Roberta Maurizio Santilli as Vinicio"}
The Melges 17 is an American scow-hulled sailing dinghy that was designed by Reichel/Pugh as a one-design racer and first built in 2005. Production The design has built by Melges Performance Sailboats in the United States since 2005 and remains in production. Design The design was conceived to provide a boat for youth sailors to move up to from the Laser, 420 and the X Boat, as well as for adults couples to sail. The Melges 17 is a racing sailboat, with the hull built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with carbon fiber spars; a scow hull; a transom-hung, aluminum extrusion rudder controlled by a tiller with an extension and twin retractable, aluminum extrusion bilgeboards. It displaces and is normally sailed by two sailors, with an optimal crew weight of . The boat has a draft of with a bilgeboard extended. With both bilgeboards retracted it can be operated in shallow water, beached or transported on a boat trailer. For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker of , flown from a retractable bowsprit. Operational history The boat was at one time supported by a class club that organized racing events, the Melges 17 Class Association.	null	[ "The Melges 17 is an American scow-hulled sailing dinghy that was designed by Reichel/Pugh as a one-design racer and first built in 2005. Production The design has built by Melges Performance Sailboats in the United States since 2005 and remains in production. Design The design was conceived to provide a boat for youth sailors to move up to from the Laser, 420 and the X Boat, as well as for adults couples to sail. The Melges 17 is a racing sailboat, with the hull built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with carbon fiber spars; a scow hull; a transom-hung, aluminum extrusion rudder controlled by a tiller with an extension and twin retractable, aluminum extrusion bilgeboards. It displaces and is normally sailed by two sailors, with an optimal crew weight of . The boat has a draft of with a bilgeboard extended. With both bilgeboards retracted it can be operated in shallow water, beached or transported on a boat trailer.", "For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker of , flown from a retractable bowsprit. Operational history The boat was at one time supported by a class club that organized racing events, the Melges 17 Class Association." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 360-words sample section for Design on this title Melges 17.	gen_section	Design	Melges 17	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melges 17	{"Introduction": "The Melges 17 is an American scowhulled sailing dinghy that was designed by Reichel/Pugh as a onedesign racer and first built in 2005.", "Production": "The design has built by Melges Performance Sailboats in the United States since 2005 and remains in production.", "Design": "The design was conceived to provide a boat for youth sailors to move up to from the Laser, 420 and the X Boat, as well as for adults couples to sail. The Melges 17 is a racing sailboat, with the hull built predominantly of fiberglass. It has a fractional sloop rig with carbon fiber spars; a scow hull; a transomhung, aluminum extrusion rudder controlled by a tiller with an extension and twin retractable, aluminum extrusion bilgeboards. It displaces and is normally sailed by two sailors, with an optimal crew weight of. The boat has a draft of with a bilgeboard extended. With both bilgeboards retracted it can be operated in shallow water, beached or transported on a boat trailer. For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with an asymmetrical spinnaker of, flown from a retractable bowsprit.", "Operational history": "The boat was at one time supported by a class club that organized racing events, the Melges 17 Class Association."}
San Roque is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the subregion of Northeastern Antioquia. The municipality was founded by Francisco Martinez de Ospina on the 8 February 1880. The town is located between the Nare River and the Nus River. The town was created due to the presence of gold in the areas around the town. The town is located 121 km north of Medellín. The people of this town celebrate most of the traditional festivals that are celebrated in Colombia. History San Roque became a municipality in the year 1884. In 1911 the Antioquia Railway is built, traveling near the town and bringing some economy to the area. San Roque was known as a mining center at this time. The past history is what attracts the modern day tourists, and San Roque is often called "The Land of Cordiality" because the natives are so friendly. Climate San Roque has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). It has very heavy rainfall year round.	null	[ "San Roque is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the subregion of Northeastern Antioquia. The municipality was founded by Francisco Martinez de Ospina on the 8 February 1880. The town is located between the Nare River and the Nus River. The town was created due to the presence of gold in the areas around the town. The town is located 121 km north of Medellín. The people of this town celebrate most of the traditional festivals that are celebrated in Colombia. History San Roque became a municipality in the year 1884. In 1911 the Antioquia Railway is built, traveling near the town and bringing some economy to the area. San Roque was known as a mining center at this time. The past history is what attracts the modern day tourists, and San Roque is often called \"The Land of Cordiality\" because the natives are so friendly.", "Climate San Roque has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). It has very heavy rainfall year round." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 360-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'San Roque, Antioquia': Climate San Roque has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). It has very heavy rainfall year round.	continue	1	San Roque, Antioquia	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San Roque, Antioquia	{"Introduction": "San Roque is a town and municipality in the Colombian department of Antioquia. It is part of the subregion of Northeastern Antioquia. The municipality was founded by Francisco Martinez de Ospina on the 8 February 1880. The town is located between the Nare River and the Nus River. The town was created due to the presence of gold in the areas around the town. The town is located 121\u00c2 km north of Medell\u00c3n. The people of this town celebrate most of the traditional festivals that are celebrated in Colombia.", "History": "San Roque became a municipality in the year 1884. In 1911 the Antioquia Railway is built, traveling near the town and bringing some economy to the area. San Roque was known as a mining center at this time. The past history is what attracts the modern day tourists, and San Roque is often called \"The Land of Cordiality\" because the natives are so friendly.", "Climate": "San Roque has a tropical rainforest climate (Af). It has very heavy rainfall year round."}
Joseph Carey (born 24 June 1975) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency since the 2007 general election. Early life Carey is the son of Donal Carey who was a TD and Senator. He was educated at St. Flannan's College, Ennis, and Galway Institute of Technology, Galway. Political career From 1997 to 2007, Carey was a member of Clare County Council. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election. He was appointed Fine Gael Deputy Spokesperson on Justice, with special responsibility for Juvenile Justice in October 2007. In October 2010, he was appointed as assistant Fine Gael Chief Whip. He was a member of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Social Protection and the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly, where he served on the committee for European Affairs. He has previously served as a member of the Dáil Committee on Procedures and Privileges and Fine Gael Spokesperson on Juvenile Justice and Deputy Government Chief Whip.	null	[ "Joseph Carey (born 24 June 1975) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency since the 2007 general election. Early life Carey is the son of Donal Carey who was a TD and Senator. He was educated at St. Flannan's College, Ennis, and Galway Institute of Technology, Galway. Political career From 1997 to 2007, Carey was a member of Clare County Council. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election. He was appointed Fine Gael Deputy Spokesperson on Justice, with special responsibility for Juvenile Justice in October 2007. In October 2010, he was appointed as assistant Fine Gael Chief Whip. He was a member of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Social Protection and the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly, where he served on the committee for European Affairs. He has previously served as a member of the Dáil Committee on Procedures and Privileges and Fine Gael Spokesperson on Juvenile Justice and Deputy Government Chief Whip." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Joe Carey' to be more childish in tone: Joseph Carey (born 24 June 1975) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Clare constituency since the 2007 general election. Early life Carey is the son of Donal Carey who was a TD and Senator. He was educated at St. Flannan's College, Ennis, and Galway Institute of Technology, Galway. Political career From 1997 to 2007, Carey was a member of Clare County Council. He was elected to Dáil Éireann at the 2007 general election. He was appointed Fine Gael Deputy Spokesperson on Justice, with special responsibility for Juvenile Justice in October 2007. In October 2010, he was appointed as assistant Fine Gael Chief Whip. He was a member of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Social Protection and the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly, where he served on the committee for European Affairs. He has previously served as a member of the Dáil Committee on Procedures and Privileges and Fine Gael Spokesperson on Juvenile Justice and Deputy Government Chief Whip.	enhance	0	Joe Carey	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe Carey	{"Introduction": "Joseph Carey (born 24 June 1975) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta D\u00c3la (TD) for the Clare constituency since the 2007 general election.", "Early life": "Carey is the son of Donal Carey who was a TD and Senator. He was educated at St. Flannan's College, Ennis, and Galway Institute of Technology, Galway.", "Political career": "From 1997 to 2007, Carey was a member of Clare County Council. He was elected to D\u00c3il \u00c3ireann at the 2007 general election. He was appointed Fine Gael Deputy Spokesperson on Justice, with special responsibility for Juvenile Justice in October 2007. In October 2010, he was appointed as assistant Fine Gael Chief Whip. He was a member of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Social Protection and the BritishIrish Parliamentary Assembly, where he served on the committee for European Affairs. He has previously served as a member of the D\u00c3il Committee on Procedures and Privileges and Fine Gael Spokesperson on Juvenile Justice and Deputy Government Chief Whip."}
Sofia Sakorafa (, born 29 April 1957 in Trikala, Greece) is a Greek-Palestinian politician and former javelin thrower. She was a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25, having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served, from June 2012 to July 2014, as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament. She served as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party. She is the president of Association hellénique d'athlétisme amateur (SEGAS). Education Sakorafa graduated in physical education from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Athletics She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club. In total, Sakorafa – often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli – broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times. She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens. A few days later, on 26 September 1982, at the Greek national championships in Chania, Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74.20 metres. That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999. In 1983, after winning the Balkan Games, she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72.28 m, but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki, due to injury. Competition record 2004 Olympics Sakorafa stirred controversy in 2004 when she became a Palestinian citizen and applied a few months before the Olympic Games for a berth on the Palestinian Olympic team at the age of 47. She made her debut representing Palestine in Chania, Crete, on 28 June 2004 - her performance was 47.23 metres. Despite the fact that her gesture to participate as a Palestinian was symbolic, the IAAF ruled her ineligible for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Professional career Sakorafa worked in as a secondary teacher of physical education before working as a freelance. From 1994 to 1996, she served as an adviser to the sports minister and as Chairman of the Commission for Sport and Woman. Political career She has served on the City Councils of Athens, from 1994 to 1998, and Maroussi, from 1998 to 2006. She was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament under the banner of PASOK three times (in the elections of 2000, 2007 and 2009). She failed to win a seat in parliament following the 2004 elections. On 6 May 2010 she refused to vote in favour of the austerity measures and the loan agreement between the Greek government and the IMF/EU. As a result, she was expelled from PASOK and served as an independent member of the parliament until 2012. She participated in the 2012 legislative elections as a member of Syriza and was elected in Athens B. In the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras, she had responsibility for the interior. She resigned from the Hellenic Parliament in May 2014 in order to contest the European Parliament election. In the 2014 European Parliament elections, she was elected as a Member of European Parliament for Greece, representing Syriza. She is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Petitions and is a substitute for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Since 16 October 2014, she has been the chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America, having previously been a member. She is therefore also a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairs. On 28 September 2015, Sakorafa left Syriza to sit as an Independent within the GUE/NGL grouping. She resigned from Syriza over disagreements with the leadership over the introduction of further austerity measures in Greece. She said: "It's clear that I cannot support any government nor any policies that involve measures that harm the people." In December 2018 Sofia Sakorafa joined the Greek party MeRA25. On 26 May 2019, she narrowly lost reelection as a member of the European Parliament as member of MeRA25.	null	[ "Sofia Sakorafa (, born 29 April 1957 in Trikala, Greece) is a Greek-Palestinian politician and former javelin thrower. She was a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25, having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served, from June 2012 to July 2014, as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament. She served as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party. She is the president of Association hellénique d'athlétisme amateur (SEGAS). Education Sakorafa graduated in physical education from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Athletics", "She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club. In total, Sakorafa – often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli – broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times. She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens. A few days later, on 26 September 1982, at the Greek national championships in Chania, Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74.20 metres. That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999. In 1983, after winning the Balkan Games, she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72.28 m, but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki, due to injury. Competition record", "2004 Olympics Sakorafa stirred controversy in 2004 when she became a Palestinian citizen and applied a few months before the Olympic Games for a berth on the Palestinian Olympic team at the age of 47. She made her debut representing Palestine in Chania, Crete, on 28 June 2004 - her performance was 47.23 metres. Despite the fact that her gesture to participate as a Palestinian was symbolic, the IAAF ruled her ineligible for the 2004 Summer Olympics. Professional career Sakorafa worked in as a secondary teacher of physical education before working as a freelance. From 1994 to 1996, she served as an adviser to the sports minister and as Chairman of the Commission for Sport and Woman. Political career She has served on the City Councils of Athens, from 1994 to 1998, and Maroussi, from 1998 to 2006. She was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament under the banner of PASOK three times (in the elections of 2000, 2007 and 2009). She failed to win a seat in parliament following the 2004 elections.", "On 6 May 2010 she refused to vote in favour of the austerity measures and the loan agreement between the Greek government and the IMF/EU. As a result, she was expelled from PASOK and served as an independent member of the parliament until 2012. She participated in the 2012 legislative elections as a member of Syriza and was elected in Athens B. In the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras, she had responsibility for the interior. She resigned from the Hellenic Parliament in May 2014 in order to contest the European Parliament election. In the 2014 European Parliament elections, she was elected as a Member of European Parliament for Greece, representing Syriza. She is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Petitions and is a substitute for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Since 16 October 2014, she has been the chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America, having previously been a member. She is therefore also a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairs. On 28 September 2015, Sakorafa left Syriza to sit as an Independent within the GUE/NGL grouping. She resigned from Syriza over disagreements with the leadership over the introduction of further austerity measures in Greece. She said: \"It's clear that I cannot support any government nor any policies that involve measures that harm the people.\"", "In December 2018 Sofia Sakorafa joined the Greek party MeRA25. On 26 May 2019, she narrowly lost reelection as a member of the European Parliament as member of MeRA25." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 360-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Sofia Sakorafa': She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club. In total, Sakorafa – often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli – broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times. She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens. A few days later, on 26 September 1982, at the Greek national championships in Chania, Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74.20 metres. That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999. In 1983, after winning the Balkan Games, she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72.28 m, but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki, due to injury. Competition record	continue	1	Sofia Sakorafa	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia Sakorafa	{"Introduction": "Sofia Sakorafa (, born 29 April 1957 in Trikala, Greece) is a GreekPalestinian politician and former javelin thrower. She was a Member of the European Parliament for Greece as member of the political party MeRA25, having formerly sat for Syriza and before that served, from June 2012 to July 2014, as a Syriza Member of the Hellenic Parliament. She served as a deputy speaker in the Hellenic Parliament for the MeRA25 party. She is the president of Association hell\u00c3nique d'athl\u00c3tisme amateur (SEGAS).", "Education": "Sakorafa graduated in physical education from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.", "Athletics": "She started competing in athletics at age fifteen as a member of Trikala Gymnastic Club. In total, Sakorafa \u00e2 often pushed by her antagonism with Anna Verouli \u00e2 broke the Greek record for the javelin seventeen times. She competed in the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. She won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athens. A few days later, on 26 September 1982, at the Greek national championships in Chania, Sakorafa broke the world record with a throw of 74. 20 metres. That mark stood as a Greek record until the new javelin was introduced in 1999. In 1983, after winning the Balkan Games, she had achieved the third performance of the year with a throw of 72. 28 m, but eventually had to withdraw from the World Championships in Helsinki, due to injury.", "2004 Olympics": "Sakorafa stirred controversy in 2004 when she became a Palestinian citizen and applied a few months before the Olympic Games for a berth on the Palestinian Olympic team at the age of 47. She made her debut representing Palestine in Chania, Crete, on 28 June 2004 her performance was 47. 23 metres. Despite the fact that her gesture to participate as a Palestinian was symbolic, the IAAF ruled her ineligible for the 2004 Summer Olympics.", "Professional career": "Sakorafa worked in as a secondary teacher of physical education before working as a freelance. From 1994 to 1996, she served as an adviser to the sports minister and as Chairman of the Commission for Sport and Woman.", "Political career": "She has served on the City Councils of Athens, from 1994 to 1998, and Maroussi, from 1998 to 2006. She was elected as a member of the Hellenic Parliament under the banner of PASOK three times (in the elections of 2000, 2007 and 2009). She failed to win a seat in parliament following the 2004 elections. On 6 May 2010 she refused to vote in favour of the austerity measures and the loan agreement between the Greek government and the IMF/EU. As a result, she was expelled from PASOK and served as an independent member of the parliament until 2012. She participated in the 2012 legislative elections as a member of Syriza and was elected in Athens B. In the Shadow Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras, she had responsibility for the interior. She resigned from the Hellenic Parliament in May 2014 in order to contest the European Parliament election. In the 2014 European Parliament elections, she was elected as a Member of European Parliament for Greece, representing Syriza. She is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Petitions and is a substitute for the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. Since 16 October 2014, she has been the chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Central America, having previously been a member. She is therefore also a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairs. On 28 September 2015, Sakorafa left Syriza to sit as an Independent within the GUE/NGL grouping. She resigned from Syriza over disagreements with the leadership over the introduction of further austerity measures in Greece. She said: \"It's clear that I cannot support any government nor any policies that involve measures that harm the people. \" In December 2018 Sofia Sakorafa joined the Greek party MeRA25. On 26 May 2019, she narrowly lost reelection as a member of the European Parliament as member of MeRA25."}
Seydili can refer to: Seydili, Palu Seydili, Silifke	null	[ "Seydili can refer to: Seydili, Palu Seydili, Silifke" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Seydili' to be more professional in tone: Seydili can refer to: Seydili, Palu Seydili, Silifke	enhance	0	Seydili	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seydili	{"Introduction": "Seydili can refer to: Seydili, Palu Seydili, Silifke"}
"Rap Song" is a song by R&B singer T-Pain. The song features rapper Rick Ross and originally served as a single off T-Pain's fourth studio album RevolveЯ, but never made it on the track list. Background His previous singles "Take Your Shirt Off" and "Reverse Cowgirl" did not chart as well as planned, so he released the songs as promotional singles. The song was released on iTunes on October 19, 2010, and has already had urban and mainstream radio impact. The track was performed without the rap verse, during The Black Eyed Peas E.N.D. tour in Canada. The song has similar elements to the single "Buy U a Drank". Throughout the song, there are references to other "rap songs" such as OutKast's "Elevators (Me & You)", 50 Cent's "In Da Club", N.W.A's "Straight Outta Compton", Lil Wayne's "A Milli" and Soulja Boy's club hit "Donk". It also makes references to many other rappers such as Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, Yo Gotti, Akon and Kanye West. The concept of the song is that instead of "making love" to a slow R&B song, some people prefer to "make love" to a "rap song". Music video The music video was released on November 19. The video was directed by T-Pain & Todd Angkasuwan. In the music video the camera zooms past patrons frozen in time outside the club, heading inside the establishment where clubgoers are shown throwing cash at strippers, spilling drinks, and partying. During the music video, the part where he sings "and I'mma do you like Kanye, I'mma let you finish" a "frozen" clip is shown of T-Pain pushing a girl to the side and talking over her, referring to the VMA incident with Kanye West and Taylor Swift. The video features many cameos, including appearances by Lil Twist, Mack Maine, DJ Khaled, Flo Rida, Yo Gotti, and Bow Wow. Remixes A So So Def remix was made featuring Jermaine Dupri. Another remix titled "Reggae Song" was made by Rock City. Charts On the week ending September 26, 2010, "Rap Song" debuted at #87 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. On the week ending October 29, 2010, it debuted at #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, and dropped off the chart the next week.	null	[ "\"Rap Song\" is a song by R&B singer T-Pain. The song features rapper Rick Ross and originally served as a single off T-Pain's fourth studio album RevolveЯ, but never made it on the track list. Background His previous singles \"Take Your Shirt Off\" and \"Reverse Cowgirl\" did not chart as well as planned, so he released the songs as promotional singles. The song was released on iTunes on October 19, 2010, and has already had urban and mainstream radio impact. The track was performed without the rap verse, during The Black Eyed Peas E.N.D. tour in Canada. The song has similar elements to the single \"Buy U a Drank\". Throughout the song, there are references to other \"rap songs\" such as OutKast's \"Elevators (Me & You)\", 50 Cent's \"In Da Club\", N.W.A's \"Straight Outta Compton\", Lil Wayne's \"A Milli\" and Soulja Boy's club hit \"Donk\". It also makes references to many other rappers such as Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, Yo Gotti, Akon and Kanye West. The concept of the song is that instead of \"making love\" to a slow R&B song, some people prefer to \"make love\" to a \"rap song\". Music video The music video was released on November 19. The video was directed by T-Pain & Todd Angkasuwan. In the music video the camera zooms past patrons frozen in time outside the club, heading inside the establishment where clubgoers are shown throwing cash at strippers, spilling drinks, and partying. During the music video, the part where he sings \"and I'mma do you like Kanye, I'mma let you finish\" a \"frozen\" clip is shown of T-Pain pushing a girl to the side and talking over her, referring to the VMA incident with Kanye West and Taylor Swift. The video features many cameos, including appearances by Lil Twist, Mack Maine, DJ Khaled, Flo Rida, Yo Gotti, and Bow Wow.", "Remixes A So So Def remix was made featuring Jermaine Dupri. Another remix titled \"Reggae Song\" was made by Rock City. Charts On the week ending September 26, 2010, \"Rap Song\" debuted at #87 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. On the week ending October 29, 2010, it debuted at #89 on the Billboard Hot 100, and dropped off the chart the next week." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 310-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Rap Song': "Rap Song" is a song by R&B singer T-Pain. The song features rapper Rick Ross and originally served as a single off T-Pain's fourth studio album RevolveЯ, but never made it on the track list. Background His previous singles "Take Your Shirt Off" and "Reverse Cowgirl" did not chart as well as planned, so he released the songs as promotional singles. The song was released on iTunes on October 19, 2010, and has already had urban and mainstream radio impact. The track was performed without the rap verse, during The Black Eyed Peas E.N.D. tour in Canada. The song has similar elements to the single "Buy U a Drank". Throughout the song, there are references to other "rap songs" such as OutKast's "Elevators (Me & You)", 50 Cent's "In Da Club", N.W.A's "Straight Outta Compton", Lil Wayne's "A Milli" and Soulja Boy's club hit "Donk". It also makes references to many other rappers such as Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, Yo Gotti, Akon and Kanye West. The concept of the song is that instead of "making love" to a slow R&B song, some people prefer to "make love" to a "rap song". Music video The music video was released on November 19. The video was directed by T-Pain & Todd Angkasuwan. In the music video the camera zooms past patrons frozen in time outside the club, heading inside the establishment where clubgoers are shown throwing cash at strippers, spilling drinks, and partying. During the music video, the part where he sings "and I'mma do you like Kanye, I'mma let you finish" a "frozen" clip is shown of T-Pain pushing a girl to the side and talking over her, referring to the VMA incident with Kanye West and Taylor Swift. The video features many cameos, including appearances by Lil Twist, Mack Maine, DJ Khaled, Flo Rida, Yo Gotti, and Bow Wow.	continue	0	Rap Song	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap Song	{"Introduction": "\"Rap Song\" is a song by RB singer TPain. The song features rapper Rick Ross and originally served as a single off TPain's fourth studio album Revolve\u00d0, but never made it on the track list.", "Background": "His previous singles \"Take Your Shirt Off\" and \"Reverse Cowgirl\" did not chart as well as planned, so he released the songs as promotional singles. The song was released on iTunes on October 19, 2010, and has already had urban and mainstream radio impact. The track was performed without the rap verse, during The Black Eyed Peas E. N. D. tour in Canada. The song has similar elements to the single \"Buy U a Drank\". Throughout the song, there are references to other \"rap songs\" such as OutKast's \"Elevators (Me You)\", 50 Cent's \"In Da Club\", N. W. A's \"Straight Outta Compton\", Lil Wayne's \"A Milli\" and Soulja Boy's club hit \"Donk\". It also makes references to many other rappers such as Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, Yo Gotti, Akon and Kanye West. The concept of the song is that instead of \"making love\" to a slow RB song, some people prefer to \"make love\" to a \"rap song\".", "Music video": "The music video was released on November 19. The video was directed by TPain Todd Angkasuwan. In the music video the camera zooms past patrons frozen in time outside the club, heading inside the establishment where clubgoers are shown throwing cash at strippers, spilling drinks, and partying. During the music video, the part where he sings \"and I'mma do you like Kanye, I'mma let you finish\" a \"frozen\" clip is shown of TPain pushing a girl to the side and talking over her, referring to the VMA incident with Kanye West and Taylor Swift. The video features many cameos, including appearances by Lil Twist, Mack Maine, DJ Khaled, Flo Rida, Yo Gotti, and Bow Wow.", "Remixes": "A So So Def remix was made featuring Jermaine Dupri. Another remix titled \"Reggae Song\" was made by Rock City.", "Charts": "On the week ending September 26, 2010, \"Rap Song\" debuted at on the Hot RB/HipHop Songs. On the week ending October 29, 2010, it debuted at on the Billboard Hot 100, and dropped off the chart the next week."}
Honhoué is an arrondissement in the Mono department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Houéyogbé. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4648.	null	[ "Honhoué is an arrondissement in the Mono department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Houéyogbé. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4648." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 340-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'HonhouÃ': Honhoué is an arrondissement in the Mono department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Houéyogbé. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4648.	continue	0	HonhouÃ	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honhoué	{"Introduction": "Honhou\u00c3 is an arrondissement in the Mono department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Hou\u00c3yogb\u00c3. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4648."}
Alan Uglow (1941–2011) was a British visual artist, who moved from London to New York City in 1969. Called "a painter's painter" by Roberta Smith, in addition to his paintings, Uglow made objects, sound-and-visual installations, photographs and prints. He died 20 January 2011, in Manhattan, at age sixty-nine, from complications related to lung cancer. Career United Kingdom Starting in his early teens, Uglow attended Colchester School of Art, followed by Leicester College of Art. While at Leicester, he saw an exhibition titled, "The New American Painting," a show of American Abstract Expressionism, at Tate Gallery, London, (1959). He later commented, "[At seventeen], I wasn't sure I understood everything I was seeing, but I knew they would understand everything I was trying to do." Uglow went on to Central School, London, obtaining degrees in painting and in printmaking. His work was included in "Young Contemporaries," (London, 1960/64), "Bradford Spring Exhibition," (1963/64), Grabowski Gallery, (London, 1965), and "Contemporary British Painters," (Lyon, France, 1966). Several decades on, in 1995, Uglow had a one-person show at Gimpel Fils, London, curated by Simon Lee and Kay Gimpel. United States Uglow visited New York City for three weeks, in 1968, moving there permanently, in 1969. He soon met, and was befriended by, fellow painters, Jake Berthot, Brice Marden, and Winston Roeth. In the early 1970s, Uglow and Roeth printed for Petersburg Press. In 1974, Uglow moved from his loft on Greene Street to one on the Bowery, where he lived and worked until his death.* In 1974 and 1976, Uglow was in group shows at Bykert Gallery, (founded by Klaus Kertess and Jeff Byers). In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial. After Kertess left Bykert, Uglow was asked by Mary Boone, former Bykert secretary, to join a new gallery she was planning to open. January 7, 1978, Mary Boone Gallery, 420 W. Broadway, opened with paintings by Chris Darton; Gordon Hart; Paul Mogensen; Gary Stephan; Alan Uglow. Uglow’s first one-person painting show with Boone, in 1978, opened concurrently with a one-person drawing show, Susan Caldwell Gallery, curated by Michael Walls. After a second one-person painting show at Boone, in 1979, Uglow left Mary Boone Gallery. He subsequently joined Lorence-Monk Gallery, (1985–1991), and Stark Gallery (1993–2002). At Lorence-Monk, Uglow first exhibited his "low rider" paintings. It was also at Lorence-Monk that Uglow showed Signals, (1988), a four-panel piece, with sound, initially made to be shown as part of "Century '87," Amsterdam. At Stark, Uglow showed another sound piece, his football-inspired, Coach's Bench. Beginning in 1992, and continuing throughout 2009, Uglow made a series of paintings, titled Standards: all are 7' x 6' (214 x 183 cm), installed on wooden blocks. Related to those paintings is Portrait of a Standard, a series of silk screens, using the Standard paintings as subject, and of the same dimensions and use of blocks. In 2013, Uglow's work was shown posthumously in New York City, in a solo exhibition, at David Zwirner, curated by Bob Nickas (with catalogue). In 2014, MIT List Visual Arts Center, (Cambridge, MA), held an exhibition of Uglow’s Standards and Portraits, curated by João Ribas. From the 1970s onwards, Uglow was included in numerous group shows, in galleries and museums, in the United States and Europe. Europe and Scandinavia Alan Uglow’s first one-person show, outside the United States, was in 1983, Galerie Nordenhake, founded by Claes Nordenhake, in Malmö, Sweden. Uglow continued to show with the gallery in Malmö and Stockholm, and in Berlin, Germany; his final show with Galerie Nordenhake was 2006, Berlin. In 1984, Uglow showed “Signal,” a structured, two-part painting, as well as one other discrete painting, at Gunther Umberg's Raum für Malerai (Room for Painting), Cologne, Germany. Beginning in 1988 through 2010, Uglow had an extended professional and personal relationship with Milco Onrust (1961–2015), and Boudi Eskens—who joined the gallery in 1992—showing initially with Galeri Onrust on the Prinsengracht, and later in their space on Planciusstraat, Amsterdam, NL. *In 1986,1992, and part of 1993, Uglow and his wife, the poet and writer, Elena Alexander, lived in Cologne, Germany. ___	null	[ "Alan Uglow (1941–2011) was a British visual artist, who moved from London to New York City in 1969. Called \"a painter's painter\" by Roberta Smith, in addition to his paintings, Uglow made objects, sound-and-visual installations, photographs and prints. He died 20 January 2011, in Manhattan, at age sixty-nine, from complications related to lung cancer. Career United Kingdom Starting in his early teens, Uglow attended Colchester School of Art, followed by Leicester College of Art. While at Leicester, he saw an exhibition titled, \"The New American Painting,\" a show of American Abstract Expressionism, at Tate Gallery, London, (1959). He later commented, \"[At seventeen], I wasn't sure I understood everything I was seeing, but I knew they would understand everything I was trying to do.\" Uglow went on to Central School, London, obtaining degrees in painting and in printmaking. His work was included in \"Young Contemporaries,\" (London, 1960/64), \"Bradford Spring Exhibition,\" (1963/64), Grabowski Gallery, (London, 1965), and \"Contemporary British Painters,\" (Lyon, France, 1966). Several decades on, in 1995, Uglow had a one-person show at Gimpel Fils, London, curated by Simon Lee and Kay Gimpel.", "United States Uglow visited New York City for three weeks, in 1968, moving there permanently, in 1969. He soon met, and was befriended by, fellow painters, Jake Berthot, Brice Marden, and Winston Roeth. In the early 1970s, Uglow and Roeth printed for Petersburg Press. In 1974, Uglow moved from his loft on Greene Street to one on the Bowery, where he lived and worked until his death.* In 1974 and 1976, Uglow was in group shows at Bykert Gallery, (founded by Klaus Kertess and Jeff Byers). In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial. After Kertess left Bykert, Uglow was asked by Mary Boone, former Bykert secretary, to join a new gallery she was planning to open. January 7, 1978, Mary Boone Gallery, 420 W. Broadway, opened with paintings by Chris Darton; Gordon Hart; Paul Mogensen; Gary Stephan; Alan Uglow. Uglow’s first one-person painting show with Boone, in 1978, opened concurrently with a one-person drawing show, Susan Caldwell Gallery, curated by Michael Walls. After a second one-person painting show at Boone, in 1979, Uglow left Mary Boone Gallery. He subsequently joined Lorence-Monk Gallery, (1985–1991), and Stark Gallery (1993–2002). At Lorence-Monk, Uglow first exhibited his \"low rider\" paintings. It was also at Lorence-Monk that Uglow showed Signals, (1988), a four-panel piece, with sound, initially made to be shown as part of \"Century '87,\" Amsterdam. At Stark, Uglow showed another sound piece, his football-inspired, Coach's Bench. Beginning in 1992, and continuing throughout 2009, Uglow made a series of paintings, titled Standards: all are 7' x 6' (214 x 183 cm), installed on wooden blocks. Related to those paintings is Portrait of a Standard, a series of silk screens, using the Standard paintings as subject, and of the same dimensions and use of blocks. In 2013, Uglow's work was shown posthumously in New York City, in a solo exhibition, at David Zwirner, curated by Bob Nickas (with catalogue). In 2014, MIT List Visual Arts Center, (Cambridge, MA), held an exhibition of Uglow’s Standards and Portraits, curated by João Ribas.", "From the 1970s onwards, Uglow was included in numerous group shows, in galleries and museums, in the United States and Europe. Europe and Scandinavia Alan Uglow’s first one-person show, outside the United States, was in 1983, Galerie Nordenhake, founded by Claes Nordenhake, in Malmö, Sweden. Uglow continued to show with the gallery in Malmö and Stockholm, and in Berlin, Germany; his final show with Galerie Nordenhake was 2006, Berlin. In 1984, Uglow showed “Signal,” a structured, two-part painting, as well as one other discrete painting, at Gunther Umberg's Raum für Malerai (Room for Painting), Cologne, Germany. Beginning in 1988 through 2010, Uglow had an extended professional and personal relationship with Milco Onrust (1961–2015), and Boudi Eskens—who joined the gallery in 1992—showing initially with Galeri Onrust on the Prinsengracht, and later in their space on Planciusstraat, Amsterdam, NL.", "*In 1986,1992, and part of 1993, Uglow and his wife, the poet and writer, Elena Alexander, lived in Cologne, Germany. ___" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Alan Uglow' to be more childish in tone: United States Uglow visited New York City for three weeks, in 1968, moving there permanently, in 1969. He soon met, and was befriended by, fellow painters, Jake Berthot, Brice Marden, and Winston Roeth. In the early 1970s, Uglow and Roeth printed for Petersburg Press. In 1974, Uglow moved from his loft on Greene Street to one on the Bowery, where he lived and worked until his death.* In 1974 and 1976, Uglow was in group shows at Bykert Gallery, (founded by Klaus Kertess and Jeff Byers). In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial. After Kertess left Bykert, Uglow was asked by Mary Boone, former Bykert secretary, to join a new gallery she was planning to open. January 7, 1978, Mary Boone Gallery, 420 W. Broadway, opened with paintings by Chris Darton; Gordon Hart; Paul Mogensen; Gary Stephan; Alan Uglow. Uglow’s first one-person painting show with Boone, in 1978, opened concurrently with a one-person drawing show, Susan Caldwell Gallery, curated by Michael Walls. After a second one-person painting show at Boone, in 1979, Uglow left Mary Boone Gallery. He subsequently joined Lorence-Monk Gallery, (1985–1991), and Stark Gallery (1993–2002). At Lorence-Monk, Uglow first exhibited his "low rider" paintings. It was also at Lorence-Monk that Uglow showed Signals, (1988), a four-panel piece, with sound, initially made to be shown as part of "Century '87," Amsterdam. At Stark, Uglow showed another sound piece, his football-inspired, Coach's Bench. Beginning in 1992, and continuing throughout 2009, Uglow made a series of paintings, titled Standards: all are 7' x 6' (214 x 183 cm), installed on wooden blocks. Related to those paintings is Portrait of a Standard, a series of silk screens, using the Standard paintings as subject, and of the same dimensions and use of blocks. In 2013, Uglow's work was shown posthumously in New York City, in a solo exhibition, at David Zwirner, curated by Bob Nickas (with catalogue). In 2014, MIT List Visual Arts Center, (Cambridge, MA), held an exhibition of Uglow’s Standards and Portraits, curated by João Ribas.	enhance	1	Alan Uglow	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan Uglow	{"Introduction": "Alan Uglow (1941\u00e22011) was a British visual artist, who moved from London to New York City in 1969. Called \"a painter's painter\" by Roberta Smith, in addition to his paintings, Uglow made objects, soundandvisual installations, photographs and prints. He died 20 January 2011, in Manhattan, at age sixtynine, from complications related to lung cancer.", "United Kingdom": "Starting in his early teens, Uglow attended Colchester School of Art, followed by Leicester College of Art. While at Leicester, he saw an exhibition titled, \"The New American Painting, \" a show of American Abstract Expressionism, at Tate Gallery, London, (1959). He later commented, \", I wasn't sure I understood everything I was seeing, but I knew they would understand everything I was trying to do. \" Uglow went on to Central School, London, obtaining degrees in painting and in printmaking. His work was included in \"Young Contemporaries, \" (London, 1960/64), \"Bradford Spring Exhibition, \" (1963/64), Grabowski Gallery, (London, 1965), and \"Contemporary British Painters, \" (Lyon, France, 1966). Several decades on, in 1995, Uglow had a oneperson show at Gimpel Fils, London, curated by Simon Lee and Kay Gimpel.", "United States": "Uglow visited New York City for three weeks, in 1968, moving there permanently, in 1969. He soon met, and was befriended by, fellow painters, Jake Berthot, Brice Marden, and Winston Roeth. In the early 1970s, Uglow and Roeth printed for Petersburg Press. In 1974, Uglow moved from his loft on Greene Street to one on the Bowery, where he lived and worked until his death. * In 1974 and 1976, Uglow was in group shows at Bykert Gallery, (founded by Klaus Kertess and Jeff Byers). In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial. After Kertess left Bykert, Uglow was asked by Mary Boone, former Bykert secretary, to join a new gallery she was planning to open. January 7, 1978, Mary Boone Gallery, 420 W. Broadway, opened with paintings by Chris Darton; Gordon Hart; Paul Mogensen; Gary Stephan; Alan Uglow. Uglow\u00e2s first oneperson painting show with Boone, in 1978, opened concurrently with a oneperson drawing show, Susan Caldwell Gallery, curated by Michael Walls. After a second oneperson painting show at Boone, in 1979, Uglow left Mary Boone Gallery. He subsequently joined LorenceMonk Gallery, (1985\u00e21991), and Stark Gallery (1993\u00e22002). At LorenceMonk, Uglow first exhibited his \"low rider\" paintings. It was also at LorenceMonk that Uglow showed Signals, (1988), a fourpanel piece, with sound, initially made to be shown as part of \"Century '87, \" Amsterdam. At Stark, Uglow showed another sound piece, his footballinspired, Coach's Bench. Beginning in 1992, and continuing throughout 2009, Uglow made a series of paintings, titled Standards: all are 7' x 6' (214 x 183 cm), installed on wooden blocks. Related to those paintings is Portrait of a Standard, a series of silk screens, using the Standard paintings as subject, and of the same dimensions and use of blocks. In 2013, Uglow's work was shown posthumously in New York City, in a solo exhibition, at David Zwirner, curated by Bob Nickas (with catalogue). In 2014, MIT List Visual Arts Center, (Cambridge, MA), held an exhibition of Uglow\u00e2s Standards and Portraits, curated by Jo\u00c3o Ribas. From the 1970s onwards, Uglow was included in numerous group shows, in galleries and museums, in the United States and Europe.", "Europe and Scandinavia": "Alan Uglow\u00e2s first oneperson show, outside the United States, was in 1983, Galerie Nordenhake, founded by Claes Nordenhake, in Malm\u00c3, Sweden. Uglow continued to show with the gallery in Malm\u00c3 and Stockholm, and in Berlin, Germany; his final show with Galerie Nordenhake was 2006, Berlin. In 1984, Uglow showed \u00e2Signal, \u00e2 a structured, twopart painting, as well as one other discrete painting, at Gunther Umberg's Raum f\u00c3\u00bcr Malerai (Room for Painting), Cologne, Germany. Beginning in 1988 through 2010, Uglow had an extended professional and personal relationship with Milco Onrust (1961\u00e22015), and Boudi Eskens\u00e2who joined the gallery in 1992\u00e2showing initially with Galeri Onrust on the Prinsengracht, and later in their space on Planciusstraat, Amsterdam, NL. *In 1986, 1992, and part of 1993, Uglow and his wife, the poet and writer, Elena Alexander, lived in Cologne, Germany. \u00c2 \u00c2"}
HD 75289 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 75289 in Vela constellation. It has a minimum mass half that of Jupiter, and it orbits in a very short orbit completing one circular revolution around the star in three and a half days. By studying the starlight scientists have concluded that the planet must have an albedo less than 0.12, rather low for a gas giant. Otherwise its reflected light would have been detected. This planet was discovered by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team using Doppler spectroscopy.	null	[ "HD 75289 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 75289 in Vela constellation. It has a minimum mass half that of Jupiter, and it orbits in a very short orbit completing one circular revolution around the star in three and a half days. By studying the starlight scientists have concluded that the planet must have an albedo less than 0.12, rather low for a gas giant. Otherwise its reflected light would have been detected. This planet was discovered by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team using Doppler spectroscopy." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 370-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'HD 75289 b': HD 75289 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 75289 in Vela constellation. It has a minimum mass half that of Jupiter, and it orbits in a very short orbit completing one circular revolution around the star in three and a half days. By studying the starlight scientists have concluded that the planet must have an albedo less than 0.12, rather low for a gas giant. Otherwise its reflected light would have been detected. This planet was discovered by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team using Doppler spectroscopy.	continue	0	HD 75289 b	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD 75289 b	{"Introduction": "HD 75289 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD 75289 in Vela constellation. It has a minimum mass half that of Jupiter, and it orbits in a very short orbit completing one circular revolution around the star in three and a half days. By studying the starlight scientists have concluded that the planet must have an albedo less than 0. 12, rather low for a gas giant. Otherwise its reflected light would have been detected. This planet was discovered by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search team using Doppler spectroscopy."}
Puranchandra Pandit, more commonly known as Pandit Puranchandra and Puranchand "Gavaiya", (1929 – 1991) was an Indian classical singer of the Mewati gharana. He is known for being first cousins to and collaborators with Pandit Jasraj, Pandit Pratap Narayan, and Pandit Maniram. He also studied for some time with members of the Agra Gharana.	null	[ "Puranchandra Pandit, more commonly known as Pandit Puranchandra and Puranchand \"Gavaiya\", (1929 – 1991) was an Indian classical singer of the Mewati gharana. He is known for being first cousins to and collaborators with Pandit Jasraj, Pandit Pratap Narayan, and Pandit Maniram. He also studied for some time with members of the Agra Gharana." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 340-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Pandit Puranchandra. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Pandit Puranchandra	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit Puranchandra	{"Introduction": "Puranchandra Pandit, more commonly known as Pandit Puranchandra and Puranchand \"Gavaiya\", (1929 \u00e2 1991) was an Indian classical singer of the Mewati gharana. He is known for being first cousins to and collaborators with Pandit Jasraj, Pandit Pratap Narayan, and Pandit Maniram. He also studied for some time with members of the Agra Gharana."}
Occimiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about east of Turin and about northwest of Alessandria. Occimiano borders the following municipalities: Borgo San Martino, Casale Monferrato, Conzano, Giarole, Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato, Mirabello Monferrato, and Pomaro Monferrato.	null	[ "Occimiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about east of Turin and about northwest of Alessandria. Occimiano borders the following municipalities: Borgo San Martino, Casale Monferrato, Conzano, Giarole, Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato, Mirabello Monferrato, and Pomaro Monferrato." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 370-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Occimiano': Occimiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about east of Turin and about northwest of Alessandria. Occimiano borders the following municipalities: Borgo San Martino, Casale Monferrato, Conzano, Giarole, Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato, Mirabello Monferrato, and Pomaro Monferrato.	continue	0	Occimiano	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occimiano	{"Introduction": "Occimiano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont, located about east of Turin and about northwest of Alessandria. Occimiano borders the following municipalities: Borgo San Martino, Casale Monferrato, Conzano, Giarole, Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato, Mirabello Monferrato, and Pomaro Monferrato."}
Dalal Khario (born circa 1997) is a Yazidi woman from northern Iraq who fled to Germany after escaping from ISIS. On August 3, 2014, ISIS fighters conquered her village. Khario, then 17 years old, was abducted and spent nine months in captivity. She was forced to marry nine different men and was raped repeatedly. Khario was one of many young women abducted by ISIS; an estimated 4,000 women and children are still being held hostage. Khario's hometown of Hardan has been destroyed, and the bodies of 500 residents have been found in mass graves. Her family has been torn apart: her mother was taken to Syria, her younger sister is missing, and her brother is dead. Khario's memoir, I Remain a Daughter of the Light (German: Ich bleibe eine Tocher des Lichts), was published in 2016 under the pseudonym "Shirin." In February 2017, she received the Women's Rights Award at the 9th annual Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy. She said later that the experience was bittersweet because her mother and sister could not be there with her.	null	[ "Dalal Khario (born circa 1997) is a Yazidi woman from northern Iraq who fled to Germany after escaping from ISIS. On August 3, 2014, ISIS fighters conquered her village. Khario, then 17 years old, was abducted and spent nine months in captivity. She was forced to marry nine different men and was raped repeatedly. Khario was one of many young women abducted by ISIS; an estimated 4,000 women and children are still being held hostage. Khario's hometown of Hardan has been destroyed, and the bodies of 500 residents have been found in mass graves. Her family has been torn apart: her mother was taken to Syria, her younger sister is missing, and her brother is dead. Khario's memoir, I Remain a Daughter of the Light (German: Ich bleibe eine Tocher des Lichts), was published in 2016 under the pseudonym \"Shirin.\" In February 2017, she received the Women's Rights Award at the 9th annual Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy. She said later that the experience was bittersweet because her mother and sister could not be there with her." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Dalal Khario' to be more casual in tone: Dalal Khario (born circa 1997) is a Yazidi woman from northern Iraq who fled to Germany after escaping from ISIS. On August 3, 2014, ISIS fighters conquered her village. Khario, then 17 years old, was abducted and spent nine months in captivity. She was forced to marry nine different men and was raped repeatedly. Khario was one of many young women abducted by ISIS; an estimated 4,000 women and children are still being held hostage. Khario's hometown of Hardan has been destroyed, and the bodies of 500 residents have been found in mass graves. Her family has been torn apart: her mother was taken to Syria, her younger sister is missing, and her brother is dead. Khario's memoir, I Remain a Daughter of the Light (German: Ich bleibe eine Tocher des Lichts), was published in 2016 under the pseudonym "Shirin." In February 2017, she received the Women's Rights Award at the 9th annual Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy. She said later that the experience was bittersweet because her mother and sister could not be there with her.	enhance	0	Dalal Khario	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalal Khario	{"Introduction": "Dalal Khario (born circa 1997) is a Yazidi woman from northern Iraq who fled to Germany after escaping from ISIS. On August 3, 2014, ISIS fighters conquered her village. Khario, then 17 years old, was abducted and spent nine months in captivity. She was forced to marry nine different men and was raped repeatedly. Khario was one of many young women abducted by ISIS; an estimated 4, 000 women and children are still being held hostage. Khario's hometown of Hardan has been destroyed, and the bodies of 500 residents have been found in mass graves. Her family has been torn apart: her mother was taken to Syria, her younger sister is missing, and her brother is dead. Khario's memoir, I Remain a Daughter of the Light (German: Ich bleibe eine Tocher des Lichts), was published in 2016 under the pseudonym \"Shirin. \" In February 2017, she received the Women's Rights Award at the 9th annual Geneva Summit for Human Rights and Democracy. She said later that the experience was bittersweet because her mother and sister could not be there with her."}
Wombats () are a family of Australian marsupials. Wombat or Wombats may also refer to: Aviation Wombat Gyrocopters, a British autogyro manufacturer Wombat Gyrocopters Wombat, a British autogyro design People Ian Damon (born 1935), Australian/UK broadcaster, nicknamed "Wombat" Graham Eadie (born 1953), Australian rugby league footballer, nicknamed "Wombat" Jan Howard Finder (1939-2013), American science fiction writer and academic administrator, nicknamed "The Wombat" Places Wombat, New South Wales, Australia, a small township Tolmie, Victoria, Australia, a small town originally called Wombat Wombat State Forest, Victoria, Australia Wombat Island, Enderby Land, Antarctica Science and technology 6827 Wombat (1990 SN4), a main-belt asteroid WOMBAT (diffractometer), a high-intensity neutron powder diffractometer Wombat (operating system), a high-performance virtualized port of Linux developed by National ICT Australia Wombat crossing, a raised pedestrian crossing Project Wombat, formerly named Stumpers-L, an e-mail list, members of which are called wombats Wombat Financial Software, a low latency market data business acquired by NYSE Euronext and renamed NYSE Technologies Arts and entertainment Wombat (TV series), an Australian children's television series Wombat, an Australian rapper The Wombats, an indie rock band from Liverpool, England The Wombats (EP), released in 2008 Other uses L6 WOMBAT (Weapon Of Magnesium, Battalion, Anti-Tank), a version of the British 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle White Plains Wombats, a rugby league football team based in White Plains, New York Women's Mountain Bike and Tea Society (WOMBATS), a cycling group founded by Jacquie Phelan WOMBAT Situational Awareness and Stress Tolerance Test, a situation awareness or psychological assessment tool Wombat and Combat Wombat, 125cc motorcycles produced by Hodaka in the 1970s Wombat, a Humvee replica kit	null	[ "Wombats () are a family of Australian marsupials. Wombat or Wombats may also refer to: Aviation Wombat Gyrocopters, a British autogyro manufacturer Wombat Gyrocopters Wombat, a British autogyro design People Ian Damon (born 1935), Australian/UK broadcaster, nicknamed \"Wombat\" Graham Eadie (born 1953), Australian rugby league footballer, nicknamed \"Wombat\" Jan Howard Finder (1939-2013), American science fiction writer and academic administrator, nicknamed \"The Wombat\" Places Wombat, New South Wales, Australia, a small township Tolmie, Victoria, Australia, a small town originally called Wombat Wombat State Forest, Victoria, Australia Wombat Island, Enderby Land, Antarctica Science and technology 6827 Wombat (1990 SN4), a main-belt asteroid WOMBAT (diffractometer), a high-intensity neutron powder diffractometer Wombat (operating system), a high-performance virtualized port of Linux developed by National ICT Australia Wombat crossing, a raised pedestrian crossing Project Wombat, formerly named Stumpers-L, an e-mail list, members of which are called wombats Wombat Financial Software, a low latency market data business acquired by NYSE Euronext and renamed NYSE Technologies Arts and entertainment Wombat (TV series), an Australian children's television series Wombat, an Australian rapper The Wombats, an indie rock band from Liverpool, England The Wombats (EP), released in 2008 Other uses L6 WOMBAT (Weapon Of Magnesium, Battalion, Anti-Tank), a version of the British 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle White Plains Wombats, a rugby league football team based in White Plains, New York Women's Mountain Bike and Tea Society (WOMBATS), a cycling group founded by Jacquie Phelan WOMBAT Situational Awareness and Stress Tolerance Test, a situation awareness or psychological assessment tool Wombat and Combat Wombat, 125cc motorcycles produced by Hodaka in the 1970s Wombat, a Humvee replica kit" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Wombat (disambiguation)' to be more professional in tone: Wombats () are a family of Australian marsupials. Wombat or Wombats may also refer to: Aviation Wombat Gyrocopters, a British autogyro manufacturer Wombat Gyrocopters Wombat, a British autogyro design People Ian Damon (born 1935), Australian/UK broadcaster, nicknamed "Wombat" Graham Eadie (born 1953), Australian rugby league footballer, nicknamed "Wombat" Jan Howard Finder (1939-2013), American science fiction writer and academic administrator, nicknamed "The Wombat" Places Wombat, New South Wales, Australia, a small township Tolmie, Victoria, Australia, a small town originally called Wombat Wombat State Forest, Victoria, Australia Wombat Island, Enderby Land, Antarctica Science and technology 6827 Wombat (1990 SN4), a main-belt asteroid WOMBAT (diffractometer), a high-intensity neutron powder diffractometer Wombat (operating system), a high-performance virtualized port of Linux developed by National ICT Australia Wombat crossing, a raised pedestrian crossing Project Wombat, formerly named Stumpers-L, an e-mail list, members of which are called wombats Wombat Financial Software, a low latency market data business acquired by NYSE Euronext and renamed NYSE Technologies Arts and entertainment Wombat (TV series), an Australian children's television series Wombat, an Australian rapper The Wombats, an indie rock band from Liverpool, England The Wombats (EP), released in 2008 Other uses L6 WOMBAT (Weapon Of Magnesium, Battalion, Anti-Tank), a version of the British 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle White Plains Wombats, a rugby league football team based in White Plains, New York Women's Mountain Bike and Tea Society (WOMBATS), a cycling group founded by Jacquie Phelan WOMBAT Situational Awareness and Stress Tolerance Test, a situation awareness or psychological assessment tool Wombat and Combat Wombat, 125cc motorcycles produced by Hodaka in the 1970s Wombat, a Humvee replica kit	enhance	0	Wombat (disambiguation)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombat (disambiguation)	{"Introduction": "Wombats () are a family of Australian marsupials. Wombat or Wombats may also refer to:", "Aviation": "Wombat Gyrocopters, a British autogyro manufacturer Wombat Gyrocopters Wombat, a British autogyro design", "People": "Ian Damon (born 1935), Australian/UK broadcaster, nicknamed \"Wombat\" Graham Eadie (born 1953), Australian rugby league footballer, nicknamed \"Wombat\" Jan Howard Finder (19392013), American science fiction writer and academic administrator, nicknamed \"The Wombat\"", "Places": "Wombat, New South Wales, Australia, a small township Tolmie, Victoria, Australia, a small town originally called Wombat Wombat State Forest, Victoria, Australia Wombat Island, Enderby Land, Antarctica", "Science and technology": "6827 Wombat (1990 SN4), a mainbelt asteroid WOMBAT (diffractometer), a highintensity neutron powder diffractometer Wombat (operating system), a highperformance virtualized port of Linux developed by National ICT Australia Wombat crossing, a raised pedestrian crossing Project Wombat, formerly named StumpersL, an email list, members of which are called wombats Wombat Financial Software, a low latency market data business acquired by NYSE Euronext and renamed NYSE Technologies", "Arts and entertainment": "Wombat (TV series), an Australian children's television series Wombat, an Australian rapper The Wombats, an indie rock band from Liverpool, England The Wombats (EP), released in 2008", "Other uses": "L6 WOMBAT (Weapon Of Magnesium, Battalion, AntiTank), a version of the British 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle White Plains Wombats, a rugby league football team based in White Plains, New York Women's Mountain Bike and Tea Society (WOMBATS), a cycling group founded by Jacquie Phelan WOMBAT Situational Awareness and Stress Tolerance Test, a situation awareness or psychological assessment tool Wombat and Combat Wombat, 125cc motorcycles produced by Hodaka in the 1970s Wombat, a Humvee replica kit"}
This is the discography of Fredo, a British rapper who has released four studio albums, two mixtapes and twenty-one singles as a lead artist. Studio albums Mixtapes Singles As lead artist As a featured artist Promotional singles Other charted and certified songs Guest appearances Notes	null	[ "This is the discography of Fredo, a British rapper who has released four studio albums, two mixtapes and twenty-one singles as a lead artist. Studio albums Mixtapes Singles As lead artist As a featured artist Promotional singles Other charted and certified songs Guest appearances Notes" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 350-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Fredo discography': This is the discography of Fredo, a British rapper who has released four studio albums, two mixtapes and twenty-one singles as a lead artist. Studio albums Mixtapes Singles As lead artist As a featured artist Promotional singles Other charted and certified songs Guest appearances Notes	continue	0	Fredo discography	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredo discography	{"Introduction": "This is the discography of Fredo, a British rapper who has released four studio albums, two mixtapes and twentyone singles as a lead artist.", "As lead artist": "As a featured artist", "Promotional singles": "Other charted and certified songs"}
Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock defeated the defending champions Bob and Mike Bryan in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 3–6, 7–5 to win the gentlemen's doubles title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. Seeds Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan (final) Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares (quarterfinals) Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić (quarterfinals) Julien Benneteau / Édouard Roger-Vasselin (quarterfinals) Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek (semifinals) Marcel Granollers / Marc López (third round) Łukasz Kubot / Robert Lindstedt (second round) Rohan Bopanna / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (second round) Julian Knowle / Marcelo Melo (quarterfinals) Treat Huey / Dominic Inglot (first round) Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău (third round) Michaël Llodra / Nicolas Mahut (semifinals) Eric Butorac / Raven Klaasen (third round) Jamie Murray / John Peers (third round) Juan Sebastián Cabal / Marcin Matkowski (third round) Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero (third round) Qualifying Draw Finals Top half Section 1 Section 2 Bottom half Section 3 Section 4	null	[ "Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock defeated the defending champions Bob and Mike Bryan in the final, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(3–7), 6–4, 3–6, 7–5 to win the gentlemen's doubles title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships. Seeds Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan (final) Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares (quarterfinals) Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonjić (quarterfinals) Julien Benneteau / Édouard Roger-Vasselin (quarterfinals) Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek (semifinals) Marcel Granollers / Marc López (third round) Łukasz Kubot / Robert Lindstedt (second round) Rohan Bopanna / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (second round) Julian Knowle / Marcelo Melo (quarterfinals) Treat Huey / Dominic Inglot (first round) Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău (third round) Michaël Llodra / Nicolas Mahut (semifinals) Eric Butorac / Raven Klaasen (third round) Jamie Murray / John Peers (third round) Juan Sebastián Cabal / Marcin Matkowski (third round) Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero (third round) Qualifying Draw Finals", "Top half Section 1 Section 2 Bottom half Section 3 Section 4" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 300-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic 2014 Wimbledon Championships â Men's doubles. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	2014 Wimbledon Championships â Men's doubles	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles	{"Introduction": "Vasek Pospisil and Jack Sock defeated the defending champions Bob and Mike Bryan in the final, 7\u00e26(7\u00e25), 6\u00e27(3\u00e27), 6\u00e24, 3\u00e26, 7\u00e25 to win the gentlemen's doubles title at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships.", "Seeds": "Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan (final) Alexander Peya / Bruno Soares (quarterfinals) Daniel Nestor / Nenad Zimonji\u00c4 (quarterfinals) Julien Benneteau / \u00c3douard RogerVasselin (quarterfinals) Leander Paes / Radek \u00c5 t\u00c4p\u00c3nek (semifinals) Marcel Granollers / Marc L\u00c3\u00b3pez (third round) \u00c5ukasz Kubot / Robert Lindstedt (second round) Rohan Bopanna / AisamulHaq Qureshi (second round) Julian Knowle / Marcelo Melo (quarterfinals) Treat Huey / Dominic Inglot (first round) JeanJulien Rojer / Horia Tec\u00c4u (third round) Micha\u00c3l Llodra / Nicolas Mahut (semifinals) Eric Butorac / Raven Klaasen (third round) Jamie Murray / John Peers (third round) Juan Sebasti\u00c3n Cabal / Marcin Matkowski (third round) Pablo Cuevas / David Marrero (third round)"}
MTV Global (formerly MTV Europe) is the international version of the American TV channel MTV as 24-hour music video and entertainment pay television network officially launched on 1 August 1987 as part of the worldwide MTV network. Initially, MTV served all regions of Europe, being one of the few TV channels focused on the entire European market. At the moment, MTV serves a number of European countries, African, Asian, Oceanian, Middle Eastern and Caribbean territories. Over the years, MTV Global has been divided into many different channels for certain countries. Most countries in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean now have their own versions of the channel, and therefore MTV Global is now mostly available in those countries where there is no localized version of MTV. History On 1 August 1987 at 00:01 BST, MTV Europe officially launched with an Elton John concert in Amsterdam at the Roxy Club marked in conjunction with MTV, as a commemoration of its sixth anniversary. The first video clip shown on the air was "Money for Nothing" by Dire Straits. Moreover, the beginning and end of the clip were supplemented with the slogan "I want my MTV", voiced by Sting. The initiator of the launch of MTV in Europe was Robert Maxwell. Then his company Robert Maxwell Group with British Telecom and Viacom (the copyright holder of the "MTV" brand) in joint cooperation, created the MTV Europe TV channel. The office was located in London at 40 Conduit St. The channel was launched in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden; a year later MTV Europe expanded to West Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Greece and Norway. The channel was immediately accepted into 1.6 million households. The original line-up of VJs included presenters from Belgium, Denmark and France, as well as Ray Cokes and Steve Blame from the UK. Since that time, MTV has popularized the use of the term VJ to describe their profession. At that time, such programs as MTV's Greatest Hits, Headbanger's Ball, MTV's Most Wanted, The Big Picture (a program about cinema), The Pulse (about fashion and style), 120 Minutes and MTV Coca-Cola Report (music news, interviews and tour dates of musicians) were produced. In February 1988, MTV Europe moved to the Camden Town area at 20-23 Mandela St. In October of the same year, the management of MTV Europe visited the Soviet Union for preliminary negotiations on the start of work. At the same time, an application for registration of the TV channel was submitted. In 1989, MTV Europe covered the Moscow Music Festival live from the Lenin Stadium. At the same time, the TV channel started in East Berlin, East Germany. Soviet artists officially debuted on MTV in the summer of 1989. The Moscow group "Cruise" released the Hit for MTV manifesto song at the same time. In February 1990, MTV Europe was launched in Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the same year, Viacom bought 25% of MTV Europe's shares from British Telecom. In early 1991, Metromedia International Group together with Lencentel signed a contract with MTV Europe for 5 years, this is the first contract for broadcasting a foreign channel signed in the USSR. On March 8, 1991, the channel began broadcasting in Leningrad, and later in other major cities, which made it possible to become the first Western 24-hour channel that could be received in the USSR. Nirvana led the rapid transition to the rise of alternative rock and grunge on MTV in 1991, releasing a video clip for the song "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana. In the early-mid-1990s, MTV added gangsta rappers with a less pop sound to its rotation, such as Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., Wu-Tang Clan, Ice Cube, Warren G, Ice-T, Dr. Dre, Us and Snoop Dogg. In August 1991, Viacom bought the remaining 50.1% of the shares from Robert Maxwell Group, because the London-based company was short of cash, and sold its assets as part of efforts to reduce debts accumulated during aggressive acquisitions in the 1980s. By 1992, MTV Networks Europe had become the largest pan-European broadcasting company. MTV Europe was hosted by 38 million households in 28 countries. In 1993, MTV Europe moved to a new office at 180 Oxford Street. But the programs were filmed at the Breakfast television center on 17-29 Hawley Crescent, which was completely bought out by MTV Networks Europe. From 1990 to 1996, MTV programs were rebroadcast on the central TV channels of Russia – "VID", "ORT", "2x2", "TV-6", "Muz-TV" and others. Also from 1992 to 1994 on the Polish TV channel TVP1. The channel launched the premieres of the following programs: Beavis and Butthead, Æon Flux, The Brothers Grunt, etc. In 1994, the channel began holding the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony. Every year the ceremony takes place in one of the major European cities. On July 1, 1995, MTV Europe switched to pay TV broadcasting, and was also one of the first channels in Europe to start digital broadcasting. In September, the channel was fined by the Independent Commission on Television Programs of Great Britain for a total of 60,000 pounds for showing obscenities, scenes of sadomasochism and similar things at a time of day when children could still be at the TV. In November of the same year, MTV Europe was hosted by 51.3 million households in 36 countries. At the end of 1995, Chello Zone became the distributor of the channel in Russia In 1996–1997, two websites were launched – mtve.com and mtveurope.com. Starting from the end of 1997, MTV gradually reduced the screening of video clips of rock music representatives, which led to the slogan among skeptics: "Rock is dead." The fact that at that time rock music fans were less materialistic and bought less music based on TV offers were cited as the reasons that the channel was breaking away from its once mainstream music. Instead, MTV began to devote its musical airtime mainly to pop and hip-hop/R&B music. All rock shows were eliminated, and the rock-related categories at the Video Music Awards were reduced to one. At the dawn of the new millennium, in the period from 1997 to 2001, the animated series Daria in the genre of comedy drama, everyday life was released on the MTV channel. MTV Networks Europe has rapidly begun to open local divisions of the MTV channel in some countries. So in March 1997, MTV Germany was launched. MTV UK & Ireland opened on July 1, then MTV Italy was launched in September. MTV Nordic for Scandinavia was launched in June 1998, MTV Russia appeared on September 25. In 2000, other regional channels were launched – MTV France in June, followed by MTV Poland in July and MTV Spain and MTV Nederland in September. MTV Networks Europe continued to open local branches in other European countries. In the same year, another website appeared – mtv.tv On April 1, 2002, MTV Europe was renamed to MTV European. At the same time, the channel began to abandon some of its programs in favor of American MTV shows. The channel significantly reduced the overall rotation of music videos during the 2000s. Similar trends were observed on other European MTV channels. In 2004 and 2008, MTV continued to focus on reality shows, releasing projects 8th & Ocean, Laguna Beach, Next, The Hills, Two-A-Days, My Super Sweet 16, Parental Control and Viva la Bam featuring Bam Margera. In 2007, MTV broadcast the reality show "A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila", which told about the sensational journey of Tila Tequila in search of her sex partner. Her bisexuality played a role in the concept of the show: both men and women competed for love. In 2006–2007, MTV Turkey and MTV Ukraine were launched. In August 2007, the editorial department moved to Warsaw, but broadcasting continued from the London office. MTV European also expanded to South Africa and the Middle East. On July 1, 2009, during the unified standardization of the design of the global MTV network, a new corporate identity was introduced, as well as a new design. Since January 2010, MTV Networks Europe has started rebranding localized websites, creating standards for each country. In August, music programs disappeared from the air, and reality shows from the American branch of MTV began to be shown instead. In 2010, the channel began broadcasting under a Czech license, since the Czech Republic has minimum broadcasting rules, it was chosen for licensing purposes in the EU. The broadcasting center is still located in London MTV European began to focus on viewers from 16 to 35 years old, the audience was more than 100 million people in 43 countries. On July 1, 2011, the logo and design of the channel changed, the inscription "Music Television" disappeared from the logo. The former name MTV Europe has also returned. In 2012, the channel moved to the Breakfast television center at 17-29 Hawley Crescent, from there all foreign TV channels of Paramount Networks are operated. At the same time, all music charts disappeared from the channel all music charts disappeared from the channel. At the beginning of 2013, three charts returned to the air of MTV Europe — Hitlist UK, Base Chart and Dance Floor Chart. At the same time, the channel covered 101 countries. In the fall of 2014, the channel's website was transferred to the organizers of the MTV Europe Music Awards, now when switching to the website mtv.tv, redirects to the site tv.mtvema.com. In the summer of 2015, MTV Europe reissued the inter-program screensavers of TV channels, focusing on the initiative MTVBump.com, and provided more social screensavers created by MTV viewers. On March 1, 2016, MTV Europe switched to widescreen broadcasting (16:9). In December 2017, MTV received a new design, similar to Latin American and Brazilian MTV. Other local MTV channels across Europe have also started using similar on-air branding. Since June 2019, all music videos are broadcast only until 8:00 Central European time, with the exception of the Euro Top chart on Friday from 9 to 11:00. In 2020 the editorial department moved to Amsterdam from Warsaw. On January 26, 2021, MTV Europe has been renamed MTV Global, now the channel has the right to serve 111 countries of the world the channel is only available in those countries where there is no localized version of MTV, and in some countries the channel cannot broadcast due to conflicting content with local laws. MTV Global retains the Czech license (RRTV) in order to ensure the continuation of legal broadcasting in the European Union in accordance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) and the Single Market Law after the UK leaves the European Union. On September 14 of the same year, a rebranding was carried out, which included an updated version of the logo and a new design. On August 1, 2022, in honor of the 35th anniversary of MTV Global, the first Bumper was shown. On September 8 and 19, 2022, due to the death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, the TV channel removed all entertainment programs from the air. Two music blocks were introduced: "Programming Pause" and "Nothing but Music", which broadcast relaxed and gloomy music videos. At the beginning of 2023, a new program "MTV Movies" was presented, it tells about the novelties of cinema. In August 2023, MTV Global replaced the local MTV channel in Australia and New Zealand. Logo Distribution As of 2023, MTV Global broadcasts in the following territories: Europe: Albania Andorra receives MTV Spain Austria receives MTV Germany Balkans Belarus (with some localized content and advertising) Belgium receives MTV (Netherlands & Flanders) or MTV France Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Estonia Finland (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) France receives MTV France Germany receives MTV Germany Greece Iceland Ireland receives MTV Ireland Italy receives MTV Italy Israel receives MTV Israel Hungary Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein receives MTV Germany Lithuania (no longer served by any national cable provider, replaced by MTV Hits) Luxembourg Malta Moldova (with some localized content and advertising) Monaco receives MTV France Montenegro Netherlands receives MTV (Netherlands & Flanders) North Macedonia Norway (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Poland receives MTV Poland Portugal receives MTV Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain receives MTV Spain Sweden (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Switzerland receives MTV Germany or MTV France Turkey United Kingdom receives MTV UK Ukraine Middle East: Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Africa: Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Eswatini Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Africa receives MTV Africa South Sudan Cameroon Cape Verde Kenya Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Morocco Mauritius Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Ivory Coast Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Sahrawi Republic Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Sudan Somalia Somaliland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia: Armenia (with some localized content and advertising) Azerbaijan (with some localized content and advertising) Bangladesh Georgia (with some localized content and advertising) Hong Kong Indonesia Japan receives MTV Japan Kazakhstan (with some localized content and advertising) Kyrgyzstan (with some localized content and advertising) Macau Mainland China Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan (with some localized content and advertising) Taiwan Thailand Turkmenistan (with some localized content and advertising) Uzbekistan (with some localized content and advertising) Vietnam receives MTV Vietnam (closed on 1 January 2023) Oceania: Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Free-to-air satellite transmissions MTV Germany was available FTA on Astra 19,2E, but it became encrypted on 1 January 2011. Until August 2015 the Italian MTV-station was free to air available on Eutelsat 12 West A. However, with the take-over of Sky Italia of this channel, it has been rebranded TV8. MTV Italia has become an exclusive Sky-channel only for subscribers. On 23 December 2017, MTV Germany turned itself into a free-to-air channel. Programming Current Local Music Shows MTV Top 20 (formerly Euro Top Chart) (Fridays 8:25 to 11:40 CET, Saturday 9:55, Sunday 6:00) MTV Breakfast Club (Weekdays 06:10 to 09:15 CET, daily 06:00 to 09:30) MTV Night Videos MTV Push Former Local Shows MTV News Daily Update HitList UK MTV Base Chart MTV Only hits MTV Dance Floor Chart MTV Movies MTV Asks M is for Music Award Shows and Live Music Specials MTV Europe Music Awards MTV Video Music Awards MTV Movie Awards MTV World Stage Isle of MTV Pan-International Are You The One? Catfish: The TV Show MTV Cribs Deliciousness Ex On The Beach Ridiculousness Teen Wolf The Valleys Geordie Shore Teen Mom Teen Mom OG True Life Crime True Life Crime UK The L.A. Complex MTV World Stage Young and Married My Life on MTV The Hills Jersey Shore Geordie Shore Siesta Key 16 and Pregnant Former shows Past VJs Ray Cokes (1987–1996) Cokes & Vanthilt, Ray's Requests, Most Wanted, X-Ray Vision, MTV at the Movies, The Big Picture, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits Simone Angel (1990–1998) Party Zone, MTV Dance, Dance Floor, Club MTV, Dance Floor Chart, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, Dial MTV Paul King (1989–1994) MTV's Greatest Hits, 120 Minutes, MTV News, Morning Mix, HitList UK, XPO, First Look, Dial MTV Pip Dann (1988–1994) MTV Prime, Post Modern, MTV at the Movies, The Big Picture, Dial MTV, Music Non Stop, European Top 20, HitList UK, XPO, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Coca-Cola Report, MTV News, First Look, RockBlock Maiken Wexø (1987–1992; 1993) Pure Pop, MTV Coca-Cola Report, European Top 20, MTV News, XPO, MTV Prime Marcel Vanthilt (1987–1990; 1991) Cokes & Vanthilt, 120 Minutes, XPO, Most Wanted Sophie Bramly (1987–1991) Yo! MTV Raps Chris Salewicz (1987–1993) MTV News, Reverb Nunu (1990) Awake on the Wild Side Sonya Saul (1990-1992) MTV News, XPO Terry Christian (1991) XPO, Morning Mix Richie Rich (1993-1994) The Soul of MTV, MTV's Greatest Hits, HitList UK John Dunton-Downer (1987-1997) 120 Minutes, The Big Picture (producer) Steve Blame (1987–1994) MTV News, Reverb, Take the Blame, Pure Pop, MTV Coca-Cola Report, First Look Vanessa Warwick (1990–1997) Headbangers Ball, RockBlock Kristiane Backer (1989–1996) European Top 20, MTV Coca-Cola Report, MTV's Greatest Hits, Awake on the Wild Side, XPO, Party Zone, Headbangers Ball, RockBlock, MTV at the Movies Rebecca de Ruvo (1991–1995) Dial MTV, Awake on the Wild Side, MTV Prime, European Top 20 Marijne van der Vlugt (1991–1996; 2013; 2015; 2016) The Pulse, MTV Coca-Cola Report, Alternative Nation, 120 Minutes, Post Modern, European Top 20, Dial MTV, Music Non Stop, MTV Europe Music Awards 2013-2015-2016-2022 (voice-over) Davina McCall (1987; 1992–1998) Hanging Out, HitList UK, MTV Coca-Cola Report, MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20, First Look, Music Non Stop, Most Wanted, Party Zone, MTV Dance, Cinematic, Singled Out, The End? Lisa I'Anson (1993–1996) The Soul of MTV, MTV News, HitList UK, Hanging Out, European Top 20, Music Non Stop, Party Zone Ingo Schmoll (1993–1996) Morning Mix, MTV News, First Look, MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20 Enrico Silvestrin (1993–1997) Select MTV, Hanging Out, European Top 20, Dial MTV Hugo de Campos (1994–1997) Stylissimo, Dial MTV, European Top 20, Music Non Stop, First Look, Hanging Out, The End? Maria Guzenina (1994–1997) KickStart, Awake on the Wild Side, Morning Mix, Music Non Stop, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Amour, MTV at the Movies Carolyn Lilipaly (1994–1998) MTV News, HitList UK, The Big Picture, MTV Winter Parties Miles Hunt (1994-1995) 120 Minutes John Kearns (1995–2012) MTV News, The Big Picture, MTV Europe Music Awards (voice-over) Toby Amies (1995–1999) Alternative Nation, MTV News, MTV Hot Eden Harel (1995–2000) European Top 20, Select MTV, Dance Floor Chart, Hanging Out, Dial MTV Kimsy von Reischach (1995-1998) First Look, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Winter Parties, Hanging Out Julia Valet (1996–1997) Superock, MTV Hot Nikolai (1996-1997) MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20, HitList UK, Morning Mix Boris (1996-1997) European Top 20, MTV Snowball, First Look Christian Ulmen (1996–1997) MTV Hot Crispin Somerville (1996-1997) Select MTV, HitList UK, Hanging Out Camila Raznovich (1996–1998) MTV Amour, Hanging Out, MTV Summer Festivals, MTV Beach House Lily Myrhed (1996-1998) HitList UK, MTV Winter Parties, Awake on the Wild Side, Morning Mix Lars Oostveen "Vico" (1996-1999) Select MTV, Dial MTV Thomas Madvig (1996-1999) Select MTV, MTV News Katja Schuurman (1997-2000) So 90's Melanie Sykes (1997) HitList UK Cat Deeley (1997–2002) HitList UK, Stylissimo, MTV News, MTV Amour, Dance Floor Chart Ulrika Eriksson (1998-2003) MTV News, Select MTV, HitList UK, Nordic Top 5, MTV:New, Morning Glory Kicki Berg (1998–2006) MTV News, Select MTV, European Top 20, Nordic Top 5, Dance Floor Chart, Top Selection, MTV Supermercado Trevor Nelson (1998-2004) The Lick Trey Farley (1999-2000) Select MTV, MTV News Lars Beckung (1999–2006) MTV:New, Select MTV, Nordic Top 5, MTV News, Morning Glory, MTV Source, This Is Our Music Neil Cole (2000–2004) The Fridge, MTV News, Select MTV, European Top 20, World Chart Express, MTV:New Joanne Colan (2000–2004) MTV News, European Top 20, MTV Movie Special, Select MTV, MTV:New, MTV Top 20 Countdown, MTV's Winterjam, MTV Presents Fleur van der Kieft (2000–2002) Top Selection, Select MTV Frederique Bedos (2001) Select MTV Erickka Jones (2001) MTV Top 20 Countdown Mimi Kalinda (2001-2002) Dance Floor Chart, World Chart Express, Top Selection, Select MTV, The Fridge Ina Geraldine (2003–2004) Euro Top 20 Becky Griffin (2003-2005) Dance Floor Chart, World Chart Express Amelia Hoy (2004–2005) Euro Top 20, Up North Axl Smith (2004-2007) Spanking New, Axl Meets, MTV at the Festivals Pernille Fals Bahrt (2005-2007) MTV News Archie Archibald (2005-2006) MTV News Charlotte Thorstvedt (2005–2009) Euro Top 20, Spanking New Jason Danino-Holt (2006) Switched On Shire Raghe (2006-2009) MTV News, SuperStar Saturday Freya Clausen (2007-2009) Fahrenheit, Spanking New, MTV News, MTV Source Janika Nieminen (2008-2010) MTV Overdrive, SuperStar Saturday Matthew Bailey (2009–2010) Euro Top 20	null	[ "MTV Global (formerly MTV Europe) is the international version of the American TV channel MTV as 24-hour music video and entertainment pay television network officially launched on 1 August 1987 as part of the worldwide MTV network. Initially, MTV served all regions of Europe, being one of the few TV channels focused on the entire European market. At the moment, MTV serves a number of European countries, African, Asian, Oceanian, Middle Eastern and Caribbean territories. Over the years, MTV Global has been divided into many different channels for certain countries. Most countries in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean now have their own versions of the channel, and therefore MTV Global is now mostly available in those countries where there is no localized version of MTV. History On 1 August 1987 at 00:01 BST, MTV Europe officially launched with an Elton John concert in Amsterdam at the Roxy Club marked in conjunction with MTV, as a commemoration of its sixth anniversary. The first video clip shown on the air was \"Money for Nothing\" by Dire Straits. Moreover, the beginning and end of the clip were supplemented with the slogan \"I want my MTV\", voiced by Sting. The initiator of the launch of MTV in Europe was Robert Maxwell. Then his company Robert Maxwell Group with British Telecom and Viacom (the copyright holder of the \"MTV\" brand) in joint cooperation, created the MTV Europe TV channel. The office was located in London at 40 Conduit St.", "The channel was launched in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden; a year later MTV Europe expanded to West Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Greece and Norway. The channel was immediately accepted into 1.6 million households. The original line-up of VJs included presenters from Belgium, Denmark and France, as well as Ray Cokes and Steve Blame from the UK. Since that time, MTV has popularized the use of the term VJ to describe their profession. At that time, such programs as MTV's Greatest Hits, Headbanger's Ball, MTV's Most Wanted, The Big Picture (a program about cinema), The Pulse (about fashion and style), 120 Minutes and MTV Coca-Cola Report (music news, interviews and tour dates of musicians) were produced.", "In February 1988, MTV Europe moved to the Camden Town area at 20-23 Mandela St. In October of the same year, the management of MTV Europe visited the Soviet Union for preliminary negotiations on the start of work. At the same time, an application for registration of the TV channel was submitted. In 1989, MTV Europe covered the Moscow Music Festival live from the Lenin Stadium. At the same time, the TV channel started in East Berlin, East Germany. Soviet artists officially debuted on MTV in the summer of 1989. The Moscow group \"Cruise\" released the Hit for MTV manifesto song at the same time.", "In February 1990, MTV Europe was launched in Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the same year, Viacom bought 25% of MTV Europe's shares from British Telecom. In early 1991, Metromedia International Group together with Lencentel signed a contract with MTV Europe for 5 years, this is the first contract for broadcasting a foreign channel signed in the USSR. On March 8, 1991, the channel began broadcasting in Leningrad, and later in other major cities, which made it possible to become the first Western 24-hour channel that could be received in the USSR. Nirvana led the rapid transition to the rise of alternative rock and grunge on MTV in 1991, releasing a video clip for the song \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" by Nirvana. In the early-mid-1990s, MTV added gangsta rappers with a less pop sound to its rotation, such as Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., Wu-Tang Clan, Ice Cube, Warren G, Ice-T, Dr. Dre, Us and Snoop Dogg. In August 1991, Viacom bought the remaining 50.1% of the shares from Robert Maxwell Group, because the London-based company was short of cash, and sold its assets as part of efforts to reduce debts accumulated during aggressive acquisitions in the 1980s. By 1992, MTV Networks Europe had become the largest pan-European broadcasting company. MTV Europe was hosted by 38 million households in 28 countries.", "In 1993, MTV Europe moved to a new office at 180 Oxford Street. But the programs were filmed at the Breakfast television center on 17-29 Hawley Crescent, which was completely bought out by MTV Networks Europe. From 1990 to 1996, MTV programs were rebroadcast on the central TV channels of Russia – \"VID\", \"ORT\", \"2x2\", \"TV-6\", \"Muz-TV\" and others. Also from 1992 to 1994 on the Polish TV channel TVP1. The channel launched the premieres of the following programs: Beavis and Butthead, Æon Flux, The Brothers Grunt, etc. In 1994, the channel began holding the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony. Every year the ceremony takes place in one of the major European cities. On July 1, 1995, MTV Europe switched to pay TV broadcasting, and was also one of the first channels in Europe to start digital broadcasting. In September, the channel was fined by the Independent Commission on Television Programs of Great Britain for a total of 60,000 pounds for showing obscenities, scenes of sadomasochism and similar things at a time of day when children could still be at the TV. In November of the same year, MTV Europe was hosted by 51.3 million households in 36 countries. At the end of 1995, Chello Zone became the distributor of the channel in Russia In 1996–1997, two websites were launched – mtve.com and mtveurope.com.", "Starting from the end of 1997, MTV gradually reduced the screening of video clips of rock music representatives, which led to the slogan among skeptics: \"Rock is dead.\" The fact that at that time rock music fans were less materialistic and bought less music based on TV offers were cited as the reasons that the channel was breaking away from its once mainstream music. Instead, MTV began to devote its musical airtime mainly to pop and hip-hop/R&B music. All rock shows were eliminated, and the rock-related categories at the Video Music Awards were reduced to one. At the dawn of the new millennium, in the period from 1997 to 2001, the animated series Daria in the genre of comedy drama, everyday life was released on the MTV channel. MTV Networks Europe has rapidly begun to open local divisions of the MTV channel in some countries. So in March 1997, MTV Germany was launched. MTV UK & Ireland opened on July 1, then MTV Italy was launched in September. MTV Nordic for Scandinavia was launched in June 1998, MTV Russia appeared on September 25. In 2000, other regional channels were launched – MTV France in June, followed by MTV Poland in July and MTV Spain and MTV Nederland in September. MTV Networks Europe continued to open local branches in other European countries. In the same year, another website appeared – mtv.tv", "On April 1, 2002, MTV Europe was renamed to MTV European. At the same time, the channel began to abandon some of its programs in favor of American MTV shows. The channel significantly reduced the overall rotation of music videos during the 2000s. Similar trends were observed on other European MTV channels. In 2004 and 2008, MTV continued to focus on reality shows, releasing projects 8th & Ocean, Laguna Beach, Next, The Hills, Two-A-Days, My Super Sweet 16, Parental Control and Viva la Bam featuring Bam Margera. In 2007, MTV broadcast the reality show \"A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila\", which told about the sensational journey of Tila Tequila in search of her sex partner. Her bisexuality played a role in the concept of the show: both men and women competed for love.", "In 2006–2007, MTV Turkey and MTV Ukraine were launched. In August 2007, the editorial department moved to Warsaw, but broadcasting continued from the London office. MTV European also expanded to South Africa and the Middle East. On July 1, 2009, during the unified standardization of the design of the global MTV network, a new corporate identity was introduced, as well as a new design. Since January 2010, MTV Networks Europe has started rebranding localized websites, creating standards for each country. In August, music programs disappeared from the air, and reality shows from the American branch of MTV began to be shown instead. In 2010, the channel began broadcasting under a Czech license, since the Czech Republic has minimum broadcasting rules, it was chosen for licensing purposes in the EU. The broadcasting center is still located in London MTV European began to focus on viewers from 16 to 35 years old, the audience was more than 100 million people in 43 countries. On July 1, 2011, the logo and design of the channel changed, the inscription \"Music Television\" disappeared from the logo. The former name MTV Europe has also returned.", "In 2012, the channel moved to the Breakfast television center at 17-29 Hawley Crescent, from there all foreign TV channels of Paramount Networks are operated. At the same time, all music charts disappeared from the channel all music charts disappeared from the channel. At the beginning of 2013, three charts returned to the air of MTV Europe — Hitlist UK, Base Chart and Dance Floor Chart. At the same time, the channel covered 101 countries. In the fall of 2014, the channel's website was transferred to the organizers of the MTV Europe Music Awards, now when switching to the website mtv.tv, redirects to the site tv.mtvema.com. In the summer of 2015, MTV Europe reissued the inter-program screensavers of TV channels, focusing on the initiative MTVBump.com, and provided more social screensavers created by MTV viewers.", "On March 1, 2016, MTV Europe switched to widescreen broadcasting (16:9). In December 2017, MTV received a new design, similar to Latin American and Brazilian MTV. Other local MTV channels across Europe have also started using similar on-air branding. Since June 2019, all music videos are broadcast only until 8:00 Central European time, with the exception of the Euro Top chart on Friday from 9 to 11:00. In 2020 the editorial department moved to Amsterdam from Warsaw. On January 26, 2021, MTV Europe has been renamed MTV Global, now the channel has the right to serve 111 countries of the world the channel is only available in those countries where there is no localized version of MTV, and in some countries the channel cannot broadcast due to conflicting content with local laws. MTV Global retains the Czech license (RRTV) in order to ensure the continuation of legal broadcasting in the European Union in accordance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) and the Single Market Law after the UK leaves the European Union. On September 14 of the same year, a rebranding was carried out, which included an updated version of the logo and a new design.", "On August 1, 2022, in honor of the 35th anniversary of MTV Global, the first Bumper was shown. On September 8 and 19, 2022, due to the death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, the TV channel removed all entertainment programs from the air. Two music blocks were introduced: \"Programming Pause\" and \"Nothing but Music\", which broadcast relaxed and gloomy music videos. At the beginning of 2023, a new program \"MTV Movies\" was presented, it tells about the novelties of cinema. In August 2023, MTV Global replaced the local MTV channel in Australia and New Zealand. Logo Distribution As of 2023, MTV Global broadcasts in the following territories: Europe:", "Albania Andorra receives MTV Spain Austria receives MTV Germany Balkans Belarus (with some localized content and advertising) Belgium receives MTV (Netherlands & Flanders) or MTV France Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Estonia Finland (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) France receives MTV France Germany receives MTV Germany Greece Iceland Ireland receives MTV Ireland Italy receives MTV Italy Israel receives MTV Israel Hungary Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein receives MTV Germany Lithuania (no longer served by any national cable provider, replaced by MTV Hits) Luxembourg Malta Moldova (with some localized content and advertising) Monaco receives MTV France Montenegro Netherlands receives MTV (Netherlands & Flanders) North Macedonia Norway (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Poland receives MTV Poland Portugal receives MTV Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain receives MTV Spain Sweden (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Switzerland receives MTV Germany or MTV France Turkey United Kingdom receives MTV UK Ukraine Middle East:", "Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen Africa: Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Eswatini Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau South Africa receives MTV Africa South Sudan Cameroon Cape Verde Kenya Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Morocco Mauritius Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Ivory Coast Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Sahrawi Republic Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Central African Republic São Tomé and Príncipe Sudan Somalia Somaliland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia: Armenia (with some localized content and advertising) Azerbaijan (with some localized content and advertising) Bangladesh Georgia (with some localized content and advertising) Hong Kong Indonesia Japan receives MTV Japan Kazakhstan (with some localized content and advertising) Kyrgyzstan (with some localized content and advertising) Macau Mainland China Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan (with some localized content and advertising) Taiwan Thailand Turkmenistan (with some localized content and advertising) Uzbekistan (with some localized content and advertising) Vietnam receives MTV Vietnam (closed on 1 January 2023) Oceania: Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea", "Free-to-air satellite transmissions MTV Germany was available FTA on Astra 19,2E, but it became encrypted on 1 January 2011. Until August 2015 the Italian MTV-station was free to air available on Eutelsat 12 West A. However, with the take-over of Sky Italia of this channel, it has been rebranded TV8. MTV Italia has become an exclusive Sky-channel only for subscribers. On 23 December 2017, MTV Germany turned itself into a free-to-air channel. Programming Current Local Music Shows MTV Top 20 (formerly Euro Top Chart) (Fridays 8:25 to 11:40 CET, Saturday 9:55, Sunday 6:00) MTV Breakfast Club (Weekdays 06:10 to 09:15 CET, daily 06:00 to 09:30) MTV Night Videos MTV Push Former Local Shows MTV News Daily Update HitList UK MTV Base Chart MTV Only hits MTV Dance Floor Chart MTV Movies MTV Asks M is for Music Award Shows and Live Music Specials MTV Europe Music Awards MTV Video Music Awards MTV Movie Awards MTV World Stage Isle of MTV Pan-International Are You The One? Catfish: The TV Show MTV Cribs Deliciousness Ex On The Beach Ridiculousness Teen Wolf The Valleys Geordie Shore Teen Mom Teen Mom OG True Life Crime True Life Crime UK The L.A. Complex MTV World Stage Young and Married My Life on MTV The Hills Jersey Shore Geordie Shore Siesta Key 16 and Pregnant Former shows", "Past VJs Ray Cokes (1987–1996) Cokes & Vanthilt, Ray's Requests, Most Wanted, X-Ray Vision, MTV at the Movies, The Big Picture, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits Simone Angel (1990–1998) Party Zone, MTV Dance, Dance Floor, Club MTV, Dance Floor Chart, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, Dial MTV Paul King (1989–1994) MTV's Greatest Hits, 120 Minutes, MTV News, Morning Mix, HitList UK, XPO, First Look, Dial MTV Pip Dann (1988–1994) MTV Prime, Post Modern, MTV at the Movies, The Big Picture, Dial MTV, Music Non Stop, European Top 20, HitList UK, XPO, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Coca-Cola Report, MTV News, First Look, RockBlock Maiken Wexø (1987–1992; 1993) Pure Pop, MTV Coca-Cola Report, European Top 20, MTV News, XPO, MTV Prime Marcel Vanthilt (1987–1990; 1991) Cokes & Vanthilt, 120 Minutes, XPO, Most Wanted Sophie Bramly (1987–1991) Yo! MTV Raps Chris Salewicz (1987–1993) MTV News, Reverb Nunu (1990) Awake on the Wild Side Sonya Saul (1990-1992) MTV News, XPO Terry Christian (1991) XPO, Morning Mix Richie Rich (1993-1994) The Soul of MTV, MTV's Greatest Hits, HitList UK John Dunton-Downer (1987-1997) 120 Minutes, The Big Picture (producer) Steve Blame (1987–1994) MTV News, Reverb, Take the Blame, Pure Pop, MTV Coca-Cola Report, First Look Vanessa Warwick (1990–1997) Headbangers Ball, RockBlock Kristiane Backer (1989–1996) European Top 20, MTV Coca-Cola Report, MTV's Greatest Hits, Awake on the Wild Side, XPO, Party Zone, Headbangers Ball, RockBlock, MTV at the Movies Rebecca de Ruvo (1991–1995) Dial MTV, Awake on the Wild Side, MTV Prime, European Top 20 Marijne van der Vlugt (1991–1996; 2013; 2015; 2016) The Pulse, MTV Coca-Cola Report, Alternative Nation, 120 Minutes, Post Modern, European Top 20, Dial MTV, Music Non Stop, MTV Europe Music Awards 2013-2015-2016-2022 (voice-over) Davina McCall (1987; 1992–1998) Hanging Out, HitList UK, MTV Coca-Cola Report, MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20, First Look, Music Non Stop, Most Wanted, Party Zone, MTV Dance, Cinematic, Singled Out, The End? Lisa I'Anson (1993–1996) The Soul of MTV, MTV News, HitList UK, Hanging Out, European Top 20, Music Non Stop, Party Zone Ingo Schmoll (1993–1996) Morning Mix, MTV News, First Look, MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20 Enrico Silvestrin (1993–1997) Select MTV, Hanging Out, European Top 20, Dial MTV Hugo de Campos (1994–1997) Stylissimo, Dial MTV, European Top 20, Music Non Stop, First Look, Hanging Out, The End? Maria Guzenina (1994–1997) KickStart, Awake on the Wild Side, Morning Mix, Music Non Stop, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Amour, MTV at the Movies Carolyn Lilipaly (1994–1998) MTV News, HitList UK, The Big Picture, MTV Winter Parties Miles Hunt (1994-1995) 120 Minutes John Kearns (1995–2012) MTV News, The Big Picture, MTV Europe Music Awards (voice-over) Toby Amies (1995–1999) Alternative Nation, MTV News, MTV Hot Eden Harel (1995–2000) European Top 20, Select MTV, Dance Floor Chart, Hanging Out, Dial MTV Kimsy von Reischach (1995-1998) First Look, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Winter Parties, Hanging Out Julia Valet (1996–1997) Superock, MTV Hot Nikolai (1996-1997) MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20, HitList UK, Morning Mix Boris (1996-1997) European Top 20, MTV Snowball, First Look Christian Ulmen (1996–1997) MTV Hot Crispin Somerville (1996-1997) Select MTV, HitList UK, Hanging Out Camila Raznovich (1996–1998) MTV Amour, Hanging Out, MTV Summer Festivals, MTV Beach House Lily Myrhed (1996-1998) HitList UK, MTV Winter Parties, Awake on the Wild Side, Morning Mix Lars Oostveen \"Vico\" (1996-1999) Select MTV, Dial MTV Thomas Madvig (1996-1999) Select MTV, MTV News Katja Schuurman (1997-2000) So 90's Melanie Sykes (1997) HitList UK Cat Deeley (1997–2002) HitList UK, Stylissimo, MTV News, MTV Amour, Dance Floor Chart Ulrika Eriksson (1998-2003) MTV News, Select MTV, HitList UK, Nordic Top 5, MTV:New, Morning Glory Kicki Berg (1998–2006) MTV News, Select MTV, European Top 20, Nordic Top 5, Dance Floor Chart, Top Selection, MTV Supermercado Trevor Nelson (1998-2004) The Lick Trey Farley (1999-2000) Select MTV, MTV News Lars Beckung (1999–2006) MTV:New, Select MTV, Nordic Top 5, MTV News, Morning Glory, MTV Source, This Is Our Music Neil Cole (2000–2004) The Fridge, MTV News, Select MTV, European Top 20, World Chart Express, MTV:New Joanne Colan (2000–2004) MTV News, European Top 20, MTV Movie Special, Select MTV, MTV:New, MTV Top 20 Countdown, MTV's Winterjam, MTV Presents Fleur van der Kieft (2000–2002) Top Selection, Select MTV Frederique Bedos (2001) Select MTV Erickka Jones (2001) MTV Top 20 Countdown Mimi Kalinda (2001-2002) Dance Floor Chart, World Chart Express, Top Selection, Select MTV, The Fridge Ina Geraldine (2003–2004) Euro Top 20 Becky Griffin (2003-2005) Dance Floor Chart, World Chart Express Amelia Hoy (2004–2005) Euro Top 20, Up North Axl Smith (2004-2007) Spanking New, Axl Meets, MTV at the Festivals Pernille Fals Bahrt (2005-2007) MTV News Archie Archibald (2005-2006) MTV News Charlotte Thorstvedt (2005–2009) Euro Top 20, Spanking New Jason Danino-Holt (2006) Switched On Shire Raghe (2006-2009) MTV News, SuperStar Saturday Freya Clausen (2007-2009) Fahrenheit, Spanking New, MTV News, MTV Source Janika Nieminen (2008-2010) MTV Overdrive, SuperStar Saturday Matthew Bailey (2009–2010) Euro Top 20" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 340-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'MTV Global': In February 1988, MTV Europe moved to the Camden Town area at 20-23 Mandela St. In October of the same year, the management of MTV Europe visited the Soviet Union for preliminary negotiations on the start of work. At the same time, an application for registration of the TV channel was submitted. In 1989, MTV Europe covered the Moscow Music Festival live from the Lenin Stadium. At the same time, the TV channel started in East Berlin, East Germany. Soviet artists officially debuted on MTV in the summer of 1989. The Moscow group "Cruise" released the Hit for MTV manifesto song at the same time.	continue	2	MTV Global	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV Global	{"Introduction": "MTV Global (formerly MTV Europe) is the international version of the American TV channel\u00c2 MTV as 24hour music video and entertainment pay television network officially launched on 1 August 1987 as part of the worldwide MTV network. Initially, MTV served all regions of Europe, being one of the few TV channels focused on the entire European market. At the moment, MTV serves a number of European countries, African, Asian, Oceanian, Middle Eastern and Caribbean territories. Over the years, MTV Global has been divided into many different channels for certain countries. Most countries in Europe, Asia, Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean now have their own versions of the channel, and therefore MTV Global is now mostly available in those countries where there is no localized version of MTV.", "History": "On 1 August 1987 at 00:01 BST, MTV Europe officially launched with an Elton John concert in Amsterdam at the Roxy Club marked in conjunction with MTV, as a commemoration of its sixth anniversary. The first video clip shown on the air was \"Money for Nothing\" by Dire Straits. Moreover, the beginning and end of the clip were supplemented with the slogan \"I want my MTV\", voiced by Sting. The initiator of the launch of MTV in Europe was Robert Maxwell. Then his company Robert Maxwell Group with British Telecom and Viacom (the copyright holder of the \"MTV\" brand) in joint cooperation, created the MTV Europe TV channel. The office was located in London at 40 Conduit St. The channel was launched in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden; a year later MTV Europe expanded to West Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Greece and Norway. The channel was immediately accepted into 1. 6 million households. The original lineup of VJs included presenters from Belgium, Denmark and France, as well as Ray Cokes and Steve Blame from the UK. Since that time, MTV has popularized the use of the term VJ to describe their profession. At that time, such programs as MTV's Greatest Hits, Headbanger's Ball, MTV's Most Wanted, The Big Picture (a program about cinema), The Pulse (about fashion and style), 120 Minutes and MTV CocaCola Report (music news, interviews and tour dates of musicians) were produced. In February 1988, MTV Europe moved to the Camden Town area at 2023 Mandela St. In October of the same year, the management of MTV Europe visited the Soviet Union for preliminary negotiations on the start of work. At the same time, an application for registration of the TV channel was submitted. In 1989, MTV Europe covered the Moscow Music Festival live from the Lenin Stadium. At the same time, the TV channel started in East Berlin, East Germany. Soviet artists officially debuted on MTV in the summer of 1989. The Moscow group \"Cruise\" released the Hit for MTV manifesto song at the same time. In February 1990, MTV Europe was launched in Poland and Czechoslovakia. In the same year, Viacom bought 25 of MTV Europe's shares from British Telecom. In early 1991, Metromedia International Group together with Lencentel signed a contract with MTV Europe for 5 years, this is the first contract for broadcasting a foreign channel signed in the USSR. On March 8, 1991, the channel began broadcasting in Leningrad, and later in other major cities, which made it possible to become the first Western 24hour channel that could be received in the USSR. Nirvana led the rapid transition to the rise of alternative rock and grunge on MTV in 1991, releasing a video clip for the song \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" by Nirvana. In the earlymid1990s, MTV added gangsta rappers with a less pop sound to its rotation, such as Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B. I. G. , WuTang Clan, Ice Cube, Warren G, IceT, Dr. Dre, Us and Snoop Dogg. In August 1991, Viacom bought the remaining 50. 1 of the shares from Robert Maxwell Group, because the Londonbased company was short of cash, and sold its assets as part of efforts to reduce debts accumulated during aggressive acquisitions in the 1980s. By 1992, MTV Networks Europe had become the largest panEuropean broadcasting company. MTV Europe was hosted by 38 million households in 28 countries. In 1993, MTV Europe moved to a new office at 180 Oxford Street. But the programs were filmed at the Breakfast television center on 1729 Hawley Crescent, which was completely bought out by MTV Networks Europe. From 1990 to 1996, MTV programs were rebroadcast on the central TV channels of Russia \u00e2 \"VID\", \"ORT\", \"2x2\", \"TV6\", \"MuzTV\" and others. Also from 1992 to 1994 on the Polish TV channel TVP1. The channel launched the premieres of the following programs: Beavis and Butthead, \u00c3on Flux, The Brothers Grunt, etc. In 1994, the channel began holding the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony. Every year the ceremony takes place in one of the major European cities. On July 1, 1995, MTV Europe switched to pay TV broadcasting, and was also one of the first channels in Europe to start digital broadcasting. In September, the channel was fined by the Independent Commission on Television Programs of Great Britain for a total of 60, 000 pounds for showing obscenities, scenes of sadomasochism and similar things at a time of day when children could still be at the TV. In November of the same year, MTV Europe was hosted by 51. 3 million households in 36 countries. At the end of 1995, Chello Zone became the distributor of the channel in Russia In 1996\u00e21997, two websites were launched \u00e2 mtve. com and mtveurope. com. Starting from the end of 1997, MTV gradually reduced the screening of video clips of rock music representatives, which led to the slogan among skeptics: \"Rock is dead. \" The fact that at that time rock music fans were less materialistic and bought less music based on TV offers were cited as the reasons that the channel was breaking away from its once mainstream music. Instead, MTV began to devote its musical airtime mainly to pop and hiphop/RB music. All rock shows were eliminated, and the rockrelated categories at the Video Music Awards were reduced to one. At the dawn of the new millennium, in the period from 1997 to 2001, the animated series Daria in the genre of comedy drama, everyday life was released on the MTV channel. MTV Networks Europe has rapidly begun to open local divisions of the MTV channel in some countries. So in March 1997, MTV Germany was launched. MTV UK Ireland opened on July 1, then MTV Italy was launched in September. MTV Nordic for Scandinavia was launched in June 1998, MTV Russia appeared on September 25. In 2000, other regional channels were launched \u00e2 MTV France in June, followed by MTV Poland in July and MTV Spain and MTV Nederland in September. MTV Networks Europe continued to open local branches in other European countries. In the same year, another website appeared \u00e2 mtv. tv On April 1, 2002, MTV Europe was renamed to MTV European. At the same time, the channel began to abandon some of its programs in favor of American MTV shows. The channel significantly reduced the overall rotation of music videos during the 2000s. Similar trends were observed on other European MTV channels. In 2004 and 2008, MTV continued to focus on reality shows, releasing projects 8th Ocean, Laguna Beach, Next, The Hills, TwoADays, My Super Sweet 16, Parental Control and Viva la Bam featuring Bam Margera. In 2007, MTV broadcast the reality show \"A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila\", which told about the sensational journey of Tila Tequila in search of her sex partner. Her bisexuality played a role in the concept of the show: both men and women competed for love. In 2006\u00e22007, MTV Turkey and MTV Ukraine were launched. In August 2007, the editorial department moved to Warsaw, but broadcasting continued from the London office. MTV European also expanded to South Africa and the Middle East. On July 1, 2009, during the unified standardization of the design of the global MTV network, a new corporate identity was introduced, as well as a new design. Since January 2010, MTV Networks Europe has started rebranding localized websites, creating standards for each country. In August, music programs disappeared from the air, and reality shows from the American branch of MTV began to be shown instead. In 2010, the channel began broadcasting under a Czech license, since the Czech Republic has minimum broadcasting rules, it was chosen for licensing purposes in the EU. The broadcasting center is still located in London MTV European began to focus on viewers from 16 to 35 years old, the audience was more than 100 million people in 43 countries. On July 1, 2011, the logo and design of the channel changed, the inscription \"Music Television\" disappeared from the logo. The former name MTV Europe has also returned. In 2012, the channel moved to the Breakfast television center at 1729 Hawley Crescent, from there all foreign TV channels of Paramount Networks are operated. At the same time, all music charts disappeared from the channel all music charts disappeared from the channel. At the beginning of 2013, three charts returned to the air of MTV Europe \u00e2 Hitlist UK, Base Chart and Dance Floor Chart. At the same time, the channel covered 101 countries. In the fall of 2014, the channel's website was transferred to the organizers of the MTV Europe Music Awards, now when switching to the website mtv. tv, redirects to the site tv. mtvema. com. In the summer of 2015, MTV Europe reissued the interprogram screensavers of TV channels, focusing on the initiative MTVBump. com, and provided more social screensavers created by MTV viewers. On March 1, 2016, MTV Europe switched to widescreen broadcasting (16:9). In December 2017, MTV received a new design, similar to Latin American and Brazilian MTV. Other local MTV channels across Europe have also started using similar onair branding. Since June 2019, all music videos are broadcast only until 8:00 Central European time, with the exception of the Euro Top chart on Friday from 9 to 11:00. In 2020 the editorial department moved to Amsterdam from Warsaw. On January 26, 2021, MTV Europe has been renamed MTV Global, now the channel has the right to serve 111 countries of the world the channel is only available in those countries where there is no localized version of MTV, and in some countries the channel cannot broadcast due to conflicting content with local laws. MTV Global retains the Czech license (RRTV) in order to ensure the continuation of legal broadcasting in the European Union in accordance with the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD) and the Single Market Law after the UK leaves the European Union. On September 14 of the same year, a rebranding was carried out, which included an updated version of the logo and a new design. On August 1, 2022, in honor of the 35th anniversary of MTV Global, the first Bumper was shown. On September 8 and 19, 2022, due to the death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth II, the TV channel removed all entertainment programs from the air. Two music blocks were introduced: \"Programming Pause\" and \"Nothing but Music\", which broadcast relaxed and gloomy music videos. At the beginning of 2023, a new program \"MTV Movies\" was presented, it tells about the novelties of cinema. In August 2023, MTV Global replaced the local MTV channel in Australia and New Zealand.", "Distribution": "As of 2023, MTV Global broadcasts in the following territories: Europe:", "Albania": "Andorra receives MTV Spain Austria receives MTV Germany", "Balkans": "Belarus (with some localized content and advertising) Belgium receives MTV (Netherlands Flanders) or MTV France", "Czech Republic": "Denmark (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles)", "Estonia": "Finland (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) France receives MTV France Germany receives MTV Germany", "Iceland": "Ireland receives MTV Ireland Italy receives MTV Italy Israel receives MTV Israel", "Latvia": "Liechtenstein receives MTV Germany Lithuania (no longer served by any national cable provider, replaced by MTV Hits)", "Malta": "Moldova (with some localized content and advertising) Monaco receives MTV France", "Montenegro": "Netherlands receives MTV (Netherlands Flanders)", "North Macedonia": "Norway (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Poland receives MTV Poland Portugal receives MTV Portugal", "Slovenia": "Spain receives MTV Spain Sweden (with some localized content, advertising and subtitles) Switzerland receives MTV Germany or MTV France", "Turkey": "United Kingdom receives MTV UK", "Ukraine": "Middle East:", "Yemen": "Africa:", "GuineaBissau": "South Africa receives MTV Africa", "Comoros": "Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo", "Central African Republic": "S\u00c3o Tom\u00c3 and Pr\u00c3ncipe", "Zimbabwe": "Asia: Armenia (with some localized content and advertising) Azerbaijan (with some localized content and advertising)", "Bangladesh": "Georgia (with some localized content and advertising)", "Indonesia": "Japan receives MTV Japan Kazakhstan (with some localized content and advertising) Kyrgyzstan (with some localized content and advertising)", "Sri Lanka": "Tajikistan (with some localized content and advertising)", "Thailand": "Turkmenistan (with some localized content and advertising) Uzbekistan (with some localized content and advertising) Vietnam receives MTV Vietnam (closed on 1 January 2023) Oceania:", "Freetoair satellite transmissions": "MTV Germany was available FTA on Astra 19, 2E, but it became encrypted on 1 January 2011. Until August 2015 the Italian MTVstation was free to air available on Eutelsat 12 West A. However, with the takeover of Sky Italia of this channel, it has been rebranded TV8. MTV Italia has become an exclusive Skychannel only for subscribers. On 23 December 2017, MTV Germany turned itself into a freetoair channel.", "Programming": "Current Local Music Shows MTV Top 20 (formerly Euro Top Chart) (Fridays 8:25 to 11:40 CET, Saturday 9:55, Sunday 6:00) MTV Breakfast Club (Weekdays 06:10 to 09:15 CET, daily 06:00 to 09:30)", "Former Local Shows": "MTV News Daily Update", "MTV Only hits": "MTV Dance Floor Chart", "MTV Asks": "M is for Music Award Shows and Live Music Specials MTV Europe Music Awards MTV Video Music Awards", "PanInternational": "Are You The One? Catfish: The TV Show", "Deliciousness": "Ex On The Beach", "True Life Crime": "True Life Crime UK The L. A. Complex", "Young and Married": "My Life on MTV", "Past VJs": "Ray Cokes (1987\u00e21996) Cokes Vanthilt, Ray's Requests, Most Wanted, XRay Vision, MTV at the Movies, The Big Picture, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits Simone Angel (1990\u00e21998) Party Zone, MTV Dance, Dance Floor, Club MTV, Dance Floor Chart, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, Dial MTV Paul King (1989\u00e21994) MTV's Greatest Hits, 120 Minutes, MTV News, Morning Mix, HitList UK, XPO, First Look, Dial MTV Pip Dann (1988\u00e21994) MTV Prime, Post Modern, MTV at the Movies, The Big Picture, Dial MTV, Music Non Stop, European Top 20, HitList UK, XPO, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV CocaCola Report, MTV News, First Look, RockBlock Maiken Wex\u00c3 (1987\u00e21992; 1993) Pure Pop, MTV CocaCola Report, European Top 20, MTV News, XPO, MTV Prime Marcel Vanthilt (1987\u00e21990; 1991) Cokes Vanthilt, 120 Minutes, XPO, Most Wanted Sophie Bramly (1987\u00e21991) Yo! MTV Raps Chris Salewicz (1987\u00e21993) MTV News, Reverb Nunu (1990) Awake on the Wild Side Sonya Saul (19901992) MTV News, XPO Terry Christian (1991) XPO, Morning Mix Richie Rich (19931994) The Soul of MTV, MTV's Greatest Hits, HitList UK John DuntonDowner (19871997) 120 Minutes, The Big Picture (producer) Steve Blame (1987\u00e21994) MTV News, Reverb, Take the Blame, Pure Pop, MTV CocaCola Report, First Look Vanessa Warwick (1990\u00e21997) Headbangers Ball, RockBlock Kristiane Backer (1989\u00e21996) European Top 20, MTV CocaCola Report, MTV's Greatest Hits, Awake on the Wild Side, XPO, Party Zone, Headbangers Ball, RockBlock, MTV at the Movies Rebecca de Ruvo (1991\u00e21995) Dial MTV, Awake on the Wild Side, MTV Prime, European Top 20 Marijne van der Vlugt (1991\u00e21996; 2013; 2015; 2016) The Pulse, MTV CocaCola Report, Alternative Nation, 120 Minutes, Post Modern, European Top 20, Dial MTV, Music Non Stop, MTV Europe Music Awards 2013201520162022 (voiceover) Davina McCall (1987; 1992\u00e21998) Hanging Out, HitList UK, MTV CocaCola Report, MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20, First Look, Music Non Stop, Most Wanted, Party Zone, MTV Dance, Cinematic, Singled Out, The End? Lisa I'Anson (1993\u00e21996) The Soul of MTV, MTV News, HitList UK, Hanging Out, European Top 20, Music Non Stop, Party Zone Ingo Schmoll (1993\u00e21996) Morning Mix, MTV News, First Look, MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20 Enrico Silvestrin (1993\u00e21997) Select MTV, Hanging Out, European Top 20, Dial MTV Hugo de Campos (1994\u00e21997) Stylissimo, Dial MTV, European Top 20, Music Non Stop, First Look, Hanging Out, The End? Maria Guzenina (1994\u00e21997) KickStart, Awake on the Wild Side, Morning Mix, Music Non Stop, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Amour, MTV at the Movies Carolyn Lilipaly (1994\u00e21998) MTV News, HitList UK, The Big Picture, MTV Winter Parties Miles Hunt (19941995) 120 Minutes John Kearns (1995\u00e22012) MTV News, The Big Picture, MTV Europe Music Awards (voiceover) Toby Amies (1995\u00e21999) Alternative Nation, MTV News, MTV Hot Eden Harel (1995\u00e22000) European Top 20, Select MTV, Dance Floor Chart, Hanging Out, Dial MTV Kimsy von Reischach (19951998) First Look, European Top 20, MTV's Greatest Hits, MTV Winter Parties, Hanging Out Julia Valet (1996\u00e21997) Superock, MTV Hot Nikolai (19961997) MTV's Greatest Hits, European Top 20, HitList UK, Morning Mix Boris (19961997) European Top 20, MTV Snowball, First Look Christian Ulmen (1996\u00e21997) MTV Hot Crispin Somerville (19961997) Select MTV, HitList UK, Hanging Out Camila Raznovich (1996\u00e21998) MTV Amour, Hanging Out, MTV Summer Festivals, MTV Beach House Lily Myrhed (19961998) HitList UK, MTV Winter Parties, Awake on the Wild Side, Morning Mix Lars Oostveen \"Vico\" (19961999) Select MTV, Dial MTV Thomas Madvig (19961999) Select MTV, MTV News Katja Schuurman (19972000) So 90's Melanie Sykes (1997) HitList UK Cat Deeley (1997\u00e22002) HitList UK, Stylissimo, MTV News, MTV Amour, Dance Floor Chart Ulrika Eriksson (19982003) MTV News, Select MTV, HitList UK, Nordic Top 5, MTV:New, Morning Glory Kicki Berg (1998\u00e22006) MTV News, Select MTV, European Top 20, Nordic Top 5, Dance Floor Chart, Top Selection, MTV Supermercado Trevor Nelson (19982004) The Lick Trey Farley (19992000) Select MTV, MTV News Lars Beckung (1999\u00e22006) MTV:New, Select MTV, Nordic Top 5, MTV News, Morning Glory, MTV Source, This Is Our Music Neil Cole (2000\u00e22004) The Fridge, MTV News, Select MTV, European Top 20, World Chart Express, MTV:New Joanne Colan (2000\u00e22004) MTV News, European Top 20, MTV Movie Special, Select MTV, MTV:New, MTV Top 20 Countdown, MTV's Winterjam, MTV Presents Fleur van der Kieft (2000\u00e22002) Top Selection, Select MTV Frederique Bedos (2001) Select MTV Erickka Jones (2001) MTV Top 20 Countdown Mimi Kalinda (20012002) Dance Floor Chart, World Chart Express, Top Selection, Select MTV, The Fridge Ina Geraldine (2003\u00e22004) Euro Top 20 Becky Griffin (20032005) Dance Floor Chart, World Chart Express Amelia Hoy (2004\u00e22005) Euro Top 20, Up North Axl Smith (20042007) Spanking New, Axl Meets, MTV at the Festivals Pernille Fals Bahrt (20052007) MTV News Archie Archibald (20052006) MTV News Charlotte Thorstvedt (2005\u00e22009) Euro Top 20, Spanking New Jason DaninoHolt (2006) Switched On Shire Raghe (20062009) MTV News, SuperStar Saturday Freya Clausen (20072009) Fahrenheit, Spanking New, MTV News, MTV Source Janika Nieminen (20082010) MTV Overdrive, SuperStar Saturday Matthew Bailey (2009\u00e22010) Euro Top 20"}
Kojo Tovalou Houénou (born Marc Tovalou Quénum; 25 April 1887 – 13 July 1936) was a prominent African critic of the French colonial empire in Africa. Born in Porto-Novo (a French protectorate in present-day Benin) to a wealthy father and a mother who belonged to the royal family of the Kingdom of Dahomey, he was sent to France for education at the age of 13. There he received a law degree, medical training, and served in the French armed forces as an army doctor during World War I. Following the war, Houénou became a minor celebrity in Paris; dating actresses, writing books as a public intellectual, and making connections with many of the elite of French society. In 1921, he visited Dahomey for the first time since 1900 and upon returning to France became active in trying to build better relations between France and the colony. In 1923, he was assaulted in a French nightclub by Americans who objected to an African being served in the club; the attack changed his outlook on issues and he became more active in working against racism. He founded an organization and a newspaper with the help of other African and African Caribbean intellectuals living in Paris like René Maran, who was a Martinican (from a Guianese family), and traveled to New York City to attend Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) conference. Upon returning to France, Houénou was considered a subversive by the French government, his newspaper went bankrupt, the organization he founded folded, and he was forced to leave France and move back to Dahomey. Following unrest attributed to him in there, he eventually relocated to Dakar, Senegal, where he continued to be harassed by the French authorities. He died from typhoid fever in 1936 while imprisoned in Dakar on contempt of court charges. Early life Marc Tovalou Quénum (name later changed to Kojo Tovalou Houénou) was born 25 April 1887 in the city of Porto-Novo. Porto-Novo had become a French protectorate earlier in the decade and would become a key site of warfare between the French colonial empire and the Kingdom of Dahomey from 1890 until 1894. His father, Joseph Tovalou Quénum (d. 1925), was a successful businessman along the coast and his mother was a sister of the last independent king of Dahomey, Béhanzin. Joseph was an active supporter of the French empire and believed it would greatly assist the economy of the region. He provided key support for the French empire during the Franco-Dahomean wars, was awarded the French medal of honor for his service, and became one of three African advisers to the French colonial administration. In 1900, Joseph took two of his sons to Paris for the Exposition Universelle or World's Fair and while there decided to enroll Houénou and his half brother at a boarding school in Bordeaux. Houénou finished boarding school and then earned a law degree with some medical training from the University of Bordeaux in 1911. He volunteered in August 1914 to serve as an army doctor in the French forces during World War I. Houénou was injured in 1915 and honorably discharged from the military, relocating to Paris with a military pension. Paris and Dahomey In 1915, Houénou was given French citizenship, an extremely rare status in colonial Africa for people of African descent at that point, with fewer than 100 being citizens of France by 1920. By 1918, he was admitted into the bar association and became a minor celebrity in Paris, with rumors of relationships (most notably with French actress Cécile Sorel) published in the French papers. Houénou became involved with the French intellectual scene and tried to be active as a public intellectual, including the 1921 publication of a scientific study of phonetics and linguistics titled L’involution des métamorphoses et des métempsychoses de l’Univers – L’involution phonétique ou méditations sur les métamorphoses et les métempsychoses du langage. In late 1921, Houénou returned to Dahomey for the first time since he started his education in France in 1900. His father had been stripped of his position as advisor to the colonial government in 1903 and the French authority had a standing policy since about 1908 to limit his influence in the colony. Seeing the poverty that existed in the colony and particularly following the 1923 riots in Porto-Novo, Houénou gradually grew increasingly critical of the French administration. At this point he limited his efforts to change French administration of colonies and not to end the French colonial structure. His interest in Dahomey led him to form the organization Amitié franco-dahoméenne in 1923 in order to promote gradual reform of the French colonial administration. With this new focus, he changed the spelling of his last name from Quénum to Houénou, went by his traditional name Kojo rather than Marc, and claimed the royal title of Prince. Although he was the nephew of Béhanzin, the last independent king of Dahomey, his claims to be a Prince were dubious. Indeed, those claims were directly challenged in the later Knowlton divorce case in the United States. After returning to France in 1923, Houénou became the center of a large controversy regarding race in Paris. While having a drink at the El Garòn nightclub in Montmartre, Houénou was attacked by Americans who were angered by the presence of an African in the club. The club owner responded to the struggle by forcibly removing Houénou and another person of African descent from the club. The situation became a scandal with the French press and the French government denouncing what they considered attempts by Americans to impose racial segregation in France. While denouncing the Americans, the French press elevated the status of Kojo significantly, referring to him in one incident as "a kind of colored Pascal." Although prior to this point Houénou had taken a limited role in promoting reform of the French colonial administration, the incident appeared to change his approach and he began to promote self-rule of African colonies on equal terms with France. Activism and repression After the El Garòn incident, Houénou became, in the words of historian Patrick Manning, the "most devastating African critic of the French colonial order." Houénou continued to support assimilation of Africans with French society, but now increasingly believed that assimilation could only happen if Africans had equal status. He began to argue that if Africans in the French colonies were not given equal citizenship and rights in the French empire that they should end the association and began self-rule. To further this cause, in 1924 he founded an organization called the Ligue Universelle pour la Défense de la Race Noire and using his connections with intellectuals of Paris founded the newspaper Les Continents with René Maran, with whom he had studied at Bordeaux. He visited the United States the same year to attend a meeting of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in New York City and to tour a number of other cities, including Chicago and Pittsburgh. Although he shared many of the aims of UNIA, Houénou believed that France was largely an unprejudiced society that needed reform of colonial administration, but not the type of societal reform that UNIA sought in the United States. Houénou said at the UNIA in 1924 that France "will never tolerate the prejudices of color. She considers her black and yellow children the equal of her white children." Upon returning to France though, his involvement at the UNIA meeting was a cause for suspicion by the French administration which began considering him a radical (and also accused him of being a communist). The French colonial administration began surveillance of Houénou's activities and treated Les Continents as a subversive publication. The Ligue Universelle pour la Défense de la Race Noire was so harassed by the surveillance of the French government that the organization folded in late 1924. A libel verdict in favor of Blaise Diagne against charges written by René Maran in Les Continents effectively bankrupted the newspaper and publication ceased in December 1924. After returning from the UNIA meeting in 1924, Houénou was forced to leave France by the authorities and only allowed to reenter Dahomey in 1925 if he renounced the philosophies of Marcus Garvey, which he did. At the same time, he was disbarred in 1925 by the French bar association. His movement was closely watched by French authorities and he was arrested without cause on numerous occasions. In 1925, he was blamed for an uprising in Dahomey and was forcibly exiled by the French authorities from the colony. On a second tour of the United States in 1925, Houénou was asked to leave a Chicago restaurant because of his race. When he refused, the waiter phoned the police and it resulted in a forceful ejection of Houénou from the restaurant. The situation, with Houénou arrested and his efforts to file a lawsuit against the police officers, was only resolved with the intervention of the French government. When leaving the U.S. at that point, Houénou was accompanied by Zulme Knowlton, the French wife of Harry N. Knowlton, a wealthy engineer. Harry and Zulme were in the middle of a divorce at the time and in later alimony hearings, Harry and his lawyers claimed that he did not owe alimony because his wife had traveled with and entertained an African. The court rejected the claim. Death The later years of his life were spent in continued harassment and monitoring by French colonial authorities. Although he traveled to both Dahomey and France occasionally, he was not able to permanently settle in either because of the harassment. He met Roberta Dodd Crawford, a classical singer from Texas studying in Paris, and the two married in 1931. He spent much of his later years in Dakar, Senegal because he was exiled from both Dahomey and France on multiple occasions. He continued to be a focus for harassment and was arrested regularly without charge. He became active in Senegalese politics, mainly by organizing against Blaise Diagne, and campaigned unsuccessfully in the elections of 1928 and 1932. He was arrested on charges of contempt of court in July 1936 in Dakar and died of typhoid fever while in prison.	null	[ "Kojo Tovalou Houénou (born Marc Tovalou Quénum; 25 April 1887 – 13 July 1936) was a prominent African critic of the French colonial empire in Africa. Born in Porto-Novo (a French protectorate in present-day Benin) to a wealthy father and a mother who belonged to the royal family of the Kingdom of Dahomey, he was sent to France for education at the age of 13. There he received a law degree, medical training, and served in the French armed forces as an army doctor during World War I. Following the war, Houénou became a minor celebrity in Paris; dating actresses, writing books as a public intellectual, and making connections with many of the elite of French society.", "In 1921, he visited Dahomey for the first time since 1900 and upon returning to France became active in trying to build better relations between France and the colony. In 1923, he was assaulted in a French nightclub by Americans who objected to an African being served in the club; the attack changed his outlook on issues and he became more active in working against racism. He founded an organization and a newspaper with the help of other African and African Caribbean intellectuals living in Paris like René Maran, who was a Martinican (from a Guianese family), and traveled to New York City to attend Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) conference. Upon returning to France, Houénou was considered a subversive by the French government, his newspaper went bankrupt, the organization he founded folded, and he was forced to leave France and move back to Dahomey. Following unrest attributed to him in there, he eventually relocated to Dakar, Senegal, where he continued to be harassed by the French authorities. He died from typhoid fever in 1936 while imprisoned in Dakar on contempt of court charges. Early life Marc Tovalou Quénum (name later changed to Kojo Tovalou Houénou) was born 25 April 1887 in the city of Porto-Novo. Porto-Novo had become a French protectorate earlier in the decade and would become a key site of warfare between the French colonial empire and the Kingdom of Dahomey from 1890 until 1894. His father, Joseph Tovalou Quénum (d. 1925), was a successful businessman along the coast and his mother was a sister of the last independent king of Dahomey, Béhanzin. Joseph was an active supporter of the French empire and believed it would greatly assist the economy of the region. He provided key support for the French empire during the Franco-Dahomean wars, was awarded the French medal of honor for his service, and became one of three African advisers to the French colonial administration. In 1900, Joseph took two of his sons to Paris for the Exposition Universelle or World's Fair and while there decided to enroll Houénou and his half brother at a boarding school in Bordeaux.", "Houénou finished boarding school and then earned a law degree with some medical training from the University of Bordeaux in 1911. He volunteered in August 1914 to serve as an army doctor in the French forces during World War I. Houénou was injured in 1915 and honorably discharged from the military, relocating to Paris with a military pension. Paris and Dahomey In 1915, Houénou was given French citizenship, an extremely rare status in colonial Africa for people of African descent at that point, with fewer than 100 being citizens of France by 1920. By 1918, he was admitted into the bar association and became a minor celebrity in Paris, with rumors of relationships (most notably with French actress Cécile Sorel) published in the French papers. Houénou became involved with the French intellectual scene and tried to be active as a public intellectual, including the 1921 publication of a scientific study of phonetics and linguistics titled L’involution des métamorphoses et des métempsychoses de l’Univers – L’involution phonétique ou méditations sur les métamorphoses et les métempsychoses du langage.", "In late 1921, Houénou returned to Dahomey for the first time since he started his education in France in 1900. His father had been stripped of his position as advisor to the colonial government in 1903 and the French authority had a standing policy since about 1908 to limit his influence in the colony. Seeing the poverty that existed in the colony and particularly following the 1923 riots in Porto-Novo, Houénou gradually grew increasingly critical of the French administration. At this point he limited his efforts to change French administration of colonies and not to end the French colonial structure. His interest in Dahomey led him to form the organization Amitié franco-dahoméenne in 1923 in order to promote gradual reform of the French colonial administration.", "With this new focus, he changed the spelling of his last name from Quénum to Houénou, went by his traditional name Kojo rather than Marc, and claimed the royal title of Prince. Although he was the nephew of Béhanzin, the last independent king of Dahomey, his claims to be a Prince were dubious. Indeed, those claims were directly challenged in the later Knowlton divorce case in the United States. After returning to France in 1923, Houénou became the center of a large controversy regarding race in Paris. While having a drink at the El Garòn nightclub in Montmartre, Houénou was attacked by Americans who were angered by the presence of an African in the club. The club owner responded to the struggle by forcibly removing Houénou and another person of African descent from the club. The situation became a scandal with the French press and the French government denouncing what they considered attempts by Americans to impose racial segregation in France. While denouncing the Americans, the French press elevated the status of Kojo significantly, referring to him in one incident as \"a kind of colored Pascal.\" Although prior to this point Houénou had taken a limited role in promoting reform of the French colonial administration, the incident appeared to change his approach and he began to promote self-rule of African colonies on equal terms with France. Activism and repression", "After the El Garòn incident, Houénou became, in the words of historian Patrick Manning, the \"most devastating African critic of the French colonial order.\" Houénou continued to support assimilation of Africans with French society, but now increasingly believed that assimilation could only happen if Africans had equal status. He began to argue that if Africans in the French colonies were not given equal citizenship and rights in the French empire that they should end the association and began self-rule. To further this cause, in 1924 he founded an organization called the Ligue Universelle pour la Défense de la Race Noire and using his connections with intellectuals of Paris founded the newspaper Les Continents with René Maran, with whom he had studied at Bordeaux. He visited the United States the same year to attend a meeting of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in New York City and to tour a number of other cities, including Chicago and Pittsburgh. Although he shared many of the aims of UNIA, Houénou believed that France was largely an unprejudiced society that needed reform of colonial administration, but not the type of societal reform that UNIA sought in the United States. Houénou said at the UNIA in 1924 that France \"will never tolerate the prejudices of color. She considers her black and yellow children the equal of her white children.\" Upon returning to France though, his involvement at the UNIA meeting was a cause for suspicion by the French administration which began considering him a radical (and also accused him of being a communist). The French colonial administration began surveillance of Houénou's activities and treated Les Continents as a subversive publication. The Ligue Universelle pour la Défense de la Race Noire was so harassed by the surveillance of the French government that the organization folded in late 1924. A libel verdict in favor of Blaise Diagne against charges written by René Maran in Les Continents effectively bankrupted the newspaper and publication ceased in December 1924.", "After returning from the UNIA meeting in 1924, Houénou was forced to leave France by the authorities and only allowed to reenter Dahomey in 1925 if he renounced the philosophies of Marcus Garvey, which he did. At the same time, he was disbarred in 1925 by the French bar association. His movement was closely watched by French authorities and he was arrested without cause on numerous occasions. In 1925, he was blamed for an uprising in Dahomey and was forcibly exiled by the French authorities from the colony. On a second tour of the United States in 1925, Houénou was asked to leave a Chicago restaurant because of his race. When he refused, the waiter phoned the police and it resulted in a forceful ejection of Houénou from the restaurant. The situation, with Houénou arrested and his efforts to file a lawsuit against the police officers, was only resolved with the intervention of the French government. When leaving the U.S. at that point, Houénou was accompanied by Zulme Knowlton, the French wife of Harry N. Knowlton, a wealthy engineer. Harry and Zulme were in the middle of a divorce at the time and in later alimony hearings, Harry and his lawyers claimed that he did not owe alimony because his wife had traveled with and entertained an African. The court rejected the claim.", "Death The later years of his life were spent in continued harassment and monitoring by French colonial authorities. Although he traveled to both Dahomey and France occasionally, he was not able to permanently settle in either because of the harassment. He met Roberta Dodd Crawford, a classical singer from Texas studying in Paris, and the two married in 1931. He spent much of his later years in Dakar, Senegal because he was exiled from both Dahomey and France on multiple occasions. He continued to be a focus for harassment and was arrested regularly without charge. He became active in Senegalese politics, mainly by organizing against Blaise Diagne, and campaigned unsuccessfully in the elections of 1928 and 1932. He was arrested on charges of contempt of court in July 1936 in Dakar and died of typhoid fever while in prison." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 340-words sample section for Paris and Dahomey on this title Kojo Tovalou HouÃnou.	gen_section	Paris and Dahomey	Kojo Tovalou HouÃnou	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojo Tovalou Houénou	{"Introduction": "Kojo Tovalou Hou\u00c3nou (born Marc Tovalou Qu\u00c3num; 25 April 1887 \u00e2 13 July 1936) was a prominent African critic of the French colonial empire in Africa. Born in PortoNovo (a French protectorate in presentday Benin) to a wealthy father and a mother who belonged to the royal family of the Kingdom of Dahomey, he was sent to France for education at the age of 13. There he received a law degree, medical training, and served in the French armed forces as an army doctor during World War I. Following the war, Hou\u00c3nou became a minor celebrity in Paris; dating actresses, writing books as a public intellectual, and making connections with many of the elite of French society. In 1921, he visited Dahomey for the first time since 1900 and upon returning to France became active in trying to build better relations between France and the colony. In 1923, he was assaulted in a French nightclub by Americans who objected to an African being served in the club; the attack changed his outlook on issues and he became more active in working against racism. He founded an organization and a newspaper with the help of other African and African Caribbean intellectuals living in Paris like Ren\u00c3 Maran, who was a Martinican (from a Guianese family), and traveled to New York City to attend Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) conference. Upon returning to France, Hou\u00c3nou was considered a subversive by the French government, his newspaper went bankrupt, the organization he founded folded, and he was forced to leave France and move back to Dahomey. Following unrest attributed to him in there, he eventually relocated to Dakar, Senegal, where he continued to be harassed by the French authorities. He died from typhoid fever in 1936 while imprisoned in Dakar on contempt of court charges.", "Early life": "Marc Tovalou Qu\u00c3num (name later changed to Kojo Tovalou Hou\u00c3nou) was born 25 April 1887 in the city of PortoNovo. PortoNovo had become a French protectorate earlier in the decade and would become a key site of warfare between the French colonial empire and the Kingdom of Dahomey from 1890 until 1894. His father, Joseph Tovalou Qu\u00c3num (d. 1925), was a successful businessman along the coast and his mother was a sister of the last independent king of Dahomey, B\u00c3hanzin. Joseph was an active supporter of the French empire and believed it would greatly assist the economy of the region. He provided key support for the French empire during the FrancoDahomean wars, was awarded the French medal of honor for his service, and became one of three African advisers to the French colonial administration. In 1900, Joseph took two of his sons to Paris for the Exposition Universelle or World's Fair and while there decided to enroll Hou\u00c3nou and his half brother at a boarding school in Bordeaux. Hou\u00c3nou finished boarding school and then earned a law degree with some medical training from the University of Bordeaux in 1911. He volunteered in August 1914 to serve as an army doctor in the French forces during World War I. Hou\u00c3nou was injured in 1915 and honorably discharged from the military, relocating to Paris with a military pension.", "Paris and Dahomey": "In 1915, Hou\u00c3nou was given French citizenship, an extremely rare status in colonial Africa for people of African descent at that point, with fewer than 100 being citizens of France by 1920. By 1918, he was admitted into the bar association and became a minor celebrity in Paris, with rumors of relationships (most notably with French actress C\u00c3cile Sorel) published in the French papers. Hou\u00c3nou became involved with the French intellectual scene and tried to be active as a public intellectual, including the 1921 publication of a scientific study of phonetics and linguistics titled L\u00e2involution des m\u00c3tamorphoses et des m\u00c3tempsychoses de l\u00e2Univers\u00c2 \u00e2 L\u00e2involution phon\u00c3tique ou m\u00c3ditations sur les m\u00c3tamorphoses et les m\u00c3tempsychoses du langage. In late 1921, Hou\u00c3nou returned to Dahomey for the first time since he started his education in France in 1900. His father had been stripped of his position as advisor to the colonial government in 1903 and the French authority had a standing policy since about 1908 to limit his influence in the colony. Seeing the poverty that existed in the colony and particularly following the 1923 riots in PortoNovo, Hou\u00c3nou gradually grew increasingly critical of the French administration. At this point he limited his efforts to change French administration of colonies and not to end the French colonial structure. His interest in Dahomey led him to form the organization Amiti\u00c3 francodahom\u00c3enne in 1923 in order to promote gradual reform of the French colonial administration. With this new focus, he changed the spelling of his last name from Qu\u00c3num to Hou\u00c3nou, went by his traditional name Kojo rather than Marc, and claimed the royal title of Prince. Although he was the nephew of B\u00c3hanzin, the last independent king of Dahomey, his claims to be a Prince were dubious. Indeed, those claims were directly challenged in the later Knowlton divorce case in the United States. After returning to France in 1923, Hou\u00c3nou became the center of a large controversy regarding race in Paris. While having a drink at the El Gar\u00c3\u00b2n nightclub in Montmartre, Hou\u00c3nou was attacked by Americans who were angered by the presence of an African in the club. The club owner responded to the struggle by forcibly removing Hou\u00c3nou and another person of African descent from the club. The situation became a scandal with the French press and the French government denouncing what they considered attempts by Americans to impose racial segregation in France. While denouncing the Americans, the French press elevated the status of Kojo significantly, referring to him in one incident as \"a kind of colored Pascal. \" Although prior to this point Hou\u00c3nou had taken a limited role in promoting reform of the French colonial administration, the incident appeared to change his approach and he began to promote selfrule of African colonies on equal terms with France.", "Activism and repression": "After the El Gar\u00c3\u00b2n incident, Hou\u00c3nou became, in the words of historian Patrick Manning, the \"most devastating African critic of the French colonial order. \" Hou\u00c3nou continued to support assimilation of Africans with French society, but now increasingly believed that assimilation could only happen if Africans had equal status. He began to argue that if Africans in the French colonies were not given equal citizenship and rights in the French empire that they should end the association and began selfrule. To further this cause, in 1924 he founded an organization called the Ligue Universelle pour la D\u00c3fense de la Race Noire and using his connections with intellectuals of Paris founded the newspaper Les Continents with Ren\u00c3 Maran, with whom he had studied at Bordeaux. He visited the United States the same year to attend a meeting of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in New York City and to tour a number of other cities, including Chicago and Pittsburgh. Although he shared many of the aims of UNIA, Hou\u00c3nou believed that France was largely an unprejudiced society that needed reform of colonial administration, but not the type of societal reform that UNIA sought in the United States. Hou\u00c3nou said at the UNIA in 1924 that France \"will never tolerate the prejudices of color. She considers her black and yellow children the equal of her white children. \" Upon returning to France though, his involvement at the UNIA meeting was a cause for suspicion by the French administration which began considering him a radical (and also accused him of being a communist). The French colonial administration began surveillance of Hou\u00c3nou's activities and treated Les Continents as a subversive publication. The Ligue Universelle pour la D\u00c3fense de la Race Noire was so harassed by the surveillance of the French government that the organization folded in late 1924. A libel verdict in favor of Blaise Diagne against charges written by Ren\u00c3 Maran in Les Continents effectively bankrupted the newspaper and publication ceased in December 1924. After returning from the UNIA meeting in 1924, Hou\u00c3nou was forced to leave France by the authorities and only allowed to reenter Dahomey in 1925 if he renounced the philosophies of Marcus Garvey, which he did. At the same time, he was disbarred in 1925 by the French bar association. His movement was closely watched by French authorities and he was arrested without cause on numerous occasions. In 1925, he was blamed for an uprising in Dahomey and was forcibly exiled by the French authorities from the colony. On a second tour of the United States in 1925, Hou\u00c3nou was asked to leave a Chicago restaurant because of his race. When he refused, the waiter phoned the police and it resulted in a forceful ejection of Hou\u00c3nou from the restaurant. The situation, with Hou\u00c3nou arrested and his efforts to file a lawsuit against the police officers, was only resolved with the intervention of the French government. When leaving the U. S. at that point, Hou\u00c3nou was accompanied by Zulme Knowlton, the French wife of Harry N. Knowlton, a wealthy engineer. Harry and Zulme were in the middle of a divorce at the time and in later alimony hearings, Harry and his lawyers claimed that he did not owe alimony because his wife had traveled with and entertained an African. The court rejected the claim.", "Death": "The later years of his life were spent in continued harassment and monitoring by French colonial authorities. Although he traveled to both Dahomey and France occasionally, he was not able to permanently settle in either because of the harassment. He met Roberta Dodd Crawford, a classical singer from Texas studying in Paris, and the two married in 1931. He spent much of his later years in Dakar, Senegal because he was exiled from both Dahomey and France on multiple occasions. He continued to be a focus for harassment and was arrested regularly without charge. He became active in Senegalese politics, mainly by organizing against Blaise Diagne, and campaigned unsuccessfully in the elections of 1928 and 1932. He was arrested on charges of contempt of court in July 1936 in Dakar and died of typhoid fever while in prison."}
Vivien Lyra Blair (born June 4, 2012) is an American child actress who made her debut in the 2017 film Band Aid. In 2018, she rose to prominence for her role as Girl in the film Bird Box. Blair garnered further recognition for her appearances in video game Telling Lies (2019) and superhero film We Can Be Heroes (2020). In 2022, she received critical praise for her portrayal of Leia Organa in the streaming series Obi-Wan Kenobi. She was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series. Early life Vivien Lyra Blair was born on June 4, 2012. Blair has been vegetarian since she was born. She has practiced Taekwondo since the age of five. In 2019, at six years old, Blair became the youngest spokesperson for PETA. Career Blair's first onscreen role was in the 2017 film Band Aid, and she subsequently appeared in the television miniseries Waco in 2018. She rose to prominence at the age of five after starring in the film Bird Box. Blair portrays Girl, who–along with her mother and brother—is blindfolded as protection from entities that cause people to die once they have been seen. Blair spent the majority of the film blindfolded. In 2019, she appeared in the video game Telling Lies, in which The Guardian considered her "[a]n unexpected joy ... with adorable confidence". Blair also starred as Guppy in the superhero film We Can Be Heroes (2020), the sequel to The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005). She undertook all her own stunts. While the film itself received mixed reviews, The Daily Telegraph praised Blair's performance as "very funny" and "just absurd ... the effects team simply aren't needed when she's doing her thing". In 2022, Blair portrayed Leia Organa in the Star Wars streaming show Obi-Wan Kenobi. Of Blair's casting, series writer Joby Harold stated the team needed an actor who would embody a young Carrie Fisher's voice and spirit: "[we need] [s]omebody who feels spirited. They don't feel precocious. They don't feel like they are speaking as an adult writing for a kid, but you feel the spirit of what Carrie Fisher built." Harold found Blair to be "an amazing little actor" who miraculously captured that spirit, particularly in her scenes with co-star Ewan McGregor. Blair was praised for her portrayal of the character's strength, wit, and intelligence; NPR commented that she "practically channels Carrie Fisher's subversive, wisecracking spirit". In a more mixed review of her performance, Nick Schager of The Daily Beast thought Blair's line deliveries were "not ... consistently great" but considered her adequate for the role. Blair's performance was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series. Blair played Emily Gradstone in the film drama Dear Zoe, which is based on the eponymous young-adult novel by Philip Beard. It was released on November 4, 2022, to mixed reviews. In July of that year, Blair joined the cast of The Boogeyman (2023), an adaptation of Stephen King's eponymous short story. She portrayed Sawyer, a young girl whose family is terrorized by a cryptic monster. She was hesitant to take the role, not wanting to portray "another character that had to be saved". After reading the script, she reconsidered, however, seeing that Sawyer was "so much more than that". Blair found it challenging to portray her character's fear, the emotion she connected with the least as an actress. Several critics lauded her performance; The Hollywood Reporter stated: "Blair is so convincingly terrified throughout that you hope that child services monitored the production closely". Filmography Film Television Video games Awards and nominations Notes	null	[ "Vivien Lyra Blair (born June 4, 2012) is an American child actress who made her debut in the 2017 film Band Aid. In 2018, she rose to prominence for her role as Girl in the film Bird Box. Blair garnered further recognition for her appearances in video game Telling Lies (2019) and superhero film We Can Be Heroes (2020). In 2022, she received critical praise for her portrayal of Leia Organa in the streaming series Obi-Wan Kenobi. She was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series. Early life Vivien Lyra Blair was born on June 4, 2012. Blair has been vegetarian since she was born. She has practiced Taekwondo since the age of five. In 2019, at six years old, Blair became the youngest spokesperson for PETA. Career Blair's first onscreen role was in the 2017 film Band Aid, and she subsequently appeared in the television miniseries Waco in 2018. She rose to prominence at the age of five after starring in the film Bird Box. Blair portrays Girl, who–along with her mother and brother—is blindfolded as protection from entities that cause people to die once they have been seen. Blair spent the majority of the film blindfolded. In 2019, she appeared in the video game Telling Lies, in which The Guardian considered her \"[a]n unexpected joy ... with adorable confidence\". Blair also starred as Guppy in the superhero film We Can Be Heroes (2020), the sequel to The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005). She undertook all her own stunts. While the film itself received mixed reviews, The Daily Telegraph praised Blair's performance as \"very funny\" and \"just absurd ... the effects team simply aren't needed when she's doing her thing\".", "In 2022, Blair portrayed Leia Organa in the Star Wars streaming show Obi-Wan Kenobi. Of Blair's casting, series writer Joby Harold stated the team needed an actor who would embody a young Carrie Fisher's voice and spirit: \"[we need] [s]omebody who feels spirited. They don't feel precocious. They don't feel like they are speaking as an adult writing for a kid, but you feel the spirit of what Carrie Fisher built.\" Harold found Blair to be \"an amazing little actor\" who miraculously captured that spirit, particularly in her scenes with co-star Ewan McGregor. Blair was praised for her portrayal of the character's strength, wit, and intelligence; NPR commented that she \"practically channels Carrie Fisher's subversive, wisecracking spirit\". In a more mixed review of her performance, Nick Schager of The Daily Beast thought Blair's line deliveries were \"not ... consistently great\" but considered her adequate for the role. Blair's performance was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series.", "Blair played Emily Gradstone in the film drama Dear Zoe, which is based on the eponymous young-adult novel by Philip Beard. It was released on November 4, 2022, to mixed reviews. In July of that year, Blair joined the cast of The Boogeyman (2023), an adaptation of Stephen King's eponymous short story. She portrayed Sawyer, a young girl whose family is terrorized by a cryptic monster. She was hesitant to take the role, not wanting to portray \"another character that had to be saved\". After reading the script, she reconsidered, however, seeing that Sawyer was \"so much more than that\". Blair found it challenging to portray her character's fear, the emotion she connected with the least as an actress. Several critics lauded her performance; The Hollywood Reporter stated: \"Blair is so convincingly terrified throughout that you hope that child services monitored the production closely\".", "Filmography Film Television Video games Awards and nominations Notes" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Vivien Lyra Blair' to be more casual in tone: In 2022, Blair portrayed Leia Organa in the Star Wars streaming show Obi-Wan Kenobi. Of Blair's casting, series writer Joby Harold stated the team needed an actor who would embody a young Carrie Fisher's voice and spirit: "[we need] [s]omebody who feels spirited. They don't feel precocious. They don't feel like they are speaking as an adult writing for a kid, but you feel the spirit of what Carrie Fisher built." Harold found Blair to be "an amazing little actor" who miraculously captured that spirit, particularly in her scenes with co-star Ewan McGregor. Blair was praised for her portrayal of the character's strength, wit, and intelligence; NPR commented that she "practically channels Carrie Fisher's subversive, wisecracking spirit". In a more mixed review of her performance, Nick Schager of The Daily Beast thought Blair's line deliveries were "not ... consistently great" but considered her adequate for the role. Blair's performance was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series.	enhance	1	Vivien Lyra Blair	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien Lyra Blair	{"Introduction": "Vivien Lyra Blair (born June 4, 2012) is an American child actress who made her debut in the 2017 film Band Aid. In 2018, she rose to prominence for her role as Girl in the film Bird Box. Blair garnered further recognition for her appearances in video game Telling Lies (2019) and superhero film We Can Be Heroes (2020). In 2022, she received critical praise for her portrayal of Leia Organa in the streaming series ObiWan Kenobi. She was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series.", "Early life": "Vivien Lyra Blair was born on June 4, 2012. Blair has been vegetarian since she was born. She has practiced Taekwondo since the age of five. In 2019, at six years old, Blair became the youngest spokesperson for PETA.", "Career": "Blair's first onscreen role was in the 2017 film Band Aid, and she subsequently appeared in the television miniseries Waco in 2018. She rose to prominence at the age of five after starring in the film Bird Box. Blair portrays Girl, who\u00e2along with her mother and brother\u00e2is blindfolded as protection from entities that cause people to die once they have been seen. Blair spent the majority of the film blindfolded. In 2019, she appeared in the video game Telling Lies, in which The Guardian considered her \"n unexpected joy\u00c2. .. with adorable confidence\". Blair also starred as Guppy in the superhero film We Can Be Heroes (2020), the sequel to The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3D (2005). She undertook all her own stunts. While the film itself received mixed reviews, The Daily Telegraph praised Blair's performance as \"very funny\" and \"just absurd\u00c2. .. the effects team simply aren't needed when she's doing her thing\". In 2022, Blair portrayed Leia Organa in the Star Wars streaming show ObiWan Kenobi. Of Blair's casting, series writer Joby Harold stated the team needed an actor who would embody a young Carrie Fisher's voice and spirit: \" omebody who feels spirited. They don't feel precocious. They don't feel like they are speaking as an adult writing for a kid, but you feel the spirit of what Carrie Fisher built. \" Harold found Blair to be \"an amazing little actor\" who miraculously captured that spirit, particularly in her scenes with costar Ewan McGregor. Blair was praised for her portrayal of the character's strength, wit, and intelligence; NPR commented that she \"practically channels Carrie Fisher's subversive, wisecracking spirit\". In a more mixed review of her performance, Nick Schager of The Daily Beast thought Blair's line deliveries were \"not\u00c2. .. consistently great\" but considered her adequate for the role. Blair's performance was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Streaming Television Series. Blair played Emily Gradstone in the film drama Dear Zoe, which is based on the eponymous youngadult novel by Philip Beard. It was released on November 4, 2022, to mixed reviews. In July of that year, Blair joined the cast of The Boogeyman (2023), an adaptation of Stephen King's eponymous short story. She portrayed Sawyer, a young girl whose family is terrorized by a cryptic monster. She was hesitant to take the role, not wanting to portray \"another character that had to be saved\". After reading the script, she reconsidered, however, seeing that Sawyer was \"so much more than that\". Blair found it challenging to portray her character's fear, the emotion she connected with the least as an actress. Several critics lauded her performance; The Hollywood Reporter stated: \"Blair is so convincingly terrified throughout that you hope that child services monitored the production closely\"."}
"Israel" is a ballad track written by Barry Gibb. It appeared on the Bee Gees' 1971 album, Trafalgar. It was recorded on 7 April 1971 at the IBC Studios in London, along with the two Maurice Gibb compositions, "Trafalgar" and "It's Just the Way", the Robin Gibb composition "Engines, Aeroplanes", and another Barry Gibb composition, the ballad "Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself". "Israel" was released as a single in May 1972 in Belgium, in the Netherlands, where it reached No. 22, and in New Zealand. "Dearest" was chosen as the B-side. While the exact meaning of the song is unknown, Seth Rogovoy interpreted it for The Forward as a "love song to Israel", noting that Gibb played it onstage during a trip to Israel in 1972. Personnel Barry Gibb — lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar Maurice Gibb — piano, bass and acoustic guitar Geoff Bridgford — drums Bill Shepherd — orchestral arrangement	null	[ "\"Israel\" is a ballad track written by Barry Gibb. It appeared on the Bee Gees' 1971 album, Trafalgar. It was recorded on 7 April 1971 at the IBC Studios in London, along with the two Maurice Gibb compositions, \"Trafalgar\" and \"It's Just the Way\", the Robin Gibb composition \"Engines, Aeroplanes\", and another Barry Gibb composition, the ballad \"Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself\". \"Israel\" was released as a single in May 1972 in Belgium, in the Netherlands, where it reached No. 22, and in New Zealand. \"Dearest\" was chosen as the B-side. While the exact meaning of the song is unknown, Seth Rogovoy interpreted it for The Forward as a \"love song to Israel\", noting that Gibb played it onstage during a trip to Israel in 1972. Personnel Barry Gibb — lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar Maurice Gibb — piano, bass and acoustic guitar Geoff Bridgford — drums Bill Shepherd — orchestral arrangement" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 380-words sample section for Personnel on this title Israel (Bee Gees song).	gen_section	Personnel	Israel (Bee Gees song)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel (Bee Gees song)	{"Introduction": "\"Israel\" is a ballad track written by Barry Gibb. It appeared on the Bee Gees' 1971 album, Trafalgar. It was recorded on 7 April 1971 at the IBC Studios in London, along with the two Maurice Gibb compositions, \"Trafalgar\" and \"It's Just the Way\", the Robin Gibb composition \"Engines, Aeroplanes\", and another Barry Gibb composition, the ballad \"Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself\". \"Israel\" was released as a single in May 1972 in Belgium, in the Netherlands, where it reached No. 22, and in New Zealand. \"Dearest\" was chosen as the Bside. While the exact meaning of the song is unknown, Seth Rogovoy interpreted it for The Forward as a \"love song to Israel\", noting that Gibb played it onstage during a trip to Israel in 1972.", "Personnel": "Barry Gibb \u00e2 lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar Maurice Gibb \u00e2 piano, bass and acoustic guitar Geoff Bridgford \u00e2 drums Bill Shepherd \u00e2 orchestral arrangement"}
Heribert Blens is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag. Life Blens became a member of the CDU as early as 1955, and from 1969 to 1987 he was a member of the Cologne City Council. He was also one of the mayors of Cologne from 1975 to 1987. Blens has a doctorate in law. After working at the administrative courts in Cologne and Düsseldorf, he was a member of the German Bundestag from 1983 to 2002.	null	[ "Heribert Blens is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag. Life Blens became a member of the CDU as early as 1955, and from 1969 to 1987 he was a member of the Cologne City Council. He was also one of the mayors of Cologne from 1975 to 1987. Blens has a doctorate in law. After working at the administrative courts in Cologne and Düsseldorf, he was a member of the German Bundestag from 1983 to 2002." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 370-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Heribert Blens. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Heribert Blens	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert Blens	{"Introduction": "Heribert Blens is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.", "Life": "Blens became a member of the CDU as early as 1955, and from 1969 to 1987 he was a member of the Cologne City Council. He was also one of the mayors of Cologne from 1975 to 1987. Blens has a doctorate in law. After working at the administrative courts in Cologne and D\u00c3\u00bcsseldorf, he was a member of the German Bundestag from 1983 to 2002."}
Don Bosco is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano. Cast Rafael Bertrand Alicia Montoya Nicolás Rodríguez Alberto Galán Josefina Escobedo Antonio Passy Pepito Morán Luis Gimeno Roberto Araya Armando Gutierrez 1961 telenovelas Televisa telenovelas 1961 Mexican television series debuts 1961 Mexican television series endings Spanish-language telenovelas	null	[ "Don Bosco is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano. Cast Rafael Bertrand Alicia Montoya Nicolás Rodríguez Alberto Galán Josefina Escobedo Antonio Passy Pepito Morán Luis Gimeno Roberto Araya Armando Gutierrez 1961 telenovelas Televisa telenovelas 1961 Mexican television series debuts 1961 Mexican television series endings Spanish-language telenovelas" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Don Bosco (TV series)' to be more academic in tone: Don Bosco is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano. Cast Rafael Bertrand Alicia Montoya Nicolás Rodríguez Alberto Galán Josefina Escobedo Antonio Passy Pepito Morán Luis Gimeno Roberto Araya Armando Gutierrez 1961 telenovelas Televisa telenovelas 1961 Mexican television series debuts 1961 Mexican television series endings Spanish-language telenovelas	enhance	0	Don Bosco (TV series)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don Bosco (TV series)	{"Introduction": "Don Bosco is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa and transmitted by Telesistema Mexicano.", "Televisa telenovelas": "1961 Mexican television series debuts 1961 Mexican television series endings"}
Paul Hurlburt Smart (January 13, 1892 – June 22, 1979) was an American sailor and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, where he received a gold medal in the star class with the boat Hilarius, together with his son Hilary Smart. Early life and education He was born in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Smart earned law degrees from both Harvard and Oxford, and while at Harvard he competed in the 1912 Olympic Trials as a pole vaulter. He won his "H" in hockey in 1913 and 1914, and was on the soccer team that won the IC4A championship in 1914. In World War I, Smart served as a lieutenant in the artillery winning the Silver Star, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Purple Heart. After the war, he initially practiced as a lawyer, but later became an investment banker. He also served as president of the Newspaper Institute. As a yachtsman, Smart won five world championships and a gold medal at the 1948 Olympics crewing for his son, Hilary Smart. He was an alternate crew member for the Star class at the 1952 Olympics, and at the 1968 and 1972 Games he was the manager of the U.S. yachting team. In 1969, he was given the Nathaniel G. Herreshoff Trophy for his contributions to the sport of sailing.	null	[ "Paul Hurlburt Smart (January 13, 1892 – June 22, 1979) was an American sailor and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, where he received a gold medal in the star class with the boat Hilarius, together with his son Hilary Smart. Early life and education He was born in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Smart earned law degrees from both Harvard and Oxford, and while at Harvard he competed in the 1912 Olympic Trials as a pole vaulter. He won his \"H\" in hockey in 1913 and 1914, and was on the soccer team that won the IC4A championship in 1914. In World War I, Smart served as a lieutenant in the artillery winning the Silver Star, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Purple Heart. After the war, he initially practiced as a lawyer, but later became an investment banker. He also served as president of the Newspaper Institute. As a yachtsman, Smart won five world championships and a gold medal at the 1948 Olympics crewing for his son, Hilary Smart. He was an alternate crew member for the Star class at the 1952 Olympics, and at the 1968 and 1972 Games he was the manager of the U.S. yachting team. In 1969, he was given the Nathaniel G. Herreshoff Trophy for his contributions to the sport of sailing." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 370-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Paul Smart (sailor). Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Paul Smart (sailor)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul Smart (sailor)	{"Introduction": "Paul Hurlburt Smart (January 13, 1892 \u00e2 June 22, 1979) was an American sailor and Olympic champion. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, where he received a gold medal in the star class with the boat Hilarius, together with his son Hilary Smart. Early life and education He was born in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia. Smart earned law degrees from both Harvard and Oxford, and while at Harvard he competed in the 1912 Olympic Trials as a pole vaulter. He won his \"H\" in hockey in 1913 and 1914, and was on the soccer team that won the IC4A championship in 1914. In World War I, Smart served as a lieutenant in the artillery winning the Silver Star, the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Purple Heart. After the war, he initially practiced as a lawyer, but later became an investment banker. He also served as president of the Newspaper Institute. As a yachtsman, Smart won five world championships and a gold medal at the 1948 Olympics crewing for his son, Hilary Smart. He was an alternate crew member for the Star class at the 1952 Olympics, and at the 1968 and 1972 Games he was the manager of the U. S. yachting team. In 1969, he was given the Nathaniel G. Herreshoff Trophy for his contributions to the sport of sailing."}
Verbo is a Spanish dark fantasy thriller film written and directed by Eduardo Chapero-Jackson. Plot A 15-year-old, Sara, lives with an apparently normal suburban family. She develops a sixth sense and begins to perceive a series of disturbing messages and clues, which prompt her to enter a dangerous and frightening dimension in order to save a life. In the course of this adventure to a dark parallel universe, Sara must change the world. Cast Alba García as Sara Miguel Ángel Silvestre as Lírico Najwa Nimri as Inés Macarena Gómez as Prosak Verónica Echegui as Medussa Nasser Saleh as Darío Adam Jeziersky as Foco Manolo Solo as Professor Fernando Soto as Rafa Víctor Clavijo as Tótem Michelle Asante as Night Peter Peralta as Japanese Teenager Djédjé Apali as Hermes Sergio Villalba as Hugo Production Apaches Entertainment and Telecinco Cinema co-produced the thriller film for Filmax. Alba García and Miguel Angel Silvestre play the leads. It is directed by the producer of The Others, Eduardo Chapero-Jackson. Release The release was originally set for the late 2010, but was delayed. It is currently scheduled for a November 4, 2011 release after being screened at the San Sebastian Film Festival.	null	[ "Verbo is a Spanish dark fantasy thriller film written and directed by Eduardo Chapero-Jackson. Plot A 15-year-old, Sara, lives with an apparently normal suburban family. She develops a sixth sense and begins to perceive a series of disturbing messages and clues, which prompt her to enter a dangerous and frightening dimension in order to save a life. In the course of this adventure to a dark parallel universe, Sara must change the world. Cast Alba García as Sara Miguel Ángel Silvestre as Lírico Najwa Nimri as Inés Macarena Gómez as Prosak Verónica Echegui as Medussa Nasser Saleh as Darío Adam Jeziersky as Foco Manolo Solo as Professor Fernando Soto as Rafa Víctor Clavijo as Tótem Michelle Asante as Night Peter Peralta as Japanese Teenager Djédjé Apali as Hermes Sergio Villalba as Hugo Production Apaches Entertainment and Telecinco Cinema co-produced the thriller film for Filmax. Alba García and Miguel Angel Silvestre play the leads. It is directed by the producer of The Others, Eduardo Chapero-Jackson. Release The release was originally set for the late 2010, but was delayed. It is currently scheduled for a November 4, 2011 release after being screened at the San Sebastian Film Festival." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 300-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Verbo. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Verbo	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo	{"Introduction": "Verbo is a Spanish dark fantasy thriller film written and directed by Eduardo ChaperoJackson.", "Plot": "A 15yearold, Sara, lives with an apparently normal suburban family. She develops a sixth sense and begins to perceive a series of disturbing messages and clues, which prompt her to enter a dangerous and frightening dimension in order to save a life. In the course of this adventure to a dark parallel universe, Sara must change the world.", "Cast": "Alba Garc\u00c3a as Sara Miguel \u00c3ngel Silvestre as L\u00c3rico Najwa Nimri as In\u00c3s Macarena G\u00c3\u00b3mez as Prosak Ver\u00c3\u00b3nica Echegui as Medussa Nasser Saleh as Dar\u00c3o Adam Jeziersky as Foco Manolo Solo as Professor Fernando Soto as Rafa V\u00c3ctor Clavijo as T\u00c3\u00b3tem Michelle Asante as Night Peter Peralta as Japanese Teenager Dj\u00c3dj\u00c3 Apali as Hermes Sergio Villalba as Hugo", "Production": "Apaches Entertainment and Telecinco Cinema coproduced the thriller film for Filmax. Alba Garc\u00c3a and Miguel Angel Silvestre play the leads. It is directed by the producer of The Others, Eduardo ChaperoJackson.", "Release": "The release was originally set for the late 2010, but was delayed. It is currently scheduled for a November 4, 2011 release after being screened at the San Sebastian Film Festival."}
Admiral David Glasgow Farragut, also known as the Admiral Farragut Monument, is an outdoor bronze statue of David Farragut by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on a stone sculptural exedra designed by the architect Stanford White, installed in Manhattan's Madison Square, in the U.S. state of New York. Description and history The statue, cast in 1880 and dedicated on May 25, 1881, is set on a Coopersburg, Pennsylvania black granite pedestal. The work depicts Farragut, the noted United States Navy admiral of the Civil War, standing in naval uniform with binoculars and sword; the statue rests upon a plinth and then a pedestal, surrounded by a semicircular, winged exedra, which features a bas-relief figure of a seated female on either side. The Farragut statue was Saint-Gaudens's first major work and as a result certain rumors and allegations arose. Sculptor Truman Bartlett found the work "better than anyone who knew him expected" and so began a "campaign to slur and slang him," suggesting that the statue had in fact been made by sculptors in Paris. The statue was cast in Paris by Adolphe Gruet. The inscription on the base was composed by Stanford White's father, Richard Grant White. John Dryfhout wrote of the inscriptions and the base that the "intermingling of natural forms of sinuous linearity with ideal reliefs and symbols, is notable as the first expression of a form of American art nouveau." The original bluestone base, likely carved by Saint-Gaudens or his brother Louis, weathered badly and was replaced by the current granite base as a Works Project Administration project during the 1930s. The earlier base was moved to Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park in Cornish, New Hampshire. Study A bronze bust that is a study for the sculpture is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.	null	[ "Admiral David Glasgow Farragut, also known as the Admiral Farragut Monument, is an outdoor bronze statue of David Farragut by Augustus Saint-Gaudens on a stone sculptural exedra designed by the architect Stanford White, installed in Manhattan's Madison Square, in the U.S. state of New York. Description and history The statue, cast in 1880 and dedicated on May 25, 1881, is set on a Coopersburg, Pennsylvania black granite pedestal. The work depicts Farragut, the noted United States Navy admiral of the Civil War, standing in naval uniform with binoculars and sword; the statue rests upon a plinth and then a pedestal, surrounded by a semicircular, winged exedra, which features a bas-relief figure of a seated female on either side.", "The Farragut statue was Saint-Gaudens's first major work and as a result certain rumors and allegations arose. Sculptor Truman Bartlett found the work \"better than anyone who knew him expected\" and so began a \"campaign to slur and slang him,\" suggesting that the statue had in fact been made by sculptors in Paris. The statue was cast in Paris by Adolphe Gruet. The inscription on the base was composed by Stanford White's father, Richard Grant White. John Dryfhout wrote of the inscriptions and the base that the \"intermingling of natural forms of sinuous linearity with ideal reliefs and symbols, is notable as the first expression of a form of American art nouveau.\" The original bluestone base, likely carved by Saint-Gaudens or his brother Louis, weathered badly and was replaced by the current granite base as a Works Project Administration project during the 1930s. The earlier base was moved to Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park in Cornish, New Hampshire.", "Study A bronze bust that is a study for the sculpture is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 310-words sample section for Study on this title Statue of David Farragut (New York City).	gen_section	Study	Statue of David Farragut (New York City)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue of David Farragut (New York City)	{"Introduction": "Admiral David Glasgow Farragut, also known as the Admiral Farragut Monument, is an outdoor bronze statue of David Farragut by Augustus SaintGaudens on a stone sculptural exedra designed by the architect Stanford White, installed in Manhattan's Madison Square, in the U. S. state of New York.", "Description and history": "The statue, cast in 1880 and dedicated on May 25, 1881, is set on a Coopersburg, Pennsylvania black granite pedestal. The work depicts Farragut, the noted United States Navy admiral of the Civil War, standing in naval uniform with binoculars and sword; the statue rests upon a plinth and then a pedestal, surrounded by a semicircular, winged exedra, which features a basrelief figure of a seated female on either side. The Farragut statue was SaintGaudens's first major work and as a result certain rumors and allegations arose. Sculptor Truman Bartlett found the work \"better than anyone who knew him expected\" and so began a \"campaign to slur and slang him, \" suggesting that the statue had in fact been made by sculptors in Paris. The statue was cast in Paris by Adolphe Gruet. The inscription on the base was composed by Stanford White's father, Richard Grant White. John Dryfhout wrote of the inscriptions and the base that the \"intermingling of natural forms of sinuous linearity with ideal reliefs and symbols, is notable as the first expression of a form of American art nouveau. \" The original bluestone base, likely carved by SaintGaudens or his brother Louis, weathered badly and was replaced by the current granite base as a Works Project Administration project during the 1930s. The earlier base was moved to SaintGaudens National Historical Park in Cornish, New Hampshire.", "Study": "A bronze bust that is a study for the sculpture is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art."}
Carl Lindbergh Bernard Rogers, commonly known as C. L. B. Rogers, (1928 – 25 July 1996) was a Hounduran-born Belizean politician. Electoral history Rogers was a founding member of the National Independence Party in 1958, winning a seat on the Belize City Council under its banner in December of that year. A member of the People's United Party after 1961, Rogers was first elected to the British Honduras Legislative Assembly (now the Belize House of Representatives) in 1961 from Belize City-based Mesopotamia constituency. A close political ally of PUP leader and Premier George Cadle Price, Rogers served as Minister of Home Affairs and Deputy Premier. He was defeated for re-election in 1979 by the United Democratic Party's Curl Thompson. After leaving office Rogers served as the Belizean ambassador to the United Nations.	null	[ "Carl Lindbergh Bernard Rogers, commonly known as C. L. B. Rogers, (1928 – 25 July 1996) was a Hounduran-born Belizean politician. Electoral history Rogers was a founding member of the National Independence Party in 1958, winning a seat on the Belize City Council under its banner in December of that year. A member of the People's United Party after 1961, Rogers was first elected to the British Honduras Legislative Assembly (now the Belize House of Representatives) in 1961 from Belize City-based Mesopotamia constituency. A close political ally of PUP leader and Premier George Cadle Price, Rogers served as Minister of Home Affairs and Deputy Premier. He was defeated for re-election in 1979 by the United Democratic Party's Curl Thompson. After leaving office Rogers served as the Belizean ambassador to the United Nations." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'C. L. B. Rogers' to be more childish in tone: Carl Lindbergh Bernard Rogers, commonly known as C. L. B. Rogers, (1928 – 25 July 1996) was a Hounduran-born Belizean politician. Electoral history Rogers was a founding member of the National Independence Party in 1958, winning a seat on the Belize City Council under its banner in December of that year. A member of the People's United Party after 1961, Rogers was first elected to the British Honduras Legislative Assembly (now the Belize House of Representatives) in 1961 from Belize City-based Mesopotamia constituency. A close political ally of PUP leader and Premier George Cadle Price, Rogers served as Minister of Home Affairs and Deputy Premier. He was defeated for re-election in 1979 by the United Democratic Party's Curl Thompson. After leaving office Rogers served as the Belizean ambassador to the United Nations.	enhance	0	C. L. B. Rogers	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C. L. B. Rogers	{"Introduction": "Carl Lindbergh Bernard Rogers, commonly known as C. L. B. Rogers, (1928 \u00e2 25 July 1996) was a Hounduranborn Belizean politician.", "Electoral history": "Rogers was a founding member of the National Independence Party in 1958, winning a seat on the Belize City Council under its banner in December of that year. A member of the People's United Party after 1961, Rogers was first elected to the British Honduras Legislative Assembly (now the Belize House of Representatives) in 1961 from Belize Citybased Mesopotamia constituency. A close political ally of PUP leader and Premier George Cadle Price, Rogers served as Minister of Home Affairs and Deputy Premier. He was defeated for reelection in 1979 by the United Democratic Party's Curl Thompson. After leaving office Rogers served as the Belizean ambassador to the United Nations."}
The Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC) is a statutory government organization operating under the Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). Its headquarters are situated in Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was initially known as the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983 and transformed into the Bangladesh Computer Council through Act No. 9 of the National Parliament in 1990. Since its inception, the BCC has been an important advocate for the country's technological development, specifically in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In collaboration with government organizations in Bangladesh, this organization is responsible for developing national ICT plans, strategies, and policies, empowering Digital Bangladesh, implementing e-government, and collaborating with various government organizations and private sector partners. They also set ICT standards and specifications, develop ICT infrastructure, provide advice on IT technology utilization and security measures, identify issues related to national cyber security and cybercrimes, and investigate, remediate, prevent, and suppress these issues. The BCC has undertaken numerous projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure, such as BanglaGovNet, Info-Sarker Phases II and III, Connected Bangladesh, and others, many of which have already been completed. It has also significantly contributed to human resource development by providing training to thousands of individuals, including the disabled, transgender and third-gender communities, and women entrepreneurs. The BCC has been organizing various competitions and events to promote information technology education in the country, including the National Children and Youth Programming Contest, the International Blockchain Olympiad, and the International Collegiate Programming Contest. These events provide opportunities for people of all ages and backgrounds to showcase their skills and passion for this field, advance the country's startup ecosystem, and increase computer programming's popularity among the younger generation. In 2022, the BCC organized the 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Final in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The organization has received several awards and recognitions for its achievements in promoting ICT in Bangladesh, such as the WITSA award, WSIS Winner Prize, ASOCIO Digital Government Award, Open Group President Award, Public Administration Award 2017, etc. History The Government of Bangladesh established the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983. Nevertheless, the National Computer Board (NCB) took over the role of the NCC in 1988. In 1989, the "Bangladesh Computer Council Ordinance" was put into effect. The following year, the National Parliament enacted Act No. 9, "Bangladesh Computer Council Act, 1990", which transformed the National Computer Board into a statutory body under the name "Bangladesh Computer Council". BCC continued to function under the President's Secretariat until 1991. In 1991, this organization was placed under the Ministry of Science and Technology, which later became the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology. Over the years, the BCC has evolved and expanded its scope of activities to meet the growing demands of the ICT sector. In 2011, the BCC was placed under the newly created Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). Objectives The Bangladesh Computer Council operates with the following objectives to advance ICT in Bangladesh: Setting and implementing national information technology policies, strategies, and plans for effective application and expansion of ICT in the country Empower Digital Bangladesh. Implement e-government. Collaborate with the different government agencies and private sector partners to execute National ICT Plans. Foster research and development in ICT. Develop skilled human resources for IT-based industries. Responsibilities The key responsibilities of the Bangladesh Computer Council include: Encouraging the use of ICT for social and economic development Developing the practical infrastructure for the use of computers in various sectors of the national economy and improving the quality of education, training, and professional standards related to computers Helping Bangladeshi citizens become competitive in the field of information technology Developing human resources and skills in computer technology and exporting these resources to the global market Formulating and implementing national ICT strategies and policies Cooperating with the government and other organizations in the use of ICT and providing them with advice Promoting the use of ICT in government and other organizations Providing advice on security measures for the use of ICT Building training centers, libraries, and laboratories for computer science, providing the necessary equipment, and maintaining them Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on ICT Publishing reports, projects, and periodicals on computer science and ICT Organizing discussions and workshops on computer science, ICT, and other related topics and conducting training on these topics Providing grants for research, education, and training in ICT Communicating and cooperating with all relevant government, private, domestic, and foreign organizations in the interest of achieving national goals in the field of ICT Negotiating and signing contracts with domestic and foreign organizations with the prior approval of the government as necessary for the performance of the BCC's functions Carrying out any special duties assigned by the government related to computer science Defining the standards and specifications of computer science and ICT Taking any necessary steps to perform the above-mentioned functions These responsibilities encompass a wide range of initiatives and projects aimed at contributing to the development of the ICT sector in Bangladesh. Organizational Structure The BCC has a robust organizational structure that allows it to handle its wide range of responsibilities and initiatives efficiently. The Executive Director is the highest-ranking official and is responsible for overseeing all operations of this organization. Under the Executive Director, there are three primary Divisions, each headed by a Member, and each of these divisions further consists of several subdivisions, each overseen by a Director. The Technical Division handles technical matters such as data center operations, Certifying Authority activities, Object Identifier (OID) operations, and government-level ICT support services. The Policy, Strategy, and Development Division is responsible for formulating and overseeing information technology policies, strategies, and development efforts. The Capacity Development and Human Resources Division is in charge of capacity building and human resource functions for the ICT sector. Regional Offices BCC has established seven regional offices in different parts of the country, which collaborate with local governments and non-governmental organizations to develop and implement national information and technology policies, strategies, and plans. These offices also assist in the implementation of e-government initiatives at the local level. Furthermore, They provide ICT training, develop ICT curricula, and support human development by hosting workshops, seminars, and online practice and e-learning activities in their respective regions with the collaboration of the local ICT industry. Regional offices of this organization: Rajshahi office Chattogram office Khulna office Sylhet office Barishal office Faridpur office and Rangpur office. BCC's Council Committee The BCC's Council Committee is a group of 12 individuals from various government departments. The council is in charge of supervising and directing the council's operations. According to the information available, the members of the Council Committee are as follows: Chairperson: The Honorable State Minister of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology Vice-Chairperson: Secretary of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology Member Secretary: Executive Director of Bangladesh Computer Council Members: There are 7 members in the BCC's Council Committee. Activities & Services CA Operation and Security BCC's CA Operations and Security serves as the sole official Certifying Authority of the Government of Bangladesh. Its duties entail overseeing CA operations, enforcing regulations, and managing Electronic Signatures and a secure repository of electronic signature certificates. This guarantees a reliable infrastructure for secure electronic transactions and communications in Bangladesh while providing secure digital certificates, web-based SSL certificates, PKI tools, and e-signatures to government organizations. Network Operations Center The National Network Operation Center (NOC) was formed in 2014 to operate and maintain the e-government Network. It focuses on network security, planning, research and development, operation, upgrade, and maintenance of nationwide government networks. NOC provides internet, intranet, extranet, and government video conference networks for the Honorable President, Honorable Prime Minister, Ministries, Bangladesh Secretariat, and field administration. NOC provides consultation with other government organizations in preparing network standards and specifications. Currently, it is providing network operation and maintenance services in 18,834 government offices up to the upazila level. It also monitors the network connectivity of 2600 unions under the national priority project named ‘Info Sarker-3’. Data center BCC operates a Tier III-certified National Data Center in Bangladesh that offers a comprehensive range of services to government organizations. This data center provides secure and reliable cloud services and the storage and management of digital data for various government agencies and organizations in the country. The National Data Center offers a range of Cloud computing services, including Elastic Cloud Server (ECS), Image Management Services (IMS), Elastic Volume Service (EVS) for Cloud Storage, Volume Backup Service (VBS), and Cloud Server Backup Service (CSBS) for Cloud Backup. In addition, it provides Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Elastic IP (EIP), Elastic Load Balancer (ELB), and Virtual Firewall (VFW) for Cloud Network Services. Other services offered are virtual Private Servers, Load Balancing, Email Service, Web Hosting, Backup, and Colocation Services. A dedicated security team is in place to monitor and handle any security incidents that may arise. Software and Hardware Quality Testing and Certification (SHQTC) This SHQTC facilitates the testing (functional, performance, and security) of all software, applications, and mobile apps developed and procured by the government entity for e-government service delivery. It also conducts hardware testing, ensures quality assurance, and coordinates software certification. Research and development BCC is dedicated to conducting research and development work on emerging technologies in the field of information technology. This includes the development of cutting-edge applications and the proper usage and application of the Bengali language in IT. This organization is dedicated to providing its clients and partners with innovative and research-derived solutions to various problems using cutting-edge technology. It formulates appropriate standards for implementing e-governance and software and hardware for capacity development, and it works on interoperability. It establishes and manages appropriate centers or systems to develop the innovative power of potential ICT graduates. It works on the development of IT personnel according to domestic and international markets and the commercialization of ICT. Policy, strategy, and planning BCC assists the Government of Bangladesh in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. This organization coordinates with government institutions, conducts studies and surveys, and develops management information systems to address national needs. ICT-related consultancy services BCC provides ICT-related consultancy services to government and public organizations. These services include requirements analysis for hardware and software, technical specification preparation, requirement analysis for automation, tender document preparation, and tender evaluation for government organizations with e-government empowerment initiatives. Additionally, they provide on-demand websites and software development. Furthermore, BCC offers ICT professional recruitment assistance. Condemnation service BCC provides a crucial condemnation service for computers and related equipment, ensuring proper identification and removal of outdated, obsolete, or non-functional hardware for all government offices in Bangladesh. This service encourages responsible electronic waste disposal and the adoption of advanced technologies. Object identifiers BCC is the country Registration Authority (RA) for Object identifiers (OIDs). They received approval from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on July 30, 2012, to function as the country's RA. As the RA, this organization is responsible for allocating and managing OIDs within the country's OID allocation structure, which starts with country OID 2.16.50. The BCC oversees OID registration, ensures compliance, approves OIDs for the global repository, collaborates with ITU-T, defines valid objects, and assists OID users. As the country's RA, this organization facilitates a secure PKI and other IT initiatives. BGD e-GOV CIRT The Bangladesh e-government Computer Incident Response Team, also known as the National Computer Emergency Response Team of Bangladesh, is responsible for preventing and responding to cyber security threats within the country. They work closely with international partners to ensure the safety of Bangladesh's cyberspace. Their duties include receiving reviews, responding to computer security incidents, conducting research and development, and providing guidance on security threats and vulnerabilities. Additionally, they assist government organizations, financial organizations, law enforcement agencies, academia, and civil society in improving overall cyber security. They also provide the necessary support to the 'Digital Security Agency'. BGD e-GOV CIRT offers a range of essential services, including incident handling, digital forensics, cyber security training, threat intelligence, IT audits, cyber sensors, risk assessment, and awareness building. These services help organizations identify and respond to security incidents, evaluate potential security gaps, and build awareness about the importance of cyber security. Bangladesh National Digital Architecture The Government of Bangladesh has developed a National Enterprise architecture framework called the Bangladesh National Digital Architecture Framework based on leading standards, practices, and frameworks like Open Group's TOGAF 9. This framework has been customized to meet the specific requirements and strategic objectives of the country. It consists of various key components that aim to establish the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture Framework. Such a component is the eGovernment Interoperability Framework, which ensures seamless integration and communication across different government departments and agencies. The Mobile Service Delivery Platform defines the architecture and standards for efficient mobile service delivery. The National e-Service Bus acts as a middleware application or platform, facilitating the integration of e-services. Training and development BCC offers various training courses and programs, as well as job fairs, workshops, seminars, and programming competitions nationwide. They also provide specialized training and events for disadvantaged communities, including the disabled and third-gender communities. Women entrepreneurs can also access various training opportunities. Bangladesh Korea Institute of Information and Communication Technology (BKIICT) To satisfy the rising demand in both the national and international job markets, BCC maintains an ICT training institute called BKIICT that provides a variety of ICT-related programs, including standard certification courses, diplomas, and post-graduate diplomas. The institute also provides customized courses for government officials to improve their ICT skills and efficiency. Besides, BKIICT conducts aptitude tests for ICT candidates applying for jobs in various government departments and organizations on behalf of those institutions. They also conduct computer proficiency tests and provide lab rental services according to government requirements. Information-Technology Engineers Examination in Bangladesh BCC's Bangladesh ICT-Engineers Examination Center, known as BD ITech, is responsible for the annual administration of the Information Technology Engineers Examination (ITEE) in Bangladesh. The ITEE is an internationally recognized information technology examination developed by Japan's Information Technology Promotion Agency (IPA). This exam applies to both IT and non-IT professionals and graduates, and their knowledge and skills in this field can get international recognition. Since 2013, BD-iTech has been entrusted by the Japanese government to conduct, implement, and certify ITEE exams in Bangladesh. Projects BCC is conducting various national-level projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure. Some such projects are: Contributions Human Resource Development The BCC has made significant contributions to ICT human resource development. The BCC and its various projects have trained over 2,36,000 individuals, including 187,200 males and 46,800 females, in various ICT skills until April 3, 2023. Notably, from 2010 to 2022, BKIICT and 7 regional centers trained 36,000 individuals in diploma/PGD and short-term courses, preparing them for global employment opportunities. BCC has also empowered teachers and students, with 7,890 teachers trained as master trainers and 112,189 students receiving Basic ICT training. The council has provided training in emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of things (IoT), Blockchain, Robotics, Big Data, Medical Scribe, and Cyber Security to government employees, educational institution teachers, entrepreneurs, and IT professionals. BCC has partnered with esteemed organizations such as Coursera, Facebook, and the National University of Singapore to enrich the training landscape in the country. Moreover, this organization has set up an assessment and certification platform to foster skilled manpower development and further fuel the growth of the IT industry in Bangladesh. Infrastructure Development The Bangladesh Computer Council has been actively involved in the development of ICT infrastructure in Bangladesh to realize the Digital Bangladesh vision. Their projects have been instrumental in the implementation of Digital Bangladesh. One of their most significant contributions is the expansion of the ICT Tower (formally known as the BCC Tower) to accommodate various important institutions related to ICT. The building has been transformed into a "Center of Excellence" for all ICT-related government work. The organization established Union Information and Service Centers (UISCs) through solar power in various unions without electricity, which were later renamed Union Digital Centers (UDCs). They have also established Digital Centers like UISC at various offices in different upazilas across the country. This organization has set up computer labs and smart classrooms in different educational institutions. They have also established cybercenters at various universities and colleges. Moreover, BCC has set up the National Data Center (Tier III), providing uninterrupted services to various government offices. The Disaster Recovery Center located in Jessore has been established, along with the 7th largest National Data Center (Tier-IV) Center in the world at Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City, Kaliakair, Gazpur. BCC has established a nationwide government network connectivity backbone under different projects, providing high-speed internet connections through optical fiber cable and the latest technology in video conferencing in several government offices across the country. Apart from this, the organization has set up Agricultural Information and Communication Centers and Telemedicine Centers. They have also established WiFi networks in the Bangladesh Secretariat and ICT Tower and Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity in the Bangladesh Police. At present, the process of providing connectivity to the unions in remote areas is underway under the Connected Bangladesh project. BCC has connected India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh by optical fiber cable to increase data exchange capacity. This organization has set up a 50-meter-high self-supported tower under the project entitled ‘Digital Island Moheskhali’ to introduce high-speed internet service. They have also set up an IP camera-based surveillance system to make Sylhet a "Safe City" under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project. BCC has an Idea Fab Lab, a Specialized Network Lab, a Software and Hardware Quality Testing Lab, a Digital Forensic Lab, a Cyber Range, and a Cyber Defense Training Center. These labs are facilitated with world-class, advanced devices and technology. In addition, this organization has deployed cyber-sensor technology on various critical information infrastructures. Standards development As information technology continues to advance, it is crucial to establish standards that can enhance the accessibility of the Bengali language in the field of information technology, ensuring its ease of use for everyone. The responsibility of promulgating these standards lies with the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), while the task of technical drafting and declaration is carried out by the BCC. The organization has already developed several standards and simultaneously modernized the existing ones. Bangladesh Standards are: Bangladesh Standard Specification for Bangla Coded Character Set for Information Interchange (Third Revision) (BDS 1520:2018): It defines the character encoding scheme for the Bangla script, facilitating information exchange and compatibility across various computer systems and applications in Bangladesh. This specification ensures seamless communication and data sharing, promotes the development of localized software and content in the Bengali language, and ultimately enhances accessibility and inclusivity for the Bengali-speaking population in the digital realm. Bangladesh Standard Specification for Computer Bangla Keyboard (First Revision) (BDS 1738:2018): This standard outlines the standardized requirements for keyboards specifically designed to input the Bengali script into computer systems. Introduced in 2018, this standard ensures uniformity and compatibility among computer Bengali keyboards, facilitating efficient and accurate typing of Bengali characters. BDS 1738 defines the layout, key arrangement, and functional characteristics of the keyboard, ensuring it meets the needs and preferences of Bangla language users in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Standard Codes for Information Interchange (BDS 1934:2018): To ensure compatibility and consistency in data exchange across various computer systems and applications within the country, there is a need for a national standard for ASCII-based Bengali character and symbol coding. The Bangladesh Computer Council has addressed this need by drafting the Bangladesh Standard Code for Information Interchange (BSCII). This code was created by reviewing popular Bengali language software based on ASCII in Bangladesh, and it includes a total of 210 Bengali letters, symbols, and compound letters. Its purpose is to define the character encoding system used for the interchange of information. Notable Events National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018 The BCC organized the 'National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018' to nurture the interest of children and adolescents in information technology education. Students from different schools across the nation participated in this competition, which concluded with an award ceremony at the BCC auditorium on . National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) 2020 On February 22, 2020, the National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) organized by the BCC was held at the Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Teams from different public and private universities took part in the event. National ICT Competition 2020 for Persons with Disabilities The BCC held the National ICT Competition for Youth with Disabilities on November 21, 2020, with different contestants from various regions. The competition was held at regional offices, including the head office in Dhaka. iDEATHON The BCC and South Korea organized the 'iDEATHON' contest to promote startup entrepreneurs in Bangladesh in 2020. The top 5 startups were awarded prestigious titles, and 10 entrepreneurs from the winning startups received a 6-month training program in South Korea, enhancing their expertise and capabilities. The competition aimed to advance the country's startup ecosystem. Bangabandhu Innovation Grant 2021 The iDEA project under the BCC organized the 'Bangabandhu Innovation Grant-2021' to encourage young entrepreneurs and startups in honor of the Golden Jubilee of Independence and Mujib Year. Startups and innovators from different countries, including Bangladesh, participated in the event. The winning startup is awarded a grant of USD 100,000. Sheikh Russel Day 2021 On the auspicious occasion of 'Sheikh Russell Day 2021,' the Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated a distribution program for 600 laptops to 600 disabled persons trained in ICT by the "Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) including NDD through ICT" project under the BCC. Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 The fourth Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 was organized in collaboration with the Information and Communication Technology Division, Dhaka University’s Department of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering, the Bangladesh Open Source Network, and the Bangladesh Computer Council. International Blockchain Olympiad 2021 The International Blockchain Olympiad (IBCOL) 2021, organized by the ICT Division of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Computer Council, Blockchain Olympiad Bangladesh, and Technohaven Company Limited, took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on October 8–10, 2021, coinciding with Bangladesh's Golden Jubilee of Independence. Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh actively participated in the Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities. The event, held online from South Korea, witnessed outstanding performances from four contestants representing Bangladesh, who were recognized with four prizes, including the esteemed Best Award (1st place). Artificial Intelligence for Bangla’ Competition 2021 The Artificial Intelligence for Bangla’ Competition 2021 aimed to encourage university students, researchers, and developers to explore the Bengali language and technology. The competition sparked enthusiasm and increased interest in working with Bengali language-related AI and information technology. National High School Programming Competition 2021 The National High School Programming Competition (NHSPC), organized by the BCC in 2021, encourages 6th–12th grade students in high schools, colleges, and madrasas to explore computer programming. The aim is to increase computer programming's popularity among young students. National Girls Programming Competition (NGPC) 2021 The 5th National Girls Programming Competition 2021 is jointly organized by the ICT Division, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Daffodil International University. Female students from various universities across the country participated in this competition. 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals The 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 6 to November 11, 2022. The event was organized in partnership with the ICT Division of Bangladesh, the ICPC Foundation, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the University of Asia Pacific. National High School Programming Contest 2022 To motivate the students more in ICT and programming and to help them test their programming skills at a national level, the ICT Division of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Computer Council are jointly organizing the National High School Programming Contest 2022 with the slogan ‘জানুক সবাই দেখাও তুমি’. Awards WITSA award The Innovation Design and Entrepreneurship Academy (iDEA) Project of the BCC was runner-up in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) category of the 2020 WITSA Global ICT Excellence Awards. WSIS Winner Prize 2020 In 2020, the e-recruitment platform of BCC received this award under the e-Employment category at the 9th annual WSIS Winner Prizes for Recruitment Process Management as a Shared Service for Government Agencies of Bangladesh. WSIS Winner Prizes 2019 In 2019, BCC won the WSIS Winner Prizes for the Establishment of Bangladesh National Digital Architecture (BNDA) and e-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). WSIS Champion Prize 2019 In 2019, BCC received the WSIS Champion Prize for the Development of National ICT Infra-Network for Bangladesh Government (Info-Sarker) Project. ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award The Info-Sarker Phase 3 project of the BCC has been recognized with the esteemed ICT sector award ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award by the Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO). E-Asia 2017 Award During the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Summit 2017, the BCC's Info-Sarker Phase 3 initiative also won the E-Asia 2017 Award. DCD APAC Award 2019 The 4-Tier National Data Center (4TDC) Project of the BCC was awarded the DCD APAC Award 2019 in the Data Center Construction Category. Open Group President Awards 2018 The Bangladesh Computer Council received the 'Open Group President Awards 2018' in the category of innovation for their work in developing the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture (BNEA) and e-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). This achievement was recognized for its contribution to making government information and services interoperable, ultimately supporting the goal of establishing a "Digital Bangladesh" by the year 2021. Open Group President Awards 2019 The Bangladesh Computer Council has been awarded "The Open Group President's Award" in the category of "Architecture Enabled Government Transformation" for the e-recruitment system in 2019. Public Administration Award 2017 The Hon'ble Prime Minister presented the Public Administration Award 2017 to the Bangladesh Computer Council in recognition of their significant contribution to public service.	null	[ "The Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC) is a statutory government organization operating under the Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). Its headquarters are situated in Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was initially known as the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983 and transformed into the Bangladesh Computer Council through Act No. 9 of the National Parliament in 1990. Since its inception, the BCC has been an important advocate for the country's technological development, specifically in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In collaboration with government organizations in Bangladesh, this organization is responsible for developing national ICT plans, strategies, and policies, empowering Digital Bangladesh, implementing e-government, and collaborating with various government organizations and private sector partners. They also set ICT standards and specifications, develop ICT infrastructure, provide advice on IT technology utilization and security measures, identify issues related to national cyber security and cybercrimes, and investigate, remediate, prevent, and suppress these issues.", "The BCC has undertaken numerous projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure, such as BanglaGovNet, Info-Sarker Phases II and III, Connected Bangladesh, and others, many of which have already been completed. It has also significantly contributed to human resource development by providing training to thousands of individuals, including the disabled, transgender and third-gender communities, and women entrepreneurs. The BCC has been organizing various competitions and events to promote information technology education in the country, including the National Children and Youth Programming Contest, the International Blockchain Olympiad, and the International Collegiate Programming Contest. These events provide opportunities for people of all ages and backgrounds to showcase their skills and passion for this field, advance the country's startup ecosystem, and increase computer programming's popularity among the younger generation. In 2022, the BCC organized the 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Final in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The organization has received several awards and recognitions for its achievements in promoting ICT in Bangladesh, such as the WITSA award, WSIS Winner Prize, ASOCIO Digital Government Award, Open Group President Award, Public Administration Award 2017, etc.", "History The Government of Bangladesh established the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983. Nevertheless, the National Computer Board (NCB) took over the role of the NCC in 1988. In 1989, the \"Bangladesh Computer Council Ordinance\" was put into effect. The following year, the National Parliament enacted Act No. 9, \"Bangladesh Computer Council Act, 1990\", which transformed the National Computer Board into a statutory body under the name \"Bangladesh Computer Council\". BCC continued to function under the President's Secretariat until 1991. In 1991, this organization was placed under the Ministry of Science and Technology, which later became the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology.", "Over the years, the BCC has evolved and expanded its scope of activities to meet the growing demands of the ICT sector. In 2011, the BCC was placed under the newly created Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). Objectives The Bangladesh Computer Council operates with the following objectives to advance ICT in Bangladesh: Setting and implementing national information technology policies, strategies, and plans for effective application and expansion of ICT in the country Empower Digital Bangladesh. Implement e-government. Collaborate with the different government agencies and private sector partners to execute National ICT Plans. Foster research and development in ICT. Develop skilled human resources for IT-based industries.", "Responsibilities The key responsibilities of the Bangladesh Computer Council include: Encouraging the use of ICT for social and economic development Developing the practical infrastructure for the use of computers in various sectors of the national economy and improving the quality of education, training, and professional standards related to computers Helping Bangladeshi citizens become competitive in the field of information technology Developing human resources and skills in computer technology and exporting these resources to the global market Formulating and implementing national ICT strategies and policies Cooperating with the government and other organizations in the use of ICT and providing them with advice Promoting the use of ICT in government and other organizations Providing advice on security measures for the use of ICT Building training centers, libraries, and laboratories for computer science, providing the necessary equipment, and maintaining them Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on ICT Publishing reports, projects, and periodicals on computer science and ICT Organizing discussions and workshops on computer science, ICT, and other related topics and conducting training on these topics Providing grants for research, education, and training in ICT Communicating and cooperating with all relevant government, private, domestic, and foreign organizations in the interest of achieving national goals in the field of ICT Negotiating and signing contracts with domestic and foreign organizations with the prior approval of the government as necessary for the performance of the BCC's functions Carrying out any special duties assigned by the government related to computer science Defining the standards and specifications of computer science and ICT Taking any necessary steps to perform the above-mentioned functions", "These responsibilities encompass a wide range of initiatives and projects aimed at contributing to the development of the ICT sector in Bangladesh. Organizational Structure The BCC has a robust organizational structure that allows it to handle its wide range of responsibilities and initiatives efficiently. The Executive Director is the highest-ranking official and is responsible for overseeing all operations of this organization. Under the Executive Director, there are three primary Divisions, each headed by a Member, and each of these divisions further consists of several subdivisions, each overseen by a Director. The Technical Division handles technical matters such as data center operations, Certifying Authority activities, Object Identifier (OID) operations, and government-level ICT support services. The Policy, Strategy, and Development Division is responsible for formulating and overseeing information technology policies, strategies, and development efforts. The Capacity Development and Human Resources Division is in charge of capacity building and human resource functions for the ICT sector. Regional Offices BCC has established seven regional offices in different parts of the country, which collaborate with local governments and non-governmental organizations to develop and implement national information and technology policies, strategies, and plans. These offices also assist in the implementation of e-government initiatives at the local level. Furthermore, They provide ICT training, develop ICT curricula, and support human development by hosting workshops, seminars, and online practice and e-learning activities in their respective regions with the collaboration of the local ICT industry. Regional offices of this organization:", "Rajshahi office Chattogram office Khulna office Sylhet office Barishal office Faridpur office and Rangpur office. BCC's Council Committee The BCC's Council Committee is a group of 12 individuals from various government departments. The council is in charge of supervising and directing the council's operations. According to the information available, the members of the Council Committee are as follows: Chairperson: The Honorable State Minister of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology Vice-Chairperson: Secretary of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology Member Secretary: Executive Director of Bangladesh Computer Council Members: There are 7 members in the BCC's Council Committee. Activities & Services CA Operation and Security BCC's CA Operations and Security serves as the sole official Certifying Authority of the Government of Bangladesh. Its duties entail overseeing CA operations, enforcing regulations, and managing Electronic Signatures and a secure repository of electronic signature certificates. This guarantees a reliable infrastructure for secure electronic transactions and communications in Bangladesh while providing secure digital certificates, web-based SSL certificates, PKI tools, and e-signatures to government organizations.", "Network Operations Center The National Network Operation Center (NOC) was formed in 2014 to operate and maintain the e-government Network. It focuses on network security, planning, research and development, operation, upgrade, and maintenance of nationwide government networks. NOC provides internet, intranet, extranet, and government video conference networks for the Honorable President, Honorable Prime Minister, Ministries, Bangladesh Secretariat, and field administration. NOC provides consultation with other government organizations in preparing network standards and specifications. Currently, it is providing network operation and maintenance services in 18,834 government offices up to the upazila level. It also monitors the network connectivity of 2600 unions under the national priority project named ‘Info Sarker-3’. Data center BCC operates a Tier III-certified National Data Center in Bangladesh that offers a comprehensive range of services to government organizations. This data center provides secure and reliable cloud services and the storage and management of digital data for various government agencies and organizations in the country. The National Data Center offers a range of Cloud computing services, including Elastic Cloud Server (ECS), Image Management Services (IMS), Elastic Volume Service (EVS) for Cloud Storage, Volume Backup Service (VBS), and Cloud Server Backup Service (CSBS) for Cloud Backup. In addition, it provides Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Elastic IP (EIP), Elastic Load Balancer (ELB), and Virtual Firewall (VFW) for Cloud Network Services. Other services offered are virtual Private Servers, Load Balancing, Email Service, Web Hosting, Backup, and Colocation Services. A dedicated security team is in place to monitor and handle any security incidents that may arise.", "Software and Hardware Quality Testing and Certification (SHQTC) This SHQTC facilitates the testing (functional, performance, and security) of all software, applications, and mobile apps developed and procured by the government entity for e-government service delivery. It also conducts hardware testing, ensures quality assurance, and coordinates software certification. Research and development BCC is dedicated to conducting research and development work on emerging technologies in the field of information technology. This includes the development of cutting-edge applications and the proper usage and application of the Bengali language in IT. This organization is dedicated to providing its clients and partners with innovative and research-derived solutions to various problems using cutting-edge technology. It formulates appropriate standards for implementing e-governance and software and hardware for capacity development, and it works on interoperability. It establishes and manages appropriate centers or systems to develop the innovative power of potential ICT graduates. It works on the development of IT personnel according to domestic and international markets and the commercialization of ICT.", "Policy, strategy, and planning BCC assists the Government of Bangladesh in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. This organization coordinates with government institutions, conducts studies and surveys, and develops management information systems to address national needs. ICT-related consultancy services BCC provides ICT-related consultancy services to government and public organizations. These services include requirements analysis for hardware and software, technical specification preparation, requirement analysis for automation, tender document preparation, and tender evaluation for government organizations with e-government empowerment initiatives. Additionally, they provide on-demand websites and software development. Furthermore, BCC offers ICT professional recruitment assistance. Condemnation service BCC provides a crucial condemnation service for computers and related equipment, ensuring proper identification and removal of outdated, obsolete, or non-functional hardware for all government offices in Bangladesh. This service encourages responsible electronic waste disposal and the adoption of advanced technologies. Object identifiers BCC is the country Registration Authority (RA) for Object identifiers (OIDs). They received approval from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on July 30, 2012, to function as the country's RA. As the RA, this organization is responsible for allocating and managing OIDs within the country's OID allocation structure, which starts with country OID 2.16.50. The BCC oversees OID registration, ensures compliance, approves OIDs for the global repository, collaborates with ITU-T, defines valid objects, and assists OID users. As the country's RA, this organization facilitates a secure PKI and other IT initiatives. BGD e-GOV CIRT The Bangladesh e-government Computer Incident Response Team, also known as the National Computer Emergency Response Team of Bangladesh, is responsible for preventing and responding to cyber security threats within the country. They work closely with international partners to ensure the safety of Bangladesh's cyberspace. Their duties include receiving reviews, responding to computer security incidents, conducting research and development, and providing guidance on security threats and vulnerabilities. Additionally, they assist government organizations, financial organizations, law enforcement agencies, academia, and civil society in improving overall cyber security. They also provide the necessary support to the 'Digital Security Agency'.", "BGD e-GOV CIRT offers a range of essential services, including incident handling, digital forensics, cyber security training, threat intelligence, IT audits, cyber sensors, risk assessment, and awareness building. These services help organizations identify and respond to security incidents, evaluate potential security gaps, and build awareness about the importance of cyber security. Bangladesh National Digital Architecture The Government of Bangladesh has developed a National Enterprise architecture framework called the Bangladesh National Digital Architecture Framework based on leading standards, practices, and frameworks like Open Group's TOGAF 9. This framework has been customized to meet the specific requirements and strategic objectives of the country.", "It consists of various key components that aim to establish the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture Framework. Such a component is the eGovernment Interoperability Framework, which ensures seamless integration and communication across different government departments and agencies. The Mobile Service Delivery Platform defines the architecture and standards for efficient mobile service delivery. The National e-Service Bus acts as a middleware application or platform, facilitating the integration of e-services. Training and development BCC offers various training courses and programs, as well as job fairs, workshops, seminars, and programming competitions nationwide. They also provide specialized training and events for disadvantaged communities, including the disabled and third-gender communities. Women entrepreneurs can also access various training opportunities. Bangladesh Korea Institute of Information and Communication Technology (BKIICT) To satisfy the rising demand in both the national and international job markets, BCC maintains an ICT training institute called BKIICT that provides a variety of ICT-related programs, including standard certification courses, diplomas, and post-graduate diplomas. The institute also provides customized courses for government officials to improve their ICT skills and efficiency. Besides, BKIICT conducts aptitude tests for ICT candidates applying for jobs in various government departments and organizations on behalf of those institutions. They also conduct computer proficiency tests and provide lab rental services according to government requirements.", "Information-Technology Engineers Examination in Bangladesh BCC's Bangladesh ICT-Engineers Examination Center, known as BD ITech, is responsible for the annual administration of the Information Technology Engineers Examination (ITEE) in Bangladesh. The ITEE is an internationally recognized information technology examination developed by Japan's Information Technology Promotion Agency (IPA). This exam applies to both IT and non-IT professionals and graduates, and their knowledge and skills in this field can get international recognition. Since 2013, BD-iTech has been entrusted by the Japanese government to conduct, implement, and certify ITEE exams in Bangladesh. Projects BCC is conducting various national-level projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure. Some such projects are: Contributions Human Resource Development The BCC has made significant contributions to ICT human resource development. The BCC and its various projects have trained over 2,36,000 individuals, including 187,200 males and 46,800 females, in various ICT skills until April 3, 2023. Notably, from 2010 to 2022, BKIICT and 7 regional centers trained 36,000 individuals in diploma/PGD and short-term courses, preparing them for global employment opportunities. BCC has also empowered teachers and students, with 7,890 teachers trained as master trainers and 112,189 students receiving Basic ICT training.", "The council has provided training in emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of things (IoT), Blockchain, Robotics, Big Data, Medical Scribe, and Cyber Security to government employees, educational institution teachers, entrepreneurs, and IT professionals. BCC has partnered with esteemed organizations such as Coursera, Facebook, and the National University of Singapore to enrich the training landscape in the country. Moreover, this organization has set up an assessment and certification platform to foster skilled manpower development and further fuel the growth of the IT industry in Bangladesh. Infrastructure Development The Bangladesh Computer Council has been actively involved in the development of ICT infrastructure in Bangladesh to realize the Digital Bangladesh vision. Their projects have been instrumental in the implementation of Digital Bangladesh. One of their most significant contributions is the expansion of the ICT Tower (formally known as the BCC Tower) to accommodate various important institutions related to ICT. The building has been transformed into a \"Center of Excellence\" for all ICT-related government work.", "The organization established Union Information and Service Centers (UISCs) through solar power in various unions without electricity, which were later renamed Union Digital Centers (UDCs). They have also established Digital Centers like UISC at various offices in different upazilas across the country. This organization has set up computer labs and smart classrooms in different educational institutions. They have also established cybercenters at various universities and colleges. Moreover, BCC has set up the National Data Center (Tier III), providing uninterrupted services to various government offices. The Disaster Recovery Center located in Jessore has been established, along with the 7th largest National Data Center (Tier-IV) Center in the world at Bangabandhu Hi-Tech City, Kaliakair, Gazpur. BCC has established a nationwide government network connectivity backbone under different projects, providing high-speed internet connections through optical fiber cable and the latest technology in video conferencing in several government offices across the country. Apart from this, the organization has set up Agricultural Information and Communication Centers and Telemedicine Centers. They have also established WiFi networks in the Bangladesh Secretariat and ICT Tower and Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity in the Bangladesh Police. At present, the process of providing connectivity to the unions in remote areas is underway under the Connected Bangladesh project. BCC has connected India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh by optical fiber cable to increase data exchange capacity. This organization has set up a 50-meter-high self-supported tower under the project entitled ‘Digital Island Moheskhali’ to introduce high-speed internet service. They have also set up an IP camera-based surveillance system to make Sylhet a \"Safe City\" under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project.", "BCC has an Idea Fab Lab, a Specialized Network Lab, a Software and Hardware Quality Testing Lab, a Digital Forensic Lab, a Cyber Range, and a Cyber Defense Training Center. These labs are facilitated with world-class, advanced devices and technology. In addition, this organization has deployed cyber-sensor technology on various critical information infrastructures. Standards development As information technology continues to advance, it is crucial to establish standards that can enhance the accessibility of the Bengali language in the field of information technology, ensuring its ease of use for everyone. The responsibility of promulgating these standards lies with the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), while the task of technical drafting and declaration is carried out by the BCC. The organization has already developed several standards and simultaneously modernized the existing ones. Bangladesh Standards are: Bangladesh Standard Specification for Bangla Coded Character Set for Information Interchange (Third Revision) (BDS 1520:2018): It defines the character encoding scheme for the Bangla script, facilitating information exchange and compatibility across various computer systems and applications in Bangladesh. This specification ensures seamless communication and data sharing, promotes the development of localized software and content in the Bengali language, and ultimately enhances accessibility and inclusivity for the Bengali-speaking population in the digital realm. Bangladesh Standard Specification for Computer Bangla Keyboard (First Revision) (BDS 1738:2018): This standard outlines the standardized requirements for keyboards specifically designed to input the Bengali script into computer systems. Introduced in 2018, this standard ensures uniformity and compatibility among computer Bengali keyboards, facilitating efficient and accurate typing of Bengali characters. BDS 1738 defines the layout, key arrangement, and functional characteristics of the keyboard, ensuring it meets the needs and preferences of Bangla language users in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Standard Codes for Information Interchange (BDS 1934:2018): To ensure compatibility and consistency in data exchange across various computer systems and applications within the country, there is a need for a national standard for ASCII-based Bengali character and symbol coding. The Bangladesh Computer Council has addressed this need by drafting the Bangladesh Standard Code for Information Interchange (BSCII). This code was created by reviewing popular Bengali language software based on ASCII in Bangladesh, and it includes a total of 210 Bengali letters, symbols, and compound letters. Its purpose is to define the character encoding system used for the interchange of information.", "Notable Events National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018 The BCC organized the 'National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018' to nurture the interest of children and adolescents in information technology education. Students from different schools across the nation participated in this competition, which concluded with an award ceremony at the BCC auditorium on . National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) 2020 On February 22, 2020, the National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) organized by the BCC was held at the Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Teams from different public and private universities took part in the event. National ICT Competition 2020 for Persons with Disabilities The BCC held the National ICT Competition for Youth with Disabilities on November 21, 2020, with different contestants from various regions. The competition was held at regional offices, including the head office in Dhaka.", "iDEATHON The BCC and South Korea organized the 'iDEATHON' contest to promote startup entrepreneurs in Bangladesh in 2020. The top 5 startups were awarded prestigious titles, and 10 entrepreneurs from the winning startups received a 6-month training program in South Korea, enhancing their expertise and capabilities. The competition aimed to advance the country's startup ecosystem. Bangabandhu Innovation Grant 2021 The iDEA project under the BCC organized the 'Bangabandhu Innovation Grant-2021' to encourage young entrepreneurs and startups in honor of the Golden Jubilee of Independence and Mujib Year. Startups and innovators from different countries, including Bangladesh, participated in the event. The winning startup is awarded a grant of USD 100,000. Sheikh Russel Day 2021 On the auspicious occasion of 'Sheikh Russell Day 2021,' the Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated a distribution program for 600 laptops to 600 disabled persons trained in ICT by the \"Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) including NDD through ICT\" project under the BCC. Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 The fourth Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 was organized in collaboration with the Information and Communication Technology Division, Dhaka University’s Department of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering, the Bangladesh Open Source Network, and the Bangladesh Computer Council.", "International Blockchain Olympiad 2021 The International Blockchain Olympiad (IBCOL) 2021, organized by the ICT Division of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Computer Council, Blockchain Olympiad Bangladesh, and Technohaven Company Limited, took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on October 8–10, 2021, coinciding with Bangladesh's Golden Jubilee of Independence. Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities Despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh actively participated in the Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities. The event, held online from South Korea, witnessed outstanding performances from four contestants representing Bangladesh, who were recognized with four prizes, including the esteemed Best Award (1st place). Artificial Intelligence for Bangla’ Competition 2021 The Artificial Intelligence for Bangla’ Competition 2021 aimed to encourage university students, researchers, and developers to explore the Bengali language and technology. The competition sparked enthusiasm and increased interest in working with Bengali language-related AI and information technology. National High School Programming Competition 2021 The National High School Programming Competition (NHSPC), organized by the BCC in 2021, encourages 6th–12th grade students in high schools, colleges, and madrasas to explore computer programming. The aim is to increase computer programming's popularity among young students. National Girls Programming Competition (NGPC) 2021 The 5th National Girls Programming Competition 2021 is jointly organized by the ICT Division, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Daffodil International University. Female students from various universities across the country participated in this competition. 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals The 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 6 to November 11, 2022. The event was organized in partnership with the ICT Division of Bangladesh, the ICPC Foundation, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the University of Asia Pacific.", "National High School Programming Contest 2022 To motivate the students more in ICT and programming and to help them test their programming skills at a national level, the ICT Division of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Computer Council are jointly organizing the National High School Programming Contest 2022 with the slogan ‘জানুক সবাই দেখাও তুমি’. Awards WITSA award The Innovation Design and Entrepreneurship Academy (iDEA) Project of the BCC was runner-up in the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) category of the 2020 WITSA Global ICT Excellence Awards. WSIS Winner Prize 2020 In 2020, the e-recruitment platform of BCC received this award under the e-Employment category at the 9th annual WSIS Winner Prizes for Recruitment Process Management as a Shared Service for Government Agencies of Bangladesh.", "WSIS Winner Prizes 2019 In 2019, BCC won the WSIS Winner Prizes for the Establishment of Bangladesh National Digital Architecture (BNDA) and e-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). WSIS Champion Prize 2019 In 2019, BCC received the WSIS Champion Prize for the Development of National ICT Infra-Network for Bangladesh Government (Info-Sarker) Project. ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award The Info-Sarker Phase 3 project of the BCC has been recognized with the esteemed ICT sector award ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award by the Asian-Oceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO). E-Asia 2017 Award During the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Summit 2017, the BCC's Info-Sarker Phase 3 initiative also won the E-Asia 2017 Award. DCD APAC Award 2019 The 4-Tier National Data Center (4TDC) Project of the BCC was awarded the DCD APAC Award 2019 in the Data Center Construction Category. Open Group President Awards 2018 The Bangladesh Computer Council received the 'Open Group President Awards 2018' in the category of innovation for their work in developing the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture (BNEA) and e-government Interoperability Framework (e-GIF). This achievement was recognized for its contribution to making government information and services interoperable, ultimately supporting the goal of establishing a \"Digital Bangladesh\" by the year 2021. Open Group President Awards 2019 The Bangladesh Computer Council has been awarded \"The Open Group President's Award\" in the category of \"Architecture Enabled Government Transformation\" for the e-recruitment system in 2019.", "Public Administration Award 2017 The Hon'ble Prime Minister presented the Public Administration Award 2017 to the Bangladesh Computer Council in recognition of their significant contribution to public service." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Bangladesh Computer Council' to be more casual in tone: BCC has an Idea Fab Lab, a Specialized Network Lab, a Software and Hardware Quality Testing Lab, a Digital Forensic Lab, a Cyber Range, and a Cyber Defense Training Center. These labs are facilitated with world-class, advanced devices and technology. In addition, this organization has deployed cyber-sensor technology on various critical information infrastructures. Standards development As information technology continues to advance, it is crucial to establish standards that can enhance the accessibility of the Bengali language in the field of information technology, ensuring its ease of use for everyone. The responsibility of promulgating these standards lies with the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), while the task of technical drafting and declaration is carried out by the BCC. The organization has already developed several standards and simultaneously modernized the existing ones. Bangladesh Standards are: Bangladesh Standard Specification for Bangla Coded Character Set for Information Interchange (Third Revision) (BDS 1520:2018): It defines the character encoding scheme for the Bangla script, facilitating information exchange and compatibility across various computer systems and applications in Bangladesh. This specification ensures seamless communication and data sharing, promotes the development of localized software and content in the Bengali language, and ultimately enhances accessibility and inclusivity for the Bengali-speaking population in the digital realm. Bangladesh Standard Specification for Computer Bangla Keyboard (First Revision) (BDS 1738:2018): This standard outlines the standardized requirements for keyboards specifically designed to input the Bengali script into computer systems. Introduced in 2018, this standard ensures uniformity and compatibility among computer Bengali keyboards, facilitating efficient and accurate typing of Bengali characters. BDS 1738 defines the layout, key arrangement, and functional characteristics of the keyboard, ensuring it meets the needs and preferences of Bangla language users in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Standard Codes for Information Interchange (BDS 1934:2018): To ensure compatibility and consistency in data exchange across various computer systems and applications within the country, there is a need for a national standard for ASCII-based Bengali character and symbol coding. The Bangladesh Computer Council has addressed this need by drafting the Bangladesh Standard Code for Information Interchange (BSCII). This code was created by reviewing popular Bengali language software based on ASCII in Bangladesh, and it includes a total of 210 Bengali letters, symbols, and compound letters. Its purpose is to define the character encoding system used for the interchange of information.	enhance	15	Bangladesh Computer Council	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh Computer Council	{"Introduction": "The Bangladesh Computer Council (BCC) is a statutory government organization operating under the Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). Its headquarters are situated in Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was initially known as the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983 and transformed into the Bangladesh Computer Council through Act No. 9 of the National Parliament in 1990. Since its inception, the BCC has been an important advocate for the country's technological development, specifically in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In collaboration with government organizations in Bangladesh, this organization is responsible for developing national ICT plans, strategies, and policies, empowering Digital Bangladesh, implementing egovernment, and collaborating with various government organizations and private sector partners. They also set ICT standards and specifications, develop ICT infrastructure, provide advice on IT technology utilization and security measures, identify issues related to national cyber security and cybercrimes, and investigate, remediate, prevent, and suppress these issues. The BCC has undertaken numerous projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure, such as BanglaGovNet, InfoSarker Phases II and III, Connected Bangladesh, and others, many of which have already been completed. It has also significantly contributed to human resource development by providing training to thousands of individuals, including the disabled, transgender and thirdgender communities, and women entrepreneurs. The BCC has been organizing various competitions and events to promote information technology education in the country, including the National Children and Youth Programming Contest, the International Blockchain Olympiad, and the International Collegiate Programming Contest. These events provide opportunities for people of all ages and backgrounds to showcase their skills and passion for this field, advance the country's startup ecosystem, and increase computer programming's popularity among the younger generation. In 2022, the BCC organized the 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Final in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The organization has received several awards and recognitions for its achievements in promoting ICT in Bangladesh, such as the WITSA award, WSIS Winner Prize, ASOCIO Digital Government Award, Open Group President Award, Public Administration Award 2017, etc.", "History": "The Government of Bangladesh established the National Computer Committee (NCC) in 1983. Nevertheless, the National Computer Board (NCB) took over the role of the NCC in 1988. In 1989, the \"Bangladesh Computer Council Ordinance\" was put into effect. The following year, the National Parliament enacted Act No. 9, \"Bangladesh Computer Council Act, 1990\", which transformed the National Computer Board into a statutory body under the name \"Bangladesh Computer Council\". BCC continued to function under the President's Secretariat until 1991. In 1991, this organization was placed under the Ministry of Science and Technology, which later became the Ministry of Science and Information and Communication Technology. Over the years, the BCC has evolved and expanded its scope of activities to meet the growing demands of the ICT sector. In 2011, the BCC was placed under the newly created Information and Communication Technology Division of the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB).", "Objectives": "The Bangladesh Computer Council operates with the following objectives to advance ICT in Bangladesh: Setting and implementing national information technology policies, strategies, and plans for effective application and expansion of ICT in the country Empower Digital Bangladesh. Implement egovernment. Collaborate with the different government agencies and private sector partners to execute National ICT Plans. Foster research and development in ICT. Develop skilled human resources for ITbased industries.", "Responsibilities": "The key responsibilities of the Bangladesh Computer Council include: Encouraging the use of ICT for social and economic development Developing the practical infrastructure for the use of computers in various sectors of the national economy and improving the quality of education, training, and professional standards related to computers Helping Bangladeshi citizens become competitive in the field of information technology Developing human resources and skills in computer technology and exporting these resources to the global market Formulating and implementing national ICT strategies and policies Cooperating with the government and other organizations in the use of ICT and providing them with advice Promoting the use of ICT in government and other organizations Providing advice on security measures for the use of ICT Building training centers, libraries, and laboratories for computer science, providing the necessary equipment, and maintaining them Collecting, analyzing, and disseminating information on ICT Publishing reports, projects, and periodicals on computer science and ICT Organizing discussions and workshops on computer science, ICT, and other related topics and conducting training on these topics Providing grants for research, education, and training in ICT Communicating and cooperating with all relevant government, private, domestic, and foreign organizations in the interest of achieving national goals in the field of ICT Negotiating and signing contracts with domestic and foreign organizations with the prior approval of the government as necessary for the performance of the BCC's functions Carrying out any special duties assigned by the government related to computer science Defining the standards and specifications of computer science and ICT Taking any necessary steps to perform the abovementioned functions These responsibilities encompass a wide range of initiatives and projects aimed at contributing to the development of the ICT sector in Bangladesh.", "Organizational Structure": "The BCC has a robust organizational structure that allows it to handle its wide range of responsibilities and initiatives efficiently. The Executive Director is the highestranking official and is responsible for overseeing all operations of this organization. Under the Executive Director, there are three primary Divisions, each headed by a Member, and each of these divisions further consists of several subdivisions, each overseen by a Director. The Technical Division handles technical matters such as data center operations, Certifying Authority activities, Object Identifier (OID) operations, and governmentlevel ICT support services. The Policy, Strategy, and Development Division is responsible for formulating and overseeing information technology policies, strategies, and development efforts. The Capacity Development and Human Resources Division is in charge of capacity building and human resource functions for the ICT sector.", "Regional Offices": "BCC has established seven regional offices in different parts of the country, which collaborate with local governments and nongovernmental organizations to develop and implement national information and technology policies, strategies, and plans. These offices also assist in the implementation of egovernment initiatives at the local level. Furthermore, They provide ICT training, develop ICT curricula, and support human development by hosting workshops, seminars, and online practice and elearning activities in their respective regions with the collaboration of the local ICT industry. Regional offices of this organization:", "Faridpur office and": "Rangpur office. BCC's Council Committee The BCC's Council Committee is a group of 12 individuals from various government departments. The council is in charge of supervising and directing the council's operations. According to the information available, the members of the Council Committee are as follows: Chairperson: The Honorable State Minister of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology ViceChairperson: Secretary of the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology Member Secretary: Executive Director of Bangladesh Computer Council Members: There are 7 members in the BCC's Council Committee. Activities Services CA Operation and Security BCC's CA Operations and Security serves as the sole official Certifying Authority of the Government of Bangladesh. Its duties entail overseeing CA operations, enforcing regulations, and managing Electronic Signatures and a secure repository of electronic signature certificates. This guarantees a reliable infrastructure for secure electronic transactions and communications in Bangladesh while providing secure digital certificates, webbased SSL certificates, PKI tools, and esignatures to government organizations.", "Network Operations Center": "The National Network Operation Center (NOC) was formed in 2014 to operate and maintain the egovernment Network. It focuses on network security, planning, research and development, operation, upgrade, and maintenance of nationwide government networks. NOC provides internet, intranet, extranet, and government video conference networks for the Honorable President, Honorable Prime Minister, Ministries, Bangladesh Secretariat, and field administration. NOC provides consultation with other government organizations in preparing network standards and specifications. Currently, it is providing network operation and maintenance services in 18, 834 government offices up to the upazila level. It also monitors the network connectivity of 2600 unions under the national priority project named \u00e2Info Sarker3\u00e2.", "Data center": "BCC operates a Tier IIIcertified National Data Center in Bangladesh that offers a comprehensive range of services to government organizations. This data center provides secure and reliable cloud services and the storage and management of digital data for various government agencies and organizations in the country. The National Data Center offers a range of Cloud computing services, including Elastic Cloud Server (ECS), Image Management Services (IMS), Elastic Volume Service (EVS) for Cloud Storage, Volume Backup Service (VBS), and Cloud Server Backup Service (CSBS) for Cloud Backup. In addition, it provides Virtual Private Cloud (VPC), Elastic IP (EIP), Elastic Load Balancer (ELB), and Virtual Firewall (VFW) for Cloud Network Services. Other services offered are virtual Private Servers, Load Balancing, Email Service, Web Hosting, Backup, and Colocation Services. A dedicated security team is in place to monitor and handle any security incidents that may arise. Software and Hardware Quality Testing and Certification (SHQTC) This SHQTC facilitates the testing (functional, performance, and security) of all software, applications, and mobile apps developed and procured by the government entity for egovernment service delivery. It also conducts hardware testing, ensures quality assurance, and coordinates software certification.", "Research and development": "BCC is dedicated to conducting research and development work on emerging technologies in the field of information technology. This includes the development of cuttingedge applications and the proper usage and application of the Bengali language in IT. This organization is dedicated to providing its clients and partners with innovative and researchderived solutions to various problems using cuttingedge technology. It formulates appropriate standards for implementing egovernance and software and hardware for capacity development, and it works on interoperability. It establishes and manages\u00c2 appropriate centers or systems to develop the innovative power of potential ICT graduates. It works on the development of IT personnel according to domestic and international markets and the commercialization of ICT. Policy, strategy, and planning BCC assists the Government of Bangladesh in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. This organization coordinates with government institutions, conducts studies and surveys, and develops management information systems to address national needs.", "ICTrelated consultancy services": "BCC provides ICTrelated consultancy services to government and public organizations. These services include requirements analysis for hardware and software, technical specification preparation, requirement analysis for automation, tender document preparation, and tender evaluation for government organizations with egovernment empowerment initiatives. Additionally, they provide ondemand websites and software development. Furthermore, BCC offers ICT professional recruitment assistance.", "Condemnation service": "BCC provides a crucial condemnation service for computers and related equipment, ensuring proper identification and removal of outdated, obsolete, or nonfunctional hardware for all government offices in Bangladesh. This service encourages responsible electronic waste disposal and the adoption of advanced technologies.", "Object identifiers": "BCC is the country Registration Authority (RA) for Object identifiers (OIDs). They received approval from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on July 30, 2012, to function as the country's RA. As the RA, this organization is responsible for allocating and managing OIDs within the country's OID allocation structure, which starts with country OID 2. 16. 50. The BCC oversees OID registration, ensures compliance, approves OIDs for the global repository, collaborates with ITUT, defines valid objects, and assists OID users. As the country's RA, this organization facilitates a secure PKI and other IT initiatives.", "BGD eGOV CIRT": "The Bangladesh egovernment Computer Incident Response Team, also known as the National Computer Emergency Response Team of Bangladesh, is responsible for preventing and responding to cyber security threats within the country. They work closely with international partners to ensure the safety of Bangladesh's cyberspace. Their duties include receiving reviews, responding to computer security incidents, conducting research and development, and providing guidance on security threats and vulnerabilities. Additionally, they assist government organizations, financial organizations, law enforcement agencies, academia, and civil society in improving overall cyber security. They also provide the necessary support to the 'Digital Security Agency'. BGD eGOV CIRT offers a range of essential services, including incident handling, digital forensics, cyber security training, threat intelligence, IT audits, cyber sensors, risk assessment, and awareness building. These services help organizations identify and respond to security incidents, evaluate potential security gaps, and build awareness about the importance of cyber security. Bangladesh National Digital Architecture The Government of Bangladesh has developed a National Enterprise architecture framework called the Bangladesh National Digital Architecture Framework based on leading standards, practices, and frameworks like Open Group's TOGAF 9. This framework has been customized to meet the specific requirements and strategic objectives of the country. It consists of various key components that aim to establish the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture Framework. Such a component is the eGovernment Interoperability Framework, which ensures seamless integration and communication across different government departments and agencies. The Mobile Service Delivery Platform defines the architecture and standards for efficient mobile service delivery. The National eService Bus acts as a middleware application or platform, facilitating the integration of eservices.", "Training and development": "BCC offers various training courses and programs, as well as job fairs, workshops, seminars, and programming competitions nationwide. They also provide specialized training and events for disadvantaged communities, including the disabled and thirdgender communities. Women entrepreneurs can also access various training opportunities. Bangladesh Korea Institute of Information and Communication Technology (BKIICT) To satisfy the rising demand in both the national and international job markets, BCC maintains an ICT training institute called BKIICT that provides a variety of ICTrelated programs, including standard certification courses, diplomas, and postgraduate diplomas. The institute also provides customized courses for government officials to improve their ICT skills and efficiency. Besides, BKIICT conducts aptitude tests for ICT candidates applying for jobs in various government departments and organizations on behalf of those institutions. They also conduct computer proficiency tests and provide lab rental services according to government requirements. InformationTechnology Engineers Examination in Bangladesh BCC's Bangladesh ICTEngineers Examination Center, known as BD ITech, is responsible for the annual administration of the Information Technology Engineers Examination (ITEE) in Bangladesh. The ITEE is an internationally recognized information technology examination developed by Japan's Information Technology Promotion Agency (IPA). This exam applies to both IT and nonIT professionals and graduates, and their knowledge and skills in this field can get international recognition. Since 2013, BDiTech has been entrusted by the Japanese government to conduct, implement, and certify ITEE exams in Bangladesh.", "Projects": "BCC is conducting various nationallevel projects to improve the country's ICT infrastructure. Some such projects are:", "Human Resource Development": "The BCC has made significant contributions to ICT human resource development. The BCC and its various projects have trained over 2, 36, 000 individuals, including 187, 200 males and 46, 800 females, in various ICT skills until April 3, 2023. Notably, from 2010 to 2022, BKIICT and 7 regional centers trained 36, 000 individuals in diploma/PGD and shortterm courses, preparing them for global employment opportunities. BCC has also empowered teachers and students, with 7, 890 teachers trained as master trainers and 112, 189 students receiving Basic ICT training. The council has provided training in emerging technologies like Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of things (IoT), Blockchain, Robotics, Big Data, Medical Scribe, and Cyber Security to government employees, educational institution teachers, entrepreneurs, and IT professionals. BCC has partnered with esteemed organizations such as Coursera, Facebook, and the National University of Singapore to enrich the training landscape in the country. Moreover, this organization has set up an assessment and certification platform to foster skilled manpower development and further fuel the growth of the IT industry in Bangladesh.", "Infrastructure Development": "The Bangladesh Computer Council has been actively involved in the development of ICT infrastructure in Bangladesh to realize the Digital Bangladesh vision. Their projects have been instrumental in the implementation of Digital Bangladesh. One of their most significant contributions is the expansion of the ICT Tower (formally known as the BCC Tower) to accommodate various important institutions related to ICT. The building has been transformed into a \"Center of Excellence\" for all ICTrelated government work. The organization established Union Information and Service Centers (UISCs) through solar power in various unions without electricity, which were later renamed Union Digital Centers (UDCs). They have also established Digital Centers like UISC at various offices in different upazilas across the country. This organization has set up computer labs and smart classrooms in different educational institutions. They have also established cybercenters at various universities and colleges. Moreover, BCC has set up the National Data Center (Tier III), providing uninterrupted services to various government offices. The Disaster Recovery Center located in Jessore has been established, along with the 7th largest National Data Center (TierIV) Center in the world at Bangabandhu HiTech City, Kaliakair, Gazpur. BCC has established a nationwide government network connectivity backbone under different projects, providing highspeed internet connections through optical fiber cable and the latest technology in video conferencing in several government offices across the country. Apart from this, the organization has set up Agricultural Information and Communication Centers and Telemedicine Centers. They have also established WiFi networks in the Bangladesh Secretariat and ICT Tower and Virtual Private Network (VPN) connectivity in the Bangladesh Police. At present, the process of providing connectivity to the unions in remote areas is underway under the Connected Bangladesh project. BCC has connected India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh by optical fiber cable to increase data exchange capacity. This organization has set up a 50meterhigh selfsupported tower under the project entitled \u00e2Digital Island Moheskhali\u00e2 to introduce highspeed internet service. They have also set up an IP camerabased surveillance system to make Sylhet a \"Safe City\" under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project. BCC has an Idea Fab Lab, a Specialized Network Lab, a Software and Hardware Quality Testing Lab, a Digital Forensic Lab, a Cyber Range, and a Cyber Defense Training Center. These labs are facilitated with worldclass, advanced devices and technology. In addition, this organization has deployed cybersensor technology on various critical information infrastructures.", "Standards development": "As information technology continues to advance, it is crucial to establish standards that can enhance the accessibility of the Bengali language in the field of information technology, ensuring its ease of use for everyone. The responsibility of promulgating these standards lies with the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), while the task of technical drafting and declaration is carried out by the BCC. The organization has already developed several standards and simultaneously modernized the existing ones. Bangladesh Standards are: Bangladesh Standard Specification for Bangla Coded Character Set for Information Interchange (Third Revision) (BDS 1520:2018): It defines the character encoding scheme for the Bangla script, facilitating information exchange and compatibility across various computer systems and applications in Bangladesh. This specification ensures seamless communication and data sharing, promotes the development of localized software and content in the Bengali language, and ultimately enhances accessibility and inclusivity for the Bengalispeaking population in the digital realm. Bangladesh Standard Specification for Computer Bangla Keyboard (First Revision) (BDS 1738:2018): This standard outlines the standardized requirements for keyboards specifically designed to input the Bengali script into computer systems. Introduced in 2018, this standard ensures uniformity and compatibility among computer Bengali keyboards, facilitating efficient and accurate typing of Bengali characters. BDS 1738 defines the layout, key arrangement, and functional characteristics of the keyboard, ensuring it meets the needs and preferences of Bangla language users in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Standard Codes for Information Interchange (BDS 1934:2018): To ensure compatibility and consistency in data exchange across various computer systems and applications within the country, there is a need for a national standard for ASCIIbased Bengali character and symbol coding. The Bangladesh Computer Council has addressed this need by drafting the Bangladesh Standard Code for Information Interchange (BSCII). This code was created by reviewing popular Bengali language software based on ASCII in Bangladesh, and it includes a total of 210 Bengali letters, symbols, and compound letters. Its purpose is to define the character encoding system used for the interchange of information.", "Notable Events": "National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018 The BCC organized the 'National Children and Youth Programming Contest 2018' to nurture the interest of children and adolescents in information technology education. Students from different schools across the nation participated in this competition, which concluded with an award ceremony at the BCC auditorium on. National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) 2020 On February 22, 2020, the National Collegiate Programming Competition (NCPC) organized by the BCC was held at the Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Teams from different public and private universities took part in the event. National ICT Competition 2020 for Persons with Disabilities The BCC held the National ICT Competition for Youth with Disabilities on November 21, 2020, with different contestants from various regions. The competition was held at regional offices, including the head office in Dhaka.", "iDEATHON": "The BCC and South Korea organized the 'iDEATHON' contest to promote startup entrepreneurs in Bangladesh in 2020. The top 5 startups were awarded prestigious titles, and 10 entrepreneurs from the winning startups received a 6month training program in South Korea, enhancing their expertise and capabilities. The competition aimed to advance the country's startup ecosystem. Bangabandhu Innovation Grant 2021 The iDEA project under the BCC organized the 'Bangabandhu Innovation Grant2021' to encourage young entrepreneurs and startups in honor of the Golden Jubilee of Independence and Mujib Year. Startups and innovators from different countries, including Bangladesh, participated in the event. The winning startup is awarded a grant of USD 100, 000. Sheikh Russel Day 2021 On the auspicious occasion of 'Sheikh Russell Day 2021, ' the Honorable Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated a distribution program for 600 laptops to 600 disabled persons trained in ICT by the \"Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (PWD) including NDD through ICT\" project under the BCC. Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 The fourth Bangladesh Robot Olympiad 2021 was organized in collaboration with the Information and Communication Technology Division, Dhaka University\u00e2s Department of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering, the Bangladesh Open Source Network, and the Bangladesh Computer Council. International Blockchain Olympiad 2021 The International Blockchain Olympiad (IBCOL) 2021, organized by the ICT Division of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Computer Council, Blockchain Olympiad Bangladesh, and Technohaven Company Limited, took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on October 8\u00e210, 2021, coinciding with Bangladesh's Golden Jubilee of Independence. Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities Despite the challenges posed by the COVID19 pandemic, Bangladesh actively participated in the Global IT Challenge 2021 for Youth with Disabilities. The event, held online from South Korea, witnessed outstanding performances from four contestants representing Bangladesh, who were recognized with four prizes, including the esteemed Best Award (1st place). Artificial Intelligence for Bangla\u00e2 Competition 2021 The Artificial Intelligence for Bangla\u00e2 Competition 2021 aimed to encourage university students, researchers, and developers to explore the Bengali language and technology. The competition sparked enthusiasm and increased interest in working with Bengali languagerelated AI and information technology. National High School Programming Competition 2021 The National High School Programming Competition (NHSPC), organized by the BCC in 2021, encourages 6th\u00e212th grade students in high schools, colleges, and madrasas to explore computer programming. The aim is to increase computer programming's popularity among young students. National Girls Programming Competition (NGPC) 2021 The 5th National Girls Programming Competition 2021 is jointly organized by the ICT Division, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Daffodil International University. Female students from various universities across the country participated in this competition. 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals The 45th Annual International Collegiate Programming Contest World Finals took place in Dhaka, Bangladesh, from November 6 to November 11, 2022. The event was organized in partnership with the ICT Division of Bangladesh, the ICPC Foundation, the Bangladesh Computer Council, and the University of Asia Pacific. National High School Programming Contest 2022 To motivate the students more in ICT and programming and to help them test their programming skills at a national level, the ICT Division of Bangladesh and Bangladesh Computer Council are jointly organizing the National High School Programming Contest 2022 with the slogan \u00e2\u00e0\u00e0\u00be\u00e0\u00e0\u00e0 \u00e0\u00e0\u00e0\u00be\u00e0 \u00e0\u00e0\u00e0\u00e0\u00be\u00e0 \u00e0\u00e0\u00e0\u00e0\u00e2.", "WITSA award": "The Innovation Design and Entrepreneurship Academy (iDEA) Project of the BCC was runnerup in the PublicPrivate Partnership (PPP) category of the 2020 WITSA Global ICT Excellence Awards. WSIS Winner Prize 2020 In 2020, the erecruitment platform of BCC received this award under the eEmployment category at the 9th annual WSIS Winner Prizes for Recruitment Process Management as a Shared Service for Government Agencies of Bangladesh. WSIS Winner Prizes 2019 In 2019, BCC won the WSIS Winner Prizes for the Establishment of Bangladesh National Digital Architecture (BNDA) and egovernment Interoperability Framework (eGIF). WSIS Champion Prize 2019 In 2019, BCC received the WSIS Champion Prize for the Development of National ICT InfraNetwork for Bangladesh Government (InfoSarker) Project. ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award The InfoSarker Phase 3 project of the BCC has been recognized with the esteemed ICT sector award ASOCIO 2018 Digital Government Award by the AsianOceanian Computing Industry Organization (ASOCIO).", "EAsia 2017 Award": "During the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business Summit 2017, the BCC's InfoSarker Phase 3 initiative also won the EAsia 2017 Award. DCD APAC Award 2019 The 4Tier National Data Center (4TDC) Project of the BCC was awarded the DCD APAC Award 2019 in the Data Center Construction Category. Open Group President Awards 2018 The Bangladesh Computer Council received the 'Open Group President Awards 2018' in the category of innovation for their work in developing the Bangladesh National Enterprise Architecture (BNEA) and egovernment Interoperability Framework (eGIF). This achievement was recognized for its contribution to making government information and services interoperable, ultimately supporting the goal of establishing a \"Digital Bangladesh\" by the year 2021. Open Group President Awards 2019 The Bangladesh Computer Council has been awarded \"The Open Group President's Award\" in the category of \"Architecture Enabled Government Transformation\" for the erecruitment system in 2019. Public Administration Award 2017 The Hon'ble Prime Minister presented the Public Administration Award 2017 to the Bangladesh Computer Council in recognition of their significant contribution to public service."}
The Telephone Pavilion, also known as the Bell Telephone Pavilion and formally named the Telephone Association of Canada Pavilion, was a part of Expo 67, an International World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1967 to mark the centenary of the Confederation of Canada. The pavilion was built to promote Canadian telephone companies and their services. The pavilion's feature attraction was Canada '67, a documentary film directed by Robert Barclay for Walt Disney Productions. The movie was presented in Circle-Vision 360° to audiences of 1,200–1,500 people every 30 minutes. AT&T Picturephone videophone demonstrations were also featured at the pavilion. The demonstration units were available in the pavilion for the public to test, with fair-goers permitted to make videophone calls to volunteer recipients in other cities. The Telephone Pavilion additionally featured an 'Enchanted Forest' for families to see the planned new communication services of the future. As part of the display, smartly dressed pavilion hostesses performed live stage demonstrations of new telecommunication technologies, including telephone banking.	null	[ "The Telephone Pavilion, also known as the Bell Telephone Pavilion and formally named the Telephone Association of Canada Pavilion, was a part of Expo 67, an International World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1967 to mark the centenary of the Confederation of Canada. The pavilion was built to promote Canadian telephone companies and their services. The pavilion's feature attraction was Canada '67, a documentary film directed by Robert Barclay for Walt Disney Productions. The movie was presented in Circle-Vision 360° to audiences of 1,200–1,500 people every 30 minutes. AT&T Picturephone videophone demonstrations were also featured at the pavilion. The demonstration units were available in the pavilion for the public to test, with fair-goers permitted to make videophone calls to volunteer recipients in other cities. The Telephone Pavilion additionally featured an 'Enchanted Forest' for families to see the planned new communication services of the future. As part of the display, smartly dressed pavilion hostesses performed live stage demonstrations of new telecommunication technologies, including telephone banking." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 380-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Telephone Pavilion (Expo 67). Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Telephone Pavilion (Expo 67)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone Pavilion (Expo 67)	{"Introduction": "The Telephone Pavilion, also known as the Bell Telephone Pavilion and formally named the Telephone Association of Canada Pavilion, was a part of Expo 67, an International World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1967 to mark the centenary of the Confederation of Canada. The pavilion was built to promote Canadian telephone companies and their services. The pavilion's feature attraction was Canada '67, a documentary film directed by Robert Barclay for Walt Disney Productions. The movie was presented in CircleVision 360\u00c2 to audiences of 1, 200\u00e21, 500 people every 30 minutes. ATT Picturephone videophone demonstrations were also featured at the pavilion. The demonstration units were available in the pavilion for the public to test, with fairgoers permitted to make videophone calls to volunteer recipients in other cities. The Telephone Pavilion additionally featured an 'Enchanted Forest' for families to see the planned new communication services of the future. As part of the display, smartly dressed pavilion hostesses performed live stage demonstrations of new telecommunication technologies, including telephone banking."}
George Ralph Charles Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech, (21 January 1855 – 8 May 1938), was a British soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament. Background and education Harlech was the son of William Richard Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech, and Lady Emily Charlotte Seymour, and was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Military career He served in the regular army as a lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards from 1875 to 1883. He later served in the Shropshire Yeomanry, becoming its commanding officer as lieutenant-colonel from 1902 to 1907, and was honorary colonel from 1908. He commanded the Welsh Guards at home during the First World War in 1915. He was chairman of the Salop Territorial Army Association. Political career He was elected to the House of Commons for Oswestry in a by-election in May 1901, a seat he held until 1904 when he succeeded his father as third Baron Harlech and entered the House of Lords. Crown appointments Lord Harlech was a justice of the peace for both County Leitrim and Shropshire and High Sheriff of Leitrim for 1885. He was appointed to be a deputy lieutenant of Merionethshire in 1896 and of Shropshire in 1897. Harlech also served as Lord Lieutenant of Leitrim from 1904 to 1922 and as Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire from 1927 to 1938, as well as Constable of Harlech Castle from 1927 until his death. Honours and decorations DL: Deputy lieutenant of Salop, and County Merioneth. TD: Recipient of the Territorial Decoration, 2 September 1910. CB: Companion of the Order of the Bath. GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – as a Companion (CB) in the 1923 Birthday Honours. KCB: Knight commander in the 1936 New Year Honours. Harlech was also awarded the Knight of the Order of St John of Jerusalem From 1926 to 1938 he was served as Provincial Grand Master of Freemasonry in Shropshire and was a member of the Lodge of St. Oswald (No. 1124), which is now also known as the Harlech Lodge of Perfection. Arms Personal life Lord Harlech married Lady Margaret Ethel Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly, on 25 July 1881. They had one child : William George Arthur Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech (born 11 April 1885, died 14 February 1964) His family seats were Brogyntyn, Oswestry; Derrycarne, County Leitrim, Glyn, Merionethshire. Harlech died in May 1938, aged 83, and was succeeded in the barony by his son. Lady Harlech died in 1950. The couple are buried in the parish churchyard of Selattyn near Oswestry. Their southern English home was Tetworth Hall at Ascot in Berkshire.	null	[ "George Ralph Charles Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech, (21 January 1855 – 8 May 1938), was a British soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament. Background and education Harlech was the son of William Richard Ormsby-Gore, 2nd Baron Harlech, and Lady Emily Charlotte Seymour, and was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Military career He served in the regular army as a lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards from 1875 to 1883. He later served in the Shropshire Yeomanry, becoming its commanding officer as lieutenant-colonel from 1902 to 1907, and was honorary colonel from 1908. He commanded the Welsh Guards at home during the First World War in 1915. He was chairman of the Salop Territorial Army Association.", "Political career He was elected to the House of Commons for Oswestry in a by-election in May 1901, a seat he held until 1904 when he succeeded his father as third Baron Harlech and entered the House of Lords. Crown appointments Lord Harlech was a justice of the peace for both County Leitrim and Shropshire and High Sheriff of Leitrim for 1885. He was appointed to be a deputy lieutenant of Merionethshire in 1896 and of Shropshire in 1897. Harlech also served as Lord Lieutenant of Leitrim from 1904 to 1922 and as Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire from 1927 to 1938, as well as Constable of Harlech Castle from 1927 until his death. Honours and decorations DL: Deputy lieutenant of Salop, and County Merioneth. TD: Recipient of the Territorial Decoration, 2 September 1910. CB: Companion of the Order of the Bath. GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath – as a Companion (CB) in the 1923 Birthday Honours. KCB: Knight commander in the 1936 New Year Honours. Harlech was also awarded the Knight of the Order of St John of Jerusalem From 1926 to 1938 he was served as Provincial Grand Master of Freemasonry in Shropshire and was a member of the Lodge of St. Oswald (No. 1124), which is now also known as the Harlech Lodge of Perfection.", "Arms Personal life Lord Harlech married Lady Margaret Ethel Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly, on 25 July 1881. They had one child : William George Arthur Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech (born 11 April 1885, died 14 February 1964) His family seats were Brogyntyn, Oswestry; Derrycarne, County Leitrim, Glyn, Merionethshire. Harlech died in May 1938, aged 83, and was succeeded in the barony by his son. Lady Harlech died in 1950. The couple are buried in the parish churchyard of Selattyn near Oswestry. Their southern English home was Tetworth Hall at Ascot in Berkshire." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'George Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech' to be more childish in tone: Arms Personal life Lord Harlech married Lady Margaret Ethel Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly, on 25 July 1881. They had one child : William George Arthur Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech (born 11 April 1885, died 14 February 1964) His family seats were Brogyntyn, Oswestry; Derrycarne, County Leitrim, Glyn, Merionethshire. Harlech died in May 1938, aged 83, and was succeeded in the barony by his son. Lady Harlech died in 1950. The couple are buried in the parish churchyard of Selattyn near Oswestry. Their southern English home was Tetworth Hall at Ascot in Berkshire.	enhance	2	George Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech	{"Introduction": "George Ralph Charles OrmsbyGore, 3rd Baron Harlech, (21 January 1855 \u00e2 8 May 1938), was a British soldier and Conservative Member of Parliament.", "Background and education": "Harlech was the son of William Richard OrmsbyGore, 2nd Baron Harlech, and Lady Emily Charlotte Seymour, and was educated at Eton College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.", "Military career": "He served in the regular army as a lieutenant in the Coldstream Guards from 1875 to 1883. He later served in the Shropshire Yeomanry, becoming its commanding officer as lieutenantcolonel from 1902 to 1907, and was honorary colonel from 1908. He commanded the Welsh Guards at home during the First World War in 1915. He was chairman of the Salop Territorial Army Association.", "Political career": "He was elected to the House of Commons for Oswestry in a byelection in May 1901, a seat he held until 1904 when he succeeded his father as third Baron Harlech and entered the House of Lords.", "Crown appointments": "Lord Harlech was a justice of the peace for both County Leitrim and Shropshire and High Sheriff of Leitrim for 1885. He was appointed to be a deputy lieutenant of Merionethshire in 1896 and of Shropshire in 1897. Harlech also served as Lord Lieutenant of Leitrim from 1904 to 1922 and as Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire from 1927 to 1938, as well as Constable of Harlech Castle from 1927 until his death.", "Honours and decorations": "DL: Deputy lieutenant of Salop, and County Merioneth. TD: Recipient of the Territorial Decoration, 2 September 1910. CB: Companion of the Order of the Bath. GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath \u00e2 as a Companion (CB) in the 1923 Birthday Honours. KCB: Knight commander in the 1936 New Year Honours. Harlech was also awarded the Knight of the Order of St John of Jerusalem From 1926 to 1938 he was served as Provincial Grand Master of Freemasonry in Shropshire and was a member of the Lodge of St. Oswald (No. 1124), which is now also known as the Harlech Lodge of Perfection.", "Personal life": "Lord Harlech married Lady Margaret Ethel Gordon, daughter of Charles Gordon, 10th Marquess of Huntly, on 25 July 1881. They had one child : William George Arthur OrmsbyGore, 4th Baron Harlech (born 11 April 1885, died 14 February 1964) His family seats were Brogyntyn, Oswestry; Derrycarne, County Leitrim, Glyn, Merionethshire. Harlech died in May 1938, aged 83, and was succeeded in the barony by his son. Lady Harlech died in 1950. The couple are buried in the parish churchyard of Selattyn near Oswestry. Their southern English home was Tetworth Hall at Ascot in Berkshire."}
Viellenave-d'Arthez (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.	null	[ "Viellenave-d'Arthez (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 310-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Viellenave-d'Arthez. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Viellenave-d'Arthez	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viellenave-d'Arthez	{"Introduction": "Viellenaved'Arthez (; ) is a commune in the Pyr\u00c3n\u00c3esAtlantiques department in southwestern France."}
Chasseur was a Baltimore Clipper commanded by Captains Pearl Durkee (February 1813), William Wade (1813) and Thomas Boyle (1814-1815). She was one of the best equipped and crewed American privateers during the War of 1812. Merchant Vessel Career Thomas Kemp built Chasseur at Fell's Point in Baltimore as a topsail schooner. He built her a merchant vessel for William Hollins, but also owned a share in her. Kemp launched her on 12 December 1812. The British blockade of the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812 impeded her merchant career. The Royal Navy had placed Chesapeake Bay under a strict blockade in March 1813, though that declaration became known as a "paper blockade" as some 50 to 60 American privateers were rather freely cruising the coast and the waters of the West Indies. Her owners decided to enter the popular business of privateering instead. She was granted a letter of marque on 23 February 1813 and started her career of a privateer. Career as Privateer during the War of 1812 First West Indies Cruise Chasseur, under Captain William Wade's command, evaded the blockade and cruised the West Indies from July until the Christmas of 1813, harassing the British merchant fleet. Chasseur captured at least six British vessels and burned five of them after divesting them of their valuables. Some sources record the capture of as many as eleven prizes during this cruise. 1814 European cruise In July 1814, Captain Thomas Boyle took command of Chasseur. He sailed across the Atlantic ocean and harassed British merchant shipping from the coasts of Portugal and Spain to the English and Irish channels. Most famously, while cruising the English channel, Boyle had proclaimed a blockade on the entire United Kingdom to show the absurdity of "paper blockades". On 27 August 1814, Boyle captured the merchantman , made a cartel of her, and by her sent a daring message to King George. Boyle's proclamation was posted in Lloyd's Coffee House in London: PROCLAMATION: Whereas, It has become customary with the admirals of Great Britain, commanding small forces on the coast of the United States, particularly with Sir John Borlase Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane, to declare all the coast of the said United States in a state of strict and rigorous blockade without possessing the power to justify such a declaration or stationing an adequate force to maintain said blockade; I do therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested (possessing sufficient force), declare all the ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, and seacoast of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in a state of strict and rigorous blockade. And I do further declare that I consider the force under my command adequate to maintain strictly, rigorously, and effectually the said blockade. And I do hereby require the respective officers, whether captains, commanders, or commanding officers, under my command, employed or to be employed, on the coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to pay strict attention to the execution of this my proclamation. And I do hereby caution and forbid the ships and vessels of all and every nation in amity and peace with the United States from entering or attempting to enter, or from coming or attempting to come out of, any of the said ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, or seacoast under any pretense whatsoever. And that no person may plead ignorance of this, my proclamation, I have ordered the same to be made public in England. Given under my hand on board the Chasseur. THOMAS BOYLE By command of the commanding officer. J. J. STANBURY, Secretary. This affront and five days of actual blockage of St. Vincent sent the shipping community into panic and caused them to send a letter to Admiral Durham, who dispatched the frigate to chase Chasseur. Later the Admiralty called vessels home from the American war to guard merchant ships, which had to sail in convoys. Chasseur returned from her famous 3-month European cruise to New York on 24 or 29 October 1814. George R. Roberts was a gunner of the schooner. Second West Indies Cruise and Capture of HMS St Lawrence In the winter of 1814 and 1815 Chasseur returned to the West Indies. On February 26, 1815, just off Havana, Chasseur met an unidentified ship, which was the English, but American-built, schooner . Chasseur fired a gun and showed her colors while still about three miles away; when the other ship did not show her colours Chasseur started the chase. She carried 14 guns and 102 men, while St Lawrence carried 13 guns and 75 men, including officers, soldiers, and civilians bound to the British squadron off New Orleans. At about 1:26pm, when the schooners were close to each other, St Lawrence revealed her armament and uniformed sailors and opened fire, catching Chasseur off guard. Chasseur was able to close St Lawrence and a number of Americans, led by the prize master N. W. Christie, jumped aboard St Lawrence. The intense action that followed lasted only about 15 minutes during which St Lawrence suffered six men killed and 17 wounded, several of them mortally. (According to American accounts, the English had 15 killed and 25 wounded.) Chasseur had five killed and eight wounded; Boyle was among the wounded. Both vessels were badly damaged. Captain Boyle made a cartel of St Lawrence and sent her and her crew into Havana as his prize. Impact During the cruise to the British Isles and the winter of 1814/1815 Chasseur captured eighteen valuable merchant ships, carrying wine, brandy, dry goods, cotton, cocoa, etc. Nine of those ships were sent to the United States. One source estimated a total damage to the Royal Navy from Chasseurs 1813-1815 activities at one and a half million dollars. The captured goods from alone were valued at $50,000. However, it is important to notice that the Royal Navy recaptured many of the Chasseur's prizes, making it harder to estimate the actual loss to British commerce. Prizes List of some of the prizes that Chasseur captured during the War of 1812: Adventure, ship, divested off cargo, sent to Charleston, South Carolina, but recaptured there Alert, brig, divested and burned American, schooner, divested and burned Ann Maria, schooner, divested and burned Britannia, brig, sent to Beaufort Carlebury, ship, valued at $50,000, ordered in Christianna of Scotland, sloop Commerce, brig, sent to Charleston, South Carolina Eclipse, brig, bound to Liverpool from Buenos Aires, captured and sent it to New York. Favorite, sloop, divested and burned Joanna of Malta, divested and burned Harmony, brig, converted into a cartel Martha, sloop, converted into a cartel , brig, converted into a cartel Melpomene, brig, six guns, sent to Newport Miranda, schooner, divested and burned Prudence, brig, converted into a cartel HMS St. Lawrence, schooner, see above On 7 August 1814, Chasseur captured the brig . recaptured Antelope on 26 September. Career after the War of 1812 On Chasseurs return to Baltimore on 15 April 1815, Niles' Register called the ship the "Pride of Baltimore". She resumed her merchant career in the China trade. In 1816, she was sold to foreign investors and thereafter disappears from records. "Pride of Baltimore" Two replica ships were modeled after Chasseur and both were named Pride of Baltimore. Paintings Not many paintings of the Chasseur exist. One of them is "Chasseur capturing HMS St Lawrence" by Adam Weingartner of unknown date. The other is a painting of her by Danish-American artist Torsten Kruse that appeared in a book about Fell's Point. Citations	null	[ "Chasseur was a Baltimore Clipper commanded by Captains Pearl Durkee (February 1813), William Wade (1813) and Thomas Boyle (1814-1815). She was one of the best equipped and crewed American privateers during the War of 1812. Merchant Vessel Career Thomas Kemp built Chasseur at Fell's Point in Baltimore as a topsail schooner. He built her a merchant vessel for William Hollins, but also owned a share in her. Kemp launched her on 12 December 1812. The British blockade of the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812 impeded her merchant career. The Royal Navy had placed Chesapeake Bay under a strict blockade in March 1813, though that declaration became known as a \"paper blockade\" as some 50 to 60 American privateers were rather freely cruising the coast and the waters of the West Indies.", "Her owners decided to enter the popular business of privateering instead. She was granted a letter of marque on 23 February 1813 and started her career of a privateer. Career as Privateer during the War of 1812 First West Indies Cruise Chasseur, under Captain William Wade's command, evaded the blockade and cruised the West Indies from July until the Christmas of 1813, harassing the British merchant fleet. Chasseur captured at least six British vessels and burned five of them after divesting them of their valuables. Some sources record the capture of as many as eleven prizes during this cruise. 1814 European cruise In July 1814, Captain Thomas Boyle took command of Chasseur. He sailed across the Atlantic ocean and harassed British merchant shipping from the coasts of Portugal and Spain to the English and Irish channels. Most famously, while cruising the English channel, Boyle had proclaimed a blockade on the entire United Kingdom to show the absurdity of \"paper blockades\". On 27 August 1814, Boyle captured the merchantman , made a cartel of her, and by her sent a daring message to King George.", "Boyle's proclamation was posted in Lloyd's Coffee House in London: PROCLAMATION: Whereas, It has become customary with the admirals of Great Britain, commanding small forces on the coast of the United States, particularly with Sir John Borlase Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane, to declare all the coast of the said United States in a state of strict and rigorous blockade without possessing the power to justify such a declaration or stationing an adequate force to maintain said blockade; I do therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested (possessing sufficient force), declare all the ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, and seacoast of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in a state of strict and rigorous blockade. And I do further declare that I consider the force under my command adequate to maintain strictly, rigorously, and effectually the said blockade.", "And I do hereby require the respective officers, whether captains, commanders, or commanding officers, under my command, employed or to be employed, on the coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to pay strict attention to the execution of this my proclamation. And I do hereby caution and forbid the ships and vessels of all and every nation in amity and peace with the United States from entering or attempting to enter, or from coming or attempting to come out of, any of the said ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, or seacoast under any pretense whatsoever. And that no person may plead ignorance of this, my proclamation, I have ordered the same to be made public in England. Given under my hand on board the Chasseur. THOMAS BOYLE", "By command of the commanding officer. J. J. STANBURY, Secretary. This affront and five days of actual blockage of St. Vincent sent the shipping community into panic and caused them to send a letter to Admiral Durham, who dispatched the frigate to chase Chasseur. Later the Admiralty called vessels home from the American war to guard merchant ships, which had to sail in convoys. Chasseur returned from her famous 3-month European cruise to New York on 24 or 29 October 1814. George R. Roberts was a gunner of the schooner. Second West Indies Cruise and Capture of HMS St Lawrence In the winter of 1814 and 1815 Chasseur returned to the West Indies. On February 26, 1815, just off Havana, Chasseur met an unidentified ship, which was the English, but American-built, schooner . Chasseur fired a gun and showed her colors while still about three miles away; when the other ship did not show her colours Chasseur started the chase. She carried 14 guns and 102 men, while St Lawrence carried 13 guns and 75 men, including officers, soldiers, and civilians bound to the British squadron off New Orleans. At about 1:26pm, when the schooners were close to each other, St Lawrence revealed her armament and uniformed sailors and opened fire, catching Chasseur off guard. Chasseur was able to close St Lawrence and a number of Americans, led by the prize master N. W. Christie, jumped aboard St Lawrence. The intense action that followed lasted only about 15 minutes during which St Lawrence suffered six men killed and 17 wounded, several of them mortally. (According to American accounts, the English had 15 killed and 25 wounded.) Chasseur had five killed and eight wounded; Boyle was among the wounded. Both vessels were badly damaged. Captain Boyle made a cartel of St Lawrence and sent her and her crew into Havana as his prize.", "Impact During the cruise to the British Isles and the winter of 1814/1815 Chasseur captured eighteen valuable merchant ships, carrying wine, brandy, dry goods, cotton, cocoa, etc. Nine of those ships were sent to the United States. One source estimated a total damage to the Royal Navy from Chasseurs 1813-1815 activities at one and a half million dollars. The captured goods from alone were valued at $50,000. However, it is important to notice that the Royal Navy recaptured many of the Chasseur's prizes, making it harder to estimate the actual loss to British commerce.", "Prizes List of some of the prizes that Chasseur captured during the War of 1812: Adventure, ship, divested off cargo, sent to Charleston, South Carolina, but recaptured there Alert, brig, divested and burned American, schooner, divested and burned Ann Maria, schooner, divested and burned Britannia, brig, sent to Beaufort Carlebury, ship, valued at $50,000, ordered in Christianna of Scotland, sloop Commerce, brig, sent to Charleston, South Carolina Eclipse, brig, bound to Liverpool from Buenos Aires, captured and sent it to New York. Favorite, sloop, divested and burned Joanna of Malta, divested and burned Harmony, brig, converted into a cartel Martha, sloop, converted into a cartel , brig, converted into a cartel Melpomene, brig, six guns, sent to Newport Miranda, schooner, divested and burned Prudence, brig, converted into a cartel HMS St. Lawrence, schooner, see above On 7 August 1814, Chasseur captured the brig . recaptured Antelope on 26 September. Career after the War of 1812 On Chasseurs return to Baltimore on 15 April 1815, Niles' Register called the ship the \"Pride of Baltimore\". She resumed her merchant career in the China trade. In 1816, she was sold to foreign investors and thereafter disappears from records.", "\"Pride of Baltimore\" Two replica ships were modeled after Chasseur and both were named Pride of Baltimore. Paintings Not many paintings of the Chasseur exist. One of them is \"Chasseur capturing HMS St Lawrence\" by Adam Weingartner of unknown date. The other is a painting of her by Danish-American artist Torsten Kruse that appeared in a book about Fell's Point. Citations" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 310-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Chasseur (1812 clipper). Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Chasseur (1812 clipper)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasseur (1812 clipper)	{"Introduction": "Chasseur was a Baltimore Clipper commanded by Captains Pearl Durkee (February 1813), William Wade (1813) and Thomas Boyle (18141815). She was one of the best equipped and crewed American privateers during the War of 1812.", "Merchant Vessel Career": "Thomas Kemp built Chasseur at Fell's Point in Baltimore as a topsail schooner. He built her a merchant vessel for William Hollins, but also owned a share in her. Kemp launched her on 12 December 1812. The British blockade of the Chesapeake Bay during the War of 1812 impeded her merchant career. The Royal Navy had placed Chesapeake Bay under a strict blockade in March 1813, though that declaration became known as a \"paper blockade\" as some 50 to 60 American privateers were rather freely cruising the coast and the waters of the West Indies. Her owners decided to enter the popular business of privateering instead. She was granted a letter of marque on 23 February 1813 and started her career of a privateer. Career as Privateer during the War of 1812 First West Indies Cruise Chasseur, under Captain William Wade's command, evaded the blockade and cruised the West Indies from July until the Christmas of 1813, harassing the British merchant fleet. Chasseur captured at least six British vessels and burned five of them after divesting them of their valuables. Some sources record the capture of as many as eleven prizes during this cruise.", "1814 European cruise": "In July 1814, Captain Thomas Boyle took command of Chasseur. He sailed across the Atlantic ocean and harassed British merchant shipping from the coasts of Portugal and Spain to the English and Irish channels. Most famously, while cruising the English channel, Boyle had proclaimed a blockade on the entire United Kingdom to show the absurdity of \"paper blockades\". On 27 August 1814, Boyle captured the merchantman, made a cartel of her, and by her sent a daring message to King George. Boyle's proclamation was posted in Lloyd's Coffee House in London: PROCLAMATION: Whereas, It has become customary with the admirals of Great Britain, commanding small forces on the coast of the United States, particularly with Sir John Borlase Warren and Sir Alexander Cochrane, to declare all the coast of the said United States in a state of strict and rigorous blockade without possessing the power to justify such a declaration or stationing an adequate force to maintain said blockade; I do therefore, by virtue of the power and authority in me vested (possessing sufficient force), declare all the ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, and seacoast of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in a state of strict and rigorous blockade. And I do further declare that I consider the force under my command adequate to maintain strictly, rigorously, and effectually the said blockade. And I do hereby require the respective officers, whether captains, commanders, or commanding officers, under my command, employed or to be employed, on the coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, to pay strict attention to the execution of this my proclamation. And I do hereby caution and forbid the ships and vessels of all and every nation in amity and peace with the United States from entering or attempting to enter, or from coming or attempting to come out of, any of the said ports, harbors, bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands, or seacoast under any pretense whatsoever. And that no person may plead ignorance of this, my proclamation, I have ordered the same to be made public in England. Given under my hand on board the Chasseur.", "THOMAS BOYLE": "By command of the commanding officer. J. J. STANBURY, Secretary. This affront and five days of actual blockage of St. Vincent sent the shipping community into panic and caused them to send a letter to Admiral Durham, who dispatched the frigate to chase Chasseur. Later the Admiralty called vessels home from the American war to guard merchant ships, which had to sail in convoys. Chasseur returned from her famous 3month European cruise to New York on 24 or 29 October 1814. George R. Roberts was a gunner of the schooner. Second West Indies Cruise and Capture of HMS St Lawrence In the winter of 1814 and 1815 Chasseur returned to the West Indies. On February 26, 1815, just off Havana, Chasseur met an unidentified ship, which was the English, but Americanbuilt, schooner. Chasseur fired a gun and showed her colors while still about three miles away; when the other ship did not show her colours Chasseur started the chase. She carried 14 guns and 102 men, while St Lawrence carried 13 guns and 75 men, including officers, soldiers, and civilians bound to the British squadron off New Orleans. At about 1:26pm, when the schooners were close to each other, St Lawrence revealed her armament and uniformed sailors and opened fire, catching Chasseur off guard. Chasseur was able to close St Lawrence and a number of Americans, led by the prize master N. W. Christie, jumped aboard St Lawrence. The intense action that followed lasted only about 15 minutes during which St Lawrence suffered six men killed and 17 wounded, several of them mortally. (According to American accounts, the English had 15 killed and 25 wounded. ) Chasseur had five killed and eight wounded; Boyle was among the wounded. Both vessels were badly damaged. Captain Boyle made a cartel of St Lawrence and sent her and her crew into Havana as his prize.", "Impact": "During the cruise to the British Isles and the winter of 1814/1815 Chasseur captured eighteen valuable merchant ships, carrying wine, brandy, dry goods, cotton, cocoa, etc. Nine of those ships were sent to the United States. One source estimated a total damage to the Royal Navy from Chasseurs 18131815 activities at one and a half million dollars. The captured goods from alone were valued at 50, 000. However, it is important to notice that the Royal Navy recaptured many of the Chasseur's prizes, making it harder to estimate the actual loss to British commerce.", "Prizes": "List of some of the prizes that Chasseur captured during the War of 1812: Adventure, ship, divested off cargo, sent to Charleston, South Carolina, but recaptured there Alert, brig, divested and burned American, schooner, divested and burned Ann Maria, schooner, divested and burned Britannia, brig, sent to Beaufort Carlebury, ship, valued at 50, 000, ordered in Christianna of Scotland, sloop Commerce, brig, sent to Charleston, South Carolina Eclipse, brig, bound to Liverpool from Buenos Aires, captured and sent it to New York. Favorite, sloop, divested and burned Joanna of Malta, divested and burned Harmony, brig, converted into a cartel Martha, sloop, converted into a cartel, brig, converted into a cartel Melpomene, brig, six guns, sent to Newport Miranda, schooner, divested and burned Prudence, brig, converted into a cartel HMS St. Lawrence, schooner, see above On 7 August 1814, Chasseur captured the brig. recaptured Antelope on 26 September. Career after the War of 1812 On Chasseurs return to Baltimore on 15 April 1815, Niles' Register called the ship the \"Pride of Baltimore\". She resumed her merchant career in the China trade. In 1816, she was sold to foreign investors and thereafter disappears from records. \"Pride of Baltimore\" Two replica ships were modeled after Chasseur and both were named Pride of Baltimore.", "Paintings": "Not many paintings of the Chasseur exist. One of them is \"Chasseur capturing HMS St Lawrence\" by Adam Weingartner of unknown date. The other is a painting of her by DanishAmerican artist Torsten Kruse that appeared in a book about Fell's Point."}
Preguiça may refer to the following places: Preguiça, part of the town Espargos on the island of Sal, Cape Verde Preguiça, São Nicolau, a village on the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde Preguiça River in northeastern Brazil	null	[ "Preguiça may refer to the following places: Preguiça, part of the town Espargos on the island of Sal, Cape Verde Preguiça, São Nicolau, a village on the island of São Nicolau, Cape Verde Preguiça River in northeastern Brazil" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 400-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic PreguiÃa. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	PreguiÃa	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preguiça	{"Introduction": "Pregui\u00c3a may refer to the following places: Pregui\u00c3a, part of the town Espargos on the island of Sal, Cape Verde Pregui\u00c3a, S\u00c3o Nicolau, a village on the island of S\u00c3o Nicolau, Cape Verde Pregui\u00c3a River in northeastern Brazil"}
The 2011 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season was the 29th season of men's college soccer in the Colonial Athletic Association, played from August 25, 2011 until November 3, 2011. The season marked the first time in 11 years that the James Madison Dukes won the regular season title, amassing a conference record of 8–3–0, with a 12–4–1 overall record. The regular season culminated with the tournament, which was won by the Delaware Blue Hens, making it their first conference championship in 40 years. Four teams qualified for the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, making it the largest representation by the conference in the tournament's history. Delaware automatically qualified for the tournament through winning the conference tournament, while James Madison, Old Dominion and Georgia State all entered the tournament via at-large berths. These three teams were the finalists and semifinalists in the CAA Tournament. Colleges Head coaching changes There were no head coaching changes during the 2010–11 offseason. Preseason Coaches poll Standings Tournament The tournament will be hosted by whoever wins the regular season title. Right now, either James Madison or Old Dominion will host the tournament, depending on their regular season outcomes. Results Top goalscorers Last updated: October 31, 2011Source: NMN Athletics	null	[ "The 2011 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season was the 29th season of men's college soccer in the Colonial Athletic Association, played from August 25, 2011 until November 3, 2011. The season marked the first time in 11 years that the James Madison Dukes won the regular season title, amassing a conference record of 8–3–0, with a 12–4–1 overall record. The regular season culminated with the tournament, which was won by the Delaware Blue Hens, making it their first conference championship in 40 years. Four teams qualified for the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, making it the largest representation by the conference in the tournament's history. Delaware automatically qualified for the tournament through winning the conference tournament, while James Madison, Old Dominion and Georgia State all entered the tournament via at-large berths. These three teams were the finalists and semifinalists in the CAA Tournament.", "Colleges Head coaching changes There were no head coaching changes during the 2010–11 offseason. Preseason Coaches poll Standings Tournament The tournament will be hosted by whoever wins the regular season title. Right now, either James Madison or Old Dominion will host the tournament, depending on their regular season outcomes. Results Top goalscorers Last updated: October 31, 2011Source: NMN Athletics" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 380-words sample section for Head coaching changes on this title 2011 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season.	gen_section	Head coaching changes	2011 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season	{"Introduction": "The 2011 Colonial Athletic Association men's soccer season was the 29th season of men's college soccer in the Colonial Athletic Association, played from August 25, 2011 until November 3, 2011. The season marked the first time in 11 years that the James Madison Dukes won the regular season title, amassing a conference record of 8\u00e23\u00e20, with a 12\u00e24\u00e21 overall record. The regular season culminated with the tournament, which was won by the Delaware Blue Hens, making it their first conference championship in 40 years. Four teams qualified for the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship, making it the largest representation by the conference in the tournament's history. Delaware automatically qualified for the tournament through winning the conference tournament, while James Madison, Old Dominion and Georgia State all entered the tournament via atlarge berths. These three teams were the finalists and semifinalists in the CAA Tournament.", "Head coaching changes": "There were no head coaching changes during the 2010\u00e211 offseason.", "Tournament": "The tournament will be hosted by whoever wins the regular season title. Right now, either James Madison or Old Dominion will host the tournament, depending on their regular season outcomes.", "Top goalscorers": "Last updated: October 31, 2011Source: NMN Athletics"}
This is a list of alumni and faculty of Jamia Millia Islamia. Faculty Alumni	null	[ "This is a list of alumni and faculty of Jamia Millia Islamia. Faculty Alumni" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 310-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'List of Jamia Millia Islamia people': This is a list of alumni and faculty of Jamia Millia Islamia. Faculty Alumni	continue	0	List of Jamia Millia Islamia people	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of Jamia Millia Islamia people	{"Introduction": "This is a list of alumni and faculty of Jamia Millia Islamia."}
Wrestling at the 2019 Military World Games was held in Wuhan, China from 21 to 24 October 2019. Medal summary Men's freestyle Men's Greco-Roman Women's freestyle Medal table	null	[ "Wrestling at the 2019 Military World Games was held in Wuhan, China from 21 to 24 October 2019. Medal summary Men's freestyle Men's Greco-Roman Women's freestyle Medal table" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 360-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Wrestling at the 2019 Military World Games. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Wrestling at the 2019 Military World Games	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling at the 2019 Military World Games	{"Introduction": "Wrestling at the 2019 Military World Games was held in Wuhan, China from 21 to 24 October 2019.", "Medal summary": "Men's freestyle Men's GrecoRoman Women's freestyle"}
Nour-Eddine Lakhmari () is a Moroccan instrumentalist, singer, choreographer and film director. Biography Based in Italy, Nour-Eddine has been involved in various groups specializing in ethnic, traditional music of the desert, with whom he has performed both in Italy and abroad. These collaborators include Azahara, Desert Sound and Jajouka. Also a filmmaker, Nour-Eddine's most famous movie was the award-winning Casanegra. Career Discography The Music of Morocco Filmography 2005: Le regard (The gaze) 2008: Casanegra 2012: Zero 2017: Burnout	null	[ "Nour-Eddine Lakhmari () is a Moroccan instrumentalist, singer, choreographer and film director. Biography Based in Italy, Nour-Eddine has been involved in various groups specializing in ethnic, traditional music of the desert, with whom he has performed both in Italy and abroad. These collaborators include Azahara, Desert Sound and Jajouka. Also a filmmaker, Nour-Eddine's most famous movie was the award-winning Casanegra. Career Discography The Music of Morocco Filmography 2005: Le regard (The gaze) 2008: Casanegra 2012: Zero 2017: Burnout" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 350-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Nour-Eddine Lakhmari': Nour-Eddine Lakhmari () is a Moroccan instrumentalist, singer, choreographer and film director. Biography Based in Italy, Nour-Eddine has been involved in various groups specializing in ethnic, traditional music of the desert, with whom he has performed both in Italy and abroad. These collaborators include Azahara, Desert Sound and Jajouka. Also a filmmaker, Nour-Eddine's most famous movie was the award-winning Casanegra. Career Discography The Music of Morocco Filmography 2005: Le regard (The gaze) 2008: Casanegra 2012: Zero 2017: Burnout	continue	0	Nour-Eddine Lakhmari	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour-Eddine Lakhmari	{"Introduction": "NourEddine Lakhmari () is a Moroccan instrumentalist, singer, choreographer and film director.", "Biography": "Based in Italy, NourEddine has been involved in various groups specializing in ethnic, traditional music of the desert, with whom he has performed both in Italy and abroad. These collaborators include Azahara, Desert Sound and Jajouka. Also a filmmaker, NourEddine's most famous movie was the awardwinning Casanegra.", "Discography": "The Music of Morocco", "Filmography": "2005: Le regard (The gaze) 2008: Casanegra 2012: Zero 2017: Burnout"}
"Everlasting Night" is a song written by Australian singer Dannii Minogue, Mark Percy, Tim Lever, Ian Masterson and Terry Ronald for the compilation Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras of 1999 (1999). The song was produced by Ian Masterson. It was released as a single in January 1999 in Australia and reached number 42 on the singles chart, largely helped by the fact that the song was the official theme of the 1999 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Originally written in 1995 while Minogue was working on material for a new album, she re-arranged it with long-time collaborators Ian Masterson and Terry Ronald after she had been approached by friends who were launching a new record label called Mardi Gras Music, the first gay and lesbian music label. Since its release, the song has become a favourite of Minogue's gay and lesbian fans and had become a live staple at British and Australian gay pride events. The 1995 version was released on the 2009 album The 1995 Sessions. Music video "Everlasting Night" features a music video directed by Simon Smith, Gary Leeson and Minogue and was filmed in Sydney, Australia in 1999. The video, a tribute to Australia's gay and lesbian community, featured Minogue and a group of dancers performing in a club. It was heavily inspired by her performance the previous year at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and Minogue wanted it to convey the fun, party-like atmosphere she had experienced during her performance. The video was filmed in a Sydney nightclub called Home and featured many of Minogue's friends as dancers and party-goers. The video begins with a drag queen stepping out of an elevator lip synching the first line of the song and then fades into fast-paced footage of a disco ball, people dancing at a party and street festivities during the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Scenes of the festivities are intercut with scenes of drag queens lip synching the song and Minogue dancing in a crowd of people. Track listing CD single "Everlasting Night" (Radio edit) – 4:11 "Everlasting Night" (Extended mix) – 9:04 "Everlasting Night" (Trouser Enthusiasts Burnt Angel mix) – 9:58 Charts	null	[ "\"Everlasting Night\" is a song written by Australian singer Dannii Minogue, Mark Percy, Tim Lever, Ian Masterson and Terry Ronald for the compilation Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras of 1999 (1999). The song was produced by Ian Masterson. It was released as a single in January 1999 in Australia and reached number 42 on the singles chart, largely helped by the fact that the song was the official theme of the 1999 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Originally written in 1995 while Minogue was working on material for a new album, she re-arranged it with long-time collaborators Ian Masterson and Terry Ronald after she had been approached by friends who were launching a new record label called Mardi Gras Music, the first gay and lesbian music label. Since its release, the song has become a favourite of Minogue's gay and lesbian fans and had become a live staple at British and Australian gay pride events. The 1995 version was released on the 2009 album The 1995 Sessions.", "Music video \"Everlasting Night\" features a music video directed by Simon Smith, Gary Leeson and Minogue and was filmed in Sydney, Australia in 1999. The video, a tribute to Australia's gay and lesbian community, featured Minogue and a group of dancers performing in a club. It was heavily inspired by her performance the previous year at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and Minogue wanted it to convey the fun, party-like atmosphere she had experienced during her performance. The video was filmed in a Sydney nightclub called Home and featured many of Minogue's friends as dancers and party-goers. The video begins with a drag queen stepping out of an elevator lip synching the first line of the song and then fades into fast-paced footage of a disco ball, people dancing at a party and street festivities during the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Scenes of the festivities are intercut with scenes of drag queens lip synching the song and Minogue dancing in a crowd of people. Track listing CD single \"Everlasting Night\" (Radio edit) – 4:11 \"Everlasting Night\" (Extended mix) – 9:04 \"Everlasting Night\" (Trouser Enthusiasts Burnt Angel mix) – 9:58", "Charts" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 340-words sample section for Music video on this title Everlasting Night.	gen_section	Music video	Everlasting Night	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everlasting Night	{"Introduction": "\"Everlasting Night\" is a song written by Australian singer Dannii Minogue, Mark Percy, Tim Lever, Ian Masterson and Terry Ronald for the compilation Gay Lesbian Mardi Gras of 1999 (1999). The song was produced by Ian Masterson. It was released as a single in January 1999 in Australia and reached number 42 on the singles chart, largely helped by the fact that the song was the official theme of the 1999 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Originally written in 1995 while Minogue was working on material for a new album, she rearranged it with longtime collaborators Ian Masterson and Terry Ronald after she had been approached by friends who were launching a new record label called Mardi Gras Music, the first gay and lesbian music label. Since its release, the song has become a favourite of Minogue's gay and lesbian fans and had become a live staple at British and Australian gay pride events. The 1995 version was released on the 2009 album The 1995 Sessions.", "Music video": "\"Everlasting Night\" features a music video directed by Simon Smith, Gary Leeson and Minogue and was filmed in Sydney, Australia in 1999. The video, a tribute to Australia's gay and lesbian community, featured Minogue and a group of dancers performing in a club. It was heavily inspired by her performance the previous year at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and Minogue wanted it to convey the fun, partylike atmosphere she had experienced during her performance. The video was filmed in a Sydney nightclub called Home and featured many of Minogue's friends as dancers and partygoers. The video begins with a drag queen stepping out of an elevator lip synching the first line of the song and then fades into fastpaced footage of a disco ball, people dancing at a party and street festivities during the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Scenes of the festivities are intercut with scenes of drag queens lip synching the song and Minogue dancing in a crowd of people.", "CD single": "\"Everlasting Night\" (Radio edit) \u00e2 4:11 \"Everlasting Night\" (Extended mix) \u00e2 9:04 \"Everlasting Night\" (Trouser Enthusiasts Burnt Angel mix) \u00e2 9:58"}
José Luis Aparisi (born 11 March 1969) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. Biography A right-handed player from Valencia, Aparisi was the Spanish champion in the under-16s age group. He had his best year as a junior in 1987 when he made the doubles semi-finals of the Orange Bowl with Vicente Solves, represented Spain at the Sunshine Cup and appeared in the boys' singles at both the French Open and Wimbledon Championships. Aparisi started his career on the Grand Prix circuit in 1988. All three of his wins at this level came at the 1989 San Marino Open. He beat Thomas Haldin, Cristiano Caratti and Renzo Furlan, before his run was ended by Roberto Azar. At the same tournament he made the semi-finals of the doubles, with José Francisco Altur. As a doubles player he won one Challenger title but had his most noted performances when partnering Vicente Solves in 1991. The pair made the semi-finals at Barcelona as qualifiers and featured in the main draw of the French Open. Aparisi has worked for many years as a coach since retiring. Players he has coached include Pablo Andújar, Guillermo García López, David Sánchez and Cristina Torrens Valero. Challenger titles Doubles: (1)	null	[ "José Luis Aparisi (born 11 March 1969) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. Biography A right-handed player from Valencia, Aparisi was the Spanish champion in the under-16s age group. He had his best year as a junior in 1987 when he made the doubles semi-finals of the Orange Bowl with Vicente Solves, represented Spain at the Sunshine Cup and appeared in the boys' singles at both the French Open and Wimbledon Championships. Aparisi started his career on the Grand Prix circuit in 1988. All three of his wins at this level came at the 1989 San Marino Open. He beat Thomas Haldin, Cristiano Caratti and Renzo Furlan, before his run was ended by Roberto Azar. At the same tournament he made the semi-finals of the doubles, with José Francisco Altur. As a doubles player he won one Challenger title but had his most noted performances when partnering Vicente Solves in 1991. The pair made the semi-finals at Barcelona as qualifiers and featured in the main draw of the French Open.", "Aparisi has worked for many years as a coach since retiring. Players he has coached include Pablo Andújar, Guillermo García López, David Sánchez and Cristina Torrens Valero. Challenger titles Doubles: (1)" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'JosÃ Luis Aparisi' to be more academic in tone: José Luis Aparisi (born 11 March 1969) is a former professional tennis player from Spain. Biography A right-handed player from Valencia, Aparisi was the Spanish champion in the under-16s age group. He had his best year as a junior in 1987 when he made the doubles semi-finals of the Orange Bowl with Vicente Solves, represented Spain at the Sunshine Cup and appeared in the boys' singles at both the French Open and Wimbledon Championships. Aparisi started his career on the Grand Prix circuit in 1988. All three of his wins at this level came at the 1989 San Marino Open. He beat Thomas Haldin, Cristiano Caratti and Renzo Furlan, before his run was ended by Roberto Azar. At the same tournament he made the semi-finals of the doubles, with José Francisco Altur. As a doubles player he won one Challenger title but had his most noted performances when partnering Vicente Solves in 1991. The pair made the semi-finals at Barcelona as qualifiers and featured in the main draw of the French Open.	enhance	0	JosÃ Luis Aparisi	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José Luis Aparisi	{"Introduction": "Jos\u00c3 Luis Aparisi (born 11 March 1969) is a former professional tennis player from Spain.", "Biography": "A righthanded player from Valencia, Aparisi was the Spanish champion in the under16s age group. He had his best year as a junior in 1987 when he made the doubles semifinals of the Orange Bowl with Vicente Solves, represented Spain at the Sunshine Cup and appeared in the boys' singles at both the French Open and Wimbledon Championships. Aparisi started his career on the Grand Prix circuit in 1988. All three of his wins at this level came at the 1989 San Marino Open. He beat Thomas Haldin, Cristiano Caratti and Renzo Furlan, before his run was ended by Roberto Azar. At the same tournament he made the semifinals of the doubles, with Jos\u00c3 Francisco Altur. As a doubles player he won one Challenger title but had his most noted performances when partnering Vicente Solves in 1991. The pair made the semifinals at Barcelona as qualifiers and featured in the main draw of the French Open. Aparisi has worked for many years as a coach since retiring. Players he has coached include Pablo And\u00c3\u00bajar, Guillermo Garc\u00c3a L\u00c3\u00b3pez, David S\u00c3nchez and Cristina Torrens Valero.", "Challenger titles": "Doubles: (1)"}
Fahd Nasser Al-Hamdan (; 16 January 1966 – 26 April 2013) was a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who played as a striker for Al-Riyadh and the Saudi Arabia national team. Club career stats	null	[ "Fahd Nasser Al-Hamdan (; 16 January 1966 – 26 April 2013) was a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who played as a striker for Al-Riyadh and the Saudi Arabia national team. Club career stats" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 360-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Fahd Al-Hamdan': Fahd Nasser Al-Hamdan (; 16 January 1966 – 26 April 2013) was a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who played as a striker for Al-Riyadh and the Saudi Arabia national team. Club career stats	continue	0	Fahd Al-Hamdan	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd Al-Hamdan	{"Introduction": "Fahd Nasser AlHamdan (; 16 January 1966 \u00e2 26 April 2013) was a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who played as a striker for AlRiyadh and the Saudi Arabia national team."}
Unfavorable Semicircle is the name of a 2015 YouTube channel which garnered attention due to the high volume and unusual nature of the published videos, usually featuring distorted audio and graphics. The BBC has referred to Unfavorable Semicircle as "YouTube's strangest mystery". Unfavorable Semicircle has also been referred to as "one of the Top 10 Weirdest YouTube Channels". The channel was suspended in February 2016 shortly after BBC's report. Origins In March 2015, a YouTube account with the title Unfavorable Semicircle was created; the channel began uploading large numbers of videos on April 5. The channel continued to post large numbers of videos all titled with the Sagittarius symbol or a random six digit number, or both, but most lacking a description. The videos often display abstract, pixelated images. In some cases they show just a single dot in a field of solid brown. Some videos omit sound while some feature distorted sounds. Some videos are only seconds in length, while others are much longer ⁠— ⁠one completely silent video was 11 hours in length. Attention and disappearance Due to the volume of uploads and odd nature of the videos, observers started to take notice. Eventually a small community on Reddit formed to investigate the channel. Speculation as to what the channel might be for includes: an alternate reality game, the work of an individual with a "disturbed mind", a test channel similar to Webdriver Torso, an online numbers station, and outsider art. According to computer security specialist Alan Woodward at University of Surrey, it is probably "too complex" to be a numbers station, and is also unlikely to be a recruitment puzzle as those are usually announced in some way. The Unfavorable Semicircle channel was suspended by YouTube in February 2016, shortly after gaining publicity as a result of BBC reporting about it.	null	[ "Unfavorable Semicircle is the name of a 2015 YouTube channel which garnered attention due to the high volume and unusual nature of the published videos, usually featuring distorted audio and graphics. The BBC has referred to Unfavorable Semicircle as \"YouTube's strangest mystery\". Unfavorable Semicircle has also been referred to as \"one of the Top 10 Weirdest YouTube Channels\". The channel was suspended in February 2016 shortly after BBC's report. Origins In March 2015, a YouTube account with the title Unfavorable Semicircle was created; the channel began uploading large numbers of videos on April 5. The channel continued to post large numbers of videos all titled with the Sagittarius symbol or a random six digit number, or both, but most lacking a description. The videos often display abstract, pixelated images. In some cases they show just a single dot in a field of solid brown. Some videos omit sound while some feature distorted sounds. Some videos are only seconds in length, while others are much longer ⁠— ⁠one completely silent video was 11 hours in length.", "Attention and disappearance Due to the volume of uploads and odd nature of the videos, observers started to take notice. Eventually a small community on Reddit formed to investigate the channel. Speculation as to what the channel might be for includes: an alternate reality game, the work of an individual with a \"disturbed mind\", a test channel similar to Webdriver Torso, an online numbers station, and outsider art. According to computer security specialist Alan Woodward at University of Surrey, it is probably \"too complex\" to be a numbers station, and is also unlikely to be a recruitment puzzle as those are usually announced in some way. The Unfavorable Semicircle channel was suspended by YouTube in February 2016, shortly after gaining publicity as a result of BBC reporting about it." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 350-words sample section for Origins on this title Unfavorable Semicircle.	gen_section	Origins	Unfavorable Semicircle	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfavorable Semicircle	{"Introduction": "Unfavorable Semicircle is the name of a 2015 YouTube channel which garnered attention due to the high volume and unusual nature of the published videos, usually featuring distorted audio and graphics. The BBC has referred to Unfavorable Semicircle as \"YouTube's strangest mystery\". Unfavorable Semicircle has also been referred to as \"one of the Top 10 Weirdest YouTube Channels\". The channel was suspended in February 2016 shortly after BBC's report.", "Origins": "In March 2015, a YouTube account with the title Unfavorable Semicircle was created; the channel began uploading large numbers of videos on April 5. The channel continued to post large numbers of videos all titled with the Sagittarius symbol or a random six digit number, or both, but most lacking a description. The videos often display abstract, pixelated images. In some cases they show just a single dot in a field of solid brown. Some videos omit sound while some feature distorted sounds. Some videos are only seconds in length, while others are much longer\u00e2\u00e2 \u00e2\u00e2\u00e2 one completely silent video was 11 hours in length.", "Attention and disappearance": "Due to the volume of uploads and odd nature of the videos, observers started to take notice. Eventually a small community on Reddit formed to investigate the channel. Speculation as to what the channel might be for includes: an alternate reality game, the work of an individual with a \"disturbed mind\", a test channel similar to Webdriver Torso, an online numbers station, and outsider art. According to computer security specialist Alan Woodward at University of Surrey, it is probably \"too complex\" to be a numbers station, and is also unlikely to be a recruitment puzzle as those are usually announced in some way. The Unfavorable Semicircle channel was suspended by YouTube in February 2016, shortly after gaining publicity as a result of BBC reporting about it."}
Noël van 't End (born 15 June 1991) is a Dutch judoka. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg. In 2021, he won the gold medal in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. He holds a black belt.	null	[ "Noël van 't End (born 15 June 1991) is a Dutch judoka. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg. In 2021, he won the gold medal in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. He holds a black belt." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'NoÃl van 't End' to be more academic in tone: Noël van 't End (born 15 June 1991) is a Dutch judoka. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg. In 2021, he won the gold medal in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. He holds a black belt.	enhance	0	NoÃl van 't End	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noël van 't End	{"Introduction": "No\u00c3l van 't End (born 15 June 1991) is a Dutch judoka. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 90 kg. In 2021, he won the gold medal in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. He holds a black belt."}
Samizdat is the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in Soviet-bloc countries. Samizdat may also refer to: Samizdat (poetry magazine), a Chicago-based poetry journal Samisdat (zine), a 1960s United States zine Samisdat Publishers, Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel's publishing house (now defunct) Samizdat B92, a Serbian publishing house, part of the B92 radio and TV station Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code, a controversial book about Linux by Kenneth Brown Samizdat (video cartridge), a fictional movie also known as "The Entertainment," in David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest Samizdat (Generation Warriors), fictional organization in Anne McCafferey's book Generation Warriors Samizdat (Interesting Times), in Terry Pratchett's book Interesting Times	null	[ "Samizdat is the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in Soviet-bloc countries. Samizdat may also refer to: Samizdat (poetry magazine), a Chicago-based poetry journal Samisdat (zine), a 1960s United States zine Samisdat Publishers, Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel's publishing house (now defunct) Samizdat B92, a Serbian publishing house, part of the B92 radio and TV station Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code, a controversial book about Linux by Kenneth Brown Samizdat (video cartridge), a fictional movie also known as \"The Entertainment,\" in David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest Samizdat (Generation Warriors), fictional organization in Anne McCafferey's book Generation Warriors Samizdat (Interesting Times), in Terry Pratchett's book Interesting Times" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 400-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Samizdat (disambiguation)': Samizdat is the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in Soviet-bloc countries. Samizdat may also refer to: Samizdat (poetry magazine), a Chicago-based poetry journal Samisdat (zine), a 1960s United States zine Samisdat Publishers, Holocaust denier Ernst Zündel's publishing house (now defunct) Samizdat B92, a Serbian publishing house, part of the B92 radio and TV station Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code, a controversial book about Linux by Kenneth Brown Samizdat (video cartridge), a fictional movie also known as "The Entertainment," in David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest Samizdat (Generation Warriors), fictional organization in Anne McCafferey's book Generation Warriors Samizdat (Interesting Times), in Terry Pratchett's book Interesting Times	continue	0	Samizdat (disambiguation)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat (disambiguation)	{"Introduction": "Samizdat is the clandestine copying and distribution of governmentsuppressed literature or other media in Sovietbloc countries. Samizdat may also refer to: Samizdat (poetry magazine), a Chicagobased poetry journal Samisdat (zine), a 1960s United States zine Samisdat Publishers, Holocaust denier Ernst Z\u00c3\u00bcndel's publishing house (now defunct) Samizdat B92, a Serbian publishing house, part of the B92 radio and TV station Samizdat: And Other Issues Regarding the 'Source' of Open Source Code, a controversial book about Linux by Kenneth Brown Samizdat (video cartridge), a fictional movie also known as \"The Entertainment, \" in David Foster Wallace's novel Infinite Jest Samizdat (Generation Warriors), fictional organization in Anne McCafferey's book Generation Warriors Samizdat (Interesting Times), in Terry Pratchett's book Interesting Times"}
Dielectric absorption is the name given to the effect by which a capacitor, that has been charged for a long time, discharges only incompletely when briefly discharged. Although an ideal capacitor would remain at zero volts after being discharged, real capacitors will develop a small voltage from time-delayed dipole discharging, a phenomenon that is also called dielectric relaxation, "soakage", or "battery action". For some dielectrics, such as many polymer films, the resulting voltage may be less than 1–2% of the original voltage, but it can be as much as 15% for electrolytic capacitors. The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit or can be a safety risk to personnel. In order to prevent shocks, most very large capacitors are shipped with shorting wires that need to be removed before they are used and/or permanently connected bleeder resistors. When disconnected at one or both ends, DC high-voltage cables can also "recharge themselves" to dangerous voltages. Theory Charging a capacitor (due to a voltage between the capacitor plates) causes an electric field to be applied to the dielectric between the electrodes. This field exerts a torque on the molecular dipoles, causing the directions of the dipole moments to align with the field direction. This change in the molecular dipoles is called oriented polarization and also causes heat to be generated, resulting in dielectric losses (see dissipation factor). The time of the dipoles orientation does not follow the electric field synchronously, but is delayed by a time constant that depends on the material. This delay corresponds to a hysteresis response of the polarization to the external field. When the capacitor is discharging, the strength of the electric field is decreasing and the common orientation of the molecular dipoles is returning to an undirected state in a process of relaxation. Due to the hysteresis, at the zero point of the electric field, a material-dependent number of molecular dipoles are still polarized along the field direction without a measurable voltage appearing at the terminals of the capacitor. This is like an electrical version of magnetic remanence. The oriented dipoles will be discharged spontaneously over time and the voltage at the electrodes of the capacitor will decay exponentially. The complete discharge time of all dipoles can be days to weeks depending on the material. This "reloaded" voltage can be retained for months, even in electrolytic capacitors, caused by the high insulation resistance in common modern capacitor dielectrics. The discharge of a capacitor and the subsequent reloading can be repeated several times. Measurement Dielectric absorption is a property which has been long known. Its value can be measured in accordance with the IEC/EN 60384-1 standard. The capacitor shall be charged at the DC voltage rating for 60 minutes. Then the capacitor shall be disconnected from the power source and shall be discharged for 10 s. The voltage regained on the capacitor terminals (recovery voltage) within 15 minutes is the dielectric absorption voltage. The size of the dielectric absorption voltage is specified in relation to the applied voltage in percent and depends on the dielectric material used. It is specified by many manufacturers in the data sheets. Design considerations and safety The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit. For sensitive analog circuits such as sample and hold circuits, integrators, charge amplifiers or high-quality audio circuits, Class-1 ceramic or polypropylene capacitors instead of Class-2 ceramic capacitors, polyester film capacitors or electrolytic capacitors are used. For most electronic circuits, particularly filtering applications, the small dielectric absorption voltage has no influence on the proper electrical function of the circuit. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte which are not built into a circuit, the dielectric absorption voltage generated can be a personnel safety risk. The voltage can be quite substantial, for example 50 V for 400 V electrolytic capacitors, and can cause damages to semiconductor devices, or cause sparks during installation in the circuit. Larger aluminum electrolytic capacitors and high-voltage power capacitors are transported and delivered short-circuited to dissipate this unwanted and possibly dangerous energy. Another effect of dielectric absorption is sometimes described as "soakage". This manifests as a component of leakage current and it contributes to the loss factor of the capacitor. This effect has been known of only recently: it is now a proportionately greater part of leakage current due to the significantly improved properties of modern capacitors. No figures are available from manufacturers for double-layer capacitors. History Dielectric absorption was first discovered in Leyden jars and telegraph cables, and it was already a well-known phenomenon in the late 19th century. Once known as "electric absorption", satisfactory explanations of its physical mechanism was lacking at that time. A description appeared in James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 book A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, in which he derived its physical model, but it was only applicable to an inhomogeneous dielectric material with multiple layers.	null	[ "Dielectric absorption is the name given to the effect by which a capacitor, that has been charged for a long time, discharges only incompletely when briefly discharged. Although an ideal capacitor would remain at zero volts after being discharged, real capacitors will develop a small voltage from time-delayed dipole discharging, a phenomenon that is also called dielectric relaxation, \"soakage\", or \"battery action\". For some dielectrics, such as many polymer films, the resulting voltage may be less than 1–2% of the original voltage, but it can be as much as 15% for electrolytic capacitors. The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit or can be a safety risk to personnel. In order to prevent shocks, most very large capacitors are shipped with shorting wires that need to be removed before they are used and/or permanently connected bleeder resistors. When disconnected at one or both ends, DC high-voltage cables can also \"recharge themselves\" to dangerous voltages. Theory", "Charging a capacitor (due to a voltage between the capacitor plates) causes an electric field to be applied to the dielectric between the electrodes. This field exerts a torque on the molecular dipoles, causing the directions of the dipole moments to align with the field direction. This change in the molecular dipoles is called oriented polarization and also causes heat to be generated, resulting in dielectric losses (see dissipation factor). The time of the dipoles orientation does not follow the electric field synchronously, but is delayed by a time constant that depends on the material. This delay corresponds to a hysteresis response of the polarization to the external field. When the capacitor is discharging, the strength of the electric field is decreasing and the common orientation of the molecular dipoles is returning to an undirected state in a process of relaxation. Due to the hysteresis, at the zero point of the electric field, a material-dependent number of molecular dipoles are still polarized along the field direction without a measurable voltage appearing at the terminals of the capacitor. This is like an electrical version of magnetic remanence. The oriented dipoles will be discharged spontaneously over time and the voltage at the electrodes of the capacitor will decay exponentially. The complete discharge time of all dipoles can be days to weeks depending on the material. This \"reloaded\" voltage can be retained for months, even in electrolytic capacitors, caused by the high insulation resistance in common modern capacitor dielectrics. The discharge of a capacitor and the subsequent reloading can be repeated several times.", "Measurement Dielectric absorption is a property which has been long known. Its value can be measured in accordance with the IEC/EN 60384-1 standard. The capacitor shall be charged at the DC voltage rating for 60 minutes. Then the capacitor shall be disconnected from the power source and shall be discharged for 10 s. The voltage regained on the capacitor terminals (recovery voltage) within 15 minutes is the dielectric absorption voltage. The size of the dielectric absorption voltage is specified in relation to the applied voltage in percent and depends on the dielectric material used. It is specified by many manufacturers in the data sheets. Design considerations and safety The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit. For sensitive analog circuits such as sample and hold circuits, integrators, charge amplifiers or high-quality audio circuits, Class-1 ceramic or polypropylene capacitors instead of Class-2 ceramic capacitors, polyester film capacitors or electrolytic capacitors are used. For most electronic circuits, particularly filtering applications, the small dielectric absorption voltage has no influence on the proper electrical function of the circuit. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors with non-solid electrolyte which are not built into a circuit, the dielectric absorption voltage generated can be a personnel safety risk. The voltage can be quite substantial, for example 50 V for 400 V electrolytic capacitors, and can cause damages to semiconductor devices, or cause sparks during installation in the circuit. Larger aluminum electrolytic capacitors and high-voltage power capacitors are transported and delivered short-circuited to dissipate this unwanted and possibly dangerous energy. Another effect of dielectric absorption is sometimes described as \"soakage\". This manifests as a component of leakage current and it contributes to the loss factor of the capacitor. This effect has been known of only recently: it is now a proportionately greater part of leakage current due to the significantly improved properties of modern capacitors.", "No figures are available from manufacturers for double-layer capacitors. History Dielectric absorption was first discovered in Leyden jars and telegraph cables, and it was already a well-known phenomenon in the late 19th century. Once known as \"electric absorption\", satisfactory explanations of its physical mechanism was lacking at that time. A description appeared in James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 book A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, in which he derived its physical model, but it was only applicable to an inhomogeneous dielectric material with multiple layers." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 330-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Dielectric absorption': No figures are available from manufacturers for double-layer capacitors. History Dielectric absorption was first discovered in Leyden jars and telegraph cables, and it was already a well-known phenomenon in the late 19th century. Once known as "electric absorption", satisfactory explanations of its physical mechanism was lacking at that time. A description appeared in James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 book A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, in which he derived its physical model, but it was only applicable to an inhomogeneous dielectric material with multiple layers.	continue	3	Dielectric absorption	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric absorption	{"Introduction": "Dielectric absorption is the name given to the effect by which a capacitor, that has been charged for a long time, discharges only incompletely when briefly discharged. Although an ideal capacitor would remain at zero volts after being discharged, real capacitors will develop a small voltage from timedelayed dipole discharging, a phenomenon that is also called dielectric relaxation, \"soakage\", or \"battery action\". For some dielectrics, such as many polymer films, the resulting voltage may be less than 1\u00e22 of the original voltage, but it can be as much as 15 for electrolytic capacitors. The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit or can be a safety risk to personnel. In order to prevent shocks, most very large capacitors are shipped with shorting wires that need to be removed before they are used and/or permanently connected bleeder resistors. When disconnected at one or both ends, DC highvoltage cables can also \"recharge themselves\" to dangerous voltages.", "Theory": "Charging a capacitor (due to a voltage between the capacitor plates) causes an electric field to be applied to the dielectric between the electrodes. This field exerts a torque on the molecular dipoles, causing the directions of the dipole moments to align with the field direction. This change in the molecular dipoles is called oriented polarization and also causes heat to be generated, resulting in dielectric losses (see dissipation factor). The time of the dipoles orientation does not follow the electric field synchronously, but is delayed by a time constant that depends on the material. This delay corresponds to a hysteresis response of the polarization to the external field. When the capacitor is discharging, the strength of the electric field is decreasing and the common orientation of the molecular dipoles is returning to an undirected state in a process of relaxation. Due to the hysteresis, at the zero point of the electric field, a materialdependent number of molecular dipoles are still polarized along the field direction without a measurable voltage appearing at the terminals of the capacitor. This is like an electrical version of magnetic remanence. The oriented dipoles will be discharged spontaneously over time and the voltage at the electrodes of the capacitor will decay exponentially. The complete discharge time of all dipoles can be days to weeks depending on the material. This \"reloaded\" voltage can be retained for months, even in electrolytic capacitors, caused by the high insulation resistance in common modern capacitor dielectrics. The discharge of a capacitor and the subsequent reloading can be repeated several times.", "Measurement": "Dielectric absorption is a property which has been long known. Its value can be measured in accordance with the IEC/EN 603841 standard. The capacitor shall be charged at the DC voltage rating for 60 minutes. Then the capacitor shall be disconnected from the power source and shall be discharged for 10\u00c2 s. The voltage regained on the capacitor terminals (recovery voltage) within 15 minutes is the dielectric absorption voltage. The size of the dielectric absorption voltage is specified in relation to the applied voltage in percent and depends on the dielectric material used. It is specified by many manufacturers in the data sheets. Design considerations and safety The voltage at the terminals generated by the dielectric absorption may possibly cause problems in the function of an electronic circuit. For sensitive analog circuits such as sample and hold circuits, integrators, charge amplifiers or highquality audio circuits, Class1 ceramic or polypropylene capacitors instead of Class2 ceramic capacitors, polyester film capacitors or electrolytic capacitors are used. For most electronic circuits, particularly filtering applications, the small dielectric absorption voltage has no influence on the proper electrical function of the circuit. For aluminum electrolytic capacitors with nonsolid electrolyte which are not built into a circuit, the dielectric absorption voltage generated can be a personnel safety risk. The voltage can be quite substantial, for example 50\u00c2 V for 400\u00c2 V electrolytic capacitors, and can cause damages to semiconductor devices, or cause sparks during installation in the circuit. Larger aluminum electrolytic capacitors and highvoltage power capacitors are transported and delivered shortcircuited to dissipate this unwanted and possibly dangerous energy. Another effect of dielectric absorption is sometimes described as \"soakage\". This manifests as a component of leakage current and it contributes to the loss factor of the capacitor. This effect has been known of only recently: it is now a proportionately greater part of leakage current due to the significantly improved properties of modern capacitors. No figures are available from manufacturers for doublelayer capacitors.", "History": "Dielectric absorption was first discovered in Leyden jars and telegraph cables, and it was already a wellknown phenomenon in the late 19th century. Once known as \"electric absorption\", satisfactory explanations of its physical mechanism was lacking at that time. A description appeared in James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 book A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, in which he derived its physical model, but it was only applicable to an inhomogeneous dielectric material with multiple layers."}
Ygor de Oliveira Ferreira (born 1 July 1995), known as Ygor Catatau, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a winger. Club career Born in Rio de Janeiro, Ygor was a Madureira youth graduate, having joined the side in 2015 at the age of 20. He made his first team debut on 26 August of that year, playing the last 15 minutes of a 1–1 Copa Rio away draw against Macaé, and scored his first goal on 30 September by netting the second of a 2–0 home win against the same opponent. After failing to establish himself in the main squad, Ygor spent the 2017 season on loan at Barra da Tijuca, being the club's top goalscorer in the Campeonato Carioca Série B1. Upon returning, he featured more regularly in the 2018 Campeonato Carioca before moving to Boa Esporte also in a temporary deal. In 2019, Ygor returned to Barra da Tijuca also in a loan deal. He returned to Madureira for the 2020 Campeonato Carioca, scoring three goals in the competition. On 30 July 2020, still owned by Madureira, Ygor was announced at Série A side Vasco da Gama. He made his debut in the category on 2 September, starting in a 2–2 away draw against Santos. On 24 September 2021, Mumbai City announced that Ygor had joined the Indian Super League club on a season-long loan. He scored his debut goal for Mumbai against FC Goa on 22 November, in a 3–0 win. He scored his second goal against Bengaluru FC on 4 December, in their 3–1 win. In September 11, 2023, Ygor was permanently banned from football after being judged in a match-fixing scandal at the time he was playing for Sampaio Corrêa. Career statistics	null	[ "Ygor de Oliveira Ferreira (born 1 July 1995), known as Ygor Catatau, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a winger. Club career Born in Rio de Janeiro, Ygor was a Madureira youth graduate, having joined the side in 2015 at the age of 20. He made his first team debut on 26 August of that year, playing the last 15 minutes of a 1–1 Copa Rio away draw against Macaé, and scored his first goal on 30 September by netting the second of a 2–0 home win against the same opponent. After failing to establish himself in the main squad, Ygor spent the 2017 season on loan at Barra da Tijuca, being the club's top goalscorer in the Campeonato Carioca Série B1. Upon returning, he featured more regularly in the 2018 Campeonato Carioca before moving to Boa Esporte also in a temporary deal.", "In 2019, Ygor returned to Barra da Tijuca also in a loan deal. He returned to Madureira for the 2020 Campeonato Carioca, scoring three goals in the competition. On 30 July 2020, still owned by Madureira, Ygor was announced at Série A side Vasco da Gama. He made his debut in the category on 2 September, starting in a 2–2 away draw against Santos. On 24 September 2021, Mumbai City announced that Ygor had joined the Indian Super League club on a season-long loan. He scored his debut goal for Mumbai against FC Goa on 22 November, in a 3–0 win. He scored his second goal against Bengaluru FC on 4 December, in their 3–1 win. In September 11, 2023, Ygor was permanently banned from football after being judged in a match-fixing scandal at the time he was playing for Sampaio Corrêa. Career statistics" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 360-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Ygor Catatau': Ygor de Oliveira Ferreira (born 1 July 1995), known as Ygor Catatau, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a winger. Club career Born in Rio de Janeiro, Ygor was a Madureira youth graduate, having joined the side in 2015 at the age of 20. He made his first team debut on 26 August of that year, playing the last 15 minutes of a 1–1 Copa Rio away draw against Macaé, and scored his first goal on 30 September by netting the second of a 2–0 home win against the same opponent. After failing to establish himself in the main squad, Ygor spent the 2017 season on loan at Barra da Tijuca, being the club's top goalscorer in the Campeonato Carioca Série B1. Upon returning, he featured more regularly in the 2018 Campeonato Carioca before moving to Boa Esporte also in a temporary deal.	continue	0	Ygor Catatau	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygor Catatau	{"Introduction": "Ygor de Oliveira Ferreira (born 1 July 1995), known as Ygor Catatau, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a winger.", "Club career": "Born in Rio de Janeiro, Ygor was a Madureira youth graduate, having joined the side in 2015 at the age of 20. He made his first team debut on 26 August of that year, playing the last 15 minutes of a 1\u00e21 Copa Rio away draw against Maca\u00c3, and scored his first goal on 30 September by netting the second of a 2\u00e20 home win against the same opponent. After failing to establish himself in the main squad, Ygor spent the 2017 season on loan at Barra da Tijuca, being the club's top goalscorer in the Campeonato Carioca S\u00c3rie B1. Upon returning, he featured more regularly in the 2018 Campeonato Carioca before moving to Boa Esporte also in a temporary deal. In 2019, Ygor returned to Barra da Tijuca also in a loan deal. He returned to Madureira for the 2020 Campeonato Carioca, scoring three goals in the competition. On 30 July 2020, still owned by Madureira, Ygor was announced at S\u00c3rie A side Vasco da Gama. He made his debut in the category on 2 September, starting in a 2\u00e22 away draw against Santos. On 24 September 2021, Mumbai City announced that Ygor had joined the Indian Super League club on a seasonlong loan. He scored his debut goal for Mumbai against FC Goa on 22 November, in a 3\u00e20 win. He scored his second goal against Bengaluru FC on 4 December, in their 3\u00e21 win. In September 11, 2023, Ygor was permanently banned from football after being judged in a matchfixing scandal at the time he was playing for Sampaio Corr\u00c3\u00aaa."}
Personal Egress Air Packs, or PEAPs, were devices on board a Space Shuttle that provided crew members with about six minutes of breathable air in the case of a mishap while the vehicle was still on the ground. PEAPs did not provide pressurized air, meaning they were only intended to be used if the air inside the shuttle cabin become unbreathable because of noxious gases. The devices gained public attention after the Challenger disaster. After the recovery of the vehicle cockpit, it was found that three of the crew PEAPs were activated: those of mission specialist Ellison Onizuka, mission specialist Judith Resnik, and pilot Michael J. Smith. The location of Smith's activation switch, on the back side of his seat, means that either Resnik or Onizuka likely activated it for him. Mike Mullane writes: This showed that at least two of the crew members (Onizuka and Resnik) were alive after the cockpit separated from the vehicle. However, if the cabin had lost pressure, the packs alone would not have sustained the crew during the two-minute descent. The partial-pressure launch-entry suits replaced the PEAPs, which were subsequently followed by the "ACES" full-pressure suits, which include self-contained oxygen tanks.	null	[ "Personal Egress Air Packs, or PEAPs, were devices on board a Space Shuttle that provided crew members with about six minutes of breathable air in the case of a mishap while the vehicle was still on the ground. PEAPs did not provide pressurized air, meaning they were only intended to be used if the air inside the shuttle cabin become unbreathable because of noxious gases. The devices gained public attention after the Challenger disaster. After the recovery of the vehicle cockpit, it was found that three of the crew PEAPs were activated: those of mission specialist Ellison Onizuka, mission specialist Judith Resnik, and pilot Michael J. Smith. The location of Smith's activation switch, on the back side of his seat, means that either Resnik or Onizuka likely activated it for him. Mike Mullane writes: This showed that at least two of the crew members (Onizuka and Resnik) were alive after the cockpit separated from the vehicle. However, if the cabin had lost pressure, the packs alone would not have sustained the crew during the two-minute descent.", "The partial-pressure launch-entry suits replaced the PEAPs, which were subsequently followed by the \"ACES\" full-pressure suits, which include self-contained oxygen tanks." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 350-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Personal Egress Air Pack. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Personal Egress Air Pack	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal Egress Air Pack	{"Introduction": "Personal Egress Air Packs, or PEAPs, were devices on board a Space Shuttle that provided crew members with about six minutes of breathable air in the case of a mishap while the vehicle was still on the ground. PEAPs did not provide pressurized air, meaning they were only intended to be used if the air inside the shuttle cabin become unbreathable because of noxious gases. The devices gained public attention after the Challenger disaster. After the recovery of the vehicle cockpit, it was found that three of the crew PEAPs were activated: those of mission specialist Ellison Onizuka, mission specialist Judith Resnik, and pilot Michael J. Smith. The location of Smith's activation switch, on the back side of his seat, means that either Resnik or Onizuka likely activated it for him. Mike Mullane writes: This showed that at least two of the crew members (Onizuka and Resnik) were alive after the cockpit separated from the vehicle. However, if the cabin had lost pressure, the packs alone would not have sustained the crew during the twominute descent. The partialpressure launchentry suits replaced the PEAPs, which were subsequently followed by the \"ACES\" fullpressure suits, which include selfcontained oxygen tanks."}
In Western music, the term chroma feature or chromagram closely relates to twelve different pitch classes. Chroma-based features, which are also referred to as "pitch class profiles", are a powerful tool for analyzing music whose pitches can be meaningfully categorized (often into twelve categories) and whose tuning approximates to the equal-tempered scale. One main property of chroma features is that they capture harmonic and melodic characteristics of music, while being robust to changes in timbre and instrumentation. Definition The underlying observation is that humans perceive two musical pitches as similar in color if they differ by an octave. Based on this observation, a pitch can be separated into two components, which are referred to as tone height and chroma. Assuming the equal-tempered scale, one considers twelve chroma values represented by the set {C, C, D, D, E , F, F, G, G, A, A, B} that consists of the twelve pitch spelling attributes as used in Western music notation. Note that in the equal-tempered scale different pitch spellings such C and D refer to the same chroma. Enumerating the chroma values, one can identify the set of chroma values with the set of integers {1,2,...,12}, where 1 refers to chroma C, 2 to C, and so on. A pitch class is defined as the set of all pitches that share the same chroma. For example, using the scientific pitch notation, the pitch class corresponding to the chroma C is the set {..., C−2, C−1, C0, C1, C2, C3 ...} consisting of all pitches separated by an integer number of octaves. Given a music representation (e.g. a musical score or an audio recording), the main idea of chroma features is to aggregate for a given local time window (e.g. specified in beats or in seconds) all information that relates to a given chroma into a single coefficient. Shifting the time window across the music representation results in a sequence of chroma features each expressing how the representation's pitch content within the time window is spread over the twelve chroma bands. The resulting time-chroma representation is also referred to as chromagram. The figure above shows chromagrams for a C-major scale, once obtained from a musical score and once from an audio recording. Because of the close relation between the terms chroma and pitch class, chroma features are also referred to as pitch class profiles. Applications Identifying pitches that differ by an octave, chroma features show a high degree of robustness to variations in timbre and closely correlate to the musical aspect of harmony. This is the reason why chroma features are a well-established tool for processing and analyzing music data. For example, basically every chord recognition procedure relies on some kind of chroma representation. Also, chroma features have become the de facto standard for tasks such as music alignment and synchronization as well as audio structure analysis. Finally, chroma features have turned out to be a powerful mid-level feature representation in content-based audio retrieval such as cover song identification, audio matching or audio hashing. Computation of audio chromagrams There are many ways for converting an audio recording into a chromagram. For example, the conversion of an audio recording into a chroma representation (or chromagram) may be performed either by using short-time Fourier transforms in combination with binning strategies or by employing suitable multirate filter banks. Furthermore, the properties of chroma features can be significantly changed by introducing suitable pre- and post-processing steps modifying spectral, temporal, and dynamical aspects. This leads to a large number of chroma variants, which may show a quite different behavior in the context of a specific music analysis scenario.	null	[ "In Western music, the term chroma feature or chromagram closely relates to twelve different pitch classes. Chroma-based features, which are also referred to as \"pitch class profiles\", are a powerful tool for analyzing music whose pitches can be meaningfully categorized (often into twelve categories) and whose tuning approximates to the equal-tempered scale. One main property of chroma features is that they capture harmonic and melodic characteristics of music, while being robust to changes in timbre and instrumentation. Definition The underlying observation is that humans perceive two musical pitches as similar in color if they differ by an octave. Based on this observation, a pitch can be separated into two components, which are referred to as tone height and chroma. Assuming the equal-tempered scale, one considers twelve chroma values represented by the set {C, C, D, D, E , F, F, G, G, A, A, B} that consists of the twelve pitch spelling attributes as used in Western music notation. Note that in the equal-tempered scale different pitch spellings such C and D refer to the same chroma. Enumerating the chroma values, one can identify the set of chroma values with the set of integers {1,2,...,12}, where 1 refers to chroma C, 2 to C, and so on. A pitch class is defined as the set of all pitches that share the same chroma. For example, using the scientific pitch notation, the pitch class corresponding to the chroma C is the set {..., C−2, C−1, C0, C1, C2, C3 ...}", "consisting of all pitches separated by an integer number of octaves. Given a music representation (e.g. a musical score or an audio recording), the main idea of chroma features is to aggregate for a given local time window (e.g. specified in beats or in seconds) all information that relates to a given chroma into a single coefficient. Shifting the time window across the music representation results in a sequence of chroma features each expressing how the representation's pitch content within the time window is spread over the twelve chroma bands. The resulting time-chroma representation is also referred to as chromagram. The figure above shows chromagrams for a C-major scale, once obtained from a musical score and once from an audio recording. Because of the close relation between the terms chroma and pitch class, chroma features are also referred to as pitch class profiles.", "Applications Identifying pitches that differ by an octave, chroma features show a high degree of robustness to variations in timbre and closely correlate to the musical aspect of harmony. This is the reason why chroma features are a well-established tool for processing and analyzing music data. For example, basically every chord recognition procedure relies on some kind of chroma representation. Also, chroma features have become the de facto standard for tasks such as music alignment and synchronization as well as audio structure analysis. Finally, chroma features have turned out to be a powerful mid-level feature representation in content-based audio retrieval such as cover song identification, audio matching or audio hashing. Computation of audio chromagrams There are many ways for converting an audio recording into a chromagram. For example, the conversion of an audio recording into a chroma representation (or chromagram) may be performed either by using short-time Fourier transforms in combination with binning strategies or by employing suitable multirate filter banks. Furthermore, the properties of chroma features can be significantly changed by introducing suitable pre- and post-processing steps modifying spectral, temporal, and dynamical aspects. This leads to a large number of chroma variants, which may show a quite different behavior in the context of a specific music analysis scenario." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Chroma feature' to be more academic in tone: In Western music, the term chroma feature or chromagram closely relates to twelve different pitch classes. Chroma-based features, which are also referred to as "pitch class profiles", are a powerful tool for analyzing music whose pitches can be meaningfully categorized (often into twelve categories) and whose tuning approximates to the equal-tempered scale. One main property of chroma features is that they capture harmonic and melodic characteristics of music, while being robust to changes in timbre and instrumentation. Definition The underlying observation is that humans perceive two musical pitches as similar in color if they differ by an octave. Based on this observation, a pitch can be separated into two components, which are referred to as tone height and chroma. Assuming the equal-tempered scale, one considers twelve chroma values represented by the set {C, C, D, D, E , F, F, G, G, A, A, B} that consists of the twelve pitch spelling attributes as used in Western music notation. Note that in the equal-tempered scale different pitch spellings such C and D refer to the same chroma. Enumerating the chroma values, one can identify the set of chroma values with the set of integers {1,2,...,12}, where 1 refers to chroma C, 2 to C, and so on. A pitch class is defined as the set of all pitches that share the same chroma. For example, using the scientific pitch notation, the pitch class corresponding to the chroma C is the set {..., C−2, C−1, C0, C1, C2, C3 ...}	enhance	0	Chroma feature	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma feature	{"Introduction": "In Western music, the term chroma feature or chromagram closely relates to twelve different pitch classes. Chromabased features, which are also referred to as \"pitch class profiles\", are a powerful tool for analyzing music whose pitches can be meaningfully categorized (often into twelve categories) and whose tuning approximates to the equaltempered scale. One main property of chroma features is that they capture harmonic and melodic characteristics of music, while being robust to changes in timbre and instrumentation.", "Definition": "The underlying observation is that humans perceive two musical pitches as similar in color if they differ by an octave. Based on this observation, a pitch can be separated into two components, which are referred to as tone height and chroma. Assuming the equaltempered scale, one considers twelve chroma values represented by the set C, C, D, D, E, F, F, G, G, A, A, B that consists of the twelve pitch spelling attributes as used in Western music notation. Note that in the equaltempered scale different pitch spellings such C and D refer to the same chroma. Enumerating the chroma values, one can identify the set of chroma values with the set of integers 1, 2, .. ., 12, where 1 refers to chroma C, 2 to C, and so on. A pitch class is defined as the set of all pitches that share the same chroma. For example, using the scientific pitch notation, the pitch class corresponding to the chroma C is the set. .. , C\u00e22, C\u00e21, C0, C1, C2, C3. .. consisting of all pitches separated by an integer number of octaves. Given a music representation (e. g. a musical score or an audio recording), the main idea of chroma features is to aggregate for a given local time window (e. g. specified in beats or in seconds) all information that relates to a given chroma into a single coefficient. Shifting the time window across the music representation results in a sequence of chroma features each expressing how the representation's pitch content within the time window is spread over the twelve chroma bands. The resulting timechroma representation is also referred to as chromagram. The figure above shows chromagrams for a Cmajor scale, once obtained from a musical score and once from an audio recording. Because of the close relation between the terms chroma and pitch class, chroma features are also referred to as pitch class profiles.", "Applications": "Identifying pitches that differ by an octave, chroma features show a high degree of robustness to variations in timbre and closely correlate to the musical aspect of harmony. This is the reason why chroma features are a wellestablished tool for processing and analyzing music data. For example, basically every chord recognition procedure relies on some kind of chroma representation. Also, chroma features have become the de facto standard for tasks such as music alignment and synchronization as well as audio structure analysis. Finally, chroma features have turned out to be a powerful midlevel feature representation in contentbased audio retrieval such as cover song identification, audio matching or audio hashing. Computation of audio chromagrams There are many ways for converting an audio recording into a chromagram. For example, the conversion of an audio recording into a chroma representation (or chromagram) may be performed either by using shorttime Fourier transforms in combination with binning strategies or by employing suitable multirate filter banks. Furthermore, the properties of chroma features can be significantly changed by introducing suitable pre and postprocessing steps modifying spectral, temporal, and dynamical aspects. This leads to a large number of chroma variants, which may show a quite different behavior in the context of a specific music analysis scenario."}
The 2013 GCC Futsal Cup () was the first edition of the biennial Futsal competition. It took place in Qatar in 2013. The competition was originally scheduled to be hosted in the city of Bahrain, but was moved to Bahrain in October 2012 to ensure that they could suitably host the competition in the 2 edition. Tournament The five teams in the tournament played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner. Result https://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?c=9302&stage=1&sch=true Tuesday 24 September 2013 United Arab Emirates 4 : 6 Bahrain Round # 1 Qatar 3 : 3 Saudi Arabia Round # 1 Wednesday 25 September 2013 Kuwait 8 : 5 Bahrain Round # 2 Saudi Arabia 5 : 3 United Arab Emirates Round # 2 Friday 27 September 2013 Kuwait 4 : 1 Saudi Arabia Round # 3 Qatar 8 : 1 United Arab Emirates Round # 3 Saturday 28 September 2013 Kuwait 6 : 2 United Arab Emirates Round # 4 Qatar 2 : 4 Bahrain Round # 4 Monday 30 September 2013 Bahrain 3 : 6 Saudi Arabia Round # 5 Qatar 1 : 5 Kuwait Round # 5	null	[ "The 2013 GCC Futsal Cup () was the first edition of the biennial Futsal competition. It took place in Qatar in 2013. The competition was originally scheduled to be hosted in the city of Bahrain, but was moved to Bahrain in October 2012 to ensure that they could suitably host the competition in the 2 edition. Tournament The five teams in the tournament played a single round-robin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner. Result https://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?c=9302&stage=1&sch=true Tuesday 24 September 2013 United Arab Emirates 4 : 6 Bahrain Round # 1 Qatar 3 : 3 Saudi Arabia Round # 1 Wednesday 25 September 2013 Kuwait 8 : 5 Bahrain Round # 2 Saudi Arabia 5 : 3 United Arab Emirates Round # 2 Friday 27 September 2013 Kuwait 4 : 1 Saudi Arabia Round # 3 Qatar 8 : 1 United Arab Emirates Round # 3 Saturday 28 September 2013 Kuwait 6 : 2 United Arab Emirates Round # 4 Qatar 2 : 4 Bahrain Round # 4 Monday 30 September 2013 Bahrain 3 : 6 Saudi Arabia Round # 5 Qatar 1 : 5 Kuwait Round # 5" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 360-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic 2013 Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	2013 Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013 Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup	{"Introduction": "The 2013 GCC Futsal Cup () was the first edition of the biennial Futsal competition. It took place in Qatar in 2013. The competition was originally scheduled to be hosted in the city of Bahrain, but was moved to Bahrain in October 2012 to ensure that they could suitably host the competition in the 2 edition.", "Tournament": "The five teams in the tournament played a single roundrobin style competition. The team achieving first place in the overall standings was the tournament winner.", "Result": "Tuesday 24 September 2013 United Arab Emirates 4 : 6 Bahrain Round 1 Qatar 3 : 3 Saudi Arabia Round 1 Wednesday 25 September 2013 Kuwait 8 : 5 Bahrain Round 2 Saudi Arabia 5 : 3 United Arab Emirates Round 2 Friday 27 September 2013 Kuwait 4 : 1 Saudi Arabia Round 3 Qatar 8 : 1 United Arab Emirates Round 3 Saturday 28 September 2013 Kuwait 6 : 2 United Arab Emirates Round 4 Qatar 2 : 4 Bahrain Round 4 Monday 30 September 2013 Bahrain 3 : 6 Saudi Arabia Round 5 Qatar 1 : 5 Kuwait Round 5"}
Edda Tasiemka (; 1922–2019) was a German archivist who, with her husband Hans, established a large library of about six million press cuttings which was used by authors and journalists in London—the Hans Tasiemka Archive. It was successful because it contained material from magazines and periodicals going back to the 19th century and these were otherwise hard to obtain. She continued to maintain and operate the archive for 39 years after her husband died, passing it into the care of the Hyman Archive when she was 95. Early life and marriage Her parents were Luise Hoppe and the communist politician, Paul Frölich. She was born in 1922 in Hamburg. Her father was imprisoned in 1933 and her mother in 1938. She was herself interviewed by the Gestapo and refused to join the Hitler Youth. Having trained as a draughtswoman designing air raid shelters, she worked for the British army of occupation after the Second World War and met Hans Tasiemka in 1949, while he was working as an interpreter for the war crimes trials. They moved to London where they married with the actor Peter Lorre as the best man. Hans Tasiemka Archive In London, Hans worked as a journalist for the Foreign Office, while Edda worked for Universal Aunts. She started working as a journalist too, writing stories for German magazines and newspapers. They developed Hans' professional habit of collecting clippings into a library and commercial business, supplying authors and journalists. Moving from a bedsit off the Finchley Road to a semi-detached house in Golders Green, they accumulated about six million cuttings from magazines and newspapers dating back to the 19th century. The older magazines, such as a complete run of Le Rire, were acquired at antiques fairs. The cuttings were filed by person – celebrities such as royalty and sportsmen – and by topics such as bigamy and sneezing. It had a better coverage of magazines and international periodicals than newspapers' own cuttings libraries and those libraries were disrupted or destroyed when the newspapers moved out of Fleet Street in the 1980s. Her husband Hans died in 1979 but Edda continued to operate the library up to the age of 95. She developed her own index system which enabled her to locate relevant cuttings quickly. Historian Robert Lacey, who used the library to write Majesty, said, "Mrs Tasiemka was a Google search engine long before Google was invented." This facility caused her to be nicknamed the "Human Google". Another keen customer was the author, Nicholas Coleridge, who used her as a character in a novel. Other authors who credited her included Tina Brown, Rupert Butler, Kitty Kelley, John Pearson and Howard Sounes. She never advertised the business, attracting custom just by word of mouth. One reason for this was that she was frightened that the archive would be closed down as a fire risk. To avoid attracting the attention of the authorities, she always called herself a "researcher" on official documents, never a librarian. The advent of the Internet reduced the turnover of the business but, in 2005, the library might still get 20 inquiries in a day, seeking information about subjects such as the Tanganyika groundnut scheme, Milli Vanilli or John Humphrys. Her charges for information then started at £50. She still enjoyed reading the stories herself, saying, "Sometimes I take cuttings to bed with me ... During the day I've got to control myself and not start reading unless it's for a customer." There had been offers to buy the library from Eddy Shah and Robert Maxwell but they were refused. Edda had assistants to help operate the library but did all the filing herself so, when she became too frail in 2018, the library was transferred to the Hyman Archive, which plans to digitise it. She was pleased that the material had gone to a good home and welcomed the re-appearance of the paintings that had been covered by piles of files. Personal life After her husband died, Peter Knight, who ran a cartoon syndication agency, became her "toyboy". They would go out together dancing or to the opera or theatre. They dined by romantic candlelight twice a week but never lived together and he died in 2015. Besides press cuttings, she also collected curios including Adam Buck tea sets, cat paintings by Louis Wain, Georgian salt cellars and knife rests, Meissen porcelain, Staffordshire figures and Victorian china fairings. She was active into old age, going on marches to protest against the Iraq War and celebrating her 90th birthday with champagne. She was afraid of dogs, due to childhood experience of the German Shepherds used by the Gestapo, but fed urban foxes when she was in London. She also liked sheep and had two life-size model sheep in her drawing room.	null	[ "Edda Tasiemka (; 1922–2019) was a German archivist who, with her husband Hans, established a large library of about six million press cuttings which was used by authors and journalists in London—the Hans Tasiemka Archive. It was successful because it contained material from magazines and periodicals going back to the 19th century and these were otherwise hard to obtain. She continued to maintain and operate the archive for 39 years after her husband died, passing it into the care of the Hyman Archive when she was 95. Early life and marriage Her parents were Luise Hoppe and the communist politician, Paul Frölich. She was born in 1922 in Hamburg. Her father was imprisoned in 1933 and her mother in 1938. She was herself interviewed by the Gestapo and refused to join the Hitler Youth. Having trained as a draughtswoman designing air raid shelters, she worked for the British army of occupation after the Second World War and met Hans Tasiemka in 1949, while he was working as an interpreter for the war crimes trials. They moved to London where they married with the actor Peter Lorre as the best man. Hans Tasiemka Archive In London, Hans worked as a journalist for the Foreign Office, while Edda worked for Universal Aunts. She started working as a journalist too, writing stories for German magazines and newspapers. They developed Hans' professional habit of collecting clippings into a library and commercial business, supplying authors and journalists.", "Moving from a bedsit off the Finchley Road to a semi-detached house in Golders Green, they accumulated about six million cuttings from magazines and newspapers dating back to the 19th century. The older magazines, such as a complete run of Le Rire, were acquired at antiques fairs. The cuttings were filed by person – celebrities such as royalty and sportsmen – and by topics such as bigamy and sneezing. It had a better coverage of magazines and international periodicals than newspapers' own cuttings libraries and those libraries were disrupted or destroyed when the newspapers moved out of Fleet Street in the 1980s. Her husband Hans died in 1979 but Edda continued to operate the library up to the age of 95. She developed her own index system which enabled her to locate relevant cuttings quickly. Historian Robert Lacey, who used the library to write Majesty, said, \"Mrs Tasiemka was a Google search engine long before Google was invented.\" This facility caused her to be nicknamed the \"Human Google\". Another keen customer was the author, Nicholas Coleridge, who used her as a character in a novel. Other authors who credited her included Tina Brown, Rupert Butler, Kitty Kelley, John Pearson and Howard Sounes.", "She never advertised the business, attracting custom just by word of mouth. One reason for this was that she was frightened that the archive would be closed down as a fire risk. To avoid attracting the attention of the authorities, she always called herself a \"researcher\" on official documents, never a librarian. The advent of the Internet reduced the turnover of the business but, in 2005, the library might still get 20 inquiries in a day, seeking information about subjects such as the Tanganyika groundnut scheme, Milli Vanilli or John Humphrys. Her charges for information then started at £50. She still enjoyed reading the stories herself, saying, \"Sometimes I take cuttings to bed with me ... During the day I've got to control myself and not start reading unless it's for a customer.\"", "There had been offers to buy the library from Eddy Shah and Robert Maxwell but they were refused. Edda had assistants to help operate the library but did all the filing herself so, when she became too frail in 2018, the library was transferred to the Hyman Archive, which plans to digitise it. She was pleased that the material had gone to a good home and welcomed the re-appearance of the paintings that had been covered by piles of files. Personal life After her husband died, Peter Knight, who ran a cartoon syndication agency, became her \"toyboy\". They would go out together dancing or to the opera or theatre. They dined by romantic candlelight twice a week but never lived together and he died in 2015. Besides press cuttings, she also collected curios including Adam Buck tea sets, cat paintings by Louis Wain, Georgian salt cellars and knife rests, Meissen porcelain, Staffordshire figures and Victorian china fairings.", "She was active into old age, going on marches to protest against the Iraq War and celebrating her 90th birthday with champagne. She was afraid of dogs, due to childhood experience of the German Shepherds used by the Gestapo, but fed urban foxes when she was in London. She also liked sheep and had two life-size model sheep in her drawing room." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 360-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Edda Tasiemka': Edda Tasiemka (; 1922–2019) was a German archivist who, with her husband Hans, established a large library of about six million press cuttings which was used by authors and journalists in London—the Hans Tasiemka Archive. It was successful because it contained material from magazines and periodicals going back to the 19th century and these were otherwise hard to obtain. She continued to maintain and operate the archive for 39 years after her husband died, passing it into the care of the Hyman Archive when she was 95. Early life and marriage Her parents were Luise Hoppe and the communist politician, Paul Frölich. She was born in 1922 in Hamburg. Her father was imprisoned in 1933 and her mother in 1938. She was herself interviewed by the Gestapo and refused to join the Hitler Youth. Having trained as a draughtswoman designing air raid shelters, she worked for the British army of occupation after the Second World War and met Hans Tasiemka in 1949, while he was working as an interpreter for the war crimes trials. They moved to London where they married with the actor Peter Lorre as the best man. Hans Tasiemka Archive In London, Hans worked as a journalist for the Foreign Office, while Edda worked for Universal Aunts. She started working as a journalist too, writing stories for German magazines and newspapers. They developed Hans' professional habit of collecting clippings into a library and commercial business, supplying authors and journalists.	continue	0	Edda Tasiemka	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda Tasiemka	{"Introduction": "Edda Tasiemka (; 1922\u00e22019) was a German archivist who, with her husband Hans, established a large library of about six million press cuttings which was used by authors and journalists in London\u00e2the Hans Tasiemka Archive. It was successful because it contained material from magazines and periodicals going back to the 19th century and these were otherwise hard to obtain. She continued to maintain and operate the archive for 39 years after her husband died, passing it into the care of the Hyman Archive when she was 95. Early life and marriage Her parents were Luise Hoppe and the communist politician, Paul Fr\u00c3lich. She was born in 1922 in Hamburg. Her father was imprisoned in 1933 and her mother in 1938. She was herself interviewed by the Gestapo and refused to join the Hitler Youth. Having trained as a draughtswoman designing air raid shelters, she worked for the British army of occupation after the Second World War and met Hans Tasiemka in 1949, while he was working as an interpreter for the war crimes trials. They moved to London where they married with the actor Peter Lorre as the best man.", "Hans Tasiemka Archive": "In London, Hans worked as a journalist for the Foreign Office, while Edda worked for Universal Aunts. She started working as a journalist too, writing stories for German magazines and newspapers. They developed Hans' professional habit of collecting clippings into a library and commercial business, supplying authors and journalists. Moving from a bedsit off the Finchley Road to a semidetached house in Golders Green, they accumulated about six million cuttings from magazines and newspapers dating back to the 19th century. The older magazines, such as a complete run of Le Rire, were acquired at antiques fairs. The cuttings were filed by person \u00e2 celebrities such as royalty and sportsmen \u00e2 and by topics such as bigamy and sneezing. It had a better coverage of magazines and international periodicals than newspapers' own cuttings libraries and those libraries were disrupted or destroyed when the newspapers moved out of Fleet Street in the 1980s. Her husband Hans died in 1979 but Edda continued to operate the library up to the age of 95. She developed her own index system which enabled her to locate relevant cuttings quickly. Historian Robert Lacey, who used the library to write Majesty, said, \"Mrs Tasiemka was a Google search engine long before Google was invented. \" This facility caused her to be nicknamed the \"Human Google\". Another keen customer was the author, Nicholas Coleridge, who used her as a character in a novel. Other authors who credited her included Tina Brown, Rupert Butler, Kitty Kelley, John Pearson and Howard Sounes. She never advertised the business, attracting custom just by word of mouth. One reason for this was that she was frightened that the archive would be closed down as a fire risk. To avoid attracting the attention of the authorities, she always called herself a \"researcher\" on official documents, never a librarian. The advent of the Internet reduced the turnover of the business but, in 2005, the library might still get 20 inquiries in a day, seeking information about subjects such as the Tanganyika groundnut scheme, Milli Vanilli or John Humphrys. Her charges for information then started at \u00c250. She still enjoyed reading the stories herself, saying, \"Sometimes I take cuttings to bed with me. .. During the day I've got to control myself and not start reading unless it's for a customer. \" There had been offers to buy the library from Eddy Shah and Robert Maxwell but they were refused. Edda had assistants to help operate the library but did all the filing herself so, when she became too frail in 2018, the library was transferred to the Hyman Archive, which plans to digitise it. She was pleased that the material had gone to a good home and welcomed the reappearance of the paintings that had been covered by piles of files.", "Personal life": "After her husband died, Peter Knight, who ran a cartoon syndication agency, became her \"toyboy\". They would go out together dancing or to the opera or theatre. They dined by romantic candlelight twice a week but never lived together and he died in 2015. Besides press cuttings, she also collected curios including Adam Buck tea sets, cat paintings by Louis Wain, Georgian salt cellars and knife rests, Meissen porcelain, Staffordshire figures and Victorian china fairings. She was active into old age, going on marches to protest against the Iraq War and celebrating her 90th birthday with champagne. She was afraid of dogs, due to childhood experience of the German Shepherds used by the Gestapo, but fed urban foxes when she was in London. She also liked sheep and had two lifesize model sheep in her drawing room."}
Sherburn-in-Elmet Airfield is located east of Sherburn in Elmet village and west of Selby, North Yorkshire, England. Pre-War and Wartime history In the 1920s, the Yorkshire Aeroplane Club began operating here. The novelist, pilot, and aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute was a member, and on the club's management committee. At the time, the club was flying de Havilland Moths. In his memoir, Slide Rule, Shute records that ". . . the Yorkshire Club quickly attracted a fair cross-section of young Yorkshire men and women, so that a Sunday spent at the Club was a merry Sunday." He also met his future wife, Frances Mary Heaton, a physician, at the club. After establishing Airspeed Ltd., an aircraft manufacturing firm, he personally flew the first two test flights of the company's first aircraft here. It was a glider, known as the Tern, and was launched using a "very old Buick car" pulling a steel cable. During the Second World War the airfield was used as a Royal Air Force station. From 1940 Blackburn Aircraft used a Ministry of Aircraft Production factory here to build 1699 Fairey Swordfish naval torpedo aircraft. The Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE) was moved from RAF Ringway to Sherburn on 17 June 1942. It was charged with developing the means to deploy allied airborne forces and supplies on operations by Military glider, Parachute and other means. The AFEE moved to RAF Beaulieu on 4 January 1945. The following units were also here at some point: No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF No. 7 Ferry Pilots Pool ATA became No. 7 Ferry Pool ATA No. 30 Gliding School RAF No. 46 Squadron RAF (1941) No. 73 Squadron RAF 885 Naval Air Squadron Leeds University Air Squadron Post-war operations Post-war, Sherburn has been used by private pilots and by aero clubs for training and leisure flying. The Yorkshire Aeroplane Club was based here for many years and organised several international air rallies in the early 1950s. In addition to the listed runways, there is a closed/un-maintained paved former runway parallel to, and about northwest of, the current 06/24 grass runway.	null	[ "Sherburn-in-Elmet Airfield is located east of Sherburn in Elmet village and west of Selby, North Yorkshire, England. Pre-War and Wartime history In the 1920s, the Yorkshire Aeroplane Club began operating here. The novelist, pilot, and aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute was a member, and on the club's management committee. At the time, the club was flying de Havilland Moths. In his memoir, Slide Rule, Shute records that \". . . the Yorkshire Club quickly attracted a fair cross-section of young Yorkshire men and women, so that a Sunday spent at the Club was a merry Sunday.\" He also met his future wife, Frances Mary Heaton, a physician, at the club. After establishing Airspeed Ltd., an aircraft manufacturing firm, he personally flew the first two test flights of the company's first aircraft here. It was a glider, known as the Tern, and was launched using a \"very old Buick car\" pulling a steel cable.", "During the Second World War the airfield was used as a Royal Air Force station. From 1940 Blackburn Aircraft used a Ministry of Aircraft Production factory here to build 1699 Fairey Swordfish naval torpedo aircraft. The Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE) was moved from RAF Ringway to Sherburn on 17 June 1942. It was charged with developing the means to deploy allied airborne forces and supplies on operations by Military glider, Parachute and other means. The AFEE moved to RAF Beaulieu on 4 January 1945. The following units were also here at some point: No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF No. 7 Ferry Pilots Pool ATA became No. 7 Ferry Pool ATA No. 30 Gliding School RAF No. 46 Squadron RAF (1941) No. 73 Squadron RAF 885 Naval Air Squadron Leeds University Air Squadron Post-war operations Post-war, Sherburn has been used by private pilots and by aero clubs for training and leisure flying. The Yorkshire Aeroplane Club was based here for many years and organised several international air rallies in the early 1950s. In addition to the listed runways, there is a closed/un-maintained paved former runway parallel to, and about northwest of, the current 06/24 grass runway." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 330-words sample section for Postwar operations on this title Sherburn-in-Elmet Airfield.	gen_section	Postwar operations	Sherburn-in-Elmet Airfield	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherburn-in-Elmet Airfield	{"Introduction": "SherburninElmet Airfield is located east of Sherburn in Elmet village and west of Selby, North Yorkshire, England. PreWar and Wartime history In the 1920s, the Yorkshire Aeroplane Club began operating here. The novelist, pilot, and aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute was a member, and on the club's management committee. At the time, the club was flying de Havilland Moths. In his memoir, Slide Rule, Shute records that \". .. the Yorkshire Club quickly attracted a fair crosssection of young Yorkshire men and women, so that a Sunday spent at the Club was a merry Sunday. \" He also met his future wife, Frances Mary Heaton, a physician, at the club. After establishing Airspeed Ltd. , an aircraft manufacturing firm, he personally flew the first two test flights of the company's first aircraft here. It was a glider, known as the Tern, and was launched using a \"very old Buick car\" pulling a steel cable. During the Second World War the airfield was used as a Royal Air Force station. From 1940 Blackburn Aircraft used a Ministry of Aircraft Production factory here to build 1699 Fairey Swordfish naval torpedo aircraft. The Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment (AFEE) was moved from RAF Ringway to Sherburn on 17 June 1942. It was charged with developing the means to deploy allied airborne forces and supplies on operations by Military glider, Parachute and other means. The AFEE moved to RAF Beaulieu on 4 January 1945. The following units were also here at some point: No. 2 (Coastal) Operational Training Unit RAF No. 7 Ferry Pilots Pool ATA became No. 7 Ferry Pool ATA No. 30 Gliding School RAF No. 46 Squadron RAF (1941) No. 73 Squadron RAF 885 Naval Air Squadron Leeds University Air Squadron", "Postwar operations": "Postwar, Sherburn has been used by private pilots and by aero clubs for training and leisure flying. The Yorkshire Aeroplane Club was based here for many years and organised several international air rallies in the early 1950s. In addition to the listed runways, there is a closed/unmaintained paved former runway parallel to, and about northwest of, the current 06/24 grass runway."}
Brock Harris (born February 1, 1988) is an American model and actor who became known after appearing in Têtu magazine. The short film The Last Hunt, produced by Harris, was highlighted by the Sundance Film Festival. Biography and career Harris is the son of a teacher of educational administration at a university and a deacon in a local church. His mother is a teacher of physical education. Being the second of four children, Harris was born and raised in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Harris practiced martial arts and trained to compete jujitsu. After studying at the school Stillwater Boys Choir, Harris entered and graduated as a musician and actor at The Hartt School of Music at the University of Hartford. When a freshman in college, he enrolled in the Asics after seeing an ad on the Internet seeking collegiate wrestlers to model. After doing the photo shoot for Asics stayed away for a while due to a surgery to remove a tumor from the back. In 2008, he gained popularity on the Internet after being on the cover of French magazine Têtu. Filmography Film Television	null	[ "Brock Harris (born February 1, 1988) is an American model and actor who became known after appearing in Têtu magazine. The short film The Last Hunt, produced by Harris, was highlighted by the Sundance Film Festival. Biography and career Harris is the son of a teacher of educational administration at a university and a deacon in a local church. His mother is a teacher of physical education. Being the second of four children, Harris was born and raised in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Harris practiced martial arts and trained to compete jujitsu. After studying at the school Stillwater Boys Choir, Harris entered and graduated as a musician and actor at The Hartt School of Music at the University of Hartford. When a freshman in college, he enrolled in the Asics after seeing an ad on the Internet seeking collegiate wrestlers to model. After doing the photo shoot for Asics stayed away for a while due to a surgery to remove a tumor from the back. In 2008, he gained popularity on the Internet after being on the cover of French magazine Têtu.", "Filmography Film Television" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Brock Harris' to be more childish in tone: Filmography Film Television	enhance	1	Brock Harris	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock Harris	{"Introduction": "Brock Harris (born February 1, 1988) is an American model and actor who became known after appearing in T\u00c3\u00aatu magazine. The short film The Last Hunt, produced by Harris, was highlighted by the Sundance Film Festival.", "Biography and career": "Harris is the son of a teacher of educational administration at a university and a deacon in a local church. His mother is a teacher of physical education. Being the second of four children, Harris was born and raised in Stillwater, Oklahoma. Harris practiced martial arts and trained to compete jujitsu. After studying at the school Stillwater Boys Choir, Harris entered and graduated as a musician and actor at The Hartt School of Music at the University of Hartford. When a freshman in college, he enrolled in the Asics after seeing an ad on the Internet seeking collegiate wrestlers to model. After doing the photo shoot for Asics stayed away for a while due to a surgery to remove a tumor from the back. In 2008, he gained popularity on the Internet after being on the cover of French magazine T\u00c3\u00aatu."}
Elmer Stiles Watson (June 19, 1908 – November 24, 1971) was an American military officer and politician who served as majority leader of the Connecticut State Senate from 1957 to 1959. Following graduation from high school, he took a job at his brother's insurance agency. He also joined the Connecticut National Guard and served with the United States Army in World War II. He remained with the Connecticut National Guard after the war and served as its commanding officer from 1949 to 1951. A Republican, Watson served as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles from 1947 to 1949. He subsequently served four terms in the Connecticut State Senate representing the 4th District from 1951 to 1959, acting as the Republican majority leader his last term. He acted as a member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut in his later life and died in 1971. Early life and education Watson was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on June 19, 1908, to parents George I. and Mabel (Avery) Watson. He graduated from Weaver High School in 1925 and earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Connecticut Agricultural College in 1929. He played baseball, reported for The Daily Campus, served on the rifle team for four years and as team captain for two years, and commanded his ROTC battalion during his senior year. Immediately after graduation, Watson joined the Hartford-based Arthur A. Watson and Company insurance agency, founded in 1929 by his brother Arthur A. Watson. Elmer Watson eventually rose to senior partner. Military service Watson enlisted in the Connecticut National Guard as a second lieutenant in 1930. During World War II, he served with the United States Army's 43rd Infantry Division as a lieutenant colonel and operations officer on the division general staff. Shot in both legs when Japanese warplanes machine-gunned his position at Munda in 1943, he received the Legion of Merit, a Purple Heart, the Army Commendation Medal, the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars and one bronze arrowhead, the American Campaign Medal, and the American Defense Medal. After recuperating, he taught at the Army and Navy Staff College and retired in 1945 as a full colonel. Exiting the US Army, Watson remained in the National Guard. He attained the rank of brigadier general and commanded the Connecticut State Guard from 1949 to 1951. He retired as a major general. Political career Governor Raymond E. Baldwin appointed Watson, a fellow Republican, as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles in 1945. However, the Democratic-controlled state senate refused to confirm Watson until January 1947. Watson served to 1949, introducing a point system and other reforms. In 1948, he was vice president of the Eastern Conference of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. From 1951 to 1959, Watson served four terms in the Connecticut State Senate representing the 4th District, centered on Wethersfield. He served as senate majority leader from 1957 to 1959. Elected by the alumni, Watson served on the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut from 1945 to 1965. He had purchased the first Husky Mascot, Jonathan I, in 1935 with his own money and offered to pay for the purchase of a new husky after Jonathan IV died unexpectedly in 1958. With Willard H. Allen, Watson received UConn's inaugural Distinguished Alumni Award in 1956. Opened in 1966, Watson Residence Hall was named in his honor. Personal life Watson married Cornelia Williamson at Dobbs Ferry, New York, on September 21, 1935. The couple had two children: Charles Stiles and Margaret Torrey. He was president of the Automobile Club of Hartford for 16 years. He was active in the Rotary Club and other local civic organizations. He died at his Wethersfield home on November 24, 1971, at the age of 63.	null	[ "Elmer Stiles Watson (June 19, 1908 – November 24, 1971) was an American military officer and politician who served as majority leader of the Connecticut State Senate from 1957 to 1959. Following graduation from high school, he took a job at his brother's insurance agency. He also joined the Connecticut National Guard and served with the United States Army in World War II. He remained with the Connecticut National Guard after the war and served as its commanding officer from 1949 to 1951. A Republican, Watson served as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles from 1947 to 1949. He subsequently served four terms in the Connecticut State Senate representing the 4th District from 1951 to 1959, acting as the Republican majority leader his last term. He acted as a member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut in his later life and died in 1971. Early life and education Watson was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on June 19, 1908, to parents George I. and Mabel (Avery) Watson. He graduated from Weaver High School in 1925 and earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Connecticut Agricultural College in 1929. He played baseball, reported for The Daily Campus, served on the rifle team for four years and as team captain for two years, and commanded his ROTC battalion during his senior year. Immediately after graduation, Watson joined the Hartford-based Arthur A. Watson and Company insurance agency, founded in 1929 by his brother Arthur A. Watson. Elmer Watson eventually rose to senior partner.", "Military service Watson enlisted in the Connecticut National Guard as a second lieutenant in 1930. During World War II, he served with the United States Army's 43rd Infantry Division as a lieutenant colonel and operations officer on the division general staff. Shot in both legs when Japanese warplanes machine-gunned his position at Munda in 1943, he received the Legion of Merit, a Purple Heart, the Army Commendation Medal, the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars and one bronze arrowhead, the American Campaign Medal, and the American Defense Medal. After recuperating, he taught at the Army and Navy Staff College and retired in 1945 as a full colonel. Exiting the US Army, Watson remained in the National Guard. He attained the rank of brigadier general and commanded the Connecticut State Guard from 1949 to 1951. He retired as a major general. Political career Governor Raymond E. Baldwin appointed Watson, a fellow Republican, as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles in 1945. However, the Democratic-controlled state senate refused to confirm Watson until January 1947. Watson served to 1949, introducing a point system and other reforms. In 1948, he was vice president of the Eastern Conference of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators.", "From 1951 to 1959, Watson served four terms in the Connecticut State Senate representing the 4th District, centered on Wethersfield. He served as senate majority leader from 1957 to 1959. Elected by the alumni, Watson served on the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut from 1945 to 1965. He had purchased the first Husky Mascot, Jonathan I, in 1935 with his own money and offered to pay for the purchase of a new husky after Jonathan IV died unexpectedly in 1958. With Willard H. Allen, Watson received UConn's inaugural Distinguished Alumni Award in 1956. Opened in 1966, Watson Residence Hall was named in his honor. Personal life Watson married Cornelia Williamson at Dobbs Ferry, New York, on September 21, 1935. The couple had two children: Charles Stiles and Margaret Torrey. He was president of the Automobile Club of Hartford for 16 years. He was active in the Rotary Club and other local civic organizations. He died at his Wethersfield home on November 24, 1971, at the age of 63." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 300-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Elmer Watson': Military service Watson enlisted in the Connecticut National Guard as a second lieutenant in 1930. During World War II, he served with the United States Army's 43rd Infantry Division as a lieutenant colonel and operations officer on the division general staff. Shot in both legs when Japanese warplanes machine-gunned his position at Munda in 1943, he received the Legion of Merit, a Purple Heart, the Army Commendation Medal, the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars and one bronze arrowhead, the American Campaign Medal, and the American Defense Medal. After recuperating, he taught at the Army and Navy Staff College and retired in 1945 as a full colonel. Exiting the US Army, Watson remained in the National Guard. He attained the rank of brigadier general and commanded the Connecticut State Guard from 1949 to 1951. He retired as a major general. Political career Governor Raymond E. Baldwin appointed Watson, a fellow Republican, as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles in 1945. However, the Democratic-controlled state senate refused to confirm Watson until January 1947. Watson served to 1949, introducing a point system and other reforms. In 1948, he was vice president of the Eastern Conference of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators.	continue	1	Elmer Watson	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer Watson	{"Introduction": "Elmer Stiles Watson (June 19, 1908 \u00e2 November 24, 1971) was an American military officer and politician who served as majority leader of the Connecticut State Senate from 1957 to 1959. Following graduation from high school, he took a job at his brother's insurance agency. He also joined the Connecticut National Guard and served with the United States Army in World War II. He remained with the Connecticut National Guard after the war and served as its commanding officer from 1949 to 1951. A Republican, Watson served as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles from 1947 to 1949. He subsequently served four terms in the Connecticut State Senate representing the 4th District from 1951 to 1959, acting as the Republican majority leader his last term. He acted as a member of the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut in his later life and died in 1971. Early life and education Watson was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on June 19, 1908, to parents George I. and Mabel (Avery) Watson. He graduated from Weaver High School in 1925 and earned his Bachelor of Science degree from Connecticut Agricultural College in 1929. He played baseball, reported for The Daily Campus, served on the rifle team for four years and as team captain for two years, and commanded his ROTC battalion during his senior year. Immediately after graduation, Watson joined the Hartfordbased Arthur A. Watson and Company insurance agency, founded in 1929 by his brother Arthur A. Watson. Elmer Watson eventually rose to senior partner.", "Military service": "Watson enlisted in the Connecticut National Guard as a second lieutenant in 1930. During World War II, he served with the United States Army's 43rd Infantry Division as a lieutenant colonel and operations officer on the division general staff. Shot in both legs when Japanese warplanes machinegunned his position at Munda in 1943, he received the Legion of Merit, a Purple Heart, the Army Commendation Medal, the Asiatic\u00e2Pacific Campaign Medal with two battle stars and one bronze arrowhead, the American Campaign Medal, and the American Defense Medal. After recuperating, he taught at the Army and Navy Staff College and retired in 1945 as a full colonel. Exiting the US Army, Watson remained in the National Guard. He attained the rank of brigadier general and commanded the Connecticut State Guard from 1949 to 1951. He retired as a major general.", "Political career": "Governor Raymond E. Baldwin appointed Watson, a fellow Republican, as commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Motor Vehicles in 1945. However, the Democraticcontrolled state senate refused to confirm Watson until January 1947. Watson served to 1949, introducing a point system and other reforms. In 1948, he was vice president of the Eastern Conference of the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. From 1951 to 1959, Watson served four terms in the Connecticut State Senate representing the 4th District, centered on Wethersfield. He served as senate majority leader from 1957 to 1959. Elected by the alumni, Watson served on the board of trustees of the University of Connecticut from 1945 to 1965. He had purchased the first Husky Mascot, Jonathan I, in 1935 with his own money and offered to pay for the purchase of a new husky after Jonathan IV died unexpectedly in 1958. With Willard H. Allen, Watson received UConn's inaugural Distinguished Alumni Award in 1956. Opened in 1966, Watson Residence Hall was named in his honor.", "Personal life": "Watson married Cornelia Williamson at Dobbs Ferry, New York, on September 21, 1935. The couple had two children: Charles Stiles and Margaret Torrey. He was president of the Automobile Club of Hartford for 16 years. He was active in the Rotary Club and other local civic organizations. He died at his Wethersfield home on November 24, 1971, at the age of 63."}
Kumaravel Premkumar (born 2 June 1993) is an Indian long jumper from Tamil Nadu. He is the national record-holder in both the indoor and outdoor long jump. He won a bronze medal at the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships and a silver at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships. Early life and education Premkumar was born on 6 February 1993 in Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. He was one year old when his father died, after which he was raised by his mother, Uma Rani. His mother worked in a local church to provide for the family. He attended St. Antony's School, Thanjavur where physical education teacher Suresh recognised Premkumar's potential and encouraged him to pursue athletics. As a teenager in 2010, Premkumar moved to Chennai to train under coach P. Nagarajan. He joined Pachaiyappa's College Higher Secondary School, and was coached by Nagarajan at the Prime Sports Academy. He passed Higher Secondary Examination in 2012. Sporting career Premkumar trains with coach P. Nagarajan at St. Joseph's Sports Academy, Chennai. He represented the academy at the 84th Senior State Athletics Championship held in Coimbatore in May 2011, and won a gold medal with a jump of . He represented Tamil Nadu at the South Zone Junior Athletics Championship held in Chennai in August 2011. He set a new national junior record with and won gold. Premkumar participated in the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships that took place in Hangzhou, China. He won a bronze medal and set the national indoor record with a jump. The previous record was held by Maha Singh, who jumped at the 2006 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in Pattaya, Thailand. Premkumar was the only Indian to win a medal at the championships. He competed in the 2012 World Junior Championships in Barcelona, Spain and finished 16th in the qualification round with the best jump of , which was not sufficient to qualify him for the final. He set his personal best of at the National Inter-State Championships in Chennai in June 2013. A month after the championships, Premkumar won a silver medal at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships in Pune with the best jump of . Premkumar failed to qualify for the 2013 World Championships because his jump (more than the 'B' qualifying standard for the championships) at a meet in the United States Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California, was wind assisted beyond the 2 metres per second permissible limit, cancelling out the national record and the qualifying effort. At the 79th Railways Athletic Championships in New Delhi, he represented Integral Coach Factory team. He won the gold and cleared a distance of in the men's long jump final to erase a nine-year-old national record of , set by Amritpal Singh in 2002 at the 10th Federation Cup Athletics Championships in New Delhi. Premkumar was declared best athlete of the championships for his record-breaking performance, and was awarded with the Marshal Tito Cup.	null	[ "Kumaravel Premkumar (born 2 June 1993) is an Indian long jumper from Tamil Nadu. He is the national record-holder in both the indoor and outdoor long jump. He won a bronze medal at the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships and a silver at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships. Early life and education Premkumar was born on 6 February 1993 in Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. He was one year old when his father died, after which he was raised by his mother, Uma Rani. His mother worked in a local church to provide for the family. He attended St. Antony's School, Thanjavur where physical education teacher Suresh recognised Premkumar's potential and encouraged him to pursue athletics. As a teenager in 2010, Premkumar moved to Chennai to train under coach P. Nagarajan. He joined Pachaiyappa's College Higher Secondary School, and was coached by Nagarajan at the Prime Sports Academy. He passed Higher Secondary Examination in 2012. Sporting career Premkumar trains with coach P. Nagarajan at St. Joseph's Sports Academy, Chennai. He represented the academy at the 84th Senior State Athletics Championship held in Coimbatore in May 2011, and won a gold medal with a jump of . He represented Tamil Nadu at the South Zone Junior Athletics Championship held in Chennai in August 2011. He set a new national junior record with and won gold.", "Premkumar participated in the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships that took place in Hangzhou, China. He won a bronze medal and set the national indoor record with a jump. The previous record was held by Maha Singh, who jumped at the 2006 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in Pattaya, Thailand. Premkumar was the only Indian to win a medal at the championships. He competed in the 2012 World Junior Championships in Barcelona, Spain and finished 16th in the qualification round with the best jump of , which was not sufficient to qualify him for the final. He set his personal best of at the National Inter-State Championships in Chennai in June 2013. A month after the championships, Premkumar won a silver medal at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships in Pune with the best jump of . Premkumar failed to qualify for the 2013 World Championships because his jump (more than the 'B' qualifying standard for the championships) at a meet in the United States Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California, was wind assisted beyond the 2 metres per second permissible limit, cancelling out the national record and the qualifying effort. At the 79th Railways Athletic Championships in New Delhi, he represented Integral Coach Factory team. He won the gold and cleared a distance of in the men's long jump final to erase a nine-year-old national record of , set by Amritpal Singh in 2002 at the 10th Federation Cup Athletics Championships in New Delhi. Premkumar was declared best athlete of the championships for his record-breaking performance, and was awarded with the Marshal Tito Cup." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 340-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Kumaravel Premkumar. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Kumaravel Premkumar	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaravel Premkumar	{"Introduction": "Kumaravel Premkumar (born 2 June 1993) is an Indian long jumper from Tamil Nadu. He is the national recordholder in both the indoor and outdoor long jump. He won a bronze medal at the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships and a silver at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships. Early life and education Premkumar was born on 6 February 1993 in Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu. He was one year old when his father died, after which he was raised by his mother, Uma Rani. His mother worked in a local church to provide for the family. He attended St. Antony's School, Thanjavur where physical education teacher Suresh recognised Premkumar's potential and encouraged him to pursue athletics. As a teenager in 2010, Premkumar moved to Chennai to train under coach P. Nagarajan. He joined Pachaiyappa's College Higher Secondary School, and was coached by Nagarajan at the Prime Sports Academy. He passed Higher Secondary Examination in 2012.", "Sporting career": "Premkumar trains with coach P. Nagarajan at St. Joseph's Sports Academy, Chennai. He represented the academy at the 84th Senior State Athletics Championship held in Coimbatore in May 2011, and won a gold medal with a jump of. He represented Tamil Nadu at the South Zone Junior Athletics Championship held in Chennai in August 2011. He set a new national junior record with and won gold. Premkumar participated in the 2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships that took place in Hangzhou, China. He won a bronze medal and set the national indoor record with a jump. The previous record was held by Maha Singh, who jumped at the 2006 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships in Pattaya, Thailand. Premkumar was the only Indian to win a medal at the championships. He competed in the 2012 World Junior Championships in Barcelona, Spain and finished 16th in the qualification round with the best jump of, which was not sufficient to qualify him for the final. He set his personal best of at the National InterState Championships in Chennai in June 2013. A month after the championships, Premkumar won a silver medal at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships in Pune with the best jump of. Premkumar failed to qualify for the 2013 World Championships because his jump (more than the 'B' qualifying standard for the championships) at a meet in the United States Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, California, was wind assisted beyond the 2\u00c2 metres per second permissible limit, cancelling out the national record and the qualifying effort. At the 79th Railways Athletic Championships in New Delhi, he represented Integral Coach Factory team. He won the gold and cleared a distance of in the men's long jump final to erase a nineyearold national record of, set by Amritpal Singh in 2002 at the 10th Federation Cup Athletics Championships in New Delhi. Premkumar was declared best athlete of the championships for his recordbreaking performance, and was awarded with the Marshal Tito Cup."}
Sgt Per Bergsland (17 January 1918 – 9 June 1992) was a Norwegian fighter pilot and POW in the German POW camp Stalag Luft III and one of only three men to escape to freedom in the "Great Escape". Sports career During the 1930s Bergsland competed in orienteering, representing the club IL Heming. In 1939 he placed second at the individual Norwegian championship in orienteering held at Modum. He was born in Bærum, but resided at Ullernåsen. World War II Per Bergsland received training as a pilot in Canada. He transferred to the RAF in 1942, where he was assigned to fly with a combat unit. As a member of No. 332 Squadron RAF stationed at North Weald airfield, Bergsland's Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb, (serial no AB269, coded AH:D) was shot down by a German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 during the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942. After arriving at the POW camp, he gave his name as "Peter Rockland" (Per = Petrus, meaning rock in Greek, and Berg meaning mountain or rock in Norwegian), in order to protect his family in Norway from German persecution. In what later became known as the "Great Escape", he was escapee #43 among the 76 prisoners of war who managed to escape from the camp via tunnel with another Norwegian pilot, escapee #44 Jens Müller, Bergsland and Müller made it to the nearby town of Sagan, where they caught a train to Stettin in Germany (now: Szczecin, Poland). At the port, the pair were snuck onto a neutral Swedish ship by friendly sailors and made it to the safety of Gothenburg. There, they entered the British consulate, who arranged travel by train to Stockholm, where they were flown to Scotland from the Bromma airport. From there they were sent by train to London and shortly afterwards to 'Little Norway' in Canada. In total, only three POWs from Stalag Luft III made it to neutral countries and freedom. The third escapee was the Dutchman Bram van der Stok, who crossed most of occupied Europe and escaped to Spain with the help of the French resistance. The remaining 73 escapees were captured. Adolf Hitler wanted to execute them all, but Hermann Göring persuaded him not to: in the end, fifty were shot as an example. The remaining 23 were held in the custody of the Gestapo before being sent off to other camps. 17 were returned to Stalag Luft III, four were sent to Sachsenhausen, and two to Colditz Castle. Postwar career In 1946, Per Bergsland began as a pilot in Fred Olsen Air Transport. He later became Chief Pilot and Operational Manager. He became CEO of Fred Olsen Air Transport in 1968 and CEO of regional airline Widerøe from 1970 to 1981.	null	[ "Sgt Per Bergsland (17 January 1918 – 9 June 1992) was a Norwegian fighter pilot and POW in the German POW camp Stalag Luft III and one of only three men to escape to freedom in the \"Great Escape\". Sports career During the 1930s Bergsland competed in orienteering, representing the club IL Heming. In 1939 he placed second at the individual Norwegian championship in orienteering held at Modum. He was born in Bærum, but resided at Ullernåsen. World War II Per Bergsland received training as a pilot in Canada. He transferred to the RAF in 1942, where he was assigned to fly with a combat unit. As a member of No. 332 Squadron RAF stationed at North Weald airfield, Bergsland's Supermarine Spitfire Mk.Vb, (serial no AB269, coded AH:D) was shot down by a German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 during the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942. After arriving at the POW camp, he gave his name as \"Peter Rockland\" (Per = Petrus, meaning rock in Greek, and Berg meaning mountain or rock in Norwegian), in order to protect his family in Norway from German persecution.", "In what later became known as the \"Great Escape\", he was escapee #43 among the 76 prisoners of war who managed to escape from the camp via tunnel with another Norwegian pilot, escapee #44 Jens Müller, Bergsland and Müller made it to the nearby town of Sagan, where they caught a train to Stettin in Germany (now: Szczecin, Poland). At the port, the pair were snuck onto a neutral Swedish ship by friendly sailors and made it to the safety of Gothenburg. There, they entered the British consulate, who arranged travel by train to Stockholm, where they were flown to Scotland from the Bromma airport. From there they were sent by train to London and shortly afterwards to 'Little Norway' in Canada. In total, only three POWs from Stalag Luft III made it to neutral countries and freedom. The third escapee was the Dutchman Bram van der Stok, who crossed most of occupied Europe and escaped to Spain with the help of the French resistance. The remaining 73 escapees were captured. Adolf Hitler wanted to execute them all, but Hermann Göring persuaded him not to: in the end, fifty were shot as an example. The remaining 23 were held in the custody of the Gestapo before being sent off to other camps. 17 were returned to Stalag Luft III, four were sent to Sachsenhausen, and two to Colditz Castle.", "Postwar career In 1946, Per Bergsland began as a pilot in Fred Olsen Air Transport. He later became Chief Pilot and Operational Manager. He became CEO of Fred Olsen Air Transport in 1968 and CEO of regional airline Widerøe from 1970 to 1981." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 400-words sample section for Sports career on this title Per Bergsland.	gen_section	Sports career	Per Bergsland	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per Bergsland	{"Introduction": "Sgt Per Bergsland (17 January 1918 \u00e2 9 June 1992) was a Norwegian fighter pilot and POW in the German POW camp Stalag Luft III and one of only three men to escape to freedom in the \"Great Escape\".", "Sports career": "During the 1930s Bergsland competed in orienteering, representing the club IL Heming. In 1939 he placed second at the individual Norwegian championship in orienteering held at Modum. He was born in B\u00c3rum, but resided at Ullern\u00c3sen.", "World War II": "Per Bergsland received training as a pilot in Canada. He transferred to the RAF in 1942, where he was assigned to fly with a combat unit. As a member of No. 332 Squadron RAF stationed at North Weald airfield, Bergsland's Supermarine Spitfire Mk. Vb, (serial no AB269, coded AH:D) was shot down by a German FockeWulf Fw 190 during the Dieppe Raid on 19 August 1942. After arriving at the POW camp, he gave his name as \"Peter Rockland\" (Per Petrus, meaning rock in Greek, and Berg meaning mountain or rock in Norwegian), in order to protect his family in Norway from German persecution. In what later became known as the \"Great Escape\", he was escapee among the 76 prisoners of war who managed to escape from the camp via tunnel with another Norwegian pilot, escapee Jens M\u00c3\u00bcller, Bergsland and M\u00c3\u00bcller made it to the nearby town of Sagan, where they caught a train to Stettin in Germany (now: Szczecin, Poland). At the port, the pair were snuck onto a neutral Swedish ship by friendly sailors and made it to the safety of Gothenburg. There, they entered the British consulate, who arranged travel by train to Stockholm, where they were flown to Scotland from the Bromma airport. From there they were sent by train to London and shortly afterwards to 'Little Norway' in Canada. In total, only three POWs from Stalag Luft III made it to neutral countries and freedom. The third escapee was the Dutchman Bram van der Stok, who crossed most of occupied Europe and escaped to Spain with the help of the French resistance. The remaining 73 escapees were captured. Adolf Hitler wanted to execute them all, but Hermann G\u00c3ring persuaded him not to: in the end, fifty were shot as an example. The remaining 23 were held in the custody of the Gestapo before being sent off to other camps. 17 were returned to Stalag Luft III, four were sent to Sachsenhausen, and two to Colditz Castle.", "Postwar career": "In 1946, Per Bergsland began as a pilot in Fred Olsen Air Transport. He later became Chief Pilot and Operational Manager. He became CEO of Fred Olsen Air Transport in 1968 and CEO of regional airline Wider\u00c3e from 1970 to 1981."}
Karl Ove Knausgård (; born 6 December 1968) is a Norwegian author. He became known worldwide for six autobiographical novels, titled My Struggle (Min Kamp). He has been described as "one of the 21st century's greatest literary sensations". Since the completion of the My Struggle series in 2011, he has also published an autobiographical series entitled The Seasons Quartet, as well as critical work on the art of Edvard Munch. He has won the 2009 Brage Prize, 2017 Jerusalem Prize, and 2019 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize. Biography Born in Oslo, Knausgård was raised on Tromøya in Arendal and in Kristiansand, and studied arts and literature at the University of Bergen. He then held various jobs, including teaching high school in northern Norway, selling cassettes, working in a psychiatric hospital and on an oil platform, while trying to become a writer. He eventually moved to Stockholm and published his first novel in 1998. Literary career Debut and follow-up Knausgård made his publishing debut in 1998 with the novel Out of the World, for which he was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature. This was the first time in the award's history that a debut novel had won. His second novel, A Time for Everything (2004), partly retells certain parts of the Bible as well as the history of angels on earth. The book won a number of awards, and was nominated for the Nordic Council's Literature Prize. It was also nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award. It was called a "strange, uneven, and marvelous book" by The New York Review of Books. The Min Kamp books While Knausgård's two first books were well received, it was the six-volume Min Kamp series of autobiographical novels that made Knausgård a household name in Norway. Published from 2009 to 2011 and totaling over 3,500 pages, the books were hugely successful and also caused much controversy. The controversy was caused partly because the Norwegian title of the book, Min Kamp, is the same as the Norwegian title of Hitler's Mein Kampf, and partly because some have suggested Knausgård goes too far in exposing the private lives of his friends and family—including his father, ex-wife, uncle, and grandmother. The books have nevertheless received almost universally favorable reviews, at least the first two volumes. In a country of five million people, the Min Kamp series has sold over 450,000 copies. The Min Kamp series is translated into numerous languages. The books were published to great critical acclaim in Denmark, Sweden, and several other countries. All six have been translated into English by Don Bartlett for publication by Archipelago Books (US) and Harvill Secker (UK), and have been retitled in Britain as A Death in the Family, A Man in Love, Boyhood Island, Dancing in the Dark, Some Rain Must Fall, and The End (The End translated by Bartlett and Martin Aitken). The audiobooks of the English translations were recorded by Edoardo Ballerini. In a long and largely positive review of the first Min Kamp books, James Wood of The New Yorker wrote that "There is something ceaselessly compelling about Knausgård's book: even when I was bored, I was interested." Later works Knausgård served as a consultant to the new Norwegian translation of the Bible. In 2013, he published a collection of essays, Sjelens Amerika: tekster 1996–2013 (""), and as of September 2013 he is adapting his novel Out of the World into a screenplay. Between 2015 and 2016, Knausgaard published his Seasons Quartet, a series of four books entitled Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. These books are also autobiographical in nature, consisting of diary excerpts, letters, and other personal materials. These books were released in English between 2017 and 2018. Knausgaard has also written works devoted to the visual arts. He co-authored Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm, a book in 2018 on the German artist Anselm Kiefer with James Lawrence. In 2019, Knausgaard published a monograph on the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and his interview about Munch also appeared as a highlight of the British Museum's 2019 exhibition catalog, Edvard Munch: Love and Angst, by curator Giulia Bartrum. In October 2019 Knausgård became the sixth writer chosen to contribute to the Future Library project. Knausgård's essay collection, In the Land of the Cyclops (2018), was first published in English in January 2021. Novel series 2020-2023 In September 2020 Knausgård's novel Morgenstjernen ("The Morning Star"), a story about a number of peoples' everyday life in southern Norway while a mysteriously bright star appears in the sky, was published to critical acclaim in Norway. Danish and Swedish translations were published a few months later to great critical acclaim. It was sold in advance to fifteen countries. In 2021 Ulvene fra evighetens skog, a sequel to Morgenstjernen mainly set in Norway and the Soviet Union in the 1980s, was published in Norway. The English translation The Wolves of Eternity was published in September 2023. A third book in the series with the title Det tredje riket followed in 2022. A fourth book, Nattskolen, was published (in Norwegian) in October 2023. Critical reception Following the publication of Min kamp, Knausgård has been described as "one of the 21st century's greatest literary sensations" by the Wall Street Journal. Some consider him the greatest Norwegian writer since playwright Henrik Ibsen. His deliberately prolix and minutely detailed style drew comparison to that of French novelist Marcel Proust and his seven-volume novel In Search of Lost Time. Knausgård's 2020 novel The Morning Star was a critical success in Scandinavia. While reviewers of the English translation of the novel were more ambivalent, Knausgård was acknowledged as "one of the finest writers alive" by Dwight Garner in New York Times and "a writer of supreme interest" by Charles Arrowsmith in Los Angeles Times. Editing career Between 1999 and 2002 Knausgård was co-editor of Vagant, a Norwegian literary magazine founded in 1988. He was part of the first editorial team of Vagant in Bergen; until 1999 the magazine had been based in Oslo. Knausgård contributed essays about the writings of Don DeLillo and The Divine Comedy by Dante. He also conducted in-depth interviews with the Norwegian writers Rune Christiansen and Thure Erik Lund for the magazine. Just after he left Vagant and Bergen, his former co-editor Preben Jordal wrote a very negative review of Knausgård's second novel in the magazine, with the title «Mellom Bibel og babbel» ("Between the Bible and babble")—an episode discussed in the second volume of Min Kamp. Publishing career In 2010, he founded a small, eclectic publishing house, Pelikanen (Pelican), with his brother Yngve Knausgård and Asbjørn Jensen. Pelikanen has so far published Denis Johnson, Peter Handke, Christian Kracht, Ben Marcus, Curzio Malaparte and Stig Larsson in Norwegian translations. Personal life Knausgård is currently married to his third wife, Michal Knausgård. She is the publishing director of Fern Press in London, and previously worked as editorial director of Harvill Secker, where she edited and published Knausgård's novels. Shavit and Knausgård have one child, and live together in London, along with their children from prior marriages. Knausgård lived in Österlen, Sweden, with his second wife, the writer Linda Boström Knausgård, and their four children until November 2016 when he and his wife separated. He now lives between London and Sweden. In a radio interview with his estranged first wife, Tonje Aursland, who plays a part in several of the Min Kamp books, Knausgård admitted that he sometimes feels that he has made a "Faustian bargain"—that he has achieved huge success by sacrificing his relationships with friends and members of his family. In October 2010, Aursland presented her perspective on involuntarily becoming a subject of her ex-husband's autobiography in a radio documentary broadcast on NRK. Knausgård's uncle, who is represented as Gunnar in the Min Kamp books, has been highly critical of the whole project in the Norwegian press. Bibliography 1998: Ute av verden, Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1998, Out of the World, Archipelago, 2023, translated by Martin Aitken, 2004: En tid for alt, Oktober A Time for Everything 2004 2009–2011: My Struggle (Min Kamp), six volumes A Death in the Family. My Struggle 1, Penguin A Man in Love. My Struggle 2, Penguin Boyhood Island. My Struggle 3, Penguin Dancing in the Dark. My Struggle 4, Penguin Some Rain Must Fall. My Struggle 5, Penguin The End. My Struggle 6, Penguin Sjelens Amerika, Oktober, 2013, 2014: Nakker Necks Photographs by Thomas Wagstrom, Max Strom, Bokforlaget, 2015, 2015–2016: Årstid encyklopedien (Seasonal Encyclopedia) Om høsten (Autumn), 2015, Illustrated by Vanessa Baird, Autumn, Penguin, 2017, Om vinteren (Winter), 2015 Illustrated by Lars Lerin, Winter, Penguin, 2018, Om våren (Spring), 2016, Illustrated by Anna Bjerger, Spring, Penguin, 2018, Om sommeren (Summer), 2016, Illustrated by Anselm Kiefer, Summer, Penguin, 2018, 2015: Hjemme – Borte With Fredrik Ekelund Home and Away: Writing the Beautiful Game, 2017 (English translation), with Fredrik Ekelund, translated by Don Bartlett and Sean Kinsella, 2018: Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm with James Lawrence, 2019: So Much Longing in So Little Space: The Art of Edvard Munch, 2020: Morgenstjernen, Oktober The Morning Star, Penguin, 2021, translated by Martin Aitken, 2021: Ulvene fra evighetens skog, Oktober The Wolves of Eternity, Penguin, 2023, translated by Martin Aitken, 2022: Det tredje riket, Oktober 2023: Nattskolen, Oktober Articles in English 2015: 2020: Awards and nominations Nominations Nominated for the 2004 Nordic Council's Literature Prize Awards 1998 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 2009 Brage Prize 2009 NRK P2 Listeners' Prize 2010 Book of the Year Prize in Morgenbladet 2015 Welt-Literaturpreis 2017 Jerusalem Prize 2019 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize 2023 Lenin Award See full list of Awards and honours of My Struggle	null	[ "Karl Ove Knausgård (; born 6 December 1968) is a Norwegian author. He became known worldwide for six autobiographical novels, titled My Struggle (Min Kamp). He has been described as \"one of the 21st century's greatest literary sensations\". Since the completion of the My Struggle series in 2011, he has also published an autobiographical series entitled The Seasons Quartet, as well as critical work on the art of Edvard Munch. He has won the 2009 Brage Prize, 2017 Jerusalem Prize, and 2019 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize.", "Biography Born in Oslo, Knausgård was raised on Tromøya in Arendal and in Kristiansand, and studied arts and literature at the University of Bergen. He then held various jobs, including teaching high school in northern Norway, selling cassettes, working in a psychiatric hospital and on an oil platform, while trying to become a writer. He eventually moved to Stockholm and published his first novel in 1998. Literary career Debut and follow-up Knausgård made his publishing debut in 1998 with the novel Out of the World, for which he was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature. This was the first time in the award's history that a debut novel had won. His second novel, A Time for Everything (2004), partly retells certain parts of the Bible as well as the history of angels on earth. The book won a number of awards, and was nominated for the Nordic Council's Literature Prize. It was also nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award. It was called a \"strange, uneven, and marvelous book\" by The New York Review of Books. The Min Kamp books While Knausgård's two first books were well received, it was the six-volume Min Kamp series of autobiographical novels that made Knausgård a household name in Norway. Published from 2009 to 2011 and totaling over 3,500 pages, the books were hugely successful and also caused much controversy. The controversy was caused partly because the Norwegian title of the book, Min Kamp, is the same as the Norwegian title of Hitler's Mein Kampf, and partly because some have suggested Knausgård goes too far in exposing the private lives of his friends and family—including his father, ex-wife, uncle, and grandmother. The books have nevertheless received almost universally favorable reviews, at least the first two volumes. In a country of five million people, the Min Kamp series has sold over 450,000 copies.", "The Min Kamp series is translated into numerous languages. The books were published to great critical acclaim in Denmark, Sweden, and several other countries. All six have been translated into English by Don Bartlett for publication by Archipelago Books (US) and Harvill Secker (UK), and have been retitled in Britain as A Death in the Family, A Man in Love, Boyhood Island, Dancing in the Dark, Some Rain Must Fall, and The End (The End translated by Bartlett and Martin Aitken). The audiobooks of the English translations were recorded by Edoardo Ballerini. In a long and largely positive review of the first Min Kamp books, James Wood of The New Yorker wrote that \"There is something ceaselessly compelling about Knausgård's book: even when I was bored, I was interested.\"", "Later works Knausgård served as a consultant to the new Norwegian translation of the Bible. In 2013, he published a collection of essays, Sjelens Amerika: tekster 1996–2013 (\"\"), and as of September 2013 he is adapting his novel Out of the World into a screenplay. Between 2015 and 2016, Knausgaard published his Seasons Quartet, a series of four books entitled Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. These books are also autobiographical in nature, consisting of diary excerpts, letters, and other personal materials. These books were released in English between 2017 and 2018. Knausgaard has also written works devoted to the visual arts. He co-authored Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm, a book in 2018 on the German artist Anselm Kiefer with James Lawrence. In 2019, Knausgaard published a monograph on the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and his interview about Munch also appeared as a highlight of the British Museum's 2019 exhibition catalog, Edvard Munch: Love and Angst, by curator Giulia Bartrum.", "In October 2019 Knausgård became the sixth writer chosen to contribute to the Future Library project. Knausgård's essay collection, In the Land of the Cyclops (2018), was first published in English in January 2021. Novel series 2020-2023 In September 2020 Knausgård's novel Morgenstjernen (\"The Morning Star\"), a story about a number of peoples' everyday life in southern Norway while a mysteriously bright star appears in the sky, was published to critical acclaim in Norway. Danish and Swedish translations were published a few months later to great critical acclaim. It was sold in advance to fifteen countries. In 2021 Ulvene fra evighetens skog, a sequel to Morgenstjernen mainly set in Norway and the Soviet Union in the 1980s, was published in Norway. The English translation The Wolves of Eternity was published in September 2023. A third book in the series with the title Det tredje riket followed in 2022. A fourth book, Nattskolen, was published (in Norwegian) in October 2023. Critical reception Following the publication of Min kamp, Knausgård has been described as \"one of the 21st century's greatest literary sensations\" by the Wall Street Journal. Some consider him the greatest Norwegian writer since playwright Henrik Ibsen. His deliberately prolix and minutely detailed style drew comparison to that of French novelist Marcel Proust and his seven-volume novel In Search of Lost Time.", "Knausgård's 2020 novel The Morning Star was a critical success in Scandinavia. While reviewers of the English translation of the novel were more ambivalent, Knausgård was acknowledged as \"one of the finest writers alive\" by Dwight Garner in New York Times and \"a writer of supreme interest\" by Charles Arrowsmith in Los Angeles Times. Editing career Between 1999 and 2002 Knausgård was co-editor of Vagant, a Norwegian literary magazine founded in 1988. He was part of the first editorial team of Vagant in Bergen; until 1999 the magazine had been based in Oslo. Knausgård contributed essays about the writings of Don DeLillo and The Divine Comedy by Dante. He also conducted in-depth interviews with the Norwegian writers Rune Christiansen and Thure Erik Lund for the magazine. Just after he left Vagant and Bergen, his former co-editor Preben Jordal wrote a very negative review of Knausgård's second novel in the magazine, with the title «Mellom Bibel og babbel» (\"Between the Bible and babble\")—an episode discussed in the second volume of Min Kamp.", "Publishing career In 2010, he founded a small, eclectic publishing house, Pelikanen (Pelican), with his brother Yngve Knausgård and Asbjørn Jensen. Pelikanen has so far published Denis Johnson, Peter Handke, Christian Kracht, Ben Marcus, Curzio Malaparte and Stig Larsson in Norwegian translations. Personal life Knausgård is currently married to his third wife, Michal Knausgård. She is the publishing director of Fern Press in London, and previously worked as editorial director of Harvill Secker, where she edited and published Knausgård's novels. Shavit and Knausgård have one child, and live together in London, along with their children from prior marriages. Knausgård lived in Österlen, Sweden, with his second wife, the writer Linda Boström Knausgård, and their four children until November 2016 when he and his wife separated. He now lives between London and Sweden. In a radio interview with his estranged first wife, Tonje Aursland, who plays a part in several of the Min Kamp books, Knausgård admitted that he sometimes feels that he has made a \"Faustian bargain\"—that he has achieved huge success by sacrificing his relationships with friends and members of his family. In October 2010, Aursland presented her perspective on involuntarily becoming a subject of her ex-husband's autobiography in a radio documentary broadcast on NRK. Knausgård's uncle, who is represented as Gunnar in the Min Kamp books, has been highly critical of the whole project in the Norwegian press.", "Bibliography 1998: Ute av verden, Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1998, Out of the World, Archipelago, 2023, translated by Martin Aitken, 2004: En tid for alt, Oktober A Time for Everything 2004 2009–2011: My Struggle (Min Kamp), six volumes A Death in the Family. My Struggle 1, Penguin A Man in Love. My Struggle 2, Penguin Boyhood Island. My Struggle 3, Penguin Dancing in the Dark. My Struggle 4, Penguin Some Rain Must Fall. My Struggle 5, Penguin The End. My Struggle 6, Penguin Sjelens Amerika, Oktober, 2013, 2014: Nakker Necks Photographs by Thomas Wagstrom, Max Strom, Bokforlaget, 2015, 2015–2016: Årstid encyklopedien (Seasonal Encyclopedia) Om høsten (Autumn), 2015, Illustrated by Vanessa Baird, Autumn, Penguin, 2017, Om vinteren (Winter), 2015 Illustrated by Lars Lerin, Winter, Penguin, 2018, Om våren (Spring), 2016, Illustrated by Anna Bjerger, Spring, Penguin, 2018, Om sommeren (Summer), 2016, Illustrated by Anselm Kiefer, Summer, Penguin, 2018, 2015: Hjemme – Borte With Fredrik Ekelund Home and Away: Writing the Beautiful Game, 2017 (English translation), with Fredrik Ekelund, translated by Don Bartlett and Sean Kinsella, 2018: Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm with James Lawrence, 2019: So Much Longing in So Little Space: The Art of Edvard Munch, 2020: Morgenstjernen, Oktober The Morning Star, Penguin, 2021, translated by Martin Aitken, 2021: Ulvene fra evighetens skog, Oktober The Wolves of Eternity, Penguin, 2023, translated by Martin Aitken, 2022: Det tredje riket, Oktober 2023: Nattskolen, Oktober Articles in English 2015: 2020:", "Awards and nominations Nominations Nominated for the 2004 Nordic Council's Literature Prize Awards 1998 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature 2009 Brage Prize 2009 NRK P2 Listeners' Prize 2010 Book of the Year Prize in Morgenbladet 2015 Welt-Literaturpreis 2017 Jerusalem Prize 2019 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize 2023 Lenin Award See full list of Awards and honours of My Struggle" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 340-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Karl Ove KnausgÃrd': Later works Knausgård served as a consultant to the new Norwegian translation of the Bible. In 2013, he published a collection of essays, Sjelens Amerika: tekster 1996–2013 (""), and as of September 2013 he is adapting his novel Out of the World into a screenplay. Between 2015 and 2016, Knausgaard published his Seasons Quartet, a series of four books entitled Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. These books are also autobiographical in nature, consisting of diary excerpts, letters, and other personal materials. These books were released in English between 2017 and 2018. Knausgaard has also written works devoted to the visual arts. He co-authored Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm, a book in 2018 on the German artist Anselm Kiefer with James Lawrence. In 2019, Knausgaard published a monograph on the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and his interview about Munch also appeared as a highlight of the British Museum's 2019 exhibition catalog, Edvard Munch: Love and Angst, by curator Giulia Bartrum.	continue	3	Karl Ove KnausgÃrd	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl Ove Knausgård	{"Introduction": "Karl Ove Knausg\u00c3rd (; born 6 December 1968) is a Norwegian author. He became known worldwide for six autobiographical novels, titled My Struggle (Min Kamp). He has been described as \"one of the 21st century's greatest literary sensations\". Since the completion of the My Struggle series in 2011, he has also published an autobiographical series entitled The Seasons Quartet, as well as critical work on the art of Edvard Munch. He has won the 2009 Brage Prize, 2017 Jerusalem Prize, and 2019 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize.", "Biography": "Born in Oslo, Knausg\u00c3rd was raised on Trom\u00c3ya in Arendal and in Kristiansand, and studied arts and literature at the University of Bergen. He then held various jobs, including teaching high school in northern Norway, selling cassettes, working in a psychiatric hospital and on an oil platform, while trying to become a writer. He eventually moved to Stockholm and published his first novel in 1998.", "Debut and followup": "Knausg\u00c3rd made his publishing debut in 1998 with the novel Out of the World, for which he was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature. This was the first time in the award's history that a debut novel had won. His second novel, A Time for Everything (2004), partly retells certain parts of the Bible as well as the history of angels on earth. The book won a number of awards, and was nominated for the Nordic Council's Literature Prize. It was also nominated for the International Dublin Literary Award. It was called a \"strange, uneven, and marvelous book\" by The New York Review of Books. The Min Kamp books While Knausg\u00c3rd's two first books were well received, it was the sixvolume Min Kamp series of autobiographical novels that made Knausg\u00c3rd a household name in Norway. Published from 2009 to 2011 and totaling over 3, 500 pages, the books were hugely successful and also caused much controversy. The controversy was caused partly because the Norwegian title of the book, Min Kamp, is the same as the Norwegian title of Hitler's Mein Kampf, and partly because some have suggested Knausg\u00c3rd goes too far in exposing the private lives of his friends and family\u00e2including his father, exwife, uncle, and grandmother. The books have nevertheless received almost universally favorable reviews, at least the first two volumes. In a country of five million people, the Min Kamp series has sold over 450, 000 copies. The Min Kamp series is translated into numerous languages. The books were published to great critical acclaim in Denmark, Sweden, and several other countries. All six have been translated into English by Don Bartlett for publication by Archipelago Books (US) and Harvill Secker (UK), and have been retitled in Britain as A Death in the Family, A Man in Love, Boyhood Island, Dancing in the Dark, Some Rain Must Fall, and The End (The End translated by Bartlett and Martin Aitken). The audiobooks of the English translations were recorded by Edoardo Ballerini. In a long and largely positive review of the first Min Kamp books, James Wood of The New Yorker wrote that \"There is something ceaselessly compelling about Knausg\u00c3rd's book: even when I was bored, I was interested. \"", "Later works": "Knausg\u00c3rd served as a consultant to the new Norwegian translation of the Bible. In 2013, he published a collection of essays, Sjelens Amerika: tekster 1996\u00e22013 (\"\"), and as of September 2013 he is adapting his novel Out of the World into a screenplay. Between 2015 and 2016, Knausgaard published his Seasons Quartet, a series of four books entitled Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. These books are also autobiographical in nature, consisting of diary excerpts, letters, and other personal materials. These books were released in English between 2017 and 2018. Knausgaard has also written works devoted to the visual arts. He coauthored Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm, a book in 2018 on the German artist Anselm Kiefer with James Lawrence. In 2019, Knausgaard published a monograph on the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and his interview about Munch also appeared as a highlight of the British Museum's 2019 exhibition catalog, Edvard Munch: Love and Angst, by curator Giulia Bartrum. In October 2019 Knausg\u00c3rd became the sixth writer chosen to contribute to the Future Library project. Knausg\u00c3rd's essay collection, In the Land of the Cyclops (2018), was first published in English in January 2021.", "Novel series 20202023": "In September 2020 Knausg\u00c3rd's novel Morgenstjernen (\"The Morning Star\"), a story about a number of peoples' everyday life in southern Norway while a mysteriously bright star appears in the sky, was published to critical acclaim in Norway. Danish and Swedish translations were published a few months later to great critical acclaim. It was sold in advance to fifteen countries. In 2021 Ulvene fra evighetens skog, a sequel to Morgenstjernen mainly set in Norway and the Soviet Union in the 1980s, was published in Norway. The English translation The Wolves of Eternity was published in September 2023. A third book in the series with the title Det tredje riket followed in 2022. A fourth book, Nattskolen, was published (in Norwegian) in October 2023.", "Critical reception": "Following the publication of Min kamp, Knausg\u00c3rd has been described as \"one of the 21st century's greatest literary sensations\" by the Wall Street Journal. Some consider him the greatest Norwegian writer since playwright Henrik Ibsen. His deliberately prolix and minutely detailed style drew comparison to that of French novelist Marcel Proust and his sevenvolume novel In Search of Lost Time. Knausg\u00c3rd's 2020 novel The Morning Star was a critical success in Scandinavia. While reviewers of the English translation of the novel were more ambivalent, Knausg\u00c3rd was acknowledged as \"one of the finest writers alive\" by Dwight Garner in New York Times and \"a writer of supreme interest\" by Charles Arrowsmith in Los Angeles Times.", "Editing career": "Between 1999 and 2002 Knausg\u00c3rd was coeditor of Vagant, a Norwegian literary magazine founded in 1988. He was part of the first editorial team of Vagant in Bergen; until 1999 the magazine had been based in Oslo. Knausg\u00c3rd contributed essays about the writings of Don DeLillo and The Divine Comedy by Dante. He also conducted indepth interviews with the Norwegian writers Rune Christiansen and Thure Erik Lund for the magazine. Just after he left Vagant and Bergen, his former coeditor Preben Jordal wrote a very negative review of Knausg\u00c3rd's second novel in the magazine, with the title \u00c2Mellom Bibel og babbel\u00c2 (\"Between the Bible and babble\")\u00e2an episode discussed in the second volume of Min Kamp.", "Publishing career": "In 2010, he founded a small, eclectic publishing house, Pelikanen (Pelican), with his brother Yngve Knausg\u00c3rd and Asbj\u00c3rn Jensen. Pelikanen has so far published Denis Johnson, Peter Handke, Christian Kracht, Ben Marcus, Curzio Malaparte and Stig Larsson in Norwegian translations.", "Personal life": "Knausg\u00c3rd is currently married to his third wife, Michal Knausg\u00c3rd. She is the publishing director of Fern Press in London, and previously worked as editorial director of Harvill Secker, where she edited and published Knausg\u00c3rd's novels. Shavit and Knausg\u00c3rd have one child, and live together in London, along with their children from prior marriages. Knausg\u00c3rd lived in \u00c3sterlen, Sweden, with his second wife, the writer Linda Bostr\u00c3m Knausg\u00c3rd, and their four children until November 2016 when he and his wife separated. He now lives between London and Sweden. In a radio interview with his estranged first wife, Tonje Aursland, who plays a part in several of the Min Kamp books, Knausg\u00c3rd admitted that he sometimes feels that he has made a \"Faustian bargain\"\u00e2that he has achieved huge success by sacrificing his relationships with friends and members of his family. In October 2010, Aursland presented her perspective on involuntarily becoming a subject of her exhusband's autobiography in a radio documentary broadcast on NRK. Knausg\u00c3rd's uncle, who is represented as Gunnar in the Min Kamp books, has been highly critical of the whole project in the Norwegian press.", "Bibliography": "1998: Ute av verden, Tiden Norsk Forlag, 1998, Out of the World, Archipelago, 2023, translated by Martin Aitken, 2004: En tid for alt, Oktober A Time for Everything 2004 2009\u00e22011: My Struggle (Min Kamp), six volumes A Death in the Family. My Struggle 1, Penguin A Man in Love. My Struggle 2, Penguin Boyhood Island. My Struggle 3, Penguin Dancing in the Dark. My Struggle 4, Penguin Some Rain Must Fall. My Struggle 5, Penguin The End. My Struggle 6, Penguin Sjelens Amerika, Oktober, 2013, 2014: Nakker Necks Photographs by Thomas Wagstrom, Max Strom, Bokforlaget, 2015, 2015\u00e22016: \u00c3 rstid encyklopedien (Seasonal Encyclopedia) Om h\u00c3sten (Autumn), 2015, Illustrated by Vanessa Baird, Autumn, Penguin, 2017, Om vinteren (Winter), 2015 Illustrated by Lars Lerin, Winter, Penguin, 2018, Om v\u00c3ren (Spring), 2016, Illustrated by Anna Bjerger, Spring, Penguin, 2018, Om sommeren (Summer), 2016, Illustrated by Anselm Kiefer, Summer, Penguin, 2018, 2015: Hjemme \u00e2 Borte With Fredrik Ekelund Home and Away: Writing the Beautiful Game, 2017 (English translation), with Fredrik Ekelund, translated by Don Bartlett and Sean Kinsella, 2018: Anselm Kiefer: Transition from Cool to Warm with James Lawrence, 2019: So Much Longing in So Little Space: The Art of Edvard Munch, 2020: Morgenstjernen, Oktober The Morning Star, Penguin, 2021, translated by Martin Aitken, 2021: Ulvene fra evighetens skog, Oktober The Wolves of Eternity, Penguin, 2023, translated by Martin Aitken, 2022: Det tredje riket, Oktober 2023: Nattskolen, Oktober", "Articles in English": "2015: 2020:", "Nominations": "Nominated for the 2004 Nordic Council's Literature Prize", "Awards": "1998 Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature", "2009 Brage Prize": "2009 NRK P2 Listeners' Prize 2010 Book of the Year Prize in Morgenbladet", "2017 Jerusalem Prize": "2019 Swedish Academy Nordic Prize", "2023 Lenin Award": "See full list of Awards and honours of My Struggle"}
Stefan Lazarević (, 1377 – 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall (), was a Serbian ruler as prince (1389-1402) and despot (1402-1427). He was also a diplomat, legislator, ktetor, patron of the arts, poet and one of the founding members of the Order of the Dragon. The son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders at that time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanjić), until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. Becoming a Hungarian ally in 1403–04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew Đurađ Branković, which ended in 1412. Stefan also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. Since he was childless, he designated his nephew Đurađ as heir in 1426, a year before his death. On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles, and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. In 1412 he issued the Code of Mines, with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo – the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. This code increased the development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate. At the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. In the field of architecture, he continued development of the Morava school. His reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. He introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. He was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love, which is characterized by the Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. On August 1 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, he was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, his relics are kept in the Koporin monastery. Background and family Stefan was the son of the prince of Moravian Serbia, Lazar, and his wife Milica, member of an elder, but collateral branch of Nemanjić dynasty. Milica's father Prince Vratko was a direct descendant of Vukan, the eldest son of Stefan Nemanja. In addition to Stefan, they had seven other children. Marriage On 12 September 1405, Stefan married Helena Gattilusio, the daughter of Francesco II of Lesbos. According to Konstantin the Philosopher, Stefan first saw his wife on Lesbos, where Francesco II offered him a choice among his daughters; the marriage was arranged "with the advice and participation" of Helena's sister, Empress Eirene. Surprisingly, there is no mention of Helena after her marriage to Stefan; this led Anthony Luttrell to remark that "apparently there were never any children; nothing is known of her death or burial; and, most unusual, she did not appear in any of the post-1402 fresco portraits of Stefan". Luttrell concludes "Maybe she was too young for the marriage to be consummated, and perhaps she stayed on Lesbos and never traveled to Serbia; possibly she died soon after her marriage." Prince Stefan Lazarevic Early years and rise to the throne Stefan Lazarević was born, probably, in 1377 in Kruševac, the capital of his father, Prince Lazar. After the Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, where his father was killed, Stefan became the new Serbian prince, but before he became of age the state was ruled by his mother, Princess Milica. In the battle of Kosovo in 1389, both rulers were killed, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad I, a rare occurrence in history. (Murad I was the first and the last Ottoman ruler who was killed on the battlefield). He came to the throne in a specific time for the state of Lazarević, who found herself surrounded by powerful neighbors. On one side was Bayezid I, who withdrew after the Battle of Kosovo in order to consolidate his power among the Ottomans, while next door there was Vuk Branković, the husband of Stefan's sister Mara, who after the battle became the most powerful of Serbian aristocrats. The neighbor on the west was Bosnian king Tvrtko I (1353–1377 ban, king 1377–1391) which was considered the legitimate successor of Nemanjić crown and he portrayed Battle of Kosovo like his own victory over the Ottomans, while their possessions in the north bordering with Hungary, King Sigismund. On 7 July, three weeks after the battle, Sigismund sent his palatine Nicholas II Garay to negotiate with Vuk Branković about things that are in his and Serbian favor, where he confirmed in advance any agreements that they have achieved. Although both Nicholas and Vuk were married with sisters of Stefan, it was not uncommon at the time that strong neighbors, even relatives, to suppress the legitimate heirs to throne as juvenile. The outcome of these negotiations is not known, but already in the fall, Sigismund began an offensive against young Serbian prince Stefan. His forces have crossed the Sava River in October and early November were they occupied the fortresses of Borač and Čestin, near present day Kragujevac. In these circumstances, the State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379–1389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of the sultan Bayezid I, after which they began negotiations with the Ottomans, who ended by concluding peace, before the middle of year 1390. Details of making this decision are not closely familiar, but it is certain that peace was made before the death of Patriarch Spirydon, 18 August 1389. According to the conclusion of peace, Prince Stefan pledged to send extra squads to Ottoman sultan and pay tribute, and he and his brother Vuk Lazarević must appear annually at the Sultan's Palace to confirm the allegiance to Bayezid I. In addition to these common vassal obligations, Bayezid I has married youngest daughter of Prince Lazar and Princess Milica, Olivera, which, her brother and the new prince, Stefan, personally had to take to the Sultan Bayezid in Bursa. The consequences of this peace were immediately visible because already in summer 1390, Serbian forces reinforced with extra Ottoman detachments, recaptured the lost cities, and probably in part of these operations the Ottomans took Golubac. Stefan militarily supported various Ottoman campaigns while Bayazid I in return supported Stefan against his nobles and his restoring of Serbia which would become a relatively strong state. There is no data of the activities of Vuk Branković during this period. It is certain that after Battle of Kosovo he was sought to expand his area ( among other things, he has conquered the part of Polimlje ) and he used the same title that was used before him by Prince Lazar (lord of Serbs and Podunavije). However, by early May 1390, he felt threatened and he asked the Republic of Ragusa to facilitate his safety, if it comes in a quandary, which could be linked with the Ottoman detachments who helped Stefan during the summer to suppress the Hungarians from their state. But there is no evidence that there was some hostility between Stefan and Vuk Branković. There was recorded in the sources that Vuk attended in formal transfer of Prince Lazar's holy body from his capital Priština to the monastery Ravanica late 1390 and early 1391, and is also known that in his court, during the year 1392, came Princess Milica. The conflict in the Serbian-Hungarian border, has continued over the next two years, and in their suppression Sigismund was involved, who has repeatedly visited the army of the Danube. In Summer 1392, he was crossed the river near Kovin and march to the city of Ždrelo near Valjevo, then retreated and tried to win Golubac. At the same time, the area of Vuk Branković has been under Ottomans attack. In early 1392, they have occupied Skoplje and continued marching of the north, forcing Vuk by the end of the year to make peace with Bayezid and become his vassal. Battles of Rovine and of Nicopolis In 1393, Stefan became an adult and took over the throne, and his mother became a nun and withdrew to her endowment, monastery Ljubostinja. That same year, Bayezid I dealt with his Bulgarian vassals for their alleged links with the Hungarian King Sigismund. Veliko Tarnovo was besieged and Bulgaria devastated; Stefan's brother-in-law was Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shishman. After this, many Bulgarian scholars sought refuge in neighboring Christian countries, among which were Serbia. At the end of 1393 and early 1394, Bayezid I began gathering his Christian vassals at Serres. Byzantine sources tell that among the vassals were Stefan, Emperor Manuel II (1391–1425), his nephew John VII (1390) and his brother Theodore I of Morea (r. 1383–1407), and the Serbian lord Constantine Dragaš. It is believed that Bayezid I planned to kill the vassals at the meeting and take their lands. He gave the order to kill them, but it was not done immediately, then he changed his mind, after which some of them went home, while the rest of them completed the conquest of Thessaly and Thessaloniki (12 April). During the autumn of 1394, Bayezid started gathering forces for a campaign against the Wallachian voievode Mircea I (1386–1418). In this campaign, Stefan personally led the Serbian heavy cavalry, while Serbian nobles Marko (1371–1395), Constantine Dragaš and Konstantin Balšić led their forces. Bayezid's forces crossed the Danube and the battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395, near present-day Pitești, with a Wallachian victory. In the battle Marko and Dragaš were killed, and Bayezid annexed their lands. According to Constantine the Philosopher in his Life of Stefan Lazarević before the battle Marko said to Dragaš: "I pray God to help the Christians and that I will be among the first dead in this war." The Ottoman forces then took over Vidin, and reinforced by Serbian detachments during the summer of 1396 marched into Banat, after attacking the lands of Vuk Branković and conquering a large part of it with Priština. However, the victory at Rovine sparked a great crusade in which forces from England, France, Germany, and other European countries joined Hungarian king Sigismund and Mircea I with the Venetian fleet which was to enter the Danube from the Black Sea and support the army on the mainland. Crusader forces gathered in Hungary, after which they crossed the Danube and took Vidin. After that, the march continued down the Danube. Nicopolis, which had a large Ottoman garrison was besieged. The siege broke the blockade of Constantinople, forcing Bayezid to send troops towards the Danube, joining forces with Stefan Lazarević's heavy cavalary near Plovdiv. A great battle took place on 25 September 1396 in which the Crusader forces were completely destroyed. Although numerically superior, the Crusader army lacked a joint command and thus poorly coordinated on the battlefield. They also were both unfamiliar and ignorant of the Ottoman army's war methods. After initial Crusader success, the Ottomans went on a counterattack that stopped with the entry of Hungarian knights in battle, which began to suppress them. In this turning point of battle the Serbian heavy cavalry led by Stefan Lazarević himself broke through Hungarian lines and surrounded King Sigismund, and attacking the Hungarian banner troops of Nicholas II Garay. Garay's troops were dispersed, which had a decisive influence on the course of the battle, because some of the Crusaders thought that Sigismund had died and that the battle was lost, while the Hungarian commanders convinced Sigismund that the battle was practically lost and that it was better to withdraw. After that Crusader orders fell apart and was followed by carnage. One of the participants in the battle, Johann Schiltberger, described the Serbian attack According to some, Serbian forces were hidden in a grove on the left wing of Bayezid forces, making a sudden attack on the Hungarians probably from the side. A significant role was played by Stephen II Lackfi and Mircea I because they withdrew with their forces from the battlefield just before Stefan's attack, leaving Sigismund without support. They had probably dealt with Stefan before the battle. Sigismund managed to escape by fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. It is possible that Stefan left enough time for him to board the boat; Stefan saving Sigismund may be one of the causes of Stefan's later induction into the Order of the Dragon (as the first and foremost) There were disastrous consequences for the Balkan Christians after the defeat at the Battle of Nicopolis. Vidin was destroyed, Athens occupied (1397), the Despotate of Morea devastated once again, the fall of Constantinople became practically inevitable, and the area of Vuk Branković was taken by the Ottomans. Vuk Branković was captured and soon died in captivity (1397). Most of his area was transferred to the control of Stefan Lazarević, a small portion (centered in Vučitrn) was left to his wife Maria and sons (Đurađ, Grgur and Lazar), while the Ottomans retained strategic locations under their direct rule. In addition, the Ottoman forces marched into Hungary and plundered its southern parts, in particular, Zemun (which was devastated) and Sremska Mitrovica (which was burned down, and its population displaced). Incursion to Bosnia and its consequences The Ottomans continued the offensive in the Balkans in January 1398 and attack Bosnia. The leader of the action was one of the Bayezid's son, Musa Çelebi, and Prince Stefan joined them with Serbian extra squads. This campaign, besides looting Bosnia, did not achieve any success, and the biggest culprit, according to Stefan's biographer, was a very bad winter, and some of the soldiers and prisoners returned to their lands. Some of the nobility tried to take advantage of Stefan's campaign to oust him from throne. Their leaders, Dukes Novak Belocrkvić and Nikola Zojić with help of Voivode Mihajlo, tried to show the failure of invasion of Bosnia to Bayezid I, as a result of Stefan's connection with the Hungarian King Sigismund and with recognition directly Bayezid I supreme power gain independence in lands of Prince Stefan. The exact course of further events is not precisely known, but it is evident that Stephen knew of the plot, having known of it via Mihajlo. He invited to his castle Duke Novak, who had estates in Toplica (probably the lands around Kuršumlija) and in the Hvosno (Crkolez village near Peć) and killed him. After that Belocrkvić, who had estates around the Rudnik, and his family (wife and four daughters) fled to the established Ostrvica and became a monk, for which he lost his possessions in Serbia, but he saved his life. It is certain also that their allegations came to Bayezid and in the second half of March, the Ottoman forces marched into Serbia. It is not known what they did in Serbia; there was no documented campaign on any of the neighboring countries. During the spring, Stefan's mother, a nun Eugene with monk Jefimija went to Bayezid, to smooth the relations between them. They have returned to Serbia prior to 23 May and managed to ensure that Stefan is received by Bayezid and justify himself before the sultan. In addition, they are brought from Bursa and the relics of St. Petka, which are most likely located in the castle church in Kruševac, Lazarica. Bayezid is reported to have held Prince Stefan in high esteem, bestowing upon him a respect which he did not always accord his other Christian vassals, or even his own sons. Later, Bayezid marries Stefan's sister. When, some of Stefan's nobles complain to Bayezid that he is doing a deal with the Hungarians against the Turks, Stefan first allows his mother to travel to Edirne and plead his case with the sultan, and then actually goes himself. Both mother and son are received generously by Bayezid, and the embarrassing situation is resolved: Battle of Ankara The relationship between Prince Stefan and Branković family over the years is not known from historical sources. It is known that they were able, with the most money that Vuk Branković is left on the guarding in the Kotor and Republic of Ragusa, to recover some of the former countries. In early 1402, their area included parts of Kosovo, Polimlje, Sjenica and Brskovo, and since the spring of that year they became Bayezid's vassals, with the same responsibilities Prince Stefan had. Beyond their control remained Zvečan, Jeleč and Gluhavica, which were held by the Ottomans, and Priština, which we know that in March the same year, was part of the state of Stefan Lazarević. Great changes of events in Asia Minor and Southeastern Europe were caused by an invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tamerlane, one of the great conquerors in world history. His invasion into Asia Minor forced Bayezid I to gather his forces and try to confront him in battle, which took place 28 July 1402, near from Angora (Ankara, the capital of Turkey). In this battle Ottoman forces suffered defeat, Bayezid I and one of his sons, Musa Çelebi, were captured and the following year Bayezid died in captivity. One of the main reasons for the Ottoman defeat was due to the desertion of Turkic and Tartar cavalry from Anatolia, which prior to the beginning of the battle defected to Timur's side, unhappy with Bayezid's rule and due to a sense of camaraderie with the forces of Timur. This allowed the Timur's forces to break Bayezid's left wing and encircle his center, where was located the Sultan with his janissaries (around 10,000). On the right wing, there were Bayezid's vassals, among whom were Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur, Stefan's brother Vuk, and Stefan himself, who was also a commander of the right wing. He fought bravely, which caused admiration from Timur. Prince Stefan and his knights, which according to chronicler Duka and several contemporaries, were 5000 heavily armed men with spears, including cavalry, repeatedly attacked the enemy lines in order to rescue his master Bayezid I from hostile environments. He eventually succeeded in it, but Bayezid refused to withdraw, after which Stefan took with him his son Süleyman Çelebi and started to retreat towards Bursa under constant attacks of the hordes of Tatars. Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles states that "the Serbs fought as real heroes, each worthy of praise", adding that "They attacked Tatars with great vigor, crushing them hard in the fight", and about Serbian struggle there is evidenced toponym Srb-ghazi - Serbian winner, near Ankara. Sultan Bayezid I had probably reconciled with his destiny. During the fight, Prince Stefan was wounded, while Gregory Branković was captured and later released. In the meantime, Bayezid was captured with his soldiers, his son Musa and his harem, where the Stefan's sister Olivera was. One of the reasons Stefan honored his vassal obligations to Bayezid was the desire to keep the Serbian-Ottoman Alliance strong under looming Hungarian pressure. Another was that Stefan's sister Olivera that was married to the Sultan. She was captured in the battle and later released, through an agreement that was signed between Stefan and Timur. It seems that a ransom wasn't paid, thanks to the great respect that Timur had for Olivera's brother Stefan, and she returned to Serbia (Spring 1403), and a little later she settled permanently in Stefan's castle, in Belgrade. It is interesting to note that a group of imprisoned Serbs were taken to Samarkand where they were employed on construction works. On the other hand, Timur's forces had already left Asia Minor in 1403, and Timur himself died in early 1405, during his expedition to China. In the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid's capture, and then his death, brought on a civil war between his sons for throne. Stay at Constantinople From Bursa Stefan and his brother Vuk Lazarević came to Constantinople, which was released after several years of Ottoman blockade. John VII Palaiologos (who ruled in place of his absent uncle Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos) awarded Prince Stefan in August 1402 the high Byzantine title of Despot, which in Byzantine hierarchy was just beneath the Imperial. In addition, the marriage of Stefan and Helen Gattilusio, the daughter of Florentine master of Lesbos Francesco II Gattilusio was contracted. These events are evidence of Stefan's new commitment as vassal to King Sigismund. When the Lazarević brothers were in Constantinople, they entered an open conflict with the Branković family. Đurađ Branković was imprisoned at the city dungeon on his return to Constantinople, on Stefan's command. The reason for this is unknown, and many later chroniclers, such as Mavro Orbini, claim that Đurađ was planning to join Bayezid I's son Süleyman, who established his power in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. This is probably true, as Đurađ after escaping from prison in September, went to Süleyman and asked him for military aid against Lazarević. Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near Adrianople. The two brothers and about 260 remaining soldiers embarked for Serbia, with a shorter stay in Lesbos. Their first stop was Zeta, ruled by Đurađ II Balšić, the husband of Stefan's sister Jelena. Đurađ II received them at his capital in Ulcinj, after which Stefan began organizing the army for a confrontation with Branković. Stefan's mother gathered an army in Serbia, while at the same time Branković and Ottoman troops took control of roads in Kosovo to prevent the return of Stefan. Ottoman Interregnum Battle of Tripolje In late October, Stefan's army from Bar, moved across the country of Balšić and Venetian lands, from Shkoder to Kosovo. Avoiding the main roads controlled by his opponents, Stefan's forces arrived at Gračanica 21 November near Tripolje, in the following battle the forces of Branković, strengthened by Ottoman detachments, were defeated. Stephen broke his army in two, with orders sent by his mother, before the battle, and his opponents did the same. Most of the troops were placed under the command of his brother Vuk and directed them against the forces commanded by Đurađ Branković, while he, with a smaller part of the army attacked the Ottomans. Forces under his command had won a victory, but the significance it played was small Caesar Uglješa Vlatković. He was still an Ottoman vassal, but he reported to Stefan with their war plan, and during the battle was joined at his side. As a reward for this, Stefan gave him authority over Vranje, Inogoštem (Surdulica) and Preševo, which had previously belonged to his father and that area was connected to the Serbian despotate. Lazarević, having retreated after the battle in Novo Brdo, came into a verbal conflict with Vuk. The despot's younger brother accused him of ignorance of war casualties and his weak leadership skills, because the bulk of their forces, commanded by Vuk, were defeated in the battle with the army led by Đurađ Branković. Victory in Battle of Tripolje, enabled Stefan to regain his throne and influence in Serbia, which was further strengthened in the coming years. However, the fight with Branković had not ended and in a sense, further complicated by the conflict that arose between Stefan and Vuk. His younger brother in the summer 1403 left Serbia and headed to Süleyman, to ask him for help and force his older brother to cede part of the state administration. He was in fact told to stop by their mother, who followed him, but she failed to reach him before he arrived at the court of Süleyman. During his time at his court, she was able to reconcile the brothers prior to October 1404 and she succeeded in smoothing relations between Stefan and Süleyman. During the next year, Stefan tried to avoid the renewal of hostilities with the Ottomans. In 1403, Süleyman was in Gallipoli negotiating with a number of Christian states (Byzantium, Genoa, Venice, Knights Hospitaller and Naxos) in the Balkans in order to secure an agreement with them and start an offensive against his brothers in Asia Minor. The terms of the agreement were that Byzantium was to cease being a vassal of the Ottoman, while in the territorial sense, regain Thessaloniki and a number of cities on the coast of the Bosphorus and Black Sea. One of the provisions of this contract referred to Stefan, although he probably did not take part in its conclusion. Stefan kept his former possessions, but had to still pay tribute and send the Sultan support militarily, although he was not obliged to lead them himself. The Kingdom of Hungary at that time was in a crisis, King Sigmund I had lost the throne because part of the nobility was captured April 1401 in Buda. He was released in late 1401 and retired to Bohemia, where he spent the next year. Order of the Dragon Changed conditions in Southeast Europe in the early fifteenth century, led to a convergence of Despot Stefan and Hungarian king Sigismund. Stefan needed a strong ally who could help him get rid of Ottoman domination, but also stay on the throne of Serbia, due to an open conflict with Branković, who enjoyed the support of Süleyman. On the other hand, Hungary was in a deep internal crisis, and, until 1403, Sigismund was unable to return to the country and regain control, although the resistance of his opponent failed to break even after his return. It was therefore necessary for him to rely on a secure southern border, which had previously been constantly exposed to the combined Serbian-Ottoman attacks, while simultaneously trying to provide a strong base for the fight against the Ottomans and eventually expand to the south. The negotiations were most likely initiated by King Sigismund, and he sent emissaries to Stefan, among whom was his close associate of Florentine origin, Filippo Scolari. The objective of this delegation had been successful, and led to the conclusion of an agreement between the two rulers in late 1403 or early 1404. Under its provisions, Stefan accepted vassal relations to Sigismund, and received from him Mačva and Belgrade. With these new lands, including the Golubac Fortress, Stefan had strengthened his northern border, now delineated by the Sava and Danube rivers. As now a close ally to Sigismund, Stefan was among the first knights of the Order of the Dragon. Settling the situation in Serbia and clashes in Zeta At the same time (1403 or early in 1404) Stefan attacked lands of Branković around river Sitnica, and then began to attack the areas under Ottoman control, in which it might have had and Hungarian military support troops. It is not known exactly from which cities and regions has managed to push the Ottomans, but it is thought that his offensive was directed toward eastern Serbia, and Kosovo. After these successes, he was able to make peace with Branković, and at the same time through his mother reconciled with Süleyman. Immediately after the takeover of Belgrade, Stefan started the reconstruction of its fortifications, which were destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397. In addition, he began work on the development of the city, which were carried out by the end of his reign, but in the beginning of 1405, Stefan was transferred his capital to it, which until then was in Kruševac. In September of the same year, he married Helena Gattilusio, but only two months later, with his mother's death (11 November), Stefan remained without strong support. Nevertheless, the situation in Serbia have stabilized and start to grow in prosperity, as evidenced by the charter in Borač, 2 December of that year, issued from Dubrovnik. Negotiations about their shopping preferences are driven during the year and Despot with present Charter confirmed the privileges that they previously enjoyed. It also represents the charter of Serbian ruler, which was issued after the 1387th in Dubrovnik. At the end of the month, a charter was issued to them from Stefan's sister Mara Branković with sons. This includes Dubrovnik provide benefits to its merchants throughout Serbia, but it is noticeable that Stefan was not referred to the charter, even though her husband Vuk in their charters, always calling on those issued by Lazar of Prince Lazar. At the beginning of 1405 The great rebellion broke out in the local population in Skadar end against the Venetian rule. The reason for it lay in the arrogant and high-handed fashion of Venetian rule, which was manifested impounding the property, which were then shared to Venetian supporters, denying the rights of Orthodox churches in the area under the supreme authority of Venice and a host of other abuses of power. In this opposition became involved Stefan's nephew Balša III (1403-1421) which sought to restore the cities which his father, Đurađ Stracimirović Balšić, once transferred to Venice (1396), to protect from the Ottoman invasion. He asked for help from Süleyman in fighting, and from Duke Vuk Lazarević, but is nevertheless a war waged without major battles and a clear winner. In the negotiations on concluding a peace as a mediator intervened and Despot Stefan himself, but they were unsuccessful, although guided by a number of occasions. He was first in May 1406 mediated by the Venetians, then in June 1407 when he was with his sister Mara and Niketa Thopia supposed to guarantee that the Balša III fulfill the obligations, but peace was not concluded. A peace agreement was finally signed in June 1408th The and in it Stefan was mentioned as one of the guarantors of the signed contract, but it did not come into effect and the conflict continued. In December 1408, Hungarian King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon, gathering his supporters. The symbol of the order was a dragon, and the first among the knights was Stefan Lazarević, the founding charter of 13 December 1408. He was present at the ceremony in honor of knights, which was held in Buda, and the dragon symbol was present at his court. The rebellion of brother Vuk At that time, the late 1408, Stefan protested against his younger brother Vuk. The reason for his dissatisfaction was that Stefan did not want to share throne with him and give him part of the state administration. In turn, Vuk was probably disappointed to Stefan's connecting with Sigmund I and the West. He therefore went to Süleyman and asked him for military assistance against Stefan. In return, he promised to recognize his sovereignty, if he receives his own state and if Branković and his brothers joined him. At the beginning of 1409, Süleyman's Ottoman forces broke into Serbia at the battlefield of Kosovo and nearby Priština was destroyed, as evidenced by a letter that arrived in February in Dubrovnik, from the merchants of the city. Dubrovnik people in Serbia were also instructed that, as citizens of the Republic, could call for its neutrality during the conflict, but they were also told not to harm Stefan's people, as well as in the case of attacks on towns where they were engaged in their defense. Stefan was assisted in the fighting by Sigismund I, whose forces were under the command of Philip de Skolarisa, late January through Kovin, joined to Serbia. His quick reaction testifies to the fact that Stefan and Sigismund were aware of Vuk's impending departure to Süleyman's side Ottoman attack. In early May, Sigismund went to Serbia, who was joined by Ban Jovan Morović from Mačva, but in June began Süleyman's new offensive. After fierce battles that were fought during the summer, Stefan withdrew and enclosed himself in Belgrade. He refused to conform with Süleyman, but was forced to negotiate with his brother, which practically led to the division of the country. Vuk was submitted to the administration of its southern part, which included the area south of the West Morava. He ruled on his own and accepted Süleyman suzerainty, as did the Branković family. In addition to the conflict in Serbia, the year 1409 had several significant events that influenced the change of situation in the Balkans. Süleyman made peace with the Venetians in June, to whom they pledged to pay an annual tribute, as well as surrendering their former possessions in the area of Skadar and Zeta. His brother and rival in the struggle for power, Musa Çelebi moved to Europe and began to gather around him supporters and allies in the fight against Süleyman. Civil war between Musa and Süleyman Stefan and Musa Çelebi, as a result of conflict with Süleyman, were natural allies. Through his member, Duke Vitko, Stefan first checked Musa's force and then began negotiations that led to the conclusion of the alliance. In addition to Stefan,the Branković family, and Vuk Lazarević also had joined Musa. His forces began an offensive while Süleyman was in Asia Minor. At the beginning of 1410, Gallipoli was occupied, and by 13 February, were at Süleyman's Yambol, defeating defending beglerbeg Sinan, which has forced his brother to try to return to Europe and deal with Musa. That gave him the support of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, with whom he remained on friendly terms and who gave him a boat to cross the Bosporus. Manuel's position significantly influenced the distribution of forces on the ground and very quickly changed those who supported Musa approach to Süleyman. Help in the transfer of his forces in Europe, tried to give prince Vuk, who asked the Venetian deputies in early June to obtain the Venetian fleet's assistance in the transport of troops. Vuk very soon after that escaped to Süleyman, as did the Branković brothers. Stefan and Musa tried to prevent the crossing of Süleyman's forces in Europe, with an attack on the fleet that was carrying them. There in Galatians, they managed to destroy some of the ships, but Süleyman's forces still managed to cross the Bosporus Strait. The great battle between the two Bayezid sons occurred on 15. June in Battle of Kosmidion, on the banks of the Golden Horn, in front of the Byzantine land walls of Constantinople. Musa's forces were defeated, and when he left the battlefield, the Despot Stefan pulled back from the battle. He began his departure following the Golden Horn to the Galatians, but the Byzantine emperor Manuel sent ships to pick him up and carried him to Constantinople, although he himself was on the side of Süleyman. Constantinople organized a solemn reception for Stefan, and Manuel used the situation to confirm his title of Despot, and then handed over the crown of despotic dignity. After a short stay in the Byzantine capital, to Stefan and his entourage, including Uglješa Vlatković, with ships headed to Serbia. Through the Black Sea and Danube rivers, and the state of Duke Mirča, they arrived in Golubac in late July or early August of that year. Süleyman after winning the Battle of Kosmidion again tried to push Stefan Lazarević from the throne, as he did after the Battle of Angora 1402; sending Stefan's relatives to Serbia to take the throne. In late June, he sent Vuk Lazarević and Lazar Branković to Serbia, who the continued the fight with his younger brother, whom he once again defeated on 11 July in Adrianople. However, he failed in Serbia. During that time, on 4 July the supporters of Musa caught the Serbian Prince in Filipolje. Vuk Lazarević, after the deliberation of his fate was executed, Lazar Branković was still left in life for a few days. Musa attempted to blackmail Đurađ Branković to move to his side for the upcoming battle (of Adrianople, 11 July). He refused, and actively participated in the victory of Süleyman, so Musa had Lazar executed. Soon after that, Stefan returned to the country and took control of it in its entirety, including the southern parts that were ruled by his brother, Prince Vuk. Musa's position after the defea was severely affected and he retired to Stefan, Serbia. He managed to gain the support of the Ottomans in Europe, and other followers of Süleyman approached him, some because of his promise, and some because Süleyman's unbalanced posture. His troops at the beginning of 1411 defeated Süleyman's defending troops in Serdica, while Süleyman himself escaped from Adrianople and tried to get to Constantinople. On this journey, he was captured and killed (17 February) by Musa's supporters, who then became the sole ruler of the European part of Ottoman Empire. Reconciliation with Đurađ Branković His rise to throne has not brought peace and stability to Balkans, on the contrary, he quickly turned against themselves and their former allies. Serbian Parliament, were sent by Stefan to regulate relations and confirming previous agreements, but not only that he failed, but he barely managed to save their own lives, but Musa was given permission to dig up Vuk Lazarević and his remains transferred to Serbia. This was a clear declaration of war and Stefan immediately began offensive. He entered the Pirot area from which they launched attacks on the Ottomans, who had stopped only when he sent a mission of Musa and offered talks. Cooperation between Sigismund I and Stefan continued through 1411, when the Serbian Despot, in July, stayed in Buda, accompanied by his nobles. On that occasion there was a strengthening of mutual relations, but the text of the agreement and its provisions have not been preserved. His biographer says that on that occasion Stefan did true love with West, and Jovana Kalić said that Stefan since then often went to Buda and not be returned without a new property, which he lavishly endowed the ruler of Hungary, adding that from Hungarian sources that time proclaim that the Serbian Despot with their country subverted the supremacy of the Hungarian king. Stefan received form Sigismund lands in former Hungary, which included the villages, towns and mines, which were in Szatmár County, Bihar County, Szabolcs County and Torontál County. By late summer, Sigismund I made peace with the King of Bosnia Ostoja (the first government of 1398-1404, the second government from 1409 to 1418) and other nobles from Bosnia, which ended the long-term conflicts. Under his control remained Usora area, while Srebrnica, probably during that year, transferred to Despot Stefan. At the end of the year, Stefan's sister and the widow of Đurađ II Kotromanić Balšić, Jelena remarried to Sandalj Hranić Kosača after his peace with Sigismund I. In May next year, Stefan was with a large entourage was back in Buda. He attended the great council of the European aristocracy in which there has been a reconciliation between Sigismund I and Polish king Vladislav II (Duke of Lithuania 1377-1434, king of Poland from 1386 to 1434), and next to him at the council appeared nobles and the king of Bosnia, as well as a number of other Balkan rulers and nobles. At the same time, Stefan's sister, Mara, linked up with him and on behalf of his son Đurađ, who led his forces in army of Musa, tried to fix the relations between them and reconcile them, in which she succeeded. Musa forces in the fall 1411, attacked the town of Selimvria on the Sea of Marmara near Constantinople, in which it had been the son of Süleyman, Orhan, whom was the candidate of Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos for the Ottoman throne. During the siege, Musa tried to kill Đurađ, but he managed to save himself by escaping to the town of Selimvria, with his troops. Then, from Thessaloniki, he back in the fall 1412 in Serbia and reconciled with his uncle Stefan, which ended the conflict between two families that has caused division in Serbia. War against Musa and end the civil war Against Musa was created a broad coalition, in which the Ottoman commanders from some parts of the Balkans, and his only remaining brother, Mehmed I, who ruled part of former Bayezid Asian countries, joined them. His first attempt to cross into Europe 1411 was finished with defeat, but they kept fighting on other fronts, so that by the end of that year Stefan, and Skopje and Kyustendil Beylerbey's attacked the country of Musa. Winter weather and swollen river Marica have prevented the connection of their and Mehmed I's forces over the Ser area. The answer to this attack came in the early 1412 when Musa from around Serdica and Čemernik fell over in Vranje area and looted it, while Uglješa Vlatković, who ruled that part of Serbian Despotate, barely saved himself. His forces then continued with march to Novo Brdo, but the news of the arrival of Despot Stefan-led, he left Serbia and went to Thessaloniki and Thessaly. New campaign Musa began in 1413, with attack on Hamza bey who held the Svrljig and Soko Grad. He was captured and executed, and Musa forces then occupied Bovan and Lipovac, as well as many other towns in Morava Valley (Koprijan, Kruševac, Markovo Kale, Petrus and Stalać, whose commander was killed heroically providing great resistance. In addition, his troops, according to reports in March that were sent from Novo Brdo to Dubrovnik, devastated Toplica and Braničevo. During this period, Despot Stefan was collecting his forces, and military support he received from Sigismund, but also of his son in law Sandalj Hranić Kosača. His forces were met with Mehmed I commanders near Kruševac and after the agreement there was a merger of their armies, which were sent to the south. At the mouth of the Toplica river at Dobrič, near Koprijan, they were joined by some Musa supporters, including the commander of the army Evrenos, after which they continued traveling to Ovče Polje. Stefan, Sandalj Hranić Kosača and Jovan Morović at Skopska Crna Gora leave troops and return to Serbia, and command of them took Đurađ Branković. So the battle has come on 15 July 1413, near the village Camurlu (Battle of Camurlu), at the mountain Vitosha, in present-day Bulgaria. Musa forces managed to suppress the Serbian army at the first phase of fighting, but Đurađ attacked from the side, which is especially noted the great leader Radič Postupović, and managed to break enemy lines and brought the victory of the allied troops. During the withdrawal from the battle, Musa was on the river Iskra captured and killed, which after more than a decade ended the civil war in the Ottoman Empire. Stefan and Đurađ after the battle acknowledged supremacy of Mehmed I, who gave to Stefan rich gifts and some areas, including the fortress Znepolje and the area Koprijan. Period of peace End of civil war between the sons of Bayezid I, is the beginning of many years of peace in Serbia, which enabled its further economic and cultural development. Stefan has not intervened militarily in conflicts in the coastal area, as well as in the wars that have swept Bosnia 1413th and brought the Ottomans into it. Sigismund's 1415th was launched a two counter-offensive in Bosnia while first, earlier this year failed to oust the Ottomans, the second, mid-year, ended as a complete disaster. Hungarian forces in July were broken at Lašva, and much of the nobility was captured and taken to Zvečan. They later managed to free themselves through negotiation and purchase, in which Stefan participated himself, who brokered the release of Jovan Morović. The situation in Bosnia was further complicated by the murder of Prince Pavle Radenović in late August 1415, behind which stood was king Ostoja and Sandalj Hranić Kosača, which led to clashes between Pavlović and Kosača. In addition, the Ottoman presence and the failures of the Hungarian army, led the nobility in Bosnia to turn against Sigismund, and one consequence was the decision of Bosnian Parliament to take Srebrenica from Stefan, but because of the situation that was not possible implemented. At this time there was a great ecclesiastical council in Constance on Lake Constance, which lasted from 1414 till 1418 years and gathered a great number of ecclesiastical and secular nobility from Catholic countries. Parliament dealt with the so-called Western Schism, and the fate of Jan Hus that was eventually put to death (6 July 1415), which led to Hussite Wars. In addition, it is pointed out and the threat of the Ottomans, among the participants of Parliament, was also a mission of the Serbian Despot, and it is not impossible that he went there. Despot himself in that period, even though he was a vassal of the Ottoman sultans, is not giving up on efforts to rid the Ottoman domination, as evidenced by the letters he wrote to his subordinates in Hungary, and the Byzantine and deputies in the Republic of Venice, that in the case of the creation of a wider anti-Ottoman coalition it joined Serbia. The period of peace, Stefan used to finish his monumental endowment Resava, with today's Despotovac. Its construction began in 1407 but was repeatedly interrupted by outbursts of the Ottoman Empire (1409, 1411-1413), that were finished in 1418. Stefan was a great patron of art and culture providing support and shelter to scholars from Serbia and exiles from surrounding countries occupied by the Ottomans. He was educated at his parents' home, he spoke and wrote Serbo-Slavic; he could speak Greek and was familiar with Latin. Under his rule, he issued Code of Mines in 1412 in Novo Brdo, the economic center of Serbia. He was an author, and his main works include Slovo ljubve (A Homage to Love) that he dedicated to his brother Vuk, and Natpis na mramornom stubu na Kosovo (Inscription on the Marble Pillar at Kosovo). Some works he wrote during his reign have been preserved. During his reign, rich transcribing activity – The Transcription School of Resava – was developed in his foundation, the Manasija Monastery. More Christian works and capital works of an ancient civilization were transcribed there than in all times preceding the Despot's ruling. During the short time the life of the founder and monastery coincided (1407–27), so much was achieved in Resava that it remained an important and outstanding monument in the history of Serbian and Slavic culture in general. It was there that Bulgarian-born Constantine the Philosopher, a reputable "Serbian teacher", translator and historian established the famous orthographic school of Resava to correct errors in the ecclesiastical literature incurred by numerous translations and incorrect transcriptions, and to thoroughly change the previous orthography. Constantine's essay on how Slavic books should be written recommended a very complicated orthography that subsequently many authors adopted and used for a long time. Regardless of subsequent criticism of this endeavour, the very fact that in Serbia in the 15th century an essay was written on orthography and its rules is very important. Until the very end of the 17th century documents confirm the outstanding reputation of translations and transcripts originating from the Resava School. Death As most of the rulers and noblemen of those times, Despot Stefan loved and used to saddle his horse often and ride with his escort to hunt in nearby villages. On one of the returns from the castle in Belgrade Fortress finding himself near the place known as Glava, or Glavica, at Mt. Kosmaj, Despot stopped his escort in order to ride out to hunt. As accustomed he stretched his hand forward to let the hawk on it but his body did not obey. The whole escort noticed the way his body was leaning from one to the other side, becoming aware that something unusual was happening. Everybody knew well his imposing pose on a horse and they all doubtfully watched him fall down to ground helplessly. According to Constantine the Philosopher, his sudden death on 19 July 1427 was indicated by a mystic storm which made the sky from Belgrade turn black, and the thunder covered his soft, last words, "Get George, get George!" The death of Despot was experienced as the Last Judgement, a disaster, as the Judgement day among people. Dreading future troubles, the whole state grieved for their ruler, whom they knew from the beginning was "the chosen messenger of the new age". Despot's death announced the hardest period in the history of the Serbian state and people represented in destruction of the state Despot and loss of state identity. The old Byzantine-South Slavonic prophecies (the Revelation of Pseudo-Methodius, the apocryphal Visions of Daniel and the Oracles of Leo the Wise) usually interpreted Ishmaelite, that is Muslims, conquests as a result of Christian sins. For the Orthodox Christians, in the 15th century, this topos became especially alluring, since it corresponded to the idea of "the end of the world" in the year 7000 "from the creation of the world" (=1491/1492 AD), according to the Byzantine calendar. In order to save the memory of the moment of deceasing of the favourite and honoured ruler, a stone marker was erected on the place where Despot fell off the horse. Saying farewell to their master, his closest associates, who were escorting him in the moment of the accident, built a monument of marble stone, leaving messages of loyalty and respect. These inscriptions show the monument was built by Đurađ Zubrović, a nobleman from the territory, which the hamlet Glava belonged to, as well as the knight from Despot's escort. Despots Stephanos was buried at Resava. Many researchers believe that the cause of death of the despot Stefan was a stroke or a heart attack, while there are those who doubt this version, looking for the cause in a conspiracy using the statements of his biographer Constantine the Philosopher "When he was in a place called Glavica, having lunch he went out to hunt, and while he was still hunting...". These researchers suspect that the despot Stefan was poisoned. He probably became more pro-Western than he should have been. From the Serbian perspective, there was a difference between the Eastern and Western world, with Serbia situated somewhere between the two. Veneration The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Despot Stefan on August 1 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, under the name Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, although he is more commonly referred to as Saint Stefan the Tall. He is commemorated on August 1 (July 19 according to the Julian calendar) alongside his mother, Saint Eugenia. A reliquary which is believed to contain his remains is housed in the Koporin monastery and is opened twice a year, on August 1, the feast of Saint Despot Stefan and August 15, the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint Stephen, which is the monastery slava. In 2023, Saint Despot Stefan was chosen to be the patron saint of the Serbian army, with his feast becoming the army's slava. Literary works Apart from the biographical notes in charters and especially in the Code on The Mine Novo Brdo (1412), Stefan Lazarević wrote three literary works: The Grave Sobbing for prince Lazar (1389) The Inscription on the Kosovo Marble Column (1404) A Homage to Love (1409), a poetic epistle to his brother Vuk Law on Mines Translation of a Greek work titled "On Times Future" He was probably the patron of the most extensively illuminated Serbian manuscript, the Serbian Psalter, which is now kept in the Bavarian State Library in Munich. Titles "Lord(Gospodar) of all the Serbs and Podunavlje" (), inherited through his father. An inscription names him Despot, Lord "of all Serbs and Podunavlje and Posavje and part of Hungarian lands and Bosnian [lands], and also Maritime Zeta" (). "Despot of the Kingdom of Rascia and Lord of Serbia" (). After 1402. "Despot, Lord of Rascia" (), in the founding charter of the Order of the Dragon (1408). He was the first on the list. "Despot, Lord of all Serbs and the Maritime" ().	null	[ "Stefan Lazarević (, 1377 – 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall (), was a Serbian ruler as prince (1389-1402) and despot (1402-1427). He was also a diplomat, legislator, ktetor, patron of the arts, poet and one of the founding members of the Order of the Dragon. The son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders at that time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanjić), until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. Becoming a Hungarian ally in 1403–04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew Đurađ Branković, which ended in 1412. Stefan also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. Since he was childless, he designated his nephew Đurađ as heir in 1426, a year before his death.", "On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles, and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. In 1412 he issued the Code of Mines, with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo – the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. This code increased the development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate. At the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. In the field of architecture, he continued development of the Morava school. His reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. He introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. He was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love, which is characterized by the Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed.", "On August 1 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, he was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, his relics are kept in the Koporin monastery. Background and family Stefan was the son of the prince of Moravian Serbia, Lazar, and his wife Milica, member of an elder, but collateral branch of Nemanjić dynasty. Milica's father Prince Vratko was a direct descendant of Vukan, the eldest son of Stefan Nemanja. In addition to Stefan, they had seven other children. Marriage On 12 September 1405, Stefan married Helena Gattilusio, the daughter of Francesco II of Lesbos. According to Konstantin the Philosopher, Stefan first saw his wife on Lesbos, where Francesco II offered him a choice among his daughters; the marriage was arranged \"with the advice and participation\" of Helena's sister, Empress Eirene. Surprisingly, there is no mention of Helena after her marriage to Stefan; this led Anthony Luttrell to remark that \"apparently there were never any children; nothing is known of her death or burial; and, most unusual, she did not appear in any of the post-1402 fresco portraits of Stefan\". Luttrell concludes \"Maybe she was too young for the marriage to be consummated, and perhaps she stayed on Lesbos and never traveled to Serbia; possibly she died soon after her marriage.\"", "Prince Stefan Lazarevic Early years and rise to the throne Stefan Lazarević was born, probably, in 1377 in Kruševac, the capital of his father, Prince Lazar. After the Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, where his father was killed, Stefan became the new Serbian prince, but before he became of age the state was ruled by his mother, Princess Milica. In the battle of Kosovo in 1389, both rulers were killed, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad I, a rare occurrence in history. (Murad I was the first and the last Ottoman ruler who was killed on the battlefield). He came to the throne in a specific time for the state of Lazarević, who found herself surrounded by powerful neighbors. On one side was Bayezid I, who withdrew after the Battle of Kosovo in order to consolidate his power among the Ottomans, while next door there was Vuk Branković, the husband of Stefan's sister Mara, who after the battle became the most powerful of Serbian aristocrats. The neighbor on the west was Bosnian king Tvrtko I (1353–1377 ban, king 1377–1391) which was considered the legitimate successor of Nemanjić crown and he portrayed Battle of Kosovo like his own victory over the Ottomans, while their possessions in the north bordering with Hungary, King Sigismund.", "On 7 July, three weeks after the battle, Sigismund sent his palatine Nicholas II Garay to negotiate with Vuk Branković about things that are in his and Serbian favor, where he confirmed in advance any agreements that they have achieved. Although both Nicholas and Vuk were married with sisters of Stefan, it was not uncommon at the time that strong neighbors, even relatives, to suppress the legitimate heirs to throne as juvenile. The outcome of these negotiations is not known, but already in the fall, Sigismund began an offensive against young Serbian prince Stefan. His forces have crossed the Sava River in October and early November were they occupied the fortresses of Borač and Čestin, near present day Kragujevac. In these circumstances, the State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379–1389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of the sultan Bayezid I, after which they began negotiations with the Ottomans, who ended by concluding peace, before the middle of year 1390. Details of making this decision are not closely familiar, but it is certain that peace was made before the death of Patriarch Spirydon, 18 August 1389. According to the conclusion of peace, Prince Stefan pledged to send extra squads to Ottoman sultan and pay tribute, and he and his brother Vuk Lazarević must appear annually at the Sultan's Palace to confirm the allegiance to Bayezid I. In addition to these common vassal obligations, Bayezid I has married youngest daughter of Prince Lazar and Princess Milica, Olivera, which, her brother and the new prince, Stefan, personally had to take to the Sultan Bayezid in Bursa. The consequences of this peace were immediately visible because already in summer 1390, Serbian forces reinforced with extra Ottoman detachments, recaptured the lost cities, and probably in part of these operations the Ottomans took Golubac. Stefan militarily supported various Ottoman campaigns while Bayazid I in return supported Stefan against his nobles and his restoring of Serbia which would become a relatively strong state.", "There is no data of the activities of Vuk Branković during this period. It is certain that after Battle of Kosovo he was sought to expand his area ( among other things, he has conquered the part of Polimlje ) and he used the same title that was used before him by Prince Lazar (lord of Serbs and Podunavije). However, by early May 1390, he felt threatened and he asked the Republic of Ragusa to facilitate his safety, if it comes in a quandary, which could be linked with the Ottoman detachments who helped Stefan during the summer to suppress the Hungarians from their state. But there is no evidence that there was some hostility between Stefan and Vuk Branković. There was recorded in the sources that Vuk attended in formal transfer of Prince Lazar's holy body from his capital Priština to the monastery Ravanica late 1390 and early 1391, and is also known that in his court, during the year 1392, came Princess Milica.", "The conflict in the Serbian-Hungarian border, has continued over the next two years, and in their suppression Sigismund was involved, who has repeatedly visited the army of the Danube. In Summer 1392, he was crossed the river near Kovin and march to the city of Ždrelo near Valjevo, then retreated and tried to win Golubac. At the same time, the area of Vuk Branković has been under Ottomans attack. In early 1392, they have occupied Skoplje and continued marching of the north, forcing Vuk by the end of the year to make peace with Bayezid and become his vassal. Battles of Rovine and of Nicopolis", "In 1393, Stefan became an adult and took over the throne, and his mother became a nun and withdrew to her endowment, monastery Ljubostinja. That same year, Bayezid I dealt with his Bulgarian vassals for their alleged links with the Hungarian King Sigismund. Veliko Tarnovo was besieged and Bulgaria devastated; Stefan's brother-in-law was Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shishman. After this, many Bulgarian scholars sought refuge in neighboring Christian countries, among which were Serbia. At the end of 1393 and early 1394, Bayezid I began gathering his Christian vassals at Serres. Byzantine sources tell that among the vassals were Stefan, Emperor Manuel II (1391–1425), his nephew John VII (1390) and his brother Theodore I of Morea (r. 1383–1407), and the Serbian lord Constantine Dragaš. It is believed that Bayezid I planned to kill the vassals at the meeting and take their lands. He gave the order to kill them, but it was not done immediately, then he changed his mind, after which some of them went home, while the rest of them completed the conquest of Thessaly and Thessaloniki (12 April).", "During the autumn of 1394, Bayezid started gathering forces for a campaign against the Wallachian voievode Mircea I (1386–1418). In this campaign, Stefan personally led the Serbian heavy cavalry, while Serbian nobles Marko (1371–1395), Constantine Dragaš and Konstantin Balšić led their forces. Bayezid's forces crossed the Danube and the battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395, near present-day Pitești, with a Wallachian victory. In the battle Marko and Dragaš were killed, and Bayezid annexed their lands. According to Constantine the Philosopher in his Life of Stefan Lazarević before the battle Marko said to Dragaš: \"I pray God to help the Christians and that I will be among the first dead in this war.\" The Ottoman forces then took over Vidin, and reinforced by Serbian detachments during the summer of 1396 marched into Banat, after attacking the lands of Vuk Branković and conquering a large part of it with Priština.", "However, the victory at Rovine sparked a great crusade in which forces from England, France, Germany, and other European countries joined Hungarian king Sigismund and Mircea I with the Venetian fleet which was to enter the Danube from the Black Sea and support the army on the mainland. Crusader forces gathered in Hungary, after which they crossed the Danube and took Vidin. After that, the march continued down the Danube. Nicopolis, which had a large Ottoman garrison was besieged. The siege broke the blockade of Constantinople, forcing Bayezid to send troops towards the Danube, joining forces with Stefan Lazarević's heavy cavalary near Plovdiv. A great battle took place on 25 September 1396 in which the Crusader forces were completely destroyed. Although numerically superior, the Crusader army lacked a joint command and thus poorly coordinated on the battlefield. They also were both unfamiliar and ignorant of the Ottoman army's war methods. After initial Crusader success, the Ottomans went on a counterattack that stopped with the entry of Hungarian knights in battle, which began to suppress them. In this turning point of battle the Serbian heavy cavalry led by Stefan Lazarević himself broke through Hungarian lines and surrounded King Sigismund, and attacking the Hungarian banner troops of Nicholas II Garay. Garay's troops were dispersed, which had a decisive influence on the course of the battle, because some of the Crusaders thought that Sigismund had died and that the battle was lost, while the Hungarian commanders convinced Sigismund that the battle was practically lost and that it was better to withdraw. After that Crusader orders fell apart and was followed by carnage. One of the participants in the battle, Johann Schiltberger, described the Serbian attack According to some, Serbian forces were hidden in a grove on the left wing of Bayezid forces, making a sudden attack on the Hungarians probably from the side. A significant role was played by Stephen II Lackfi and Mircea I because they withdrew with their forces from the battlefield just before Stefan's attack, leaving Sigismund without support. They had probably dealt with Stefan before the battle. Sigismund managed to escape by fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. It is possible that Stefan left enough time for him to board the boat; Stefan saving Sigismund may be one of the causes of Stefan's later induction into the Order of the Dragon (as the first and foremost)", "There were disastrous consequences for the Balkan Christians after the defeat at the Battle of Nicopolis. Vidin was destroyed, Athens occupied (1397), the Despotate of Morea devastated once again, the fall of Constantinople became practically inevitable, and the area of Vuk Branković was taken by the Ottomans. Vuk Branković was captured and soon died in captivity (1397). Most of his area was transferred to the control of Stefan Lazarević, a small portion (centered in Vučitrn) was left to his wife Maria and sons (Đurađ, Grgur and Lazar), while the Ottomans retained strategic locations under their direct rule. In addition, the Ottoman forces marched into Hungary and plundered its southern parts, in particular, Zemun (which was devastated) and Sremska Mitrovica (which was burned down, and its population displaced). Incursion to Bosnia and its consequences The Ottomans continued the offensive in the Balkans in January 1398 and attack Bosnia. The leader of the action was one of the Bayezid's son, Musa Çelebi, and Prince Stefan joined them with Serbian extra squads. This campaign, besides looting Bosnia, did not achieve any success, and the biggest culprit, according to Stefan's biographer, was a very bad winter, and some of the soldiers and prisoners returned to their lands. Some of the nobility tried to take advantage of Stefan's campaign to oust him from throne. Their leaders, Dukes Novak Belocrkvić and Nikola Zojić with help of Voivode Mihajlo, tried to show the failure of invasion of Bosnia to Bayezid I, as a result of Stefan's connection with the Hungarian King Sigismund and with recognition directly Bayezid I supreme power gain independence in lands of Prince Stefan. The exact course of further events is not precisely known, but it is evident that Stephen knew of the plot, having known of it via Mihajlo. He invited to his castle Duke Novak, who had estates in Toplica (probably the lands around Kuršumlija) and in the Hvosno (Crkolez village near Peć) and killed him. After that Belocrkvić, who had estates around the Rudnik, and his family (wife and four daughters) fled to the established Ostrvica and became a monk, for which he lost his possessions in Serbia, but he saved his life.", "It is certain also that their allegations came to Bayezid and in the second half of March, the Ottoman forces marched into Serbia. It is not known what they did in Serbia; there was no documented campaign on any of the neighboring countries. During the spring, Stefan's mother, a nun Eugene with monk Jefimija went to Bayezid, to smooth the relations between them. They have returned to Serbia prior to 23 May and managed to ensure that Stefan is received by Bayezid and justify himself before the sultan. In addition, they are brought from Bursa and the relics of St. Petka, which are most likely located in the castle church in Kruševac, Lazarica. Bayezid is reported to have held Prince Stefan in high esteem, bestowing upon him a respect which he did not always accord his other Christian vassals, or even his own sons. Later, Bayezid marries Stefan's sister. When, some of Stefan's nobles complain to Bayezid that he is doing a deal with the Hungarians against the Turks, Stefan first allows his mother to travel to Edirne and plead his case with the sultan, and then actually goes himself. Both mother and son are received generously by Bayezid, and the embarrassing situation is resolved: Battle of Ankara", "The relationship between Prince Stefan and Branković family over the years is not known from historical sources. It is known that they were able, with the most money that Vuk Branković is left on the guarding in the Kotor and Republic of Ragusa, to recover some of the former countries. In early 1402, their area included parts of Kosovo, Polimlje, Sjenica and Brskovo, and since the spring of that year they became Bayezid's vassals, with the same responsibilities Prince Stefan had. Beyond their control remained Zvečan, Jeleč and Gluhavica, which were held by the Ottomans, and Priština, which we know that in March the same year, was part of the state of Stefan Lazarević. Great changes of events in Asia Minor and Southeastern Europe were caused by an invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tamerlane, one of the great conquerors in world history. His invasion into Asia Minor forced Bayezid I to gather his forces and try to confront him in battle, which took place 28 July 1402, near from Angora (Ankara, the capital of Turkey).", "In this battle Ottoman forces suffered defeat, Bayezid I and one of his sons, Musa Çelebi, were captured and the following year Bayezid died in captivity. One of the main reasons for the Ottoman defeat was due to the desertion of Turkic and Tartar cavalry from Anatolia, which prior to the beginning of the battle defected to Timur's side, unhappy with Bayezid's rule and due to a sense of camaraderie with the forces of Timur. This allowed the Timur's forces to break Bayezid's left wing and encircle his center, where was located the Sultan with his janissaries (around 10,000). On the right wing, there were Bayezid's vassals, among whom were Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur, Stefan's brother Vuk, and Stefan himself, who was also a commander of the right wing. He fought bravely, which caused admiration from Timur. Prince Stefan and his knights, which according to chronicler Duka and several contemporaries, were 5000 heavily armed men with spears, including cavalry, repeatedly attacked the enemy lines in order to rescue his master Bayezid I from hostile environments. He eventually succeeded in it, but Bayezid refused to withdraw, after which Stefan took with him his son Süleyman Çelebi and started to retreat towards Bursa under constant attacks of the hordes of Tatars. Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles states that \"the Serbs fought as real heroes, each worthy of praise\", adding that \"They attacked Tatars with great vigor, crushing them hard in the fight\", and about Serbian struggle there is evidenced toponym Srb-ghazi - Serbian winner, near Ankara.", "Sultan Bayezid I had probably reconciled with his destiny. During the fight, Prince Stefan was wounded, while Gregory Branković was captured and later released. In the meantime, Bayezid was captured with his soldiers, his son Musa and his harem, where the Stefan's sister Olivera was. One of the reasons Stefan honored his vassal obligations to Bayezid was the desire to keep the Serbian-Ottoman Alliance strong under looming Hungarian pressure. Another was that Stefan's sister Olivera that was married to the Sultan. She was captured in the battle and later released, through an agreement that was signed between Stefan and Timur. It seems that a ransom wasn't paid, thanks to the great respect that Timur had for Olivera's brother Stefan, and she returned to Serbia (Spring 1403), and a little later she settled permanently in Stefan's castle, in Belgrade. It is interesting to note that a group of imprisoned Serbs were taken to Samarkand where they were employed on construction works. On the other hand, Timur's forces had already left Asia Minor in 1403, and Timur himself died in early 1405, during his expedition to China. In the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid's capture, and then his death, brought on a civil war between his sons for throne. Stay at Constantinople", "From Bursa Stefan and his brother Vuk Lazarević came to Constantinople, which was released after several years of Ottoman blockade. John VII Palaiologos (who ruled in place of his absent uncle Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos) awarded Prince Stefan in August 1402 the high Byzantine title of Despot, which in Byzantine hierarchy was just beneath the Imperial. In addition, the marriage of Stefan and Helen Gattilusio, the daughter of Florentine master of Lesbos Francesco II Gattilusio was contracted. These events are evidence of Stefan's new commitment as vassal to King Sigismund. When the Lazarević brothers were in Constantinople, they entered an open conflict with the Branković family. Đurađ Branković was imprisoned at the city dungeon on his return to Constantinople, on Stefan's command. The reason for this is unknown, and many later chroniclers, such as Mavro Orbini, claim that Đurađ was planning to join Bayezid I's son Süleyman, who established his power in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. This is probably true, as Đurađ after escaping from prison in September, went to Süleyman and asked him for military aid against Lazarević.", "Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near Adrianople. The two brothers and about 260 remaining soldiers embarked for Serbia, with a shorter stay in Lesbos. Their first stop was Zeta, ruled by Đurađ II Balšić, the husband of Stefan's sister Jelena. Đurađ II received them at his capital in Ulcinj, after which Stefan began organizing the army for a confrontation with Branković. Stefan's mother gathered an army in Serbia, while at the same time Branković and Ottoman troops took control of roads in Kosovo to prevent the return of Stefan. Ottoman Interregnum Battle of Tripolje", "In late October, Stefan's army from Bar, moved across the country of Balšić and Venetian lands, from Shkoder to Kosovo. Avoiding the main roads controlled by his opponents, Stefan's forces arrived at Gračanica 21 November near Tripolje, in the following battle the forces of Branković, strengthened by Ottoman detachments, were defeated. Stephen broke his army in two, with orders sent by his mother, before the battle, and his opponents did the same. Most of the troops were placed under the command of his brother Vuk and directed them against the forces commanded by Đurađ Branković, while he, with a smaller part of the army attacked the Ottomans. Forces under his command had won a victory, but the significance it played was small Caesar Uglješa Vlatković. He was still an Ottoman vassal, but he reported to Stefan with their war plan, and during the battle was joined at his side. As a reward for this, Stefan gave him authority over Vranje, Inogoštem (Surdulica) and Preševo, which had previously belonged to his father and that area was connected to the Serbian despotate. Lazarević, having retreated after the battle in Novo Brdo, came into a verbal conflict with Vuk. The despot's younger brother accused him of ignorance of war casualties and his weak leadership skills, because the bulk of their forces, commanded by Vuk, were defeated in the battle with the army led by Đurađ Branković.", "Victory in Battle of Tripolje, enabled Stefan to regain his throne and influence in Serbia, which was further strengthened in the coming years. However, the fight with Branković had not ended and in a sense, further complicated by the conflict that arose between Stefan and Vuk. His younger brother in the summer 1403 left Serbia and headed to Süleyman, to ask him for help and force his older brother to cede part of the state administration. He was in fact told to stop by their mother, who followed him, but she failed to reach him before he arrived at the court of Süleyman. During his time at his court, she was able to reconcile the brothers prior to October 1404 and she succeeded in smoothing relations between Stefan and Süleyman. During the next year, Stefan tried to avoid the renewal of hostilities with the Ottomans.", "In 1403, Süleyman was in Gallipoli negotiating with a number of Christian states (Byzantium, Genoa, Venice, Knights Hospitaller and Naxos) in the Balkans in order to secure an agreement with them and start an offensive against his brothers in Asia Minor. The terms of the agreement were that Byzantium was to cease being a vassal of the Ottoman, while in the territorial sense, regain Thessaloniki and a number of cities on the coast of the Bosphorus and Black Sea. One of the provisions of this contract referred to Stefan, although he probably did not take part in its conclusion. Stefan kept his former possessions, but had to still pay tribute and send the Sultan support militarily, although he was not obliged to lead them himself. The Kingdom of Hungary at that time was in a crisis, King Sigmund I had lost the throne because part of the nobility was captured April 1401 in Buda. He was released in late 1401 and retired to Bohemia, where he spent the next year.", "Order of the Dragon Changed conditions in Southeast Europe in the early fifteenth century, led to a convergence of Despot Stefan and Hungarian king Sigismund. Stefan needed a strong ally who could help him get rid of Ottoman domination, but also stay on the throne of Serbia, due to an open conflict with Branković, who enjoyed the support of Süleyman. On the other hand, Hungary was in a deep internal crisis, and, until 1403, Sigismund was unable to return to the country and regain control, although the resistance of his opponent failed to break even after his return. It was therefore necessary for him to rely on a secure southern border, which had previously been constantly exposed to the combined Serbian-Ottoman attacks, while simultaneously trying to provide a strong base for the fight against the Ottomans and eventually expand to the south. The negotiations were most likely initiated by King Sigismund, and he sent emissaries to Stefan, among whom was his close associate of Florentine origin, Filippo Scolari. The objective of this delegation had been successful, and led to the conclusion of an agreement between the two rulers in late 1403 or early 1404. Under its provisions, Stefan accepted vassal relations to Sigismund, and received from him Mačva and Belgrade. With these new lands, including the Golubac Fortress, Stefan had strengthened his northern border, now delineated by the Sava and Danube rivers. As now a close ally to Sigismund, Stefan was among the first knights of the Order of the Dragon.", "Settling the situation in Serbia and clashes in Zeta At the same time (1403 or early in 1404) Stefan attacked lands of Branković around river Sitnica, and then began to attack the areas under Ottoman control, in which it might have had and Hungarian military support troops. It is not known exactly from which cities and regions has managed to push the Ottomans, but it is thought that his offensive was directed toward eastern Serbia, and Kosovo. After these successes, he was able to make peace with Branković, and at the same time through his mother reconciled with Süleyman. Immediately after the takeover of Belgrade, Stefan started the reconstruction of its fortifications, which were destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397. In addition, he began work on the development of the city, which were carried out by the end of his reign, but in the beginning of 1405, Stefan was transferred his capital to it, which until then was in Kruševac. In September of the same year, he married Helena Gattilusio, but only two months later, with his mother's death (11 November), Stefan remained without strong support. Nevertheless, the situation in Serbia have stabilized and start to grow in prosperity, as evidenced by the charter in Borač, 2 December of that year, issued from Dubrovnik. Negotiations about their shopping preferences are driven during the year and Despot with present Charter confirmed the privileges that they previously enjoyed. It also represents the charter of Serbian ruler, which was issued after the 1387th in Dubrovnik. At the end of the month, a charter was issued to them from Stefan's sister Mara Branković with sons. This includes Dubrovnik provide benefits to its merchants throughout Serbia, but it is noticeable that Stefan was not referred to the charter, even though her husband Vuk in their charters, always calling on those issued by Lazar of Prince Lazar.", "At the beginning of 1405 The great rebellion broke out in the local population in Skadar end against the Venetian rule. The reason for it lay in the arrogant and high-handed fashion of Venetian rule, which was manifested impounding the property, which were then shared to Venetian supporters, denying the rights of Orthodox churches in the area under the supreme authority of Venice and a host of other abuses of power. In this opposition became involved Stefan's nephew Balša III (1403-1421) which sought to restore the cities which his father, Đurađ Stracimirović Balšić, once transferred to Venice (1396), to protect from the Ottoman invasion. He asked for help from Süleyman in fighting, and from Duke Vuk Lazarević, but is nevertheless a war waged without major battles and a clear winner. In the negotiations on concluding a peace as a mediator intervened and Despot Stefan himself, but they were unsuccessful, although guided by a number of occasions. He was first in May 1406 mediated by the Venetians, then in June 1407 when he was with his sister Mara and Niketa Thopia supposed to guarantee that the Balša III fulfill the obligations, but peace was not concluded. A peace agreement was finally signed in June 1408th The and in it Stefan was mentioned as one of the guarantors of the signed contract, but it did not come into effect and the conflict continued.", "In December 1408, Hungarian King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon, gathering his supporters. The symbol of the order was a dragon, and the first among the knights was Stefan Lazarević, the founding charter of 13 December 1408. He was present at the ceremony in honor of knights, which was held in Buda, and the dragon symbol was present at his court. The rebellion of brother Vuk At that time, the late 1408, Stefan protested against his younger brother Vuk. The reason for his dissatisfaction was that Stefan did not want to share throne with him and give him part of the state administration. In turn, Vuk was probably disappointed to Stefan's connecting with Sigmund I and the West. He therefore went to Süleyman and asked him for military assistance against Stefan. In return, he promised to recognize his sovereignty, if he receives his own state and if Branković and his brothers joined him. At the beginning of 1409, Süleyman's Ottoman forces broke into Serbia at the battlefield of Kosovo and nearby Priština was destroyed, as evidenced by a letter that arrived in February in Dubrovnik, from the merchants of the city. Dubrovnik people in Serbia were also instructed that, as citizens of the Republic, could call for its neutrality during the conflict, but they were also told not to harm Stefan's people, as well as in the case of attacks on towns where they were engaged in their defense. Stefan was assisted in the fighting by Sigismund I, whose forces were under the command of Philip de Skolarisa, late January through Kovin, joined to Serbia. His quick reaction testifies to the fact that Stefan and Sigismund were aware of Vuk's impending departure to Süleyman's side Ottoman attack. In early May, Sigismund went to Serbia, who was joined by Ban Jovan Morović from Mačva, but in June began Süleyman's new offensive. After fierce battles that were fought during the summer, Stefan withdrew and enclosed himself in Belgrade. He refused to conform with Süleyman, but was forced to negotiate with his brother, which practically led to the division of the country. Vuk was submitted to the administration of its southern part, which included the area south of the West Morava. He ruled on his own and accepted Süleyman suzerainty, as did the Branković family.", "In addition to the conflict in Serbia, the year 1409 had several significant events that influenced the change of situation in the Balkans. Süleyman made peace with the Venetians in June, to whom they pledged to pay an annual tribute, as well as surrendering their former possessions in the area of Skadar and Zeta. His brother and rival in the struggle for power, Musa Çelebi moved to Europe and began to gather around him supporters and allies in the fight against Süleyman. Civil war between Musa and Süleyman Stefan and Musa Çelebi, as a result of conflict with Süleyman, were natural allies. Through his member, Duke Vitko, Stefan first checked Musa's force and then began negotiations that led to the conclusion of the alliance. In addition to Stefan,the Branković family, and Vuk Lazarević also had joined Musa. His forces began an offensive while Süleyman was in Asia Minor. At the beginning of 1410, Gallipoli was occupied, and by 13 February, were at Süleyman's Yambol, defeating defending beglerbeg Sinan, which has forced his brother to try to return to Europe and deal with Musa.", "That gave him the support of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, with whom he remained on friendly terms and who gave him a boat to cross the Bosporus. Manuel's position significantly influenced the distribution of forces on the ground and very quickly changed those who supported Musa approach to Süleyman. Help in the transfer of his forces in Europe, tried to give prince Vuk, who asked the Venetian deputies in early June to obtain the Venetian fleet's assistance in the transport of troops. Vuk very soon after that escaped to Süleyman, as did the Branković brothers. Stefan and Musa tried to prevent the crossing of Süleyman's forces in Europe, with an attack on the fleet that was carrying them. There in Galatians, they managed to destroy some of the ships, but Süleyman's forces still managed to cross the Bosporus Strait.", "The great battle between the two Bayezid sons occurred on 15. June in Battle of Kosmidion, on the banks of the Golden Horn, in front of the Byzantine land walls of Constantinople. Musa's forces were defeated, and when he left the battlefield, the Despot Stefan pulled back from the battle. He began his departure following the Golden Horn to the Galatians, but the Byzantine emperor Manuel sent ships to pick him up and carried him to Constantinople, although he himself was on the side of Süleyman. Constantinople organized a solemn reception for Stefan, and Manuel used the situation to confirm his title of Despot, and then handed over the crown of despotic dignity. After a short stay in the Byzantine capital, to Stefan and his entourage, including Uglješa Vlatković, with ships headed to Serbia. Through the Black Sea and Danube rivers, and the state of Duke Mirča, they arrived in Golubac in late July or early August of that year.", "Süleyman after winning the Battle of Kosmidion again tried to push Stefan Lazarević from the throne, as he did after the Battle of Angora 1402; sending Stefan's relatives to Serbia to take the throne. In late June, he sent Vuk Lazarević and Lazar Branković to Serbia, who the continued the fight with his younger brother, whom he once again defeated on 11 July in Adrianople. However, he failed in Serbia. During that time, on 4 July the supporters of Musa caught the Serbian Prince in Filipolje. Vuk Lazarević, after the deliberation of his fate was executed, Lazar Branković was still left in life for a few days. Musa attempted to blackmail Đurađ Branković to move to his side for the upcoming battle (of Adrianople, 11 July). He refused, and actively participated in the victory of Süleyman, so Musa had Lazar executed. Soon after that, Stefan returned to the country and took control of it in its entirety, including the southern parts that were ruled by his brother, Prince Vuk. Musa's position after the defea was severely affected and he retired to Stefan, Serbia. He managed to gain the support of the Ottomans in Europe, and other followers of Süleyman approached him, some because of his promise, and some because Süleyman's unbalanced posture. His troops at the beginning of 1411 defeated Süleyman's defending troops in Serdica, while Süleyman himself escaped from Adrianople and tried to get to Constantinople. On this journey, he was captured and killed (17 February) by Musa's supporters, who then became the sole ruler of the European part of Ottoman Empire.", "Reconciliation with Đurađ Branković His rise to throne has not brought peace and stability to Balkans, on the contrary, he quickly turned against themselves and their former allies. Serbian Parliament, were sent by Stefan to regulate relations and confirming previous agreements, but not only that he failed, but he barely managed to save their own lives, but Musa was given permission to dig up Vuk Lazarević and his remains transferred to Serbia. This was a clear declaration of war and Stefan immediately began offensive. He entered the Pirot area from which they launched attacks on the Ottomans, who had stopped only when he sent a mission of Musa and offered talks. Cooperation between Sigismund I and Stefan continued through 1411, when the Serbian Despot, in July, stayed in Buda, accompanied by his nobles. On that occasion there was a strengthening of mutual relations, but the text of the agreement and its provisions have not been preserved. His biographer says that on that occasion Stefan did true love with West, and Jovana Kalić said that Stefan since then often went to Buda and not be returned without a new property, which he lavishly endowed the ruler of Hungary, adding that from Hungarian sources that time proclaim that the Serbian Despot with their country subverted the supremacy of the Hungarian king. Stefan received form Sigismund lands in former Hungary, which included the villages, towns and mines, which were in Szatmár County, Bihar County, Szabolcs County and Torontál County. By late summer, Sigismund I made peace with the King of Bosnia Ostoja (the first government of 1398-1404, the second government from 1409 to 1418) and other nobles from Bosnia, which ended the long-term conflicts. Under his control remained Usora area, while Srebrnica, probably during that year, transferred to Despot Stefan. At the end of the year, Stefan's sister and the widow of Đurađ II Kotromanić Balšić, Jelena remarried to Sandalj Hranić Kosača after his peace with Sigismund I. In May next year, Stefan was with a large entourage was back in Buda. He attended the great council of the European aristocracy in which there has been a reconciliation between Sigismund I and Polish king Vladislav II (Duke of Lithuania 1377-1434, king of Poland from 1386 to 1434), and next to him at the council appeared nobles and the king of Bosnia, as well as a number of other Balkan rulers and nobles.", "At the same time, Stefan's sister, Mara, linked up with him and on behalf of his son Đurađ, who led his forces in army of Musa, tried to fix the relations between them and reconcile them, in which she succeeded. Musa forces in the fall 1411, attacked the town of Selimvria on the Sea of Marmara near Constantinople, in which it had been the son of Süleyman, Orhan, whom was the candidate of Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos for the Ottoman throne. During the siege, Musa tried to kill Đurađ, but he managed to save himself by escaping to the town of Selimvria, with his troops. Then, from Thessaloniki, he back in the fall 1412 in Serbia and reconciled with his uncle Stefan, which ended the conflict between two families that has caused division in Serbia.", "War against Musa and end the civil war Against Musa was created a broad coalition, in which the Ottoman commanders from some parts of the Balkans, and his only remaining brother, Mehmed I, who ruled part of former Bayezid Asian countries, joined them. His first attempt to cross into Europe 1411 was finished with defeat, but they kept fighting on other fronts, so that by the end of that year Stefan, and Skopje and Kyustendil Beylerbey's attacked the country of Musa. Winter weather and swollen river Marica have prevented the connection of their and Mehmed I's forces over the Ser area. The answer to this attack came in the early 1412 when Musa from around Serdica and Čemernik fell over in Vranje area and looted it, while Uglješa Vlatković, who ruled that part of Serbian Despotate, barely saved himself. His forces then continued with march to Novo Brdo, but the news of the arrival of Despot Stefan-led, he left Serbia and went to Thessaloniki and Thessaly. New campaign Musa began in 1413, with attack on Hamza bey who held the Svrljig and Soko Grad. He was captured and executed, and Musa forces then occupied Bovan and Lipovac, as well as many other towns in Morava Valley (Koprijan, Kruševac, Markovo Kale, Petrus and Stalać, whose commander was killed heroically providing great resistance. In addition, his troops, according to reports in March that were sent from Novo Brdo to Dubrovnik, devastated Toplica and Braničevo.", "During this period, Despot Stefan was collecting his forces, and military support he received from Sigismund, but also of his son in law Sandalj Hranić Kosača. His forces were met with Mehmed I commanders near Kruševac and after the agreement there was a merger of their armies, which were sent to the south. At the mouth of the Toplica river at Dobrič, near Koprijan, they were joined by some Musa supporters, including the commander of the army Evrenos, after which they continued traveling to Ovče Polje. Stefan, Sandalj Hranić Kosača and Jovan Morović at Skopska Crna Gora leave troops and return to Serbia, and command of them took Đurađ Branković. So the battle has come on 15 July 1413, near the village Camurlu (Battle of Camurlu), at the mountain Vitosha, in present-day Bulgaria. Musa forces managed to suppress the Serbian army at the first phase of fighting, but Đurađ attacked from the side, which is especially noted the great leader Radič Postupović, and managed to break enemy lines and brought the victory of the allied troops. During the withdrawal from the battle, Musa was on the river Iskra captured and killed, which after more than a decade ended the civil war in the Ottoman Empire. Stefan and Đurađ after the battle acknowledged supremacy of Mehmed I, who gave to Stefan rich gifts and some areas, including the fortress Znepolje and the area Koprijan.", "Period of peace End of civil war between the sons of Bayezid I, is the beginning of many years of peace in Serbia, which enabled its further economic and cultural development. Stefan has not intervened militarily in conflicts in the coastal area, as well as in the wars that have swept Bosnia 1413th and brought the Ottomans into it. Sigismund's 1415th was launched a two counter-offensive in Bosnia while first, earlier this year failed to oust the Ottomans, the second, mid-year, ended as a complete disaster. Hungarian forces in July were broken at Lašva, and much of the nobility was captured and taken to Zvečan. They later managed to free themselves through negotiation and purchase, in which Stefan participated himself, who brokered the release of Jovan Morović.", "The situation in Bosnia was further complicated by the murder of Prince Pavle Radenović in late August 1415, behind which stood was king Ostoja and Sandalj Hranić Kosača, which led to clashes between Pavlović and Kosača. In addition, the Ottoman presence and the failures of the Hungarian army, led the nobility in Bosnia to turn against Sigismund, and one consequence was the decision of Bosnian Parliament to take Srebrenica from Stefan, but because of the situation that was not possible implemented.", "At this time there was a great ecclesiastical council in Constance on Lake Constance, which lasted from 1414 till 1418 years and gathered a great number of ecclesiastical and secular nobility from Catholic countries. Parliament dealt with the so-called Western Schism, and the fate of Jan Hus that was eventually put to death (6 July 1415), which led to Hussite Wars. In addition, it is pointed out and the threat of the Ottomans, among the participants of Parliament, was also a mission of the Serbian Despot, and it is not impossible that he went there. Despot himself in that period, even though he was a vassal of the Ottoman sultans, is not giving up on efforts to rid the Ottoman domination, as evidenced by the letters he wrote to his subordinates in Hungary, and the Byzantine and deputies in the Republic of Venice, that in the case of the creation of a wider anti-Ottoman coalition it joined Serbia. The period of peace, Stefan used to finish his monumental endowment Resava, with today's Despotovac. Its construction began in 1407 but was repeatedly interrupted by outbursts of the Ottoman Empire (1409, 1411-1413), that were finished in 1418.", "Stefan was a great patron of art and culture providing support and shelter to scholars from Serbia and exiles from surrounding countries occupied by the Ottomans. He was educated at his parents' home, he spoke and wrote Serbo-Slavic; he could speak Greek and was familiar with Latin. Under his rule, he issued Code of Mines in 1412 in Novo Brdo, the economic center of Serbia. He was an author, and his main works include Slovo ljubve (A Homage to Love) that he dedicated to his brother Vuk, and Natpis na mramornom stubu na Kosovo (Inscription on the Marble Pillar at Kosovo). Some works he wrote during his reign have been preserved. During his reign, rich transcribing activity – The Transcription School of Resava – was developed in his foundation, the Manasija Monastery. More Christian works and capital works of an ancient civilization were transcribed there than in all times preceding the Despot's ruling.", "During the short time the life of the founder and monastery coincided (1407–27), so much was achieved in Resava that it remained an important and outstanding monument in the history of Serbian and Slavic culture in general. It was there that Bulgarian-born Constantine the Philosopher, a reputable \"Serbian teacher\", translator and historian established the famous orthographic school of Resava to correct errors in the ecclesiastical literature incurred by numerous translations and incorrect transcriptions, and to thoroughly change the previous orthography. Constantine's essay on how Slavic books should be written recommended a very complicated orthography that subsequently many authors adopted and used for a long time. Regardless of subsequent criticism of this endeavour, the very fact that in Serbia in the 15th century an essay was written on orthography and its rules is very important. Until the very end of the 17th century documents confirm the outstanding reputation of translations and transcripts originating from the Resava School. Death As most of the rulers and noblemen of those times, Despot Stefan loved and used to saddle his horse often and ride with his escort to hunt in nearby villages. On one of the returns from the castle in Belgrade Fortress finding himself near the place known as Glava, or Glavica, at Mt. Kosmaj, Despot stopped his escort in order to ride out to hunt. As accustomed he stretched his hand forward to let the hawk on it but his body did not obey. The whole escort noticed the way his body was leaning from one to the other side, becoming aware that something unusual was happening. Everybody knew well his imposing pose on a horse and they all doubtfully watched him fall down to ground helplessly. According to Constantine the Philosopher, his sudden death on 19 July 1427 was indicated by a mystic storm which made the sky from Belgrade turn black, and the thunder covered his soft, last words, \"Get George, get George!\"", "The death of Despot was experienced as the Last Judgement, a disaster, as the Judgement day among people. Dreading future troubles, the whole state grieved for their ruler, whom they knew from the beginning was \"the chosen messenger of the new age\". Despot's death announced the hardest period in the history of the Serbian state and people represented in destruction of the state Despot and loss of state identity. The old Byzantine-South Slavonic prophecies (the Revelation of Pseudo-Methodius, the apocryphal Visions of Daniel and the Oracles of Leo the Wise) usually interpreted Ishmaelite, that is Muslims, conquests as a result of Christian sins. For the Orthodox Christians, in the 15th century, this topos became especially alluring, since it corresponded to the idea of \"the end of the world\" in the year 7000 \"from the creation of the world\" (=1491/1492 AD), according to the Byzantine calendar.", "In order to save the memory of the moment of deceasing of the favourite and honoured ruler, a stone marker was erected on the place where Despot fell off the horse. Saying farewell to their master, his closest associates, who were escorting him in the moment of the accident, built a monument of marble stone, leaving messages of loyalty and respect. These inscriptions show the monument was built by Đurađ Zubrović, a nobleman from the territory, which the hamlet Glava belonged to, as well as the knight from Despot's escort. Despots Stephanos was buried at Resava. Many researchers believe that the cause of death of the despot Stefan was a stroke or a heart attack, while there are those who doubt this version, looking for the cause in a conspiracy using the statements of his biographer Constantine the Philosopher \"When he was in a place called Glavica, having lunch he went out to hunt, and while he was still hunting...\". These researchers suspect that the despot Stefan was poisoned. He probably became more pro-Western than he should have been. From the Serbian perspective, there was a difference between the Eastern and Western world, with Serbia situated somewhere between the two.", "Veneration The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Despot Stefan on August 1 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, under the name Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, although he is more commonly referred to as Saint Stefan the Tall. He is commemorated on August 1 (July 19 according to the Julian calendar) alongside his mother, Saint Eugenia. A reliquary which is believed to contain his remains is housed in the Koporin monastery and is opened twice a year, on August 1, the feast of Saint Despot Stefan and August 15, the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint Stephen, which is the monastery slava. In 2023, Saint Despot Stefan was chosen to be the patron saint of the Serbian army, with his feast becoming the army's slava. Literary works Apart from the biographical notes in charters and especially in the Code on The Mine Novo Brdo (1412), Stefan Lazarević wrote three literary works: The Grave Sobbing for prince Lazar (1389) The Inscription on the Kosovo Marble Column (1404) A Homage to Love (1409), a poetic epistle to his brother Vuk Law on Mines Translation of a Greek work titled \"On Times Future\" He was probably the patron of the most extensively illuminated Serbian manuscript, the Serbian Psalter, which is now kept in the Bavarian State Library in Munich. Titles \"Lord(Gospodar) of all the Serbs and Podunavlje\" (), inherited through his father. An inscription names him Despot, Lord \"of all Serbs and Podunavlje and Posavje and part of Hungarian lands and Bosnian [lands], and also Maritime Zeta\" (). \"Despot of the Kingdom of Rascia and Lord of Serbia\" (). After 1402. \"Despot, Lord of Rascia\" (), in the founding charter of the Order of the Dragon (1408). He was the first on the list. \"Despot, Lord of all Serbs and the Maritime\" ()." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 340-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Stefan LazareviÄ': Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near Adrianople. The two brothers and about 260 remaining soldiers embarked for Serbia, with a shorter stay in Lesbos. Their first stop was Zeta, ruled by Đurađ II Balšić, the husband of Stefan's sister Jelena. Đurađ II received them at his capital in Ulcinj, after which Stefan began organizing the army for a confrontation with Branković. Stefan's mother gathered an army in Serbia, while at the same time Branković and Ottoman troops took control of roads in Kosovo to prevent the return of Stefan. Ottoman Interregnum Battle of Tripolje	continue	16	Stefan LazareviÄ	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan Lazarević	{"Introduction": "Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4 (, 1377 \u00e2 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall (), was a Serbian ruler as prince (13891402) and despot (14021427). He was also a diplomat, legislator, ktetor, patron of the arts, poet and one of the founding members of the Order of the Dragon. The son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovi\u00c4, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders at that time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanji\u00c4), until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. Becoming a Hungarian ally in 1403\u00e204, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4, which ended in 1412. Stefan also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. Since he was childless, he designated his nephew \u00c4ura\u00c4 as heir in 1426, a year before his death. On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles, and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. In 1412 he issued the Code of Mines, with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo \u00e2 the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. This code increased the development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate. At the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. In the field of architecture, he continued development of the Morava school. His reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. He introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. He was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love, which is characterized by the Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. On August 1 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, he was canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church as Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, his relics are kept in the Koporin monastery.", "Background and family": "Stefan was the son of the prince of Moravian Serbia, Lazar, and his wife Milica, member of an elder, but collateral branch of Nemanji\u00c4 dynasty. Milica's father Prince Vratko was a direct descendant of Vukan, the eldest son of Stefan Nemanja. In addition to Stefan, they had seven other children.", "Marriage": "On 12 September 1405, Stefan married Helena Gattilusio, the daughter of Francesco II of Lesbos. According to Konstantin the Philosopher, Stefan first saw his wife on Lesbos, where Francesco II offered him a choice among his daughters; the marriage was arranged \"with the advice and participation\" of Helena's sister, Empress Eirene. Surprisingly, there is no mention of Helena after her marriage to Stefan; this led Anthony Luttrell to remark that \"apparently there were never any children; nothing is known of her death or burial; and, most unusual, she did not appear in any of the post1402 fresco portraits of Stefan\". Luttrell concludes \"Maybe she was too young for the marriage to be consummated, and perhaps she stayed on Lesbos and never traveled to Serbia; possibly she died soon after her marriage. \"", "Prince Stefan Lazarevic": "Early years and rise to the throne Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4 was born, probably, in 1377 in Kru\u00c5evac, the capital of his father, Prince Lazar. After the Battle of Kosovo on 15 June 1389, where his father was killed, Stefan became the new Serbian prince, but before he became of age the state was ruled by his mother, Princess Milica. In the battle of Kosovo in 1389, both rulers were killed, the Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad I, a rare occurrence in history. (Murad I was the first and the last Ottoman ruler who was killed on the battlefield). He came to the throne in a specific time for the state of Lazarevi\u00c4, who found herself surrounded by powerful neighbors. On one side was Bayezid I, who withdrew after the Battle of Kosovo in order to consolidate his power among the Ottomans, while next door there was Vuk Brankovi\u00c4, the husband of Stefan's sister Mara, who after the battle became the most powerful of Serbian aristocrats. The neighbor on the west was Bosnian king Tvrtko I (1353\u00e21377 ban, king 1377\u00e21391) which was considered the legitimate successor of Nemanji\u00c4 crown and he portrayed Battle of Kosovo like his own victory over the Ottomans, while their possessions in the north bordering with Hungary, King Sigismund. On 7 July, three weeks after the battle, Sigismund sent his palatine Nicholas II Garay to negotiate with Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 about things that are in his and Serbian favor, where he confirmed in advance any agreements that they have achieved. Although both Nicholas and Vuk were married with sisters of Stefan, it was not uncommon at the time that strong neighbors, even relatives, to suppress the legitimate heirs to throne as juvenile. The outcome of these negotiations is not known, but already in the fall, Sigismund began an offensive against young Serbian prince Stefan. His forces have crossed the Sava River in October and early November were they occupied the fortresses of Bora\u00c4 and \u00c4estin, near present day Kragujevac. In these circumstances, the State Assembly with the support of Serbian Patriarch Spyridon (1379\u00e21389), decided on the conclusion of peace and acceptance of the supremacy of the sultan Bayezid I, after which they began negotiations with the Ottomans, who ended by concluding peace, before the middle of year 1390. Details of making this decision are not closely familiar, but it is certain that peace was made before the death of Patriarch Spirydon, 18 August 1389. According to the conclusion of peace, Prince Stefan pledged to send extra squads to Ottoman sultan and pay tribute, and he and his brother Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4 must appear annually at the Sultan's Palace to confirm the allegiance to Bayezid I. In addition to these common vassal obligations, Bayezid I has married youngest daughter of Prince Lazar and Princess Milica, Olivera, which, her brother and the new prince, Stefan, personally had to take to the Sultan Bayezid in Bursa. The consequences of this peace were immediately visible because already in summer 1390, Serbian forces reinforced with extra Ottoman detachments, recaptured the lost cities, and probably in part of these operations the Ottomans took Golubac. Stefan militarily supported various Ottoman campaigns while Bayazid I in return supported Stefan against his nobles and his restoring of Serbia which would become a relatively strong state. There is no data of the activities of Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 during this period. It is certain that after Battle of Kosovo he was sought to expand his area ( among other things, he has conquered the part of Polimlje ) and he used the same title that was used before him by Prince Lazar (lord of Serbs and Podunavije). However, by early May 1390, he felt threatened and he asked the Republic of Ragusa to facilitate his safety, if it comes in a quandary, which could be linked with the Ottoman detachments who helped Stefan during the summer to suppress the Hungarians from their state. But there is no evidence that there was some hostility between Stefan and Vuk Brankovi\u00c4. There was recorded in the sources that Vuk attended in formal transfer of Prince Lazar's holy body from his capital Pri\u00c5tina to the monastery Ravanica late 1390 and early 1391, and is also known that in his court, during the year 1392, came Princess Milica. The conflict in the SerbianHungarian border, has continued over the next two years, and in their suppression Sigismund was involved, who has repeatedly visited the army of the Danube. In Summer 1392, he was crossed the river near Kovin and march to the city of \u00c5\u00bddrelo near Valjevo, then retreated and tried to win Golubac. At the same time, the area of Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 has been under Ottomans attack. In early 1392, they have occupied Skoplje and continued marching of the north, forcing Vuk by the end of the year to make peace with Bayezid and become his vassal. Battles of Rovine and of Nicopolis In 1393, Stefan became an adult and took over the throne, and his mother became a nun and withdrew to her endowment, monastery Ljubostinja. That same year, Bayezid I dealt with his Bulgarian vassals for their alleged links with the Hungarian King Sigismund. Veliko Tarnovo was besieged and Bulgaria devastated; Stefan's brotherinlaw was Bulgarian ruler Ivan Shishman. After this, many Bulgarian scholars sought refuge in neighboring Christian countries, among which were Serbia. At the end of 1393 and early 1394, Bayezid I began gathering his Christian vassals at Serres. Byzantine sources tell that among the vassals were Stefan, Emperor Manuel II (1391\u00e21425), his nephew John VII (1390) and his brother Theodore I of Morea (r. 1383\u00e21407), and the Serbian lord Constantine Draga\u00c5. It is believed that Bayezid I planned to kill the vassals at the meeting and take their lands. He gave the order to kill them, but it was not done immediately, then he changed his mind, after which some of them went home, while the rest of them completed the conquest of Thessaly and Thessaloniki (12 April). During the autumn of 1394, Bayezid started gathering forces for a campaign against the Wallachian voievode Mircea I (1386\u00e21418). In this campaign, Stefan personally led the Serbian heavy cavalry, while Serbian nobles Marko (1371\u00e21395), Constantine Draga\u00c5 and Konstantin Bal\u00c5i\u00c4 led their forces. Bayezid's forces crossed the Danube and the battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395, near presentday Pite\u00c8ti, with a Wallachian victory. In the battle Marko and Draga\u00c5 were killed, and Bayezid annexed their lands. According to Constantine the Philosopher in his Life of Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4 before the battle Marko said to Draga\u00c5: \"I pray God to help the Christians and that I will be among the first dead in this war. \" The Ottoman forces then took over Vidin, and reinforced by Serbian detachments during the summer of 1396 marched into Banat, after attacking the lands of Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 and conquering a large part of it with Pri\u00c5tina. However, the victory at Rovine sparked a great crusade in which forces from England, France, Germany, and other European countries joined Hungarian king Sigismund and Mircea I with the Venetian fleet which was to enter the Danube from the Black Sea and support the army on the mainland. Crusader forces gathered in Hungary, after which they crossed the Danube and took Vidin. After that, the march continued down the Danube. Nicopolis, which had a large Ottoman garrison was besieged. The siege broke the blockade of Constantinople, forcing Bayezid to send troops towards the Danube, joining forces with Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4's heavy cavalary near Plovdiv. A great battle took place on 25 September 1396 in which the Crusader forces were completely destroyed. Although numerically superior, the Crusader army lacked a joint command and thus poorly coordinated on the battlefield. They also were both unfamiliar and ignorant of the Ottoman army's war methods. After initial Crusader success, the Ottomans went on a counterattack that stopped with the entry of Hungarian knights in battle, which began to suppress them. In this turning point of battle the Serbian heavy cavalry led by Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4 himself broke through Hungarian lines and surrounded King Sigismund, and attacking the Hungarian banner troops of Nicholas II Garay. Garay's troops were dispersed, which had a decisive influence on the course of the battle, because some of the Crusaders thought that Sigismund had died and that the battle was lost, while the Hungarian commanders convinced Sigismund that the battle was practically lost and that it was better to withdraw. After that Crusader orders fell apart and was followed by carnage. One of the participants in the battle, Johann Schiltberger, described the Serbian attack According to some, Serbian forces were hidden in a grove on the left wing of Bayezid forces, making a sudden attack on the Hungarians probably from the side. A significant role was played by Stephen II Lackfi and Mircea I because they withdrew with their forces from the battlefield just before Stefan's attack, leaving Sigismund without support. They had probably dealt with Stefan before the battle. Sigismund managed to escape by fisherman's boat to the Venetian ships in the Danube. It is possible that Stefan left enough time for him to board the boat; Stefan saving Sigismund may be one of the causes of Stefan's later induction into the Order of the Dragon (as the first and foremost) There were disastrous consequences for the Balkan Christians after the defeat at the Battle of Nicopolis. Vidin was destroyed, Athens occupied (1397), the Despotate of Morea devastated once again, the fall of Constantinople became practically inevitable, and the area of Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 was taken by the Ottomans. Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 was captured and soon died in captivity (1397). Most of his area was transferred to the control of Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4, a small portion (centered in Vu\u00c4itrn) was left to his wife Maria and sons (\u00c4ura\u00c4, Grgur and Lazar), while the Ottomans retained strategic locations under their direct rule. In addition, the Ottoman forces marched into Hungary and plundered its southern parts, in particular, Zemun (which was devastated) and Sremska Mitrovica (which was burned down, and its population displaced). Incursion to Bosnia and its consequences The Ottomans continued the offensive in the Balkans in January 1398 and attack Bosnia. The leader of the action was one of the Bayezid's son, Musa \u00c3elebi, and Prince Stefan joined them with Serbian extra squads. This campaign, besides looting Bosnia, did not achieve any success, and the biggest culprit, according to Stefan's biographer, was a very bad winter, and some of the soldiers and prisoners returned to their lands. Some of the nobility tried to take advantage of Stefan's campaign to oust him from throne. Their leaders, Dukes Novak Belocrkvi\u00c4 and Nikola Zoji\u00c4 with help of Voivode Mihajlo, tried to show the failure of invasion of Bosnia to Bayezid I, as a result of Stefan's connection with the Hungarian King Sigismund and with recognition directly Bayezid I supreme power gain independence in lands of Prince Stefan. The exact course of further events is not precisely known, but it is evident that Stephen knew of the plot, having known of it via Mihajlo. He invited to his castle Duke Novak, who had estates in Toplica (probably the lands around Kur\u00c5umlija) and in the Hvosno (Crkolez village near Pe\u00c4) and killed him. After that Belocrkvi\u00c4, who had estates around the Rudnik, and his family (wife and four daughters) fled to the established Ostrvica and became a monk, for which he lost his possessions in Serbia, but he saved his life. It is certain also that their allegations came to Bayezid and in the second half of March, the Ottoman forces marched into Serbia. It is not known what they did in Serbia; there was no documented campaign on any of the neighboring countries. During the spring, Stefan's mother, a nun Eugene with monk Jefimija went to Bayezid, to smooth the relations between them. They have returned to Serbia prior to 23 May and managed to ensure that Stefan is received by Bayezid and justify himself before the sultan. In addition, they are brought from Bursa and the relics of St. Petka, which are most likely located in the castle church in Kru\u00c5evac, Lazarica. Bayezid is reported to have held Prince Stefan in high esteem, bestowing upon him a respect which he did not always accord his other Christian vassals, or even his own sons. Later, Bayezid marries Stefan's sister. When, some of Stefan's nobles complain to Bayezid that he is doing a deal with the Hungarians against the Turks, Stefan first allows his mother to travel to Edirne and plead his case with the sultan, and then actually goes himself. Both mother and son are received generously by Bayezid, and the embarrassing situation is resolved:", "Battle of Ankara": "The relationship between Prince Stefan and Brankovi\u00c4 family over the years is not known from historical sources. It is known that they were able, with the most money that Vuk Brankovi\u00c4 is left on the guarding in the Kotor and Republic of Ragusa, to recover some of the former countries. In early 1402, their area included parts of Kosovo, Polimlje, Sjenica and Brskovo, and since the spring of that year they became Bayezid's vassals, with the same responsibilities Prince Stefan had. Beyond their control remained Zve\u00c4an, Jele\u00c4 and Gluhavica, which were held by the Ottomans, and Pri\u00c5tina, which we know that in March the same year, was part of the state of Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4. Great changes of events in Asia Minor and Southeastern Europe were caused by an invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tamerlane, one of the great conquerors in world history. His invasion into Asia Minor forced Bayezid I to gather his forces and try to confront him in battle, which took place 28 July 1402, near from Angora (Ankara, the capital of Turkey). In this battle Ottoman forces suffered defeat, Bayezid I and one of his sons, Musa \u00c3elebi, were captured and the following year Bayezid died in captivity. One of the main reasons for the Ottoman defeat was due to the desertion of Turkic and Tartar cavalry from Anatolia, which prior to the beginning of the battle defected to Timur's side, unhappy with Bayezid's rule and due to a sense of camaraderie with the forces of Timur. This allowed the Timur's forces to break Bayezid's left wing and encircle his center, where was located the Sultan with his janissaries (around 10, 000). On the right wing, there were Bayezid's vassals, among whom were \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4 and his brother Grgur, Stefan's brother Vuk, and Stefan himself, who was also a commander of the right wing. He fought bravely, which caused admiration from Timur. Prince Stefan and his knights, which according to chronicler Duka and several contemporaries, were 5000 heavily armed men with spears, including cavalry, repeatedly attacked the enemy lines in order to rescue his master Bayezid I from hostile environments. He eventually succeeded in it, but Bayezid refused to withdraw, after which Stefan took with him his son S\u00c3\u00bcleyman \u00c3elebi and started to retreat towards Bursa under constant attacks of the hordes of Tatars. Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles states that \"the Serbs fought as real heroes, each worthy of praise\", adding that \"They attacked Tatars with great vigor, crushing them hard in the fight\", and about Serbian struggle there is evidenced toponym Srbghazi Serbian winner, near Ankara. Sultan Bayezid I had probably reconciled with his destiny. During the fight, Prince Stefan was wounded, while Gregory Brankovi\u00c4 was captured and later released. In the meantime, Bayezid was captured with his soldiers, his son Musa and his harem, where the Stefan's sister Olivera was. One of the reasons Stefan honored his vassal obligations to Bayezid was the desire to keep the SerbianOttoman Alliance strong under looming Hungarian pressure. Another was that Stefan's sister Olivera that was married to the Sultan. She was captured in the battle and later released, through an agreement that was signed between Stefan and Timur. It seems that a ransom wasn't paid, thanks to the great respect that Timur had for Olivera's brother Stefan, and she returned to Serbia (Spring 1403), and a little later she settled permanently in Stefan's castle, in Belgrade. It is interesting to note that a group of imprisoned Serbs were taken to Samarkand where they were employed on construction works. On the other hand, Timur's forces had already left Asia Minor in 1403, and Timur himself died in early 1405, during his expedition to China. In the Ottoman Empire, Bayezid's capture, and then his death, brought on a civil war between his sons for throne.", "Stay at Constantinople": "From Bursa Stefan and his brother Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4 came to Constantinople, which was released after several years of Ottoman blockade. John VII Palaiologos (who ruled in place of his absent uncle Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos) awarded Prince Stefan in August 1402 the high Byzantine title of Despot, which in Byzantine hierarchy was just beneath the Imperial. In addition, the marriage of Stefan and Helen Gattilusio, the daughter of Florentine master of Lesbos Francesco II Gattilusio was contracted. These events are evidence of Stefan's new commitment as vassal to King Sigismund. When the Lazarevi\u00c4 brothers were in Constantinople, they entered an open conflict with the Brankovi\u00c4 family. \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4 was imprisoned at the city dungeon on his return to Constantinople, on Stefan's command. The reason for this is unknown, and many later chroniclers, such as Mavro Orbini, claim that \u00c4ura\u00c4 was planning to join Bayezid I's son S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, who established his power in the European part of the Ottoman Empire. This is probably true, as \u00c4ura\u00c4 after escaping from prison in September, went to S\u00c3\u00bcleyman and asked him for military aid against Lazarevi\u00c4. Stefan's return to Serbia was thwarted due to Ottoman hostility; returning Serbian troops were killed on their way home near Adrianople. The two brothers and about 260 remaining soldiers embarked for Serbia, with a shorter stay in Lesbos. Their first stop was Zeta, ruled by \u00c4ura\u00c4 II Bal\u00c5i\u00c4, the husband of Stefan's sister Jelena. \u00c4ura\u00c4 II received them at his capital in Ulcinj, after which Stefan began organizing the army for a confrontation with Brankovi\u00c4. Stefan's mother gathered an army in Serbia, while at the same time Brankovi\u00c4 and Ottoman troops took control of roads in Kosovo to prevent the return of Stefan.", "Battle of Tripolje": "In late October, Stefan's army from Bar, moved across the country of Bal\u00c5i\u00c4 and Venetian lands, from Shkoder to Kosovo. Avoiding the main roads controlled by his opponents, Stefan's forces arrived at Gra\u00c4anica 21 November near Tripolje, in the following battle the forces of Brankovi\u00c4, strengthened by Ottoman detachments, were defeated. Stephen broke his army in two, with orders sent by his mother, before the battle, and his opponents did the same. Most of the troops were placed under the command of his brother Vuk and directed them against the forces commanded by \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4, while he, with a smaller part of the army attacked the Ottomans. Forces under his command had won a victory, but the significance it played was small Caesar Uglje\u00c5a Vlatkovi\u00c4. He was still an Ottoman vassal, but he reported to Stefan with their war plan, and during the battle was joined at his side. As a reward for this, Stefan gave him authority over Vranje, Inogo\u00c5tem (Surdulica) and Pre\u00c5evo, which had previously belonged to his father and that area was connected to the Serbian despotate. Lazarevi\u00c4, having retreated after the battle in Novo Brdo, came into a verbal conflict with Vuk. The despot's younger brother accused him of ignorance of war casualties and his weak leadership skills, because the bulk of their forces, commanded by Vuk, were defeated in the battle with the army led by \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4. Victory in Battle of Tripolje, enabled Stefan to regain his throne and influence in Serbia, which was further strengthened in the coming years. However, the fight with Brankovi\u00c4 had not ended and in a sense, further complicated by the conflict that arose between Stefan and Vuk. His younger brother in the summer 1403 left Serbia and headed to S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, to ask him for help and force his older brother to cede part of the state administration. He was in fact told to stop by their mother, who followed him, but she failed to reach him before he arrived at the court of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. During his time at his court, she was able to reconcile the brothers prior to October 1404 and she succeeded in smoothing relations between Stefan and S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. During the next year, Stefan tried to avoid the renewal of hostilities with the Ottomans. In 1403, S\u00c3\u00bcleyman was in Gallipoli negotiating with a number of Christian states (Byzantium, Genoa, Venice, Knights Hospitaller and Naxos) in the Balkans in order to secure an agreement with them and start an offensive against his brothers in Asia Minor. The terms of the agreement were that Byzantium was to cease being a vassal of the Ottoman, while in the territorial sense, regain Thessaloniki and a number of cities on the coast of the Bosphorus and Black Sea. One of the provisions of this contract referred to Stefan, although he probably did not take part in its conclusion. Stefan kept his former possessions, but had to still pay tribute and send the Sultan support militarily, although he was not obliged to lead them himself. The Kingdom of Hungary at that time was in a crisis, King Sigmund I had lost the throne because part of the nobility was captured April 1401 in Buda. He was released in late 1401 and retired to Bohemia, where he spent the next year. Order of the Dragon Changed conditions in Southeast Europe in the early fifteenth century, led to a convergence of Despot Stefan and Hungarian king Sigismund. Stefan needed a strong ally who could help him get rid of Ottoman domination, but also stay on the throne of Serbia, due to an open conflict with Brankovi\u00c4, who enjoyed the support of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. On the other hand, Hungary was in a deep internal crisis, and, until 1403, Sigismund was unable to return to the country and regain control, although the resistance of his opponent failed to break even after his return. It was therefore necessary for him to rely on a secure southern border, which had previously been constantly exposed to the combined SerbianOttoman attacks, while simultaneously trying to provide a strong base for the fight against the Ottomans and eventually expand to the south. The negotiations were most likely initiated by King Sigismund, and he sent emissaries to Stefan, among whom was his close associate of Florentine origin, Filippo Scolari. The objective of this delegation had been successful, and led to the conclusion of an agreement between the two rulers in late 1403 or early 1404. Under its provisions, Stefan accepted vassal relations to Sigismund, and received from him Ma\u00c4va and Belgrade. With these new lands, including the Golubac Fortress, Stefan had strengthened his northern border, now delineated by the Sava and Danube rivers. As now a close ally to Sigismund, Stefan was among the first knights of the Order of the Dragon. Settling the situation in Serbia and clashes in Zeta At the same time (1403 or early in 1404) Stefan attacked lands of Brankovi\u00c4 around river Sitnica, and then began to attack the areas under Ottoman control, in which it might have had and Hungarian military support troops. It is not known exactly from which cities and regions has managed to push the Ottomans, but it is thought that his offensive was directed toward eastern Serbia, and Kosovo. After these successes, he was able to make peace with Brankovi\u00c4, and at the same time through his mother reconciled with S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. Immediately after the takeover of Belgrade, Stefan started the reconstruction of its fortifications, which were destroyed by the Ottomans in 1397. In addition, he began work on the development of the city, which were carried out by the end of his reign, but in the beginning of 1405, Stefan was transferred his capital to it, which until then was in Kru\u00c5evac. In September of the same year, he married Helena Gattilusio, but only two months later, with his mother's death (11 November), Stefan remained without strong support. Nevertheless, the situation in Serbia have stabilized and start to grow in prosperity, as evidenced by the charter in Bora\u00c4, 2 December of that year, issued from Dubrovnik. Negotiations about their shopping preferences are driven during the year and Despot with present Charter confirmed the privileges that they previously enjoyed. It also represents the charter of Serbian ruler, which was issued after the 1387th in Dubrovnik. At the end of the month, a charter was issued to them from Stefan's sister Mara Brankovi\u00c4 with sons. This includes Dubrovnik provide benefits to its merchants throughout Serbia, but it is noticeable that Stefan was not referred to the charter, even though her husband Vuk in their charters, always calling on those issued by Lazar of Prince Lazar. At the beginning of 1405 The great rebellion broke out in the local population in Skadar end against the Venetian rule. The reason for it lay in the arrogant and highhanded fashion of Venetian rule, which was manifested impounding the property, which were then shared to Venetian supporters, denying the rights of Orthodox churches in the area under the supreme authority of Venice and a host of other abuses of power. In this opposition became involved Stefan's nephew Bal\u00c5a III (14031421) which sought to restore the cities which his father, \u00c4ura\u00c4 Stracimirovi\u00c4 Bal\u00c5i\u00c4, once transferred to Venice (1396), to protect from the Ottoman invasion. He asked for help from S\u00c3\u00bcleyman in fighting, and from Duke Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4, but is nevertheless a war waged without major battles and a clear winner. In the negotiations on concluding a peace as a mediator intervened and Despot Stefan himself, but they were unsuccessful, although guided by a number of occasions. He was first in May 1406 mediated by the Venetians, then in June 1407 when he was with his sister Mara and Niketa Thopia supposed to guarantee that the Bal\u00c5a III fulfill the obligations, but peace was not concluded. A peace agreement was finally signed in June 1408th The and in it Stefan was mentioned as one of the guarantors of the signed contract, but it did not come into effect and the conflict continued. In December 1408, Hungarian King Sigismund founded the Order of the Dragon, gathering his supporters. The symbol of the order was a dragon, and the first among the knights was Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4, the founding charter of 13 December 1408. He was present at the ceremony in honor of knights, which was held in Buda, and the dragon symbol was present at his court. The rebellion of brother Vuk At that time, the late 1408, Stefan protested against his younger brother Vuk. The reason for his dissatisfaction was that Stefan did not want to share throne with him and give him part of the state administration. In turn, Vuk was probably disappointed to Stefan's connecting with Sigmund I and the West. He therefore went to S\u00c3\u00bcleyman and asked him for military assistance against Stefan. In return, he promised to recognize his sovereignty, if he receives his own state and if Brankovi\u00c4 and his brothers joined him. At the beginning of 1409, S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's Ottoman forces broke into Serbia at the battlefield of Kosovo and nearby Pri\u00c5tina was destroyed, as evidenced by a letter that arrived in February in Dubrovnik, from the merchants of the city. Dubrovnik people in Serbia were also instructed that, as citizens of the Republic, could call for its neutrality during the conflict, but they were also told not to harm Stefan's people, as well as in the case of attacks on towns where they were engaged in their defense. Stefan was assisted in the fighting by Sigismund I, whose forces were under the command of Philip de Skolarisa, late January through Kovin, joined to Serbia. His quick reaction testifies to the fact that Stefan and Sigismund were aware of Vuk's impending departure to S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's side Ottoman attack. In early May, Sigismund went to Serbia, who was joined by Ban Jovan Morovi\u00c4 from Ma\u00c4va, but in June began S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's new offensive. After fierce battles that were fought during the summer, Stefan withdrew and enclosed himself in Belgrade. He refused to conform with S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, but was forced to negotiate with his brother, which practically led to the division of the country. Vuk was submitted to the administration of its southern part, which included the area south of the West Morava. He ruled on his own and accepted S\u00c3\u00bcleyman suzerainty, as did the Brankovi\u00c4 family. In addition to the conflict in Serbia, the year 1409 had several significant events that influenced the change of situation in the Balkans. S\u00c3\u00bcleyman made peace with the Venetians in June, to whom they pledged to pay an annual tribute, as well as surrendering their former possessions in the area of Skadar and Zeta. His brother and rival in the struggle for power, Musa \u00c3elebi moved to Europe and began to gather around him supporters and allies in the fight against S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. Civil war between Musa and S\u00c3\u00bcleyman Stefan and Musa \u00c3elebi, as a result of conflict with S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, were natural allies. Through his member, Duke Vitko, Stefan first checked Musa's force and then began negotiations that led to the conclusion of the alliance. In addition to Stefan, the Brankovi\u00c4 family, and Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4 also had joined Musa. His forces began an offensive while S\u00c3\u00bcleyman was in Asia Minor. At the beginning of 1410, Gallipoli was occupied, and by 13 February, were at S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's Yambol, defeating defending beglerbeg Sinan, which has forced his brother to try to return to Europe and deal with Musa. That gave him the support of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, with whom he remained on friendly terms and who gave him a boat to cross the Bosporus. Manuel's position significantly influenced the distribution of forces on the ground and very quickly changed those who supported Musa approach to S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. Help in the transfer of his forces in Europe, tried to give prince Vuk, who asked the Venetian deputies in early June to obtain the Venetian fleet's assistance in the transport of troops. Vuk very soon after that escaped to S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, as did the Brankovi\u00c4 brothers. Stefan and Musa tried to prevent the crossing of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's forces in Europe, with an attack on the fleet that was carrying them. There in Galatians, they managed to destroy some of the ships, but S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's forces still managed to cross the Bosporus Strait. The great battle between the two Bayezid sons occurred on 15. June in Battle of Kosmidion, on the banks of the Golden Horn, in front of the Byzantine land walls of Constantinople. Musa's forces were defeated, and when he left the battlefield, the Despot Stefan pulled back from the battle. He began his departure following the Golden Horn to the Galatians, but the Byzantine emperor Manuel sent ships to pick him up and carried him to Constantinople, although he himself was on the side of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman. Constantinople organized a solemn reception for Stefan, and Manuel used the situation to confirm his title of Despot, and then handed over the crown of despotic dignity. After a short stay in the Byzantine capital, to Stefan and his entourage, including Uglje\u00c5a Vlatkovi\u00c4, with ships headed to Serbia. Through the Black Sea and Danube rivers, and the state of Duke Mir\u00c4a, they arrived in Golubac in late July or early August of that year. S\u00c3\u00bcleyman after winning the Battle of Kosmidion again tried to push Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4 from the throne, as he did after the Battle of Angora 1402; sending Stefan's relatives to Serbia to take the throne. In late June, he sent Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4 and Lazar Brankovi\u00c4 to Serbia, who the continued the fight with his younger brother, whom he once again defeated on 11 July in Adrianople. However, he failed in Serbia. During that time, on 4 July the supporters of Musa caught the Serbian Prince in Filipolje. Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4, after the deliberation of his fate was executed, Lazar Brankovi\u00c4 was still left in life for a few days. Musa attempted to blackmail \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4 to move to his side for the upcoming battle (of Adrianople, 11 July). He refused, and actively participated in the victory of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, so Musa had Lazar executed. Soon after that, Stefan returned to the country and took control of it in its entirety, including the southern parts that were ruled by his brother, Prince Vuk. Musa's position after the defea was severely affected and he retired to Stefan, Serbia. He managed to gain the support of the Ottomans in Europe, and other followers of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman approached him, some because of his promise, and some because S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's unbalanced posture. His troops at the beginning of 1411 defeated S\u00c3\u00bcleyman's defending troops in Serdica, while S\u00c3\u00bcleyman himself escaped from Adrianople and tried to get to Constantinople. On this journey, he was captured and killed (17 February) by Musa's supporters, who then became the sole ruler of the European part of Ottoman Empire. Reconciliation with \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4 His rise to throne has not brought peace and stability to Balkans, on the contrary, he quickly turned against themselves and their former allies. Serbian Parliament, were sent by Stefan to regulate relations and confirming previous agreements, but not only that he failed, but he barely managed to save their own lives, but Musa was given permission to dig up Vuk Lazarevi\u00c4 and his remains transferred to Serbia. This was a clear declaration of war and Stefan immediately began offensive. He entered the Pirot area from which they launched attacks on the Ottomans, who had stopped only when he sent a mission of Musa and offered talks. Cooperation between Sigismund I and Stefan continued through 1411, when the Serbian Despot, in July, stayed in Buda, accompanied by his nobles. On that occasion there was a strengthening of mutual relations, but the text of the agreement and its provisions have not been preserved. His biographer says that on that occasion Stefan did true love with West, and Jovana Kali\u00c4 said that Stefan since then often went to Buda and not be returned without a new property, which he lavishly endowed the ruler of Hungary, adding that from Hungarian sources that time proclaim that the Serbian Despot with their country subverted the supremacy of the Hungarian king. Stefan received form Sigismund lands in former Hungary, which included the villages, towns and mines, which were in Szatm\u00c3r County, Bihar County, Szabolcs County and Toront\u00c3l County. By late summer, Sigismund I made peace with the King of Bosnia Ostoja (the first government of 13981404, the second government from 1409 to 1418) and other nobles from Bosnia, which ended the longterm conflicts. Under his control remained Usora area, while Srebrnica, probably during that year, transferred to Despot Stefan. At the end of the year, Stefan's sister and the widow of \u00c4ura\u00c4 II Kotromani\u00c4 Bal\u00c5i\u00c4, Jelena remarried to Sandalj Hrani\u00c4 Kosa\u00c4a after his peace with Sigismund I. In May next year, Stefan was with a large entourage was back in Buda. He attended the great council of the European aristocracy in which there has been a reconciliation between Sigismund I and Polish king Vladislav II (Duke of Lithuania 13771434, king of Poland from 1386 to 1434), and next to him at the council appeared nobles and the king of Bosnia, as well as a number of other Balkan rulers and nobles. At the same time, Stefan's sister, Mara, linked up with him and on behalf of his son \u00c4ura\u00c4, who led his forces in army of Musa, tried to fix the relations between them and reconcile them, in which she succeeded. Musa forces in the fall 1411, attacked the town of Selimvria on the Sea of Marmara near Constantinople, in which it had been the son of S\u00c3\u00bcleyman, Orhan, whom was the candidate of Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos for the Ottoman throne. During the siege, Musa tried to kill \u00c4ura\u00c4, but he managed to save himself by escaping to the town of Selimvria, with his troops. Then, from Thessaloniki, he back in the fall 1412 in Serbia and reconciled with his uncle Stefan, which ended the conflict between two families that has caused division in Serbia. War against Musa and end the civil war Against Musa was created a broad coalition, in which the Ottoman commanders from some parts of the Balkans, and his only remaining brother, Mehmed I, who ruled part of former Bayezid Asian countries, joined them. His first attempt to cross into Europe 1411 was finished with defeat, but they kept fighting on other fronts, so that by the end of that year Stefan, and Skopje and Kyustendil Beylerbey's attacked the country of Musa. Winter weather and swollen river Marica have prevented the connection of their and Mehmed I's forces over the Ser area. The answer to this attack came in the early 1412 when Musa from around Serdica and \u00c4emernik fell over in Vranje area and looted it, while Uglje\u00c5a Vlatkovi\u00c4, who ruled that part of Serbian Despotate, barely saved himself. His forces then continued with march to Novo Brdo, but the news of the arrival of Despot Stefanled, he left Serbia and went to Thessaloniki and Thessaly. New campaign Musa began in 1413, with attack on Hamza bey who held the Svrljig and Soko Grad. He was captured and executed, and Musa forces then occupied Bovan and Lipovac, as well as many other towns in Morava Valley (Koprijan, Kru\u00c5evac, Markovo Kale, Petrus and Stala\u00c4, whose commander was killed heroically providing great resistance. In addition, his troops, according to reports in March that were sent from Novo Brdo to Dubrovnik, devastated Toplica and Brani\u00c4evo. During this period, Despot Stefan was collecting his forces, and military support he received from Sigismund, but also of his son in law Sandalj Hrani\u00c4 Kosa\u00c4a. His forces were met with Mehmed I commanders near Kru\u00c5evac and after the agreement there was a merger of their armies, which were sent to the south. At the mouth of the Toplica river at Dobri\u00c4, near Koprijan, they were joined by some Musa supporters, including the commander of the army Evrenos, after which they continued traveling to Ov\u00c4e Polje. Stefan, Sandalj Hrani\u00c4 Kosa\u00c4a and Jovan Morovi\u00c4 at Skopska Crna Gora leave troops and return to Serbia, and command of them took \u00c4ura\u00c4 Brankovi\u00c4. So the battle has come on 15 July 1413, near the village Camurlu (Battle of Camurlu), at the mountain Vitosha, in presentday Bulgaria. Musa forces managed to suppress the Serbian army at the first phase of fighting, but \u00c4ura\u00c4 attacked from the side, which is especially noted the great leader Radi\u00c4 Postupovi\u00c4, and managed to break enemy lines and brought the victory of the allied troops. During the withdrawal from the battle, Musa was on the river Iskra captured and killed, which after more than a decade ended the civil war in the Ottoman Empire. Stefan and \u00c4ura\u00c4 after the battle acknowledged supremacy of Mehmed I, who gave to Stefan rich gifts and some areas, including the fortress Znepolje and the area Koprijan.", "Period of peace": "End of civil war between the sons of Bayezid I, is the beginning of many years of peace in Serbia, which enabled its further economic and cultural development. Stefan has not intervened militarily in conflicts in the coastal area, as well as in the wars that have swept Bosnia 1413th and brought the Ottomans into it. Sigismund's 1415th was launched a two counteroffensive in Bosnia while first, earlier this year failed to oust the Ottomans, the second, midyear, ended as a complete disaster. Hungarian forces in July were broken at La\u00c5va, and much of the nobility was captured and taken to Zve\u00c4an. They later managed to free themselves through negotiation and purchase, in which Stefan participated himself, who brokered the release of Jovan Morovi\u00c4. The situation in Bosnia was further complicated by the murder of Prince Pavle Radenovi\u00c4 in late August 1415, behind which stood was king Ostoja and Sandalj Hrani\u00c4 Kosa\u00c4a, which led to clashes between Pavlovi\u00c4 and Kosa\u00c4a. In addition, the Ottoman presence and the failures of the Hungarian army, led the nobility in Bosnia to turn against Sigismund, and one consequence was the decision of Bosnian Parliament to take Srebrenica from Stefan, but because of the situation that was not possible implemented. At this time there was a great ecclesiastical council in Constance on Lake Constance, which lasted from 1414 till 1418 years and gathered a great number of ecclesiastical and secular nobility from Catholic countries. Parliament dealt with the socalled Western Schism, and the fate of Jan Hus that was eventually put to death (6 July 1415), which led to Hussite Wars. In addition, it is pointed out and the threat of the Ottomans, among the participants of Parliament, was also a mission of the Serbian Despot, and it is not impossible that he went there. Despot himself in that period, even though he was a vassal of the Ottoman sultans, is not giving up on efforts to rid the Ottoman domination, as evidenced by the letters he wrote to his subordinates in Hungary, and the Byzantine and deputies in the Republic of Venice, that in the case of the creation of a wider antiOttoman coalition it joined Serbia. The period of peace, Stefan used to finish his monumental endowment Resava, with today's Despotovac. Its construction began in 1407 but was repeatedly interrupted by outbursts of the Ottoman Empire (1409, 14111413), that were finished in 1418. Stefan was a great patron of art and culture providing support and shelter to scholars from Serbia and exiles from surrounding countries occupied by the Ottomans. He was educated at his parents' home, he spoke and wrote SerboSlavic; he could speak Greek and was familiar with Latin. Under his rule, he issued Code of Mines in 1412 in Novo Brdo, the economic center of Serbia. He was an author, and his main works include Slovo ljubve (A Homage to Love) that he dedicated to his brother Vuk, and Natpis na mramornom stubu na Kosovo (Inscription on the Marble Pillar at Kosovo). Some works he wrote during his reign have been preserved. During his reign, rich transcribing activity \u00e2 The Transcription School of Resava \u00e2 was developed in his foundation, the Manasija Monastery. More Christian works and capital works of an ancient civilization were transcribed there than in all times preceding the Despot's ruling. During the short time the life of the founder and monastery coincided (1407\u00e227), so much was achieved in Resava that it remained an important and outstanding monument in the history of Serbian and Slavic culture in general. It was there that Bulgarianborn Constantine the Philosopher, a reputable \"Serbian teacher\", translator and historian established the famous orthographic school of Resava to correct errors in the ecclesiastical literature incurred by numerous translations and incorrect transcriptions, and to thoroughly change the previous orthography. Constantine's essay on how Slavic books should be written recommended a very complicated orthography that subsequently many authors adopted and used for a long time. Regardless of subsequent criticism of this endeavour, the very fact that in Serbia in the 15th century an essay was written on orthography and its rules is very important. Until the very end of the 17th century documents confirm the outstanding reputation of translations and transcripts originating from the Resava School.", "Death": "As most of the rulers and noblemen of those times, Despot Stefan loved and used to saddle his horse often and ride with his escort to hunt in nearby villages. On one of the returns from the castle in Belgrade Fortress finding himself near the place known as Glava, or Glavica, at Mt. Kosmaj, Despot stopped his escort in order to ride out to hunt. As accustomed he stretched his hand forward to let the hawk on it but his body did not obey. The whole escort noticed the way his body was leaning from one to the other side, becoming aware that something unusual was happening. Everybody knew well his imposing pose on a horse and they all doubtfully watched him fall down to ground helplessly. According to Constantine the Philosopher, his sudden death on 19 July 1427 was indicated by a mystic storm which made the sky from Belgrade turn black, and the thunder covered his soft, last words, \"Get George, get George! \" The death of Despot was experienced as the Last Judgement, a disaster, as the Judgement day among people. Dreading future troubles, the whole state grieved for their ruler, whom they knew from the beginning was \"the chosen messenger of the new age\". Despot's death announced the hardest period in the history of the Serbian state and people represented in destruction of the state Despot and loss of state identity. The old ByzantineSouth Slavonic prophecies (the Revelation of PseudoMethodius, the apocryphal Visions of Daniel and the Oracles of Leo the Wise) usually interpreted Ishmaelite, that is Muslims, conquests as a result of Christian sins. For the Orthodox Christians, in the 15th century, this topos became especially alluring, since it corresponded to the idea of \"the end of the world\" in the year 7000 \"from the creation of the world\" (1491/1492 AD), according to the Byzantine calendar. In order to save the memory of the moment of deceasing of the favourite and honoured ruler, a stone marker was erected on the place where Despot fell off the horse. Saying farewell to their master, his closest associates, who were escorting him in the moment of the accident, built a monument of marble stone, leaving messages of loyalty and respect. These inscriptions show the monument was built by \u00c4ura\u00c4 Zubrovi\u00c4, a nobleman from the territory, which the hamlet Glava belonged to, as well as the knight from Despot's escort. Despots Stephanos was buried at Resava. Many researchers believe that the cause of death of the despot Stefan was a stroke or a heart attack, while there are those who doubt this version, looking for the cause in a conspiracy using the statements of his biographer Constantine the Philosopher \"When he was in a place called Glavica, having lunch he went out to hunt, and while he was still hunting. .. \". These researchers suspect that the despot Stefan was poisoned. He probably became more proWestern than he should have been. From the Serbian perspective, there was a difference between the Eastern and Western world, with Serbia situated somewhere between the two.", "Veneration": "The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Despot Stefan on August 1 1927, the 500th anniversary of his death, under the name Saint Despot Stefan of Serbia, although he is more commonly referred to as Saint Stefan the Tall. He is commemorated on August 1 (July 19 according to the Julian calendar) alongside his mother, Saint Eugenia. A reliquary which is believed to contain his remains is housed in the Koporin monastery and is opened twice a year, on August 1, the feast of Saint Despot Stefan and August 15, the feast of the translation of the relics of Saint Stephen, which is the monastery slava. In 2023, Saint Despot Stefan was chosen to be the patron saint of the Serbian army, with his feast becoming the army's slava.", "Literary works": "Apart from the biographical notes in charters and especially in the Code on The Mine Novo Brdo (1412), Stefan Lazarevi\u00c4 wrote three literary works: The Grave Sobbing for prince Lazar (1389) The Inscription on the Kosovo Marble Column (1404) A Homage to Love (1409), a poetic epistle to his brother Vuk", "Law on Mines": "Translation of a Greek work titled \"On Times Future\" He was probably the patron of the most extensively illuminated Serbian manuscript, the Serbian Psalter, which is now kept in the Bavarian State Library in Munich.", "Titles": "\"Lord(Gospodar) of all the Serbs and Podunavlje\" (), inherited through his father. An inscription names him Despot, Lord \"of all Serbs and Podunavlje and Posavje and part of Hungarian lands and Bosnian, and also Maritime Zeta\" (). \"Despot of the Kingdom of Rascia and Lord of Serbia\" (). After 1402. \"Despot, Lord of Rascia\" (), in the founding charter of the Order of the Dragon (1408). He was the first on the list. \"Despot, Lord of all Serbs and the Maritime\" ()."}
"Feel That Fire" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in September 2008 as the first single and title track from his 2009 album of the same name. The song became Bentley's sixth Number One on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of February 21, 2009. Content This song, which Bentley co-wrote along with Brad and Brett Warren (of The Warren Brothers) and his producer Brett Beavers, is an up-tempo mostly accompanied by electric guitar and banjo. It describes the narrator's lover and lists off all the things that she wants, such as "rid[ing] the bull at the rodeo" and “mak[ing] every stray [animal] a pet". In the chorus, the narrator explains that "she needs to feel that fire" and be his lover. This song is set in the key of A-flat major with the guitars set to E-flat tuning and a main chord pattern of A-D-G-A. Bentley's vocals range from G to E. Critical reception Alison Bonaguro, in an entry for the CMT blog, described the song favorably. In her review, she said, "In a world of passionless relationships, I think this song is very aspirational." The song received a "thumbs down" review from the country music site Engine 145. Despite calling it an "uptempo number that finds Bentley singing about something other than life on the road, featuring a rockin’ intro", critic Brady Vercher said that the song "contains a weak narrative that settles for what's easiest by barely delving into the subject." Promotion To promote the single, Bentley shipped more than 2000 boxes of Cracker Jack to various radio stations (a reference to "she wants the toy in the Cracker Jack", a line from the opening). Fifty-one stations were chosen randomly as winners, with the grand prize being a concert with Bentley. The music video featured actress and model Sarah Desage. Chart performance Year-end charts Certifications	null	[ "\"Feel That Fire\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in September 2008 as the first single and title track from his 2009 album of the same name. The song became Bentley's sixth Number One on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of February 21, 2009. Content This song, which Bentley co-wrote along with Brad and Brett Warren (of The Warren Brothers) and his producer Brett Beavers, is an up-tempo mostly accompanied by electric guitar and banjo. It describes the narrator's lover and lists off all the things that she wants, such as \"rid[ing] the bull at the rodeo\" and “mak[ing] every stray [animal] a pet\". In the chorus, the narrator explains that \"she needs to feel that fire\" and be his lover. This song is set in the key of A-flat major with the guitars set to E-flat tuning and a main chord pattern of A-D-G-A. Bentley's vocals range from G to E. Critical reception Alison Bonaguro, in an entry for the CMT blog, described the song favorably. In her review, she said, \"In a world of passionless relationships, I think this song is very aspirational.\" The song received a \"thumbs down\" review from the country music site Engine 145. Despite calling it an \"uptempo number that finds Bentley singing about something other than life on the road, featuring a rockin’ intro\", critic Brady Vercher said that the song \"contains a weak narrative that settles for what's easiest by barely delving into the subject.\" Promotion To promote the single, Bentley shipped more than 2000 boxes of Cracker Jack to various radio stations (a reference to \"she wants the toy in the Cracker Jack\", a line from the opening). Fifty-one stations were chosen randomly as winners, with the grand prize being a concert with Bentley.", "The music video featured actress and model Sarah Desage. Chart performance Year-end charts Certifications" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Feel That Fire (song)' to be more academic in tone: The music video featured actress and model Sarah Desage. Chart performance Year-end charts Certifications	enhance	1	Feel That Fire (song)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel That Fire (song)	{"Introduction": "\"Feel That Fire\" is a song cowritten and recorded by American country music artist Dierks Bentley. It was released in September 2008 as the first single and title track from his 2009 album of the same name. The song became Bentley's sixth Number One on the U. S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of February 21, 2009.", "Content": "This song, which Bentley cowrote along with Brad and Brett Warren (of The Warren Brothers) and his producer Brett Beavers, is an uptempo mostly accompanied by electric guitar and banjo. It describes the narrator's lover and lists off all the things that she wants, such as \"rid the bull at the rodeo\" and \u00e2mak every stray a pet\". In the chorus, the narrator explains that \"she needs to feel that fire\" and be his lover. This song is set in the key of Aflat major with the guitars set to Eflat tuning and a main chord pattern of ADGA. Bentley's vocals range from G to E.", "Critical reception": "Alison Bonaguro, in an entry for the CMT blog, described the song favorably. In her review, she said, \"In a world of passionless relationships, I think this song is very aspirational. \" The song received a \"thumbs down\" review from the country music site Engine 145. Despite calling it an \"uptempo number that finds Bentley singing about something other than life on the road, featuring a rockin\u00e2 intro\", critic Brady Vercher said that the song \"contains a weak narrative that settles for what's easiest by barely delving into the subject. \"", "Promotion": "To promote the single, Bentley shipped more than 2000 boxes of Cracker Jack to various radio stations (a reference to \"she wants the toy in the Cracker Jack\", a line from the opening). Fiftyone stations were chosen randomly as winners, with the grand prize being a concert with Bentley. The music video featured actress and model Sarah Desage."}
During the 1996–97 season Bologna Football Club 1909 competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia. Summary Newcomers in Serie A, Bologna, finished in a decent 7th place almost reaching an UEFA Cup spot. In Coppa Italia, the squad reached the semifinals defeated by future champions Vicenza of Francesco Guidolin. Manager Renzo Ulivieri built a balanced squad with experienced players and young stars emerging during the campaign included former goalkeeper Francesco Antonioli, defenders Michele Paramatti, Stefano Torrisi and Giuseppe Cardone. Meanwhile, the offensive saw the Russian duo: former Inter midfielder Igor Shalimov and forward Igor Kolyvanov was able to play as a pure striker once again, without having responsibilities across the entire field like in Foggia. This immediately reflected on his goal scoring, and he was Bologna's top striker in his first season, with 11 goals in 27 games. Also Swedish striker Kennet Andersson, whom arrived in the summer from relegated A.S. Bari, had a decent campaign. Squad Transfers Competitions Serie A League table Results by round Matches Coppa Italia Second round Eightfinals Quarterfinals Semifinals Statistics Squad Statistics Player Statistics \|}	null	[ "During the 1996–97 season Bologna Football Club 1909 competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia. Summary Newcomers in Serie A, Bologna, finished in a decent 7th place almost reaching an UEFA Cup spot. In Coppa Italia, the squad reached the semifinals defeated by future champions Vicenza of Francesco Guidolin. Manager Renzo Ulivieri built a balanced squad with experienced players and young stars emerging during the campaign included former goalkeeper Francesco Antonioli, defenders Michele Paramatti, Stefano Torrisi and Giuseppe Cardone. Meanwhile, the offensive saw the Russian duo: former Inter midfielder Igor Shalimov and forward Igor Kolyvanov was able to play as a pure striker once again, without having responsibilities across the entire field like in Foggia. This immediately reflected on his goal scoring, and he was Bologna's top striker in his first season, with 11 goals in 27 games. Also Swedish striker Kennet Andersson, whom arrived in the summer from relegated A.S. Bari, had a decent campaign. Squad Transfers Competitions", "Serie A League table Results by round Matches Coppa Italia Second round Eightfinals Quarterfinals Semifinals Statistics Squad Statistics Player Statistics \|}" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 310-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic '1996â97 Bologna FC 1909 season': During the 1996–97 season Bologna Football Club 1909 competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia. Summary Newcomers in Serie A, Bologna, finished in a decent 7th place almost reaching an UEFA Cup spot. In Coppa Italia, the squad reached the semifinals defeated by future champions Vicenza of Francesco Guidolin. Manager Renzo Ulivieri built a balanced squad with experienced players and young stars emerging during the campaign included former goalkeeper Francesco Antonioli, defenders Michele Paramatti, Stefano Torrisi and Giuseppe Cardone. Meanwhile, the offensive saw the Russian duo: former Inter midfielder Igor Shalimov and forward Igor Kolyvanov was able to play as a pure striker once again, without having responsibilities across the entire field like in Foggia. This immediately reflected on his goal scoring, and he was Bologna's top striker in his first season, with 11 goals in 27 games. Also Swedish striker Kennet Andersson, whom arrived in the summer from relegated A.S. Bari, had a decent campaign. Squad Transfers Competitions	continue	0	1996â97 Bologna FC 1909 season	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996–97 Bologna FC 1909 season	{"Introduction": "During the 1996\u00e297 season Bologna Football Club 1909 competed in Serie A and Coppa Italia.", "Summary": "Newcomers in Serie A, Bologna, finished in a decent 7th place almost reaching an UEFA Cup spot. In Coppa Italia, the squad reached the semifinals defeated by future champions Vicenza of Francesco Guidolin. Manager Renzo Ulivieri built a balanced squad with experienced players and young stars emerging during the campaign included former goalkeeper Francesco Antonioli, defenders Michele Paramatti, Stefano Torrisi and Giuseppe Cardone. Meanwhile, the offensive saw the Russian duo: former Inter midfielder Igor Shalimov and forward Igor Kolyvanov was able to play as a pure striker once again, without having responsibilities across the entire field like in Foggia. This immediately reflected on his goal scoring, and he was Bologna's top striker in his first season, with 11 goals in 27 games. Also Swedish striker Kennet Andersson, whom arrived in the summer from relegated A. S. Bari, had a decent campaign."}
James "Athenian" Stuart (1713 – 2 February 1788) was a Scottish archaeologist, architect and artist, best known for his central role in pioneering Neoclassicism. Life Early life Stuart was born in 1713 in Creed Lane, Ludgate Street, London, to a Scottish sailor who died when he was young. Proving a talented artist while his family was in poverty, he was apprenticed to a fan painter to support the family financially. However, in around 1742, he was able to travel to Italy (albeit on foot) for his artistic improvement, working there as a cicerone and a painter, learning Latin, Italian and Greek, and studying Italian and Roman art and architecture. There he produced his first major work, his illustrated treatise on the Egyptian obelisk of Psammetichus II within A. M. Bandini's De obelisco Caesaris Augusti, and met Nicholas Revett, a young Suffolk gentleman and amateur architect on his Grand Tour. Naples and Greece In 1748 Stuart joined Revett, Gavin Hamilton and the architect Matthew Brettingham the younger on a trip to Naples to study the ancient ruins and, from there,they travelled through the Balkans (stopping at Pula) to Greece. Visiting Salonica, Athens, and an Ionic temple on the River Ilissus among others, they made accurate measurements and drawings of the ancient ruins. Antiquities of Athens Stuart and Revett returned to London in 1755 and published their work, The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece, in 1762. There were more than five hundred subscribers to its first volume and, although few of the subscribers were architects or builders, thus limiting its impact as a design sourcebook, it later helped fuel the Greek Revival in European architecture. Its illustrations were among the first of their kind and the work was welcomed by antiquaries, scholars, and gentleman amateurs. William Hogarth satirised its fastidious depiction of architectural detail in his 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs. In April 1758 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society as "Mr James Stuart of Grosvenor Square History painter and Architect, eminent in his profession and who hath particularly applyed himself to the study of antiquity, during a long residence in Greece and Italy, as will appear in a work now publishing by him in four volumes in folio, entitled, "The antiquities remaining in the city of Athens and province of Attica"." Work in England On his return to England, he also acted as an interior designer, medal designer, and architect, creating the first tripod in metal since antiquity, building and remodelling country houses, garden buildings, and town houses (e.g. Shugborough Hall, Hagley Hall, Spencer House, and the Temple of the Winds), creating book illustrations, designing commemorative medals and tomb monuments, and being appointed Surveyor to the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich. Later life Stuart's more and more chaotic business practices (possibly to be explained by his chronic gout and deteriorating health, and to his coming into a private fortune – a contemporary report on his death in The World stated that "unexpectedly to most people, [he] has died possessed of much property, chiefly on mortgage on new buildings in Marybone") attracted adverse comment from the late 1760s. By the early 1780s, his devoting the afternoons not to business but to drinking (sources state he "regularly frequented a public-house on the north side of Leicester-fields, of the sign of the feathers" and that "his face declared him to be fond of what is called friendly society" – J. T. Smith, Nollekens and his Times, 1929, 27) and playing skittles was even commented on by his friends. Enemies even accused him of 'Epicurianism' in reference to his alcoholism and recent second marriage at 67 to Elizabeth, a maidservant of 20, by whom he had five children, of whom two died before him. (His first marriage had been to someone described in different places as his housekeeper and as a 'Grecian lady'.) Stuart continued to work on and off, and returned to working on The Antiquities of Athens, though it was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1788, with the final volume only appearing in 1816, when the Greek Revival architecture it had fostered was starting to become the dominant force in British architecture. He died suddenly on 2 February 1788 at his house on the south side of Leicester Square, London and was buried in the crypt of nearby St Martin-in-the-Fields. His London buildings played some part in popularising Neo-classical taste. The Antiquities of Athens allowed architects, sculptors and designers in Europe and America for the first time to use Neo-Classicism without having to go to Greece themselves and acted as a sourcebook for them for the next two centuries. The first retrospective on his life and works was held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in early 2007. Bibliography James Stuart & Nicholas Revett, The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece (London, 1762). (2002 reprint edition. According to at least one review, this modern "facsimile" is incomplete.) James Stuart, Critical observations on the buildings and improvements of London (London, 1771). (1992 reprint edition.) In 2007 "The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece" was published as a hard bound reprint edition by Princeton Architectural Press. It is represented as a complete reprint. Running in size: 9 x 12 in or 22.9 cm by 30.5 cm. 496 pages with 400 illustrations. Gallery of works	null	[ "James \"Athenian\" Stuart (1713 – 2 February 1788) was a Scottish archaeologist, architect and artist, best known for his central role in pioneering Neoclassicism. Life Early life Stuart was born in 1713 in Creed Lane, Ludgate Street, London, to a Scottish sailor who died when he was young. Proving a talented artist while his family was in poverty, he was apprenticed to a fan painter to support the family financially. However, in around 1742, he was able to travel to Italy (albeit on foot) for his artistic improvement, working there as a cicerone and a painter, learning Latin, Italian and Greek, and studying Italian and Roman art and architecture. There he produced his first major work, his illustrated treatise on the Egyptian obelisk of Psammetichus II within A. M. Bandini's De obelisco Caesaris Augusti, and met Nicholas Revett, a young Suffolk gentleman and amateur architect on his Grand Tour. Naples and Greece In 1748 Stuart joined Revett, Gavin Hamilton and the architect Matthew Brettingham the younger on a trip to Naples to study the ancient ruins and, from there,they travelled through the Balkans (stopping at Pula) to Greece. Visiting Salonica, Athens, and an Ionic temple on the River Ilissus among others, they made accurate measurements and drawings of the ancient ruins.", "Antiquities of Athens Stuart and Revett returned to London in 1755 and published their work, The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece, in 1762. There were more than five hundred subscribers to its first volume and, although few of the subscribers were architects or builders, thus limiting its impact as a design sourcebook, it later helped fuel the Greek Revival in European architecture. Its illustrations were among the first of their kind and the work was welcomed by antiquaries, scholars, and gentleman amateurs. William Hogarth satirised its fastidious depiction of architectural detail in his 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs. In April 1758 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society as \"Mr James Stuart of Grosvenor Square History painter and Architect, eminent in his profession and who hath particularly applyed himself to the study of antiquity, during a long residence in Greece and Italy, as will appear in a work now publishing by him in four volumes in folio, entitled, \"The antiquities remaining in the city of Athens and province of Attica\".\" Work in England On his return to England, he also acted as an interior designer, medal designer, and architect, creating the first tripod in metal since antiquity, building and remodelling country houses, garden buildings, and town houses (e.g. Shugborough Hall, Hagley Hall, Spencer House, and the Temple of the Winds), creating book illustrations, designing commemorative medals and tomb monuments, and being appointed Surveyor to the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich. Later life", "Stuart's more and more chaotic business practices (possibly to be explained by his chronic gout and deteriorating health, and to his coming into a private fortune – a contemporary report on his death in The World stated that \"unexpectedly to most people, [he] has died possessed of much property, chiefly on mortgage on new buildings in Marybone\") attracted adverse comment from the late 1760s. By the early 1780s, his devoting the afternoons not to business but to drinking (sources state he \"regularly frequented a public-house on the north side of Leicester-fields, of the sign of the feathers\" and that \"his face declared him to be fond of what is called friendly society\" – J. T. Smith, Nollekens and his Times, 1929, 27) and playing skittles was even commented on by his friends. Enemies even accused him of 'Epicurianism' in reference to his alcoholism and recent second marriage at 67 to Elizabeth, a maidservant of 20, by whom he had five children, of whom two died before him. (His first marriage had been to someone described in different places as his housekeeper and as a 'Grecian lady'.) Stuart continued to work on and off, and returned to working on The Antiquities of Athens, though it was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1788, with the final volume only appearing in 1816, when the Greek Revival architecture it had fostered was starting to become the dominant force in British architecture. He died suddenly on 2 February 1788 at his house on the south side of Leicester Square, London and was buried in the crypt of nearby St Martin-in-the-Fields.", "His London buildings played some part in popularising Neo-classical taste. The Antiquities of Athens allowed architects, sculptors and designers in Europe and America for the first time to use Neo-Classicism without having to go to Greece themselves and acted as a sourcebook for them for the next two centuries. The first retrospective on his life and works was held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in early 2007. Bibliography James Stuart & Nicholas Revett, The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece (London, 1762). (2002 reprint edition. According to at least one review, this modern \"facsimile\" is incomplete.) James Stuart, Critical observations on the buildings and improvements of London (London, 1771). (1992 reprint edition.) In 2007 \"The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece\" was published as a hard bound reprint edition by Princeton Architectural Press. It is represented as a complete reprint. Running in size: 9 x 12 in or 22.9 cm by 30.5 cm. 496 pages with 400 illustrations. Gallery of works" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'James "Athenian" Stuart' to be more professional in tone: James "Athenian" Stuart (1713 – 2 February 1788) was a Scottish archaeologist, architect and artist, best known for his central role in pioneering Neoclassicism. Life Early life Stuart was born in 1713 in Creed Lane, Ludgate Street, London, to a Scottish sailor who died when he was young. Proving a talented artist while his family was in poverty, he was apprenticed to a fan painter to support the family financially. However, in around 1742, he was able to travel to Italy (albeit on foot) for his artistic improvement, working there as a cicerone and a painter, learning Latin, Italian and Greek, and studying Italian and Roman art and architecture. There he produced his first major work, his illustrated treatise on the Egyptian obelisk of Psammetichus II within A. M. Bandini's De obelisco Caesaris Augusti, and met Nicholas Revett, a young Suffolk gentleman and amateur architect on his Grand Tour. Naples and Greece In 1748 Stuart joined Revett, Gavin Hamilton and the architect Matthew Brettingham the younger on a trip to Naples to study the ancient ruins and, from there,they travelled through the Balkans (stopping at Pula) to Greece. Visiting Salonica, Athens, and an Ionic temple on the River Ilissus among others, they made accurate measurements and drawings of the ancient ruins.	enhance	0	James "Athenian" Stuart	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James "Athenian" Stuart	{"Introduction": "James \"Athenian\" Stuart (1713 \u00e2 2 February 1788) was a Scottish archaeologist, architect and artist, best known for his central role in pioneering Neoclassicism.", "Early life": "Stuart was born in 1713 in Creed Lane, Ludgate Street, London, to a Scottish sailor who died when he was young. Proving a talented artist while his family was in poverty, he was apprenticed to a fan painter to support the family financially. However, in around 1742, he was able to travel to Italy (albeit on foot) for his artistic improvement, working there as a cicerone and a painter, learning Latin, Italian and Greek, and studying Italian and Roman art and architecture. There he produced his first major work, his illustrated treatise on the Egyptian obelisk of Psammetichus II within A. M. Bandini's De obelisco Caesaris Augusti, and met Nicholas Revett, a young Suffolk gentleman and amateur architect on his Grand Tour.", "Naples and Greece": "In 1748 Stuart joined Revett, Gavin Hamilton and the architect Matthew Brettingham the younger on a trip to Naples to study the ancient ruins and, from there, they travelled through the Balkans (stopping at Pula) to Greece. Visiting Salonica, Athens, and an Ionic temple on the River Ilissus among others, they made accurate measurements and drawings of the ancient ruins.", "Antiquities of Athens": "Stuart and Revett returned to London in 1755 and published their work, The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece, in 1762. There were more than five hundred subscribers to its first volume and, although few of the subscribers were architects or builders, thus limiting its impact as a design sourcebook, it later helped fuel the Greek Revival in European architecture. Its illustrations were among the first of their kind and the work was welcomed by antiquaries, scholars, and gentleman amateurs. William Hogarth satirised its fastidious depiction of architectural detail in his 1761 engraving Five Orders of Periwigs. In April 1758 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society as \"Mr James Stuart of Grosvenor Square History painter and Architect, eminent in his profession and who hath particularly applyed himself to the study of antiquity, during a long residence in Greece and Italy, as will appear in a work now publishing by him in four volumes in folio, entitled, \"The antiquities remaining in the city of Athens and province of Attica\". \"", "Work in England": "On his return to England, he also acted as an interior designer, medal designer, and architect, creating the first tripod in metal since antiquity, building and remodelling country houses, garden buildings, and town houses (e. g. Shugborough Hall, Hagley Hall, Spencer House, and the Temple of the Winds), creating book illustrations, designing commemorative medals and tomb monuments, and being appointed Surveyor to the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich.", "Later life": "Stuart's more and more chaotic business practices (possibly to be explained by his chronic gout and deteriorating health, and to his coming into a private fortune \u00e2 a contemporary report on his death in The World stated that \"unexpectedly to most people, has died possessed of much property, chiefly on mortgage on new buildings in Marybone\") attracted adverse comment from the late 1760s. By the early 1780s, his devoting the afternoons not to business but to drinking (sources state he \"regularly frequented a publichouse on the north side of Leicesterfields, of the sign of the feathers\" and that \"his face declared him to be fond of what is called friendly society\" \u00e2 J. T. Smith, Nollekens and his Times, 1929, 27) and playing skittles was even commented on by his friends. Enemies even accused him of 'Epicurianism' in reference to his alcoholism and recent second marriage at 67 to Elizabeth, a maidservant of 20, by whom he had five children, of whom two died before him. (His first marriage had been to someone described in different places as his housekeeper and as a 'Grecian lady'. ) Stuart continued to work on and off, and returned to working on The Antiquities of Athens, though it was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1788, with the final volume only appearing in 1816, when the Greek Revival architecture it had fostered was starting to become the dominant force in British architecture. He died suddenly on 2 February 1788 at his house on the south side of Leicester Square, London and was buried in the crypt of nearby St MartinintheFields. His London buildings played some part in popularising Neoclassical taste. The Antiquities of Athens allowed architects, sculptors and designers in Europe and America for the first time to use NeoClassicism without having to go to Greece themselves and acted as a sourcebook for them for the next two centuries. The first retrospective on his life and works was held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in early 2007.", "Bibliography": "James Stuart Nicholas Revett, The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece (London, 1762). (2002 reprint edition. According to at least one review, this modern \"facsimile\" is incomplete. ) James Stuart, Critical observations on the buildings and improvements of London (London, 1771). (1992 reprint edition. ) In 2007 \"The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece\" was published as a hard bound reprint edition by Princeton Architectural Press. It is represented as a complete reprint. Running in size: 9 x 12 in or 22. 9\u00c2 cm by 30. 5\u00c2 cm. 496 pages with 400 illustrations."}
"The Bus Stop Song" (also known as "A Paper of Pins") is a popular song. The title references the movie, Bus Stop, in which it was introduced. A traditional song, it was orchestrated by Ken Darby in 1956 but a version (called The Keys of Canterbury) was known in the 19th century and Alan Lomax collected it as "A Paper of Pins" in the 1930s. It is best known in a recording, made on July 17, 1956, by The Four Lads and dubbed over the opening credits of the movie, with some of its lyrics also included in early dialogue. This recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40736. It first reached the Billboard charts on September 15, 1956. On the Disk Jockey chart, it peaked at #17; on the Best Seller chart, at #22; on the composite chart of the top 100 songs, it reached #23. The flip side was "A House with Love in It."	null	[ "\"The Bus Stop Song\" (also known as \"A Paper of Pins\") is a popular song. The title references the movie, Bus Stop, in which it was introduced. A traditional song, it was orchestrated by Ken Darby in 1956 but a version (called The Keys of Canterbury) was known in the 19th century and Alan Lomax collected it as \"A Paper of Pins\" in the 1930s. It is best known in a recording, made on July 17, 1956, by The Four Lads and dubbed over the opening credits of the movie, with some of its lyrics also included in early dialogue. This recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40736. It first reached the Billboard charts on September 15, 1956. On the Disk Jockey chart, it peaked at #17; on the Best Seller chart, at #22; on the composite chart of the top 100 songs, it reached #23. The flip side was \"A House with Love in It.\"" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 390-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'The Bus Stop Song': "The Bus Stop Song" (also known as "A Paper of Pins") is a popular song. The title references the movie, Bus Stop, in which it was introduced. A traditional song, it was orchestrated by Ken Darby in 1956 but a version (called The Keys of Canterbury) was known in the 19th century and Alan Lomax collected it as "A Paper of Pins" in the 1930s. It is best known in a recording, made on July 17, 1956, by The Four Lads and dubbed over the opening credits of the movie, with some of its lyrics also included in early dialogue. This recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40736. It first reached the Billboard charts on September 15, 1956. On the Disk Jockey chart, it peaked at #17; on the Best Seller chart, at #22; on the composite chart of the top 100 songs, it reached #23. The flip side was "A House with Love in It."	continue	0	The Bus Stop Song	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Bus Stop Song	{"Introduction": "\"The Bus Stop Song\" (also known as \"A Paper of Pins\") is a popular song. The title references the movie, Bus Stop, in which it was introduced. A traditional song, it was orchestrated by Ken Darby in 1956 but a version (called The Keys of Canterbury) was known in the 19th century and Alan Lomax collected it as \"A Paper of Pins\" in the 1930s. It is best known in a recording, made on July 17, 1956, by The Four Lads and dubbed over the opening credits of the movie, with some of its lyrics also included in early dialogue. This recording was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 40736. It first reached the Billboard charts on September 15, 1956. On the Disk Jockey chart, it peaked at; on the Best Seller chart, at; on the composite chart of the top 100 songs, it reached. The flip side was \"A House with Love in It. \""}
Honezovice is a municipality and village in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Honezovice lies approximately south-west of Plzeň and south-west of Prague. Administrative parts The village of Hradišťany is an administrative part of Honezovice.	null	[ "Honezovice is a municipality and village in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Honezovice lies approximately south-west of Plzeň and south-west of Prague. Administrative parts The village of Hradišťany is an administrative part of Honezovice." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Honezovice' to be more childish in tone: Honezovice is a municipality and village in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Honezovice lies approximately south-west of Plzeň and south-west of Prague. Administrative parts The village of Hradišťany is an administrative part of Honezovice.	enhance	0	Honezovice	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honezovice	{"Introduction": "Honezovice is a municipality and village in Plze\u00c5South District in the Plze\u00c5 Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. Honezovice lies approximately southwest of Plze\u00c5 and southwest of Prague.", "Administrative parts": "The village of Hradi\u00c5\u00c5any is an administrative part of Honezovice."}
Commercial National Bank was a bank formed in Charlotte, North Carolina on 18 February 1874, which was a predecessor to the American Commercial Bank which then helped form North Carolina National Bank. NCNB changed their name to NationsBank in 1991 and then again to Bank of America in 1999 through a series of mergers and acquisitions. Commercial National "is the oldest national banking institution in North Carolina." Commercial National Bank and the American Trust Company shared a building in Charlotte prior to their merger in 1958 as American Commercial Bank.	null	[ "Commercial National Bank was a bank formed in Charlotte, North Carolina on 18 February 1874, which was a predecessor to the American Commercial Bank which then helped form North Carolina National Bank. NCNB changed their name to NationsBank in 1991 and then again to Bank of America in 1999 through a series of mergers and acquisitions. Commercial National \"is the oldest national banking institution in North Carolina.\" Commercial National Bank and the American Trust Company shared a building in Charlotte prior to their merger in 1958 as American Commercial Bank." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 330-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Commercial National Bank. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Commercial National Bank	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial National Bank	{"Introduction": "Commercial National Bank was a bank formed in Charlotte, North Carolina on 18 February 1874, which was a predecessor to the American Commercial Bank which then helped form North Carolina National Bank. NCNB changed their name to NationsBank in 1991 and then again to Bank of America in 1999 through a series of mergers and acquisitions. Commercial National \"is the oldest national banking institution in North Carolina. \" Commercial National Bank and the American Trust Company shared a building in Charlotte prior to their merger in 1958 as American Commercial Bank."}
Allan Baillie (born 28 January 1943) is an Australian writer. He was born in Scotland but moved with his family to Australia when he was seven. His first job was working as a Cadet Journalist, and then he began to work as a journalist working on papers such as the Melbourne Sun, The Telegraph and The Australian Women's Weekly having studied journalism at Melbourne University. Turning to literature his books include Adrift, Little Brother and The China Coin. He lives in Sydney, Australia, with his wife and two children. Pipe incident Allan Baillie was injured on 8 November 2010 when he was sucked down a pipe at a swimming pool near Sydney and discharged onto the beach. He was swimming laps at Bilgola Beach rock pool with his wife when a Pittwater Council worker opened a valve to drain the pool for cleaning. He intends to seek compensation. Bibliography Children's novels Adrift (1984) Little Brother (1985) Little Monster (1991) The Bad Guys (1993) (aka The Bad Boys) The Excuse (1997) Foggy (2001) Imp (2002) My Australian Story: Riding with Thunderbolt: The Diary of Ben Cross (2004) Children's picture books Drac and the Gremlin (1988) Bawshou Rescues the Sun: A Han Folktale (1991) The Boss (1992) Rebel! (1993) Old Magic (1996) DragonQuest (1996) Star Navigator (1997) Archie: The Big Good Wolf (1998) Children's non-fiction Legends: Stories of Australia (1999) Young adult novels Riverman (1986) Eagle Island (1987) Megan's Star (1988) Hero (1990) The China Coin (1991) Magician (1992) Songman (1994) Secrets of Walden Rising (1996) The Last Shot (1997) Wreck! (1997) Saving Abbie (2000) Treasure Hunters (2002) Cat's Mountain (2006) Adult novels Mask Maker (1974) Collections Creature (1987) Mates and Other Stories (1989) Dream Catcher and Other Stories (1995) The Phone Book (1995) Ten Out of Ten (2003) A Taste of Cockroach (2005) Short fiction "The Plumber" (1988) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "Silent Night" (1989) in Bizarre (ed. Penny Matthews) "Liz" (1989) in Amazing (ed. Penny Matthews) "The Mouth" (1990) in Weird (ed. Penny Matthews) "Dream Catcher" (1991) in Into the Future (ed. Toss Gascoigne, Jo Goodman, Margot Tyrrell) "The Champion" (1991) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "The Bed-Sitter" (1991) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "Bones" (1992) in Spine Chilling (ed. Penny Matthews) "Snatch" (1992) in Goodbye and Hello (ed. Margot Hillel) "The Nag" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "Cheat!" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "The Gun" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "The Forest" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "Mobile" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) "The Greening" (2000) in Tales from the Wasteland (ed. Paul Collins) "The Plot — Mordred's story" (2002) in The Road to Camelot (ed. Sophie Masson) Awards and nominations Australian Multicultural Children's BOTY Award – Miscellaneous category- Joint Winner – 1992 for The China Coin CBC Book of the Year – Picture Book category – Joint Winner – 1989 for Drac & the Gremlin Various nominations W.A. Young Readers Book Award (WAYRA) – listed twice (once shortlisted) S.A. Kanga Awards – listed once New South Wales State Literary Award – shortlisted twice Kids Own Aust Literature Award (KOALA) – shortlisted three times Children's Peace Lit Award (PEACE) – Best Book – shortlisted once Young Aust Best Book Award (YABBA) – Picture Book – shortlisted once	null	[ "Allan Baillie (born 28 January 1943) is an Australian writer. He was born in Scotland but moved with his family to Australia when he was seven. His first job was working as a Cadet Journalist, and then he began to work as a journalist working on papers such as the Melbourne Sun, The Telegraph and The Australian Women's Weekly having studied journalism at Melbourne University. Turning to literature his books include Adrift, Little Brother and The China Coin. He lives in Sydney, Australia, with his wife and two children. Pipe incident Allan Baillie was injured on 8 November 2010 when he was sucked down a pipe at a swimming pool near Sydney and discharged onto the beach. He was swimming laps at Bilgola Beach rock pool with his wife when a Pittwater Council worker opened a valve to drain the pool for cleaning. He intends to seek compensation. Bibliography", "Children's novels Adrift (1984) Little Brother (1985) Little Monster (1991) The Bad Guys (1993) (aka The Bad Boys) The Excuse (1997) Foggy (2001) Imp (2002) My Australian Story: Riding with Thunderbolt: The Diary of Ben Cross (2004) Children's picture books Drac and the Gremlin (1988) Bawshou Rescues the Sun: A Han Folktale (1991) The Boss (1992) Rebel! (1993) Old Magic (1996) DragonQuest (1996) Star Navigator (1997) Archie: The Big Good Wolf (1998) Children's non-fiction Legends: Stories of Australia (1999) Young adult novels Riverman (1986) Eagle Island (1987) Megan's Star (1988) Hero (1990) The China Coin (1991) Magician (1992) Songman (1994) Secrets of Walden Rising (1996) The Last Shot (1997) Wreck! (1997) Saving Abbie (2000) Treasure Hunters (2002) Cat's Mountain (2006) Adult novels Mask Maker (1974)", "Collections Creature (1987) Mates and Other Stories (1989) Dream Catcher and Other Stories (1995) The Phone Book (1995) Ten Out of Ten (2003) A Taste of Cockroach (2005) Short fiction \"The Plumber\" (1988) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Silent Night\" (1989) in Bizarre (ed. Penny Matthews) \"Liz\" (1989) in Amazing (ed. Penny Matthews) \"The Mouth\" (1990) in Weird (ed. Penny Matthews) \"Dream Catcher\" (1991) in Into the Future (ed. Toss Gascoigne, Jo Goodman, Margot Tyrrell) \"The Champion\" (1991) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Bed-Sitter\" (1991) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Bones\" (1992) in Spine Chilling (ed. Penny Matthews) \"Snatch\" (1992) in Goodbye and Hello (ed. Margot Hillel) \"The Nag\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Cheat!\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Gun\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Forest\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Mobile\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Greening\" (2000) in Tales from the Wasteland (ed. Paul Collins) \"The Plot — Mordred's story\" (2002) in The Road to Camelot (ed. Sophie Masson)", "Awards and nominations Australian Multicultural Children's BOTY Award – Miscellaneous category- Joint Winner – 1992 for The China Coin CBC Book of the Year – Picture Book category – Joint Winner – 1989 for Drac & the Gremlin Various nominations W.A. Young Readers Book Award (WAYRA) – listed twice (once shortlisted) S.A. Kanga Awards – listed once New South Wales State Literary Award – shortlisted twice Kids Own Aust Literature Award (KOALA) – shortlisted three times Children's Peace Lit Award (PEACE) – Best Book – shortlisted once Young Aust Best Book Award (YABBA) – Picture Book – shortlisted once" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 380-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Allan Baillie. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Allan Baillie	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan Baillie	{"Introduction": "Allan Baillie (born 28 January 1943) is an Australian writer. He was born in Scotland but moved with his family to Australia when he was seven. His first job was working as a Cadet Journalist, and then he began to work as a journalist working on papers such as the Melbourne Sun, The Telegraph and The Australian Women's Weekly having studied journalism at Melbourne University. Turning to literature his books include Adrift, Little Brother and The China Coin. He lives in Sydney, Australia, with his wife and two children.", "Pipe incident": "Allan Baillie was injured on 8 November 2010 when he was sucked down a pipe at a swimming pool near Sydney and discharged onto the beach. He was swimming laps at Bilgola Beach rock pool with his wife when a Pittwater Council worker opened a valve to drain the pool for cleaning. He intends to seek compensation.", "Bibliography": "Children's novels Adrift (1984) Little Brother (1985) Little Monster (1991) The Bad Guys (1993) (aka The Bad Boys) The Excuse (1997) Foggy (2001) Imp (2002) My Australian Story: Riding with Thunderbolt: The Diary of Ben Cross (2004) Children's picture books Drac and the Gremlin (1988) Bawshou Rescues the Sun: A Han Folktale (1991) The Boss (1992) Rebel! (1993) Old Magic (1996) DragonQuest (1996) Star Navigator (1997) Archie: The Big Good Wolf (1998) Children's nonfiction Legends: Stories of Australia (1999)", "Young adult novels": "Riverman (1986) Eagle Island (1987) Megan's Star (1988) Hero (1990) The China Coin (1991) Magician (1992) Songman (1994) Secrets of Walden Rising (1996) The Last Shot (1997) Wreck! (1997) Saving Abbie (2000) Treasure Hunters (2002) Cat's Mountain (2006)", "Adult novels": "Mask Maker (1974)", "Collections": "Creature (1987) Mates and Other Stories (1989) Dream Catcher and Other Stories (1995) The Phone Book (1995) Ten Out of Ten (2003) A Taste of Cockroach (2005)", "Short fiction": "\"The Plumber\" (1988) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Silent Night\" (1989) in Bizarre (ed. Penny Matthews) \"Liz\" (1989) in Amazing (ed. Penny Matthews) \"The Mouth\" (1990) in Weird (ed. Penny Matthews) \"Dream Catcher\" (1991) in Into the Future (ed. Toss Gascoigne, Jo Goodman, Margot Tyrrell) \"The Champion\" (1991) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The BedSitter\" (1991) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Bones\" (1992) in Spine Chilling (ed. Penny Matthews) \"Snatch\" (1992) in Goodbye and Hello (ed. Margot Hillel) \"The Nag\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Cheat! \" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Gun\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Forest\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"Mobile\" (1995) in Dream Catcher and Other Stories (ed. Allan Baillie) \"The Greening\" (2000) in Tales from the Wasteland (ed. Paul Collins) \"The Plot \u00e2 Mordred's story\" (2002) in The Road to Camelot (ed. Sophie Masson)", "Awards and nominations": "Australian Multicultural Children's BOTY Award \u00e2 Miscellaneous category Joint Winner \u00e2 1992 for The China Coin CBC Book of the Year \u00e2 Picture Book category \u00e2 Joint Winner \u00e2 1989 for Drac the Gremlin", "Various nominations": "W. A. Young Readers Book Award (WAYRA) \u00e2 listed twice (once shortlisted) S. A. Kanga Awards \u00e2 listed once New South Wales State Literary Award \u00e2 shortlisted twice Kids Own Aust Literature Award (KOALA) \u00e2 shortlisted three times Children's Peace Lit Award (PEACE) \u00e2 Best Book \u00e2 shortlisted once Young Aust Best Book Award (YABBA) \u00e2 Picture Book \u00e2 shortlisted once"}
Fallujah ( ) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Situated on the Euphrates River, it is located roughly to the west of the capital city of Baghdad. The city dates back to the Babylonian era and was host to important Jewish academies for many centuries. In 1947, Fallujah was a small town with a relatively small population but had grown to a population of about 250,900 people by 2018. Within Iraq, it is known as the "city of mosques" due to the 200+ mosques that can be found throughout the city as well as in the surrounding villages. Following the American-led invasion of Iraq, which triggered the Iraq War, the city of Fallujah became a major centre of resistance during the Iraqi insurgency. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Iraqi Interim Government twice engaged in fierce urban combat with insurgents throughout the city; the First Battle of Fallujah failed to dislodge the insurgents, triggering the Second Battle of Fallujah, in which the American-led coalition successfully took control of the city. However, heavy fighting from these two battles left Fallujah severely damaged, though it remained occupied by the coalition until 2011. In January 2014, three years after the American withdrawal from Iraq, Fallujah was captured by the Islamic State (IS) and suffered a major population loss. On 23 May 2016, the Iraqi government announced the beginning of a large-scale military offensive against the IS militants occupying the city, resulting in the Third Battle of Fallujah. On 26 June 2016, the Iraqi Armed Forces stated that Fallujah had been fully liberated and was free from militant control. History The region has been inhabited for many millennia. There is evidence that the area surrounding Fallujah was inhabited in Babylonian times. The current name of the city is thought to come from its Syriac name, Pallgutha, which is derived from the word division or "canal regulator" since it was the location where the water of the Euphrates River divided into a canal. Classical authors cited the name as "Pallacottas". The name in Aramaic is Pumbedita. Sassanid Persians in Anbar and Jews in Nehardea The region of Fallujah lies near the ancient Sassanid Persian town of Anbar, in the Sassanid province of Asōristān . The word anbar is Persian and means "warehouse". It was known as Firuz Shapur or Perisapora during the Sassanian Era. There are extensive ruins north of Fallujah which are identified with the town of Anbar. Anbar was located at the confluence of the Euphrates River with the King's Canal, today the Saqlawiyah Canal, known in early Islamic times as the Nahr Isa and in ancient times as the Nahr Malka. Subsequent shifts in the Euphrates River channel have caused it to follow the course of the ancient Pallacottas canal. The town at this site in Jewish sources was known as Nehardea and was the primary center of Babylonian Jewry until its destruction by the Palmyran ruler Odenathus in 259. The Medieval Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela in 1164 visited "el-Anbar which is Pumbeditha in Nehardea" and said it had 3,000 Jews living there. Pumbedita Yeshiva The region played host for several centuries to one of the most important Jewish academies, the Pumbedita Academy, which from 258 to 1038 along with Sura (ar-Hira) was one of the two most important centers of Jewish learning worldwide. Ottoman and British rule Under the Ottoman Empire, Fallujah was a minor stop on one of the country's main roads across the desert west from Baghdad. In the spring of 1920, the British, who had gained control of Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, sent Lieut.-Colonel Gerard Leachman, a renowned explorer and a senior colonial officer, to meet with local leader Shaykh Dhari, perhaps to forgive a loan given to the sheikh. Exactly what happened depends on the source, but according to the Arab version, Gerard Leachman was betrayed by the sheikh who had his two sons shoot him in the legs, then behead him by the sword. During the brief Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941, the Iraqi Army was defeated by the British in a battle near Fallujah. In 1947 the town had only about 10,000 inhabitants. It grew rapidly into a city after Iraqi independence with the influx of oil wealth into the country. Its position on one of the main roads out of Baghdad made it of central importance. Ba'athist rule and Saddam Hussein Under Saddam Hussein, who ruled Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Fallujah came to be an important area of support for the regime, along with the rest of the region labeled by the US military as the "Sunni Triangle". Many residents of the primarily Sunni city were employees and supporters of Saddam's government, and many senior Ba'ath Party officials were natives of the city. Fallujah was heavily industrialised during the Saddam era, with the construction of several large factories, including one closed down by United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in the 1990s that may have been used to create chemical weapons. A new highway system (a part of Saddam's infrastructure initiatives) circumvented Fallujah and gradually caused the city to decline in national importance by the time of the Iraq War. Gulf War (1990–1991) During the Gulf War, Coalition warplanes repeatedly attacked a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an Iraqi military supply line. On 14 February 1991, a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter jet fired two laser-guided missiles which were aimed at the bridge but malfunctioned and instead struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 non-combatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, Group Captain David Henderson, issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error. Coalition warplanes subsequently launched another attack on the bridge, with one missile hitting its target while two others fell into the river and a fourth struck another marketplace in Fallujah, due to its laser guidance system once again malfunctioning. Iraq War (2003–2011) Fallujah was one of the least affected areas of Iraq immediately after the 2003 invasion by the US-led Coalition. Iraqi Army units stationed in the area abandoned their positions and disappeared into the local population, leaving unsecured military equipment behind. Fallujah was also the site of a Ba'athist resort facility called "Dreamland", located a few kilometers outside the city proper. The damage the city had avoided during the initial invasion was negated by damage from looters, who took advantage of the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government. The looters targeted former government sites, the Dreamland compound, and the nearby military bases. Aggravating this situation was the proximity of Fallujah to the infamous Abu Ghraib prison, from which Saddam, in one of his last acts, had released all prisoners. When the US Army entered the town in April 2003, they positioned themselves at the vacated Ba'ath Party headquarters. A Fallujah Protection Force composed of local Iraqis was set up by the US-led occupants to help fight the rising resistance. On the evening of 28 April 2003, a crowd of about two hundred people defied a curfew imposed by the Americans and gathered outside a secondary school used as a military HQ to demand its reopening. Soldiers from the 82nd Airborne stationed on the roof of the building fired on the crowd, killing 17 civilians and wounding over 70. American forces claim they were responding to gunfire from the crowd, while Iraqi witnesses deny this version. Human Rights Watch also disputed the American claims and said that the evidence suggested the US troops fired indiscriminately and used disproportionate force. On 31 March 2004, Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a convoy containing four American private military contractors from Blackwater USA, who were conducting delivery for food caterers ESS. The four, armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerry (Jerko) Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were dragged from their cars, beaten, and set on fire. Their charred corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung from a bridge spanning the Euphrates River. This bridge is unofficially referred to as "Blackwater Bridge" by Coalition Forces operating there. Photographs of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing outrage in the United States, and prompting the announcement of a campaign to reestablish American control over the city. This led to an abortive US operation to recapture control of the city in Operation Vigilant Resolve, and a successful recapture operation in the city in November 2004, called Operation Phantom Fury in English and Operation Al Fajr in Arabic. Operation Phantom Fury resulted in the death of over 1,350 insurgent fighters. Approximately 95 American troops were killed, and 560 wounded. After the successful recapture of the city, U.S. forces discovered a room in which they claimed to find evidence of a beheading, and bomb-making factories, which were shown to the media as evidence of Fallujah's important role in the insurgency against U.S. forces. They also found two hostages—an Iraqi and a Syrian. The Syrian was the driver for two French journalists, Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, who had been missing since August 2004. The Iraqi's captors were Syrian; he thought he was in Syria until found by the Marines. Chesnot and Malbrunot were released by their captors, the Islamic Army in Iraq, on 21 December 2004. The U.S. military first denied that it has used white phosphorus as an anti-personnel weapon in Fallujah, but later retracted that denial, and admitted to using the incendiary in the city as an offensive weapon. According to George Monbiot, reports following the events of November 2004 have alleged war crimes, human rights abuses, and a massacre by U.S. personnel. This point of view is presented in the 2005 documentary film, Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre. On 17 May 2011, AFP reported that twenty-one bodies, in black body-bags marked with letters and numbers in Latin script had been recovered from a mass grave in al-Maadhidi cemetery in the center of the city. Fallujah police chief Brigadier General Mahmud al-Essawi said that they had been blindfolded, their legs had been tied and they had suffered gunshot wounds. The Mayor, Adnan Husseini said that the manner of their killing, as well as the body bags, indicated that US forces had been responsible. Both al-Essawi and Husseini agreed that the dead had been killed in 2004. The US military declined to comment. Residents were allowed to return to the city in mid-December 2004 after undergoing biometric identification, provided they wear their ID cards all the time. US officials report that "more than half of Fallujah's 39,000 homes were damaged during Operation Phantom Fury, and about ten thousand of those were destroyed" while compensation amounts to twenty percent of the value of damaged houses, with an estimated 32,000 homeowners eligible, according to Marine Lt Col William Brown. According to NBC, 9,000 homes were destroyed, thousands more were damaged and of the 32,000 compensation claims only 2,500 have been paid as of 14 April 2005. According to Mike Marqusee of Iraq Occupation Focus writing in the Guardian, "Fallujah's compensation commissioner has reported that 36,000 of the city's 50,000 homes were destroyed, along with 60 schools and 65 mosques and shrines". Reconstruction mainly consists of clearing rubble from heavily damaged areas and reestablishing basic utility services. 10% of the pre-offensive inhabitants had returned as of mid-January 2005, and 30% as of the end of March 2005. In 2006, some reports say two-thirds have now returned and only 15 percent remain displaced on the outskirts of the city. Pre-offensive inhabitant figures are unreliable; the nominal population was assumed to have been 250,000–350,000. Thus, over 150,000 individuals are still living as IDPs in tent cities or with relatives outside Fallujah or elsewhere in Iraq. Current estimates by the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Coalition Forces put the city's population at over 350,000, possibly closing in on half a million. In the aftermath of the offensive, relative calm was restored to Fallujah although almost-daily attacks against coalition forces resumed in 2005 as the population slowly trickled back into the city. From 2005–06, elements of the New Iraqi Army's 2nd and 4th brigades, 1st Division, occupied the city while the Marines maintained a small complex consisting of a security element from RCT8 and a CMOC at the city hall. The Iraqi units were aided by Military Transition Teams. Most Marine elements stayed outside of the city limits. In December 2006, enough control had been exerted over the city to transfer operational control of the city from American forces to the 1st Iraqi Army Division. During the same month, the Fallujah police force began major offensive operations under their new chief. Coalition Forces, as of May 2007, are operating in direct support of the Iraqi Security Forces in the city. The city is one of Anbar province's centers of gravity in a newfound optimism among American and Iraqi leadership about the state of the counterinsurgency in the region. In June 2007, Regimental Combat Team 6 began Operation Alljah, a security plan modeled on a successful operation in Ramadi. After segmenting districts of the city, Iraqi Police and Coalition Forces established police district headquarters in order to further localize the law enforcement capabilities of the Iraqi Police. A similar program had met with success in the city of Ramadi in late 2006 and early 2007 (See Battle of Ramadi). Control by the Islamic State (2014–2016) In January 2014, a variety of sources reported that the city was controlled by al-Qaeda and/or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS; sometimes called ISIL). On a broadcast of National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Middle East analyst Kirk Sowell stated that while ISIS was occupying parts of the city, most of the ground lost was to the tribal militias who are opposed to both the Iraqi government and al-Qaeda. More than 100 people were killed as Iraqi police and tribesmen battled militants who took over parts of two cities on Anbar province. On the same day, the Iraqi Army shelled the city of Fallujah with mortars to try to wrest back control from Sunni Muslim militants and tribesmen, killing at least eight people, tribal leaders and officials said. Medical sources in Fallujah said another 30 people were wounded in shelling by the army. Despite various reports stating that the ISIS was behind the unrest, The Christian Science Monitor journalist Dan Murphy disputed this allegation and claimed that while ISIS fighters have maintained a presence in the city, various tribal militias who sympathized with the ideas of nationalism and were opposed to both the Iraqi government and the ISIS controlled the largest share of area in Fallujah. A report from Al Arabiya also backed this claim and alleged that the relationship between the tribesmen and the ISIS militants was only logistical. On 14 January, various tribal chieftains in the province acknowledged "revolutionary tribesmen" were behind the uprising in Fallujah and other parts of Anbar and announced they would support them unless Maliki agreed to cease the ongoing military crackdowns on tribesmen. Speaking on condition of anonymity at the end of May 2014, an Anbar-based Iraqi government security officer told Human Rights Watch that ISIS controlled several neighborhoods of southeast Fallujah as well as several northern and southern satellite communities, while local militias loyal to the Anbar Military Council controlled the central and northern neighborhoods of the city; however, Human Rights Watch stated that they could not confirm these claims. Despite the discussion over which groups initially controlled the city, Fallujah was mostly referred to as under ISIL/ISIS control during the occupation. After beginning a campaign to liberate Anbar Governorate from ISIL in July 2015, in February 2016, the Iraqi army and its allies started to encircle the city in the Siege of Fallujah. On 22 May 2016, Operation Breaking Terrorism was launched to recapture Fallujah, marking the beginning of the Battle of Fallujah. Third Battle of Fallujah On 22 May 2016, the Iraqi Army notified the remaining Fallujah residents of its plans to retake the city, and that such residents should either evacuate, or if not possible, to minimally raise a white flag over their roofs. Over the next several days, the army made advances on the city, capturing several surrounding villages on the outskirts on the town, killing a total of ~270 ISIL fighters, at least 35 members of Iraqi forces, ~40 civilians, and 1 Basij member, as of 1 June 2016. On 30 May 2016, the military began to enter the city of Fallujah itself, but began to be stalled on 1 June, trying to attack ISIL members, but keeping the tens of thousands of civilians still trapped inside the city safe. However, by 3 June they began to make further advances on the city, killing 62 more ISIL militants. On 26 June, the Iraqi army reported that it had fully liberated the city, while fighting was ongoing in some pockets northwest of Fallujah which remained under ISIL control. Geography Fallujah's western boundary is the Euphrates River. The Euphrates flows from the west (Ramadi), past Fallujah, and into the Baghdad area. When the river reaches the western edge of Fallujah, it turns north, then quickly south, forming what is commonly referred to as the 'peninsula' area. There are two bridges that cross the Euphrates at Fallujah. The city's eastern boundary is Highway 1, a four-lane, divided superhighway that travels from Baghdad past Fallujah towards the west. After the sanctions imposed by the UN after the 1991 Gulf War, this highway became the main supply route for the country. Truckers and travelers from Saudi Arabia, Jordan and southern Syria all merge onto this highway prior to entering the Eastern Al Anbar province. The highway has a prominent 'cloverleaf' interchange with Highway 10 on the eastern edge of Fallujah. Highway 10, which also runs through Fallujah. It is a two-lane highway that turns into a four-lane highway once inside of Fallujah. The highway runs east-west from Baghdad through Fallujah then west towards Ramadi. A 'cloverleaf' on-ramp allows for traffic on/off Highway 1. The highway basically splits the city into two halves, north and south. The northern boundary is a railroad line that runs east-west just along the northern edge of the city. The line sits atop a 10–15 ft high berm all along the northern edge of the city, except where it crosses Highway 1. There are three major hospital locations in Fallujah. The main hospital (formerly Saddam General) is located downtown, near the west end. The second is located across the Euphrates River in an area of west Fallujah commonly referred to as the 'peninsula', (due to its shape). The third hospital is the Jordanian Field Hospital located east of the Highway 10/Highway 1 interchange. Health effects of the Iraq War In 2010, an academic study had shown "a four-fold increase in all cancers and a 12-fold increase in childhood cancer" since 2004. In addition, the report said the types of cancer were "similar to that in the Hiroshima survivors who were exposed to ionising radiation from the bomb and uranium in the fallout", and an 18% fall in the male birth ratio (to 850 per 1,000 female births, compared to the usual 1,050) was similar to that seen after the Hiroshima bombing. The authors cautioned that while "the results seem to qualitatively support the existence of serious mutation-related health effects in Fallujah, owing to the structural problems associated with surveys of this kind, care should be exercised in interpreting the findings quantitatively".	null	[ "Fallujah ( ) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Situated on the Euphrates River, it is located roughly to the west of the capital city of Baghdad. The city dates back to the Babylonian era and was host to important Jewish academies for many centuries. In 1947, Fallujah was a small town with a relatively small population but had grown to a population of about 250,900 people by 2018. Within Iraq, it is known as the \"city of mosques\" due to the 200+ mosques that can be found throughout the city as well as in the surrounding villages. Following the American-led invasion of Iraq, which triggered the Iraq War, the city of Fallujah became a major centre of resistance during the Iraqi insurgency. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Iraqi Interim Government twice engaged in fierce urban combat with insurgents throughout the city; the First Battle of Fallujah failed to dislodge the insurgents, triggering the Second Battle of Fallujah, in which the American-led coalition successfully took control of the city. However, heavy fighting from these two battles left Fallujah severely damaged, though it remained occupied by the coalition until 2011. In January 2014, three years after the American withdrawal from Iraq, Fallujah was captured by the Islamic State (IS) and suffered a major population loss. On 23 May 2016, the Iraqi government announced the beginning of a large-scale military offensive against the IS militants occupying the city, resulting in the Third Battle of Fallujah. On 26 June 2016, the Iraqi Armed Forces stated that Fallujah had been fully liberated and was free from militant control. History The region has been inhabited for many millennia. There is evidence that the area surrounding Fallujah was inhabited in Babylonian times. The current name of the city is thought to come from its Syriac name, Pallgutha, which is derived from the word division or \"canal regulator\" since it was the location where the water of the Euphrates River divided into a canal. Classical authors cited the name as \"Pallacottas\". The name in Aramaic is Pumbedita.", "Sassanid Persians in Anbar and Jews in Nehardea The region of Fallujah lies near the ancient Sassanid Persian town of Anbar, in the Sassanid province of Asōristān . The word anbar is Persian and means \"warehouse\". It was known as Firuz Shapur or Perisapora during the Sassanian Era. There are extensive ruins north of Fallujah which are identified with the town of Anbar. Anbar was located at the confluence of the Euphrates River with the King's Canal, today the Saqlawiyah Canal, known in early Islamic times as the Nahr Isa and in ancient times as the Nahr Malka. Subsequent shifts in the Euphrates River channel have caused it to follow the course of the ancient Pallacottas canal. The town at this site in Jewish sources was known as Nehardea and was the primary center of Babylonian Jewry until its destruction by the Palmyran ruler Odenathus in 259. The Medieval Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela in 1164 visited \"el-Anbar which is Pumbeditha in Nehardea\" and said it had 3,000 Jews living there. Pumbedita Yeshiva", "The region played host for several centuries to one of the most important Jewish academies, the Pumbedita Academy, which from 258 to 1038 along with Sura (ar-Hira) was one of the two most important centers of Jewish learning worldwide. Ottoman and British rule Under the Ottoman Empire, Fallujah was a minor stop on one of the country's main roads across the desert west from Baghdad. In the spring of 1920, the British, who had gained control of Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, sent Lieut.-Colonel Gerard Leachman, a renowned explorer and a senior colonial officer, to meet with local leader Shaykh Dhari, perhaps to forgive a loan given to the sheikh. Exactly what happened depends on the source, but according to the Arab version, Gerard Leachman was betrayed by the sheikh who had his two sons shoot him in the legs, then behead him by the sword. During the brief Anglo-Iraqi War of 1941, the Iraqi Army was defeated by the British in a battle near Fallujah. In 1947 the town had only about 10,000 inhabitants. It grew rapidly into a city after Iraqi independence with the influx of oil wealth into the country. Its position on one of the main roads out of Baghdad made it of central importance.", "Ba'athist rule and Saddam Hussein Under Saddam Hussein, who ruled Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Fallujah came to be an important area of support for the regime, along with the rest of the region labeled by the US military as the \"Sunni Triangle\". Many residents of the primarily Sunni city were employees and supporters of Saddam's government, and many senior Ba'ath Party officials were natives of the city. Fallujah was heavily industrialised during the Saddam era, with the construction of several large factories, including one closed down by United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in the 1990s that may have been used to create chemical weapons. A new highway system (a part of Saddam's infrastructure initiatives) circumvented Fallujah and gradually caused the city to decline in national importance by the time of the Iraq War.", "Gulf War (1990–1991) During the Gulf War, Coalition warplanes repeatedly attacked a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an Iraqi military supply line. On 14 February 1991, a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter jet fired two laser-guided missiles which were aimed at the bridge but malfunctioned and instead struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 non-combatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, Group Captain David Henderson, issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error. Coalition warplanes subsequently launched another attack on the bridge, with one missile hitting its target while two others fell into the river and a fourth struck another marketplace in Fallujah, due to its laser guidance system once again malfunctioning. Iraq War (2003–2011) Fallujah was one of the least affected areas of Iraq immediately after the 2003 invasion by the US-led Coalition. Iraqi Army units stationed in the area abandoned their positions and disappeared into the local population, leaving unsecured military equipment behind. Fallujah was also the site of a Ba'athist resort facility called \"Dreamland\", located a few kilometers outside the city proper.", "The damage the city had avoided during the initial invasion was negated by damage from looters, who took advantage of the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government. The looters targeted former government sites, the Dreamland compound, and the nearby military bases. Aggravating this situation was the proximity of Fallujah to the infamous Abu Ghraib prison, from which Saddam, in one of his last acts, had released all prisoners. When the US Army entered the town in April 2003, they positioned themselves at the vacated Ba'ath Party headquarters. A Fallujah Protection Force composed of local Iraqis was set up by the US-led occupants to help fight the rising resistance.", "On the evening of 28 April 2003, a crowd of about two hundred people defied a curfew imposed by the Americans and gathered outside a secondary school used as a military HQ to demand its reopening. Soldiers from the 82nd Airborne stationed on the roof of the building fired on the crowd, killing 17 civilians and wounding over 70. American forces claim they were responding to gunfire from the crowd, while Iraqi witnesses deny this version. Human Rights Watch also disputed the American claims and said that the evidence suggested the US troops fired indiscriminately and used disproportionate force. On 31 March 2004, Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a convoy containing four American private military contractors from Blackwater USA, who were conducting delivery for food caterers ESS. The four, armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerry (Jerko) Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were dragged from their cars, beaten, and set on fire. Their charred corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung from a bridge spanning the Euphrates River. This bridge is unofficially referred to as \"Blackwater Bridge\" by Coalition Forces operating there. Photographs of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing outrage in the United States, and prompting the announcement of a campaign to reestablish American control over the city. This led to an abortive US operation to recapture control of the city in Operation Vigilant Resolve, and a successful recapture operation in the city in November 2004, called Operation Phantom Fury in English and Operation Al Fajr in Arabic. Operation Phantom Fury resulted in the death of over 1,350 insurgent fighters. Approximately 95 American troops were killed, and 560 wounded. After the successful recapture of the city, U.S. forces discovered a room in which they claimed to find evidence of a beheading, and bomb-making factories, which were shown to the media as evidence of Fallujah's important role in the insurgency against U.S. forces. They also found two hostages—an Iraqi and a Syrian. The Syrian was the driver for two French journalists, Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, who had been missing since August 2004. The Iraqi's captors were Syrian; he thought he was in Syria until found by the Marines. Chesnot and Malbrunot were released by their captors, the Islamic Army in Iraq, on 21 December 2004.", "The U.S. military first denied that it has used white phosphorus as an anti-personnel weapon in Fallujah, but later retracted that denial, and admitted to using the incendiary in the city as an offensive weapon. According to George Monbiot, reports following the events of November 2004 have alleged war crimes, human rights abuses, and a massacre by U.S. personnel. This point of view is presented in the 2005 documentary film, Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre. On 17 May 2011, AFP reported that twenty-one bodies, in black body-bags marked with letters and numbers in Latin script had been recovered from a mass grave in al-Maadhidi cemetery in the center of the city. Fallujah police chief Brigadier General Mahmud al-Essawi said that they had been blindfolded, their legs had been tied and they had suffered gunshot wounds. The Mayor, Adnan Husseini said that the manner of their killing, as well as the body bags, indicated that US forces had been responsible. Both al-Essawi and Husseini agreed that the dead had been killed in 2004. The US military declined to comment. Residents were allowed to return to the city in mid-December 2004 after undergoing biometric identification, provided they wear their ID cards all the time. US officials report that \"more than half of Fallujah's 39,000 homes were damaged during Operation Phantom Fury, and about ten thousand of those were destroyed\" while compensation amounts to twenty percent of the value of damaged houses, with an estimated 32,000 homeowners eligible, according to Marine Lt Col William Brown. According to NBC, 9,000 homes were destroyed, thousands more were damaged and of the 32,000 compensation claims only 2,500 have been paid as of 14 April 2005.", "According to Mike Marqusee of Iraq Occupation Focus writing in the Guardian, \"Fallujah's compensation commissioner has reported that 36,000 of the city's 50,000 homes were destroyed, along with 60 schools and 65 mosques and shrines\". Reconstruction mainly consists of clearing rubble from heavily damaged areas and reestablishing basic utility services. 10% of the pre-offensive inhabitants had returned as of mid-January 2005, and 30% as of the end of March 2005. In 2006, some reports say two-thirds have now returned and only 15 percent remain displaced on the outskirts of the city. Pre-offensive inhabitant figures are unreliable; the nominal population was assumed to have been 250,000–350,000. Thus, over 150,000 individuals are still living as IDPs in tent cities or with relatives outside Fallujah or elsewhere in Iraq. Current estimates by the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Coalition Forces put the city's population at over 350,000, possibly closing in on half a million. In the aftermath of the offensive, relative calm was restored to Fallujah although almost-daily attacks against coalition forces resumed in 2005 as the population slowly trickled back into the city. From 2005–06, elements of the New Iraqi Army's 2nd and 4th brigades, 1st Division, occupied the city while the Marines maintained a small complex consisting of a security element from RCT8 and a CMOC at the city hall. The Iraqi units were aided by Military Transition Teams. Most Marine elements stayed outside of the city limits. In December 2006, enough control had been exerted over the city to transfer operational control of the city from American forces to the 1st Iraqi Army Division. During the same month, the Fallujah police force began major offensive operations under their new chief. Coalition Forces, as of May 2007, are operating in direct support of the Iraqi Security Forces in the city. The city is one of Anbar province's centers of gravity in a newfound optimism among American and Iraqi leadership about the state of the counterinsurgency in the region.", "In June 2007, Regimental Combat Team 6 began Operation Alljah, a security plan modeled on a successful operation in Ramadi. After segmenting districts of the city, Iraqi Police and Coalition Forces established police district headquarters in order to further localize the law enforcement capabilities of the Iraqi Police. A similar program had met with success in the city of Ramadi in late 2006 and early 2007 (See Battle of Ramadi). Control by the Islamic State (2014–2016) In January 2014, a variety of sources reported that the city was controlled by al-Qaeda and/or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS; sometimes called ISIL). On a broadcast of National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Middle East analyst Kirk Sowell stated that while ISIS was occupying parts of the city, most of the ground lost was to the tribal militias who are opposed to both the Iraqi government and al-Qaeda. More than 100 people were killed as Iraqi police and tribesmen battled militants who took over parts of two cities on Anbar province. On the same day, the Iraqi Army shelled the city of Fallujah with mortars to try to wrest back control from Sunni Muslim militants and tribesmen, killing at least eight people, tribal leaders and officials said. Medical sources in Fallujah said another 30 people were wounded in shelling by the army.", "Despite various reports stating that the ISIS was behind the unrest, The Christian Science Monitor journalist Dan Murphy disputed this allegation and claimed that while ISIS fighters have maintained a presence in the city, various tribal militias who sympathized with the ideas of nationalism and were opposed to both the Iraqi government and the ISIS controlled the largest share of area in Fallujah. A report from Al Arabiya also backed this claim and alleged that the relationship between the tribesmen and the ISIS militants was only logistical. On 14 January, various tribal chieftains in the province acknowledged \"revolutionary tribesmen\" were behind the uprising in Fallujah and other parts of Anbar and announced they would support them unless Maliki agreed to cease the ongoing military crackdowns on tribesmen. Speaking on condition of anonymity at the end of May 2014, an Anbar-based Iraqi government security officer told Human Rights Watch that ISIS controlled several neighborhoods of southeast Fallujah as well as several northern and southern satellite communities, while local militias loyal to the Anbar Military Council controlled the central and northern neighborhoods of the city; however, Human Rights Watch stated that they could not confirm these claims. Despite the discussion over which groups initially controlled the city, Fallujah was mostly referred to as under ISIL/ISIS control during the occupation.", "After beginning a campaign to liberate Anbar Governorate from ISIL in July 2015, in February 2016, the Iraqi army and its allies started to encircle the city in the Siege of Fallujah. On 22 May 2016, Operation Breaking Terrorism was launched to recapture Fallujah, marking the beginning of the Battle of Fallujah. Third Battle of Fallujah On 22 May 2016, the Iraqi Army notified the remaining Fallujah residents of its plans to retake the city, and that such residents should either evacuate, or if not possible, to minimally raise a white flag over their roofs. Over the next several days, the army made advances on the city, capturing several surrounding villages on the outskirts on the town, killing a total of ~270 ISIL fighters, at least 35 members of Iraqi forces, ~40 civilians, and 1 Basij member, as of 1 June 2016. On 30 May 2016, the military began to enter the city of Fallujah itself, but began to be stalled on 1 June, trying to attack ISIL members, but keeping the tens of thousands of civilians still trapped inside the city safe. However, by 3 June they began to make further advances on the city, killing 62 more ISIL militants. On 26 June, the Iraqi army reported that it had fully liberated the city, while fighting was ongoing in some pockets northwest of Fallujah which remained under ISIL control. Geography Fallujah's western boundary is the Euphrates River. The Euphrates flows from the west (Ramadi), past Fallujah, and into the Baghdad area. When the river reaches the western edge of Fallujah, it turns north, then quickly south, forming what is commonly referred to as the 'peninsula' area. There are two bridges that cross the Euphrates at Fallujah.", "The city's eastern boundary is Highway 1, a four-lane, divided superhighway that travels from Baghdad past Fallujah towards the west. After the sanctions imposed by the UN after the 1991 Gulf War, this highway became the main supply route for the country. Truckers and travelers from Saudi Arabia, Jordan and southern Syria all merge onto this highway prior to entering the Eastern Al Anbar province. The highway has a prominent 'cloverleaf' interchange with Highway 10 on the eastern edge of Fallujah. Highway 10, which also runs through Fallujah. It is a two-lane highway that turns into a four-lane highway once inside of Fallujah. The highway runs east-west from Baghdad through Fallujah then west towards Ramadi. A 'cloverleaf' on-ramp allows for traffic on/off Highway 1. The highway basically splits the city into two halves, north and south. The northern boundary is a railroad line that runs east-west just along the northern edge of the city. The line sits atop a 10–15 ft high berm all along the northern edge of the city, except where it crosses Highway 1. There are three major hospital locations in Fallujah. The main hospital (formerly Saddam General) is located downtown, near the west end. The second is located across the Euphrates River in an area of west Fallujah commonly referred to as the 'peninsula', (due to its shape). The third hospital is the Jordanian Field Hospital located east of the Highway 10/Highway 1 interchange.", "Health effects of the Iraq War In 2010, an academic study had shown \"a four-fold increase in all cancers and a 12-fold increase in childhood cancer\" since 2004. In addition, the report said the types of cancer were \"similar to that in the Hiroshima survivors who were exposed to ionising radiation from the bomb and uranium in the fallout\", and an 18% fall in the male birth ratio (to 850 per 1,000 female births, compared to the usual 1,050) was similar to that seen after the Hiroshima bombing. The authors cautioned that while \"the results seem to qualitatively support the existence of serious mutation-related health effects in Fallujah, owing to the structural problems associated with surveys of this kind, care should be exercised in interpreting the findings quantitatively\"." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 320-words sample section for Pumbedita Yeshiva on this title Fallujah.	gen_section	Pumbedita Yeshiva	Fallujah	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallujah	{"Introduction": "Fallujah ( ) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq. Situated on the Euphrates River, it is located roughly to the west of the capital city of Baghdad. The city dates back to the Babylonian era and was host to important Jewish academies for many centuries. In 1947, Fallujah was a small town with a relatively small population but had grown to a population of about 250, 900 people by 2018. Within Iraq, it is known as the \"city of mosques\" due to the 200+ mosques that can be found throughout the city as well as in the surrounding villages. Following the Americanled invasion of Iraq, which triggered the Iraq War, the city of Fallujah became a major centre of resistance during the Iraqi insurgency. The United States, the United Kingdom, and the Iraqi Interim Government twice engaged in fierce urban combat with insurgents throughout the city; the First Battle of Fallujah failed to dislodge the insurgents, triggering the Second Battle of Fallujah, in which the Americanled coalition successfully took control of the city. However, heavy fighting from these two battles left Fallujah severely damaged, though it remained occupied by the coalition until 2011. In January 2014, three years after the American withdrawal from Iraq, Fallujah was captured by the Islamic State (IS) and suffered a major population loss. On 23 May 2016, the Iraqi government announced the beginning of a largescale military offensive against the IS militants occupying the city, resulting in the Third Battle of Fallujah. On 26 June 2016, the Iraqi Armed Forces stated that Fallujah had been fully liberated and was free from militant control.", "History": "The region has been inhabited for many millennia. There is evidence that the area surrounding Fallujah was inhabited in Babylonian times. The current name of the city is thought to come from its Syriac name, Pallgutha, which is derived from the word division or \"canal regulator\" since it was the location where the water of the Euphrates River divided into a canal. Classical authors cited the name as \"Pallacottas\". The name in Aramaic is Pumbedita. Sassanid Persians in Anbar and Jews in Nehardea The region of Fallujah lies near the ancient Sassanid Persian town of Anbar, in the Sassanid province of As\u00c5rist\u00c4n. The word anbar is Persian and means \"warehouse\". It was known as Firuz Shapur or Perisapora during the Sassanian Era. There are extensive ruins north of Fallujah which are identified with the town of Anbar. Anbar was located at the confluence of the Euphrates River with the King's Canal, today the Saqlawiyah Canal, known in early Islamic times as the Nahr Isa and in ancient times as the Nahr Malka. Subsequent shifts in the Euphrates River channel have caused it to follow the course of the ancient Pallacottas canal. The town at this site in Jewish sources was known as Nehardea and was the primary center of Babylonian Jewry until its destruction by the Palmyran ruler Odenathus in 259. The Medieval Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela in 1164 visited \"elAnbar which is Pumbeditha in Nehardea\" and said it had 3, 000 Jews living there.", "Pumbedita Yeshiva": "The region played host for several centuries to one of the most important Jewish academies, the Pumbedita Academy, which from 258 to 1038 along with Sura (arHira) was one of the two most important centers of Jewish learning worldwide. Ottoman and British rule Under the Ottoman Empire, Fallujah was a minor stop on one of the country's main roads across the desert west from Baghdad. In the spring of 1920, the British, who had gained control of Iraq after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, sent Lieut. Colonel Gerard Leachman, a renowned explorer and a senior colonial officer, to meet with local leader Shaykh Dhari, perhaps to forgive a loan given to the sheikh. Exactly what happened depends on the source, but according to the Arab version, Gerard Leachman was betrayed by the sheikh who had his two sons shoot him in the legs, then behead him by the sword. During the brief AngloIraqi War of 1941, the Iraqi Army was defeated by the British in a battle near Fallujah. In 1947 the town had only about 10, 000 inhabitants. It grew rapidly into a city after Iraqi independence with the influx of oil wealth into the country. Its position on one of the main roads out of Baghdad made it of central importance. Ba'athist rule and Saddam Hussein Under Saddam Hussein, who ruled Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Fallujah came to be an important area of support for the regime, along with the rest of the region labeled by the US military as the \"Sunni Triangle\". Many residents of the primarily Sunni city were employees and supporters of Saddam's government, and many senior Ba'ath Party officials were natives of the city. Fallujah was heavily industrialised during the Saddam era, with the construction of several large factories, including one closed down by United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) in the 1990s that may have been used to create chemical weapons. A new highway system (a part of Saddam's infrastructure initiatives) circumvented Fallujah and gradually caused the city to decline in national importance by the time of the Iraq War. Gulf War (1990\u00e21991) During the Gulf War, Coalition warplanes repeatedly attacked a bridge in Fallujah which was used as part of an Iraqi military supply line. On 14 February 1991, a Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter jet fired two laserguided missiles which were aimed at the bridge but malfunctioned and instead struck Fallujah's largest marketplace (which was situated in a residential area), killing between 50 and 150 noncombatants and wounding many more. After news of the mistake became public, an RAF spokesman, Group Captain David Henderson, issued a statement noting that the missile had malfunctioned but admitted that the Royal Air Force had made an error. Coalition warplanes subsequently launched another attack on the bridge, with one missile hitting its target while two others fell into the river and a fourth struck another marketplace in Fallujah, due to its laser guidance system once again malfunctioning. Iraq War (2003\u00e22011) Fallujah was one of the least affected areas of Iraq immediately after the 2003 invasion by the USled Coalition. Iraqi Army units stationed in the area abandoned their positions and disappeared into the local population, leaving unsecured military equipment behind. Fallujah was also the site of a Ba'athist resort facility called \"Dreamland\", located a few kilometers outside the city proper. The damage the city had avoided during the initial invasion was negated by damage from looters, who took advantage of the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government. The looters targeted former government sites, the Dreamland compound, and the nearby military bases. Aggravating this situation was the proximity of Fallujah to the infamous Abu Ghraib prison, from which Saddam, in one of his last acts, had released all prisoners. When the US Army entered the town in April 2003, they positioned themselves at the vacated Ba'ath Party headquarters. A Fallujah Protection Force composed of local Iraqis was set up by the USled occupants to help fight the rising resistance. On the evening of 28 April 2003, a crowd of about two hundred people defied a curfew imposed by the Americans and gathered outside a secondary school used as a military HQ to demand its reopening. Soldiers from the 82nd Airborne stationed on the roof of the building fired on the crowd, killing 17 civilians and wounding over 70. American forces claim they were responding to gunfire from the crowd, while Iraqi witnesses deny this version. Human Rights Watch also disputed the American claims and said that the evidence suggested the US troops fired indiscriminately and used disproportionate force. On 31 March 2004, Iraqi insurgents in Fallujah ambushed a convoy containing four American private military contractors from Blackwater USA, who were conducting delivery for food caterers ESS. The four, armed contractors, Scott Helvenston, Jerry (Jerko) Zovko, Wesley Batalona, and Michael Teague, were dragged from their cars, beaten, and set on fire. Their charred corpses were then dragged through the streets before being hung from a bridge spanning the Euphrates River. This bridge is unofficially referred to as \"Blackwater Bridge\" by Coalition Forces operating there. Photographs of the event were released to news agencies worldwide, causing outrage in the United States, and prompting the announcement of a campaign to reestablish American control over the city. This led to an abortive US operation to recapture control of the city in Operation Vigilant Resolve, and a successful recapture operation in the city in November 2004, called Operation Phantom Fury in English and Operation Al Fajr in Arabic. Operation Phantom Fury resulted in the death of over 1, 350 insurgent fighters. Approximately 95 American troops were killed, and 560 wounded. After the successful recapture of the city, U. S. forces discovered a room in which they claimed to find evidence of a beheading, and bombmaking factories, which were shown to the media as evidence of Fallujah's important role in the insurgency against U. S. forces. They also found two hostages\u00e2an Iraqi and a Syrian. The Syrian was the driver for two French journalists, Christian Chesnot and Georges Malbrunot, who had been missing since August 2004. The Iraqi's captors were Syrian; he thought he was in Syria until found by the Marines. Chesnot and Malbrunot were released by their captors, the Islamic Army in Iraq, on 21 December 2004. The U. S. military first denied that it has used white phosphorus as an antipersonnel weapon in Fallujah, but later retracted that denial, and admitted to using the incendiary in the city as an offensive weapon. According to George Monbiot, reports following the events of November 2004 have alleged war crimes, human rights abuses, and a massacre by U. S. personnel. This point of view is presented in the 2005 documentary film, Fallujah, The Hidden Massacre. On 17 May 2011, AFP reported that twentyone bodies, in black bodybags marked with letters and numbers in Latin script had been recovered from a mass grave in alMaadhidi cemetery in the center of the city. Fallujah police chief Brigadier General Mahmud alEssawi said that they had been blindfolded, their legs had been tied and they had suffered gunshot wounds. The Mayor, Adnan Husseini said that the manner of their killing, as well as the body bags, indicated that US forces had been responsible. Both alEssawi and Husseini agreed that the dead had been killed in 2004. The US military declined to comment. Residents were allowed to return to the city in midDecember 2004 after undergoing biometric identification, provided they wear their ID cards all the time. US officials report that \"more than half of Fallujah's 39, 000 homes were damaged during Operation Phantom Fury, and about ten thousand of those were destroyed\" while compensation amounts to twenty percent of the value of damaged houses, with an estimated 32, 000 homeowners eligible, according to Marine Lt Col William Brown. According to NBC, 9, 000 homes were destroyed, thousands more were damaged and of the 32, 000 compensation claims only 2, 500 have been paid as of 14 April 2005. According to Mike Marqusee of Iraq Occupation Focus writing in the Guardian, \"Fallujah's compensation commissioner has reported that 36, 000 of the city's 50, 000 homes were destroyed, along with 60 schools and 65 mosques and shrines\". Reconstruction mainly consists of clearing rubble from heavily damaged areas and reestablishing basic utility services. 10 of the preoffensive inhabitants had returned as of midJanuary 2005, and 30 as of the end of March 2005. In 2006, some reports say twothirds have now returned and only 15 percent remain displaced on the outskirts of the city. Preoffensive inhabitant figures are unreliable; the nominal population was assumed to have been 250, 000\u00e2350, 000. Thus, over 150, 000 individuals are still living as IDPs in tent cities or with relatives outside Fallujah or elsewhere in Iraq. Current estimates by the Iraqi Ministry of Interior and Coalition Forces put the city's population at over 350, 000, possibly closing in on half a million. In the aftermath of the offensive, relative calm was restored to Fallujah although almostdaily attacks against coalition forces resumed in 2005 as the population slowly trickled back into the city. From 2005\u00e206, elements of the New Iraqi Army's 2nd and 4th brigades, 1st Division, occupied the city while the Marines maintained a small complex consisting of a security element from RCT8 and a CMOC at the city hall. The Iraqi units were aided by Military Transition Teams. Most Marine elements stayed outside of the city limits. In December 2006, enough control had been exerted over the city to transfer operational control of the city from American forces to the 1st Iraqi Army Division. During the same month, the Fallujah police force began major offensive operations under their new chief. Coalition Forces, as of May 2007, are operating in direct support of the Iraqi Security Forces in the city. The city is one of Anbar province's centers of gravity in a newfound optimism among American and Iraqi leadership about the state of the counterinsurgency in the region. In June 2007, Regimental Combat Team 6 began Operation Alljah, a security plan modeled on a successful operation in Ramadi. After segmenting districts of the city, Iraqi Police and Coalition Forces established police district headquarters in order to further localize the law enforcement capabilities of the Iraqi Police. A similar program had met with success in the city of Ramadi in late 2006 and early 2007 (See Battle of Ramadi). Control by the Islamic State (2014\u00e22016) In January 2014, a variety of sources reported that the city was controlled by alQaeda and/or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS; sometimes called ISIL). On a broadcast of National Public Radio's All Things Considered, Middle East analyst Kirk Sowell stated that while ISIS was occupying parts of the city, most of the ground lost was to the tribal militias who are opposed to both the Iraqi government and alQaeda. More than 100 people were killed as Iraqi police and tribesmen battled militants who took over parts of two cities on Anbar province. On the same day, the Iraqi Army shelled the city of Fallujah with mortars to try to wrest back control from Sunni Muslim militants and tribesmen, killing at least eight people, tribal leaders and officials said. Medical sources in Fallujah said another 30 people were wounded in shelling by the army. Despite various reports stating that the ISIS was behind the unrest, The Christian Science Monitor journalist Dan Murphy disputed this allegation and claimed that while ISIS fighters have maintained a presence in the city, various tribal militias who sympathized with the ideas of nationalism and were opposed to both the Iraqi government and the ISIS controlled the largest share of area in Fallujah. A report from Al Arabiya also backed this claim and alleged that the relationship between the tribesmen and the ISIS militants was only logistical. On 14 January, various tribal chieftains in the province acknowledged \"revolutionary tribesmen\" were behind the uprising in Fallujah and other parts of Anbar and announced they would support them unless Maliki agreed to cease the ongoing military crackdowns on tribesmen. Speaking on condition of anonymity at the end of May 2014, an Anbarbased Iraqi government security officer told Human Rights Watch that ISIS controlled several neighborhoods of southeast Fallujah as well as several northern and southern satellite communities, while local militias loyal to the Anbar Military Council controlled the central and northern neighborhoods of the city; however, Human Rights Watch stated that they could not confirm these claims. Despite the discussion over which groups initially controlled the city, Fallujah was mostly referred to as under ISIL/ISIS control during the occupation. After beginning a campaign to liberate Anbar Governorate from ISIL in July 2015, in February 2016, the Iraqi army and its allies started to encircle the city in the Siege of Fallujah. On 22 May 2016, Operation Breaking Terrorism was launched to recapture Fallujah, marking the beginning of the Battle of Fallujah. Third Battle of Fallujah On 22 May 2016, the Iraqi Army notified the remaining Fallujah residents of its plans to retake the city, and that such residents should either evacuate, or if not possible, to minimally raise a white flag over their roofs. Over the next several days, the army made advances on the city, capturing several surrounding villages on the outskirts on the town, killing a total of 270 ISIL fighters, at least 35 members of Iraqi forces, 40 civilians, and 1 Basij member, as of 1 June 2016. On 30 May 2016, the military began to enter the city of Fallujah itself, but began to be stalled on 1 June, trying to attack ISIL members, but keeping the tens of thousands of civilians still trapped inside the city safe. However, by 3 June they began to make further advances on the city, killing 62 more ISIL militants. On 26 June, the Iraqi army reported that it had fully liberated the city, while fighting was ongoing in some pockets northwest of Fallujah which remained under ISIL control.", "Geography": "Fallujah's western boundary is the Euphrates River. The Euphrates flows from the west (Ramadi), past Fallujah, and into the Baghdad area. When the river reaches the western edge of Fallujah, it turns north, then quickly south, forming what is commonly referred to as the 'peninsula' area. There are two bridges that cross the Euphrates at Fallujah. The city's eastern boundary is Highway 1, a fourlane, divided superhighway that travels from Baghdad past Fallujah towards the west. After the sanctions imposed by the UN after the 1991 Gulf War, this highway became the main supply route for the country. Truckers and travelers from Saudi Arabia, Jordan and southern Syria all merge onto this highway prior to entering the Eastern Al Anbar province. The highway has a prominent 'cloverleaf' interchange with Highway 10 on the eastern edge of Fallujah. Highway 10, which also runs through Fallujah. It is a twolane highway that turns into a fourlane highway once inside of Fallujah. The highway runs eastwest from Baghdad through Fallujah then west towards Ramadi. A 'cloverleaf' onramp allows for traffic on/off Highway 1. The highway basically splits the city into two halves, north and south. The northern boundary is a railroad line that runs eastwest just along the northern edge of the city. The line sits atop a 10\u00e215\u00c2 ft high berm all along the northern edge of the city, except where it crosses Highway 1. There are three major hospital locations in Fallujah. The main hospital (formerly Saddam General) is located downtown, near the west end. The second is located across the Euphrates River in an area of west Fallujah commonly referred to as the 'peninsula', (due to its shape). The third hospital is the Jordanian Field Hospital located east of the Highway 10/Highway 1 interchange. Health effects of the Iraq War In 2010, an academic study had shown \"a fourfold increase in all cancers and a 12fold increase in childhood cancer\" since 2004. In addition, the report said the types of cancer were \"similar to that in the Hiroshima survivors who were exposed to ionising radiation from the bomb and uranium in the fallout\", and an 18 fall in the male birth ratio (to 850 per 1, 000 female births, compared to the usual 1, 050) was similar to that seen after the Hiroshima bombing. The authors cautioned that while \"the results seem to qualitatively support the existence of serious mutationrelated health effects in Fallujah, owing to the structural problems associated with surveys of this kind, care should be exercised in interpreting the findings quantitatively\"."}
Musa rubra is a species of wild banana (genus Musa).	null	[ "Musa rubra is a species of wild banana (genus Musa)." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 390-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Musa rubra': Musa rubra is a species of wild banana (genus Musa).	continue	0	Musa rubra	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa rubra	{"Introduction": "Musa rubra is a species of wild banana (genus Musa)."}
Inteqam ( "Revenge") is an Indian action film directed by Rajkumar Kohli and released in 1988. It stars Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Meenakshi Sheshadri, Kimi Katkar in lead roles. Plot The life of Birju is turned upside down when his sister Chhaya is raped and the unscrupulous defence attorney Dinanath concocts a false case to malign her. This causes their father to suffer a massive heart attack and die right in the court. Their mother also dies right there from the shock. Ashamed and devastated, Chhaya runs out of the court in grief and is hit by a passing truck and dies in Birju's arms. Filled with vengeance and hatred, Birju decides to take revenge from Dinanath and his family. He goes to Dinanath's house, cuts off his tongue and kidnaps his sister Seeta. He then hands her over to a Madam, Zohra Bai, so that she is condemned to life of prostitution. Birju then proceeds to find Dinanath's younger brother as his next target. Meanwhile, Dinanath's younger brother Vikram, who works as a taxi driver, searches the city desperately for his sister and her kidnapper. One night he rescues Birju from some local goons, not knowing his real identity. Birju introduces himself as Vijay, a name that he has adopted in order to evade the police, while Vikram introduces himself as Vicky. Both become inseparable friends without knowing that they are searching for each other. While living with Vikram, Birju meets Chandni, who is spitting image of Chhaya. He thus adopts her as his own sister. He also develops a soft spot for Seeta, later known as Sitara Bai. After rescuing her from Narayan, Birju plans to marry her. However, Narayan learns the truth about Birju, Vikram and Seeta and uses it to his advantage. He reveals to Vikram the true identity of Birju & there starts a fight. Narayan uses this opportunity to take Seeta and Chandni with him. Birju and Vikram eventually decide to set aside their differences and go after Narayan to rescue Seeta and Chandni. During the ensuing brawl, Vikram's brother Dinanath sacrifices his own life to save Birju, thus atoning for his sins. Narayan is behind bars. Birju marries Seeta. Cast Sunny Deol as Birju / Vijay Anil Kapoor as Vikram / Vicky Meenakshi Sheshadri as Seeta / Sitara Kimi Katkar as Chhaya / Chandni (Dual Role) Ashok Kumar as Raghuveer Nirupa Roy as Raghuveer's Wife Prem Chopra as Advocate Dinanath Shakti Kapoor as Jacob Kader Khan as Narayan Amjad Khan as Murli Aruna Irani as Zohra Bai Dalip Tahil as Balwant Songs Lyricist: Anand Bakshi "Bhai Kiska Hai Iska Hai" - Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz, Nitin Mukesh "Jaise Ik Chaand Ka Tukadaa" - Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz, Nitin Mukesh "Mujhe Uss Sitamagar Kee Surat Dikha Do" - Kavita Krishnamurthy "Ab Main Naachoongi" - Anuradha Paudwal "Main Jawaan Ho Gayee" - Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal	null	[ "Inteqam ( \"Revenge\") is an Indian action film directed by Rajkumar Kohli and released in 1988. It stars Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Meenakshi Sheshadri, Kimi Katkar in lead roles. Plot The life of Birju is turned upside down when his sister Chhaya is raped and the unscrupulous defence attorney Dinanath concocts a false case to malign her. This causes their father to suffer a massive heart attack and die right in the court. Their mother also dies right there from the shock. Ashamed and devastated, Chhaya runs out of the court in grief and is hit by a passing truck and dies in Birju's arms. Filled with vengeance and hatred, Birju decides to take revenge from Dinanath and his family. He goes to Dinanath's house, cuts off his tongue and kidnaps his sister Seeta. He then hands her over to a Madam, Zohra Bai, so that she is condemned to life of prostitution. Birju then proceeds to find Dinanath's younger brother as his next target. Meanwhile, Dinanath's younger brother Vikram, who works as a taxi driver, searches the city desperately for his sister and her kidnapper. One night he rescues Birju from some local goons, not knowing his real identity. Birju introduces himself as Vijay, a name that he has adopted in order to evade the police, while Vikram introduces himself as Vicky. Both become inseparable friends without knowing that they are searching for each other. While living with Vikram, Birju meets Chandni, who is spitting image of Chhaya. He thus adopts her as his own sister. He also develops a soft spot for Seeta, later known as Sitara Bai. After rescuing her from Narayan, Birju plans to marry her.", "However, Narayan learns the truth about Birju, Vikram and Seeta and uses it to his advantage. He reveals to Vikram the true identity of Birju & there starts a fight. Narayan uses this opportunity to take Seeta and Chandni with him. Birju and Vikram eventually decide to set aside their differences and go after Narayan to rescue Seeta and Chandni. During the ensuing brawl, Vikram's brother Dinanath sacrifices his own life to save Birju, thus atoning for his sins. Narayan is behind bars. Birju marries Seeta. Cast Sunny Deol as Birju / Vijay Anil Kapoor as Vikram / Vicky Meenakshi Sheshadri as Seeta / Sitara Kimi Katkar as Chhaya / Chandni (Dual Role) Ashok Kumar as Raghuveer Nirupa Roy as Raghuveer's Wife Prem Chopra as Advocate Dinanath Shakti Kapoor as Jacob Kader Khan as Narayan Amjad Khan as Murli Aruna Irani as Zohra Bai Dalip Tahil as Balwant Songs Lyricist: Anand Bakshi \"Bhai Kiska Hai Iska Hai\" - Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz, Nitin Mukesh \"Jaise Ik Chaand Ka Tukadaa\" - Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz, Nitin Mukesh \"Mujhe Uss Sitamagar Kee Surat Dikha Do\" - Kavita Krishnamurthy \"Ab Main Naachoongi\" - Anuradha Paudwal \"Main Jawaan Ho Gayee\" - Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 370-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Inteqam': Inteqam ( "Revenge") is an Indian action film directed by Rajkumar Kohli and released in 1988. It stars Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Meenakshi Sheshadri, Kimi Katkar in lead roles. Plot The life of Birju is turned upside down when his sister Chhaya is raped and the unscrupulous defence attorney Dinanath concocts a false case to malign her. This causes their father to suffer a massive heart attack and die right in the court. Their mother also dies right there from the shock. Ashamed and devastated, Chhaya runs out of the court in grief and is hit by a passing truck and dies in Birju's arms. Filled with vengeance and hatred, Birju decides to take revenge from Dinanath and his family. He goes to Dinanath's house, cuts off his tongue and kidnaps his sister Seeta. He then hands her over to a Madam, Zohra Bai, so that she is condemned to life of prostitution. Birju then proceeds to find Dinanath's younger brother as his next target. Meanwhile, Dinanath's younger brother Vikram, who works as a taxi driver, searches the city desperately for his sister and her kidnapper. One night he rescues Birju from some local goons, not knowing his real identity. Birju introduces himself as Vijay, a name that he has adopted in order to evade the police, while Vikram introduces himself as Vicky. Both become inseparable friends without knowing that they are searching for each other. While living with Vikram, Birju meets Chandni, who is spitting image of Chhaya. He thus adopts her as his own sister. He also develops a soft spot for Seeta, later known as Sitara Bai. After rescuing her from Narayan, Birju plans to marry her.	continue	0	Inteqam	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inteqam	{"Introduction": "Inteqam ( \"Revenge\") is an Indian action film directed by Rajkumar Kohli and released in 1988. It stars Sunny Deol, Anil Kapoor, Meenakshi Sheshadri, Kimi Katkar in lead roles.", "Plot": "The life of Birju is turned upside down when his sister Chhaya is raped and the unscrupulous defence attorney Dinanath concocts a false case to malign her. This causes their father to suffer a massive heart attack and die right in the court. Their mother also dies right there from the shock. Ashamed and devastated, Chhaya runs out of the court in grief and is hit by a passing truck and dies in Birju's arms. Filled with vengeance and hatred, Birju decides to take revenge from Dinanath and his family. He goes to Dinanath's house, cuts off his tongue and kidnaps his sister Seeta. He then hands her over to a Madam, Zohra Bai, so that she is condemned to life of prostitution. Birju then proceeds to find Dinanath's younger brother as his next target. Meanwhile, Dinanath's younger brother Vikram, who works as a taxi driver, searches the city desperately for his sister and her kidnapper. One night he rescues Birju from some local goons, not knowing his real identity. Birju introduces himself as Vijay, a name that he has adopted in order to evade the police, while Vikram introduces himself as Vicky. Both become inseparable friends without knowing that they are searching for each other. While living with Vikram, Birju meets Chandni, who is spitting image of Chhaya. He thus adopts her as his own sister. He also develops a soft spot for Seeta, later known as Sitara Bai. After rescuing her from Narayan, Birju plans to marry her. However, Narayan learns the truth about Birju, Vikram and Seeta and uses it to his advantage. He reveals to Vikram the true identity of Birju there starts a fight. Narayan uses this opportunity to take Seeta and Chandni with him. Birju and Vikram eventually decide to set aside their differences and go after Narayan to rescue Seeta and Chandni. During the ensuing brawl, Vikram's brother Dinanath sacrifices his own life to save Birju, thus atoning for his sins. Narayan is behind bars. Birju marries Seeta.", "Cast": "Sunny Deol as Birju / Vijay Anil Kapoor as Vikram / Vicky Meenakshi Sheshadri as Seeta / Sitara Kimi Katkar as Chhaya / Chandni (Dual Role) Ashok Kumar as Raghuveer Nirupa Roy as Raghuveer's Wife Prem Chopra as Advocate Dinanath Shakti Kapoor as Jacob Kader Khan as Narayan Amjad Khan as Murli Aruna Irani as Zohra Bai Dalip Tahil as Balwant", "Songs": "Lyricist: Anand Bakshi \"Bhai Kiska Hai Iska Hai\" Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz, Nitin Mukesh \"Jaise Ik Chaand Ka Tukadaa\" Kavita Krishnamurthy, Mohammed Aziz, Nitin Mukesh \"Mujhe Uss Sitamagar Kee Surat Dikha Do\" Kavita Krishnamurthy \"Ab Main Naachoongi\" Anuradha Paudwal \"Main Jawaan Ho Gayee\" Mohammed Aziz, Anuradha Paudwal"}
MKM may refer to: Mariborska kolesarska mreža, cycling network, NGO promoting cycling in Maribor, Slovenia Mathematical knowledge management MKM Educational Trust MKM steel Mukah Airport IATA code Museum Küppersmühle Melksham railway station station code Sukhoi Su-30MKM	null	[ "MKM may refer to: Mariborska kolesarska mreža, cycling network, NGO promoting cycling in Maribor, Slovenia Mathematical knowledge management MKM Educational Trust MKM steel Mukah Airport IATA code Museum Küppersmühle Melksham railway station station code Sukhoi Su-30MKM" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 330-words sample section for Museum Küppersmühle on this title MKM.	gen_section	Museum Küppersmühle	MKM	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKM	{"Introduction": "MKM may refer to: Mariborska kolesarska mre\u00c5\u00bea, cycling network, NGO promoting cycling in Maribor, Slovenia", "MKM steel": "Mukah Airport IATA code", "Museum K\u00fcppersm\u00fchle": "Melksham railway station station code"}
Atractodenchelys robinsorum is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels). It was described by Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya in 2003. It is a marine, deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the Chesterfield Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is known to dwell at a depth of 710 metres.	null	[ "Atractodenchelys robinsorum is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels). It was described by Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya in 2003. It is a marine, deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the Chesterfield Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is known to dwell at a depth of 710 metres." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Enhance the following Wikipedia text on the topic 'Atractodenchelys robinsorum' to be more academic in tone: Atractodenchelys robinsorum is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels). It was described by Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya in 2003. It is a marine, deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the Chesterfield Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is known to dwell at a depth of 710 metres.	enhance	0	Atractodenchelys robinsorum	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractodenchelys robinsorum	{"Introduction": "Atractodenchelys robinsorum is an eel in the family Synaphobranchidae (cutthroat eels). It was described by Emma Stanislavovna Karmovskaya in 2003. It is a marine, deep waterdwelling eel which is known from the Chesterfield Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is known to dwell at a depth of 710 metres."}
The Battle of Pydna took place in 168 BC between Rome and Macedon during the Third Macedonian War. The battle saw the further ascendancy of Rome in the Hellenistic world and the end of the Antigonid line of kings, whose power traced back to Alexander the Great. The battle is also considered to be a victory of the Roman legion's manipular system's flexibility over the Macedonian phalanx's rigidity. Prelude The Third Macedonian War started in 171 BC, after a number of acts on the part of King Perseus of Macedon incited Rome to declare war. At first, the Romans won a number of small victories, largely due to Perseus' refusal to consolidate his armies. By the end of the year, the tide changed dramatically and Perseus had gained a success at the Battle of Callinicus and regained most of his losses, including the important religious city of Dion. Perseus then established himself in an unassailable position on the river Elpeus, in northeastern Greece. The next year, command of the Roman expeditionary force passed to Lucius Aemilius Paullus, an experienced soldier who was one of the consuls for the year. To force Perseus from his position, Paullus sent a small force (8,200 foot and 120 horse) under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum to the coast, a feint to convince Perseus that he was attempting a riverborne flanking maneuver. Instead, that night Scipio took his force south and over the mountains to the west of the Roman and Macedonian armies. They moved as far as Pythion, then swung northeast to attack the Macedonians from the rear. A Roman deserter, however, made his way to the Macedonian camp and Perseus sent a force of 12,000 under the command of Milo to block the approach road. The encounter that followed sent Milo and his men back in disarray towards the main Macedonian army. After this, Perseus moved his army northwards and took up a position near Katerini, a village south of Pydna. It was a fairly level plain and was very well suited to the phalanx. Paullus then had Scipio rejoin the main force, while Perseus deployed his forces for what appeared to be an attack from the south by Scipio. The Roman armies were actually to the west, and when they advanced, they found Perseus fully deployed. Instead of joining battle with troops tired from the march, they encamped to the west in the foothills of Mount Olocrus. The night before the battle there was a lunar eclipse, which was perceived by the Macedonians as an ill omen; according to Plutarch, they interpreted it as a sign of their king's demise. Meanwhile, Paullus is said to have understood that eclipses occurred at regular intervals but still believed it was necessary to perform sacrifices and wait for "favourable omens." The fighting began the afternoon of the next day, June 22. The exact cause of the start of the battle differs; one story is that Paullus waited until late enough in the day for the sun not to be in the eyes of his troops, and then sent an unbridled horse forward to bring about alarm. More likely it was the result of some Roman foragers getting a little too close and being attacked by some Thracians in Perseus' army. Battle The Romans had at least 28,600 men, up to 37,000, of which 22,000 to 34,000 were infantry: Romans, Italians, and allies from Greece, Numidia, and Liguria, as well as possibly Hispania. The Macedonians had 43,000 soldiers at the start of the war, of which more than 20,000 were phalangites. The cavalry forces were roughly equal, up to 4,000 Macedonians and Thracians against some 3,400 Romans and allies. By the time of the battle, the Macedonian army numbered closer to 30,000 men. For example, prior to the battle Perseus dispatched 8,000 of his Macedonians to guard against the Roman fleet threatening his rear: 2,000 peltasts, 5,000 phalangites, and 1,000 cavalry. The two armies were drawn up in their usual fashion. The Romans had placed the two legions in the middle, with the allied Latin, Italian, and Greek infantry on their flanks. The cavalry was placed on the wings, with the Roman right being supplemented by 22 elephants. The phalanx took up the center of the Macedonian line, with the elite 3,000-strong Guard formed to the left of the phalanx. Lighter peltasts, mercenaries, and Thracian infantry guarded the two flanks of the phalanx, while the Macedonian cavalry was also most probably arrayed on both flanks. The stronger contingent was on the Macedonian right, where Perseus commanded the heavy cavalry (including his elite Sacred Squadron), and the Thracian Odrysian cavalry were deployed. However, other sources state that the cavalry did not participate in the fight, as there was a strike against Perseus by the nobles. The two centers engaged at about 3pm, with the Macedonians advancing on the Romans a short distance from the Roman camp. Paullus claimed later that the sight of the phalanx filled him with alarm and amazement. The Romans allies tried to beat down the enemy pikes or hack off their points, but with little success. Roman allies' officers began to despair. One 'rent his garments' in impotent fury. Another seized his unit's standard and threw it among the enemy. His men made a desperate charge to recapture it, but were beaten back despite inflicting some casualties. Unable to get under the thick bristle of pikes, the Romans used a planned retreat over the rough ground. But as the phalanx pushed forward, the ground became more uneven as it moved into the foothills, and the line lost its cohesion, being forced over the rough terrain. Paullus now ordered the legions into the gaps, attacking the phalangites on their exposed flanks. At close quarters the longer Roman sword and heavier shield easily prevailed over the Macedonian Kopis and lighter shields of the Macedonians. They were soon joined by the Roman right, which had succeeded in routing the Macedonian left. Seeing the tide of battle turn, Perseus fled with the cavalry on the Macedonian right. According to Plutarch, Perseus' cavalry had yet to engage, and both the king and his cavalry were accused of cowardice by the surviving infantry. Poseidonius claimed that the king was injured by enemy missiles and was brought to the city of Pydna at the start of the battle. However, the 3,000 strong guard fought to the death, nearly 11,000 Macedonians were captured, and Livy reported that his various sources claimed up to 20,000 Macedonian dead. The battle lasted about an hour, but the bloody pursuit lasted until nightfall. Other reports state that due to confusion of tactical error from the king, a corps of 10,000 Macedonians were cut off and did not participate in the engagement. There were several heroes among the Romans. Paullus's son Scipio Aemilianus was thought to be lost for a while, but he and some friends had been pursuing the retreating Macedonians. The son of Cato the Elder, Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus distinguished himself in the battle by his personal prowess in a combat in which he first lost and finally recovered his sword. The battle is often considered to be a victory of the Roman legion's flexibility over the phalanx's inflexibility. Nevertheless, modern conclusions are that the loss was actually due to a failure of command on the part of Perseus, as well as the peculiar stance of the Companion cavalry, who did not engage the enemy. From the case of the 3,000 Agema peltasts, who maintained cohesion far longer than the regular phalanx, it may be concluded that the training levels of the troops involved played an important role in determining both the frontal strength of the pike phalanx and the success of infantry trying to break through the pike wall. Aftermath This was not the final conflict between the two rivals, but it broke the back of Macedonian power. The Battle of Pydna and its political aftermath mark the effective end of Macedonian independence, although formal annexation was still some years away. The political consequences of the lost battle were severe. Perseus later surrendered to Paullus, and was paraded in triumph in Rome in chains. He was then imprisoned. The Senate's settlement included the deportation to Italy of many of the king's friends and the imprisonment (later house arrest) of Perseus at Alba Fucens. The Macedonian kingdom was dissolved, and its government was replaced with four republics which were heavily restricted from intercourse or trade with one another. In time, these were also dissolved, and Macedonia became a Roman province. In 167 BC, Paullus received orders to attack Epirus, resulting in the enslavement of 150,000 Epirotes and the sacking of 70 cities. This took place because the Molossians, one tribe of the Epirote League, had sent aid to Perseus, but all the Epirotes suffered alike in the Roman attack. The victory was celebrated in Athens, where an inscribed decree passed by the Council and People in 168 BC honours Calliphanes, an Athenian citizen who had been present with the Roman and Attalid armies at Pydna, for bringing news of the victory to Athens. Summary The engagements on the river bed which were initiated by Aemilius to divert the prying eyes of Perseus away from a turning movement. "The large turning movement executed by Nasica to circumvent the enemy's position." Paullus aimed to fight in the afternoon when the sun would be facing the enemy and not the Romans. The ancient ploy, executed by Salvius, of hurling the standard into the enemy was meant to arouse the ferocity of his men. In this instance, it was to no avail. Perseus' heavy cavalry failed to engage when the Romans began retreating over rough ground. Gaps developed in the phalanx when it moved onto uneven terrain, and the consul's initiative and response was immediate. The development of a large gap in the line between the Macedonian phalanx and the mercenaries. This gap was penetrated by the Romans and they attacked the flank of the phalanx. Approximately 1/4 of the Macedonian army inexplicably did not participate in the battle. The elephants were ineffective against the mercenaries.	null	[ "The Battle of Pydna took place in 168 BC between Rome and Macedon during the Third Macedonian War. The battle saw the further ascendancy of Rome in the Hellenistic world and the end of the Antigonid line of kings, whose power traced back to Alexander the Great. The battle is also considered to be a victory of the Roman legion's manipular system's flexibility over the Macedonian phalanx's rigidity. Prelude The Third Macedonian War started in 171 BC, after a number of acts on the part of King Perseus of Macedon incited Rome to declare war. At first, the Romans won a number of small victories, largely due to Perseus' refusal to consolidate his armies. By the end of the year, the tide changed dramatically and Perseus had gained a success at the Battle of Callinicus and regained most of his losses, including the important religious city of Dion. Perseus then established himself in an unassailable position on the river Elpeus, in northeastern Greece.", "The next year, command of the Roman expeditionary force passed to Lucius Aemilius Paullus, an experienced soldier who was one of the consuls for the year. To force Perseus from his position, Paullus sent a small force (8,200 foot and 120 horse) under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum to the coast, a feint to convince Perseus that he was attempting a riverborne flanking maneuver. Instead, that night Scipio took his force south and over the mountains to the west of the Roman and Macedonian armies. They moved as far as Pythion, then swung northeast to attack the Macedonians from the rear. A Roman deserter, however, made his way to the Macedonian camp and Perseus sent a force of 12,000 under the command of Milo to block the approach road. The encounter that followed sent Milo and his men back in disarray towards the main Macedonian army. After this, Perseus moved his army northwards and took up a position near Katerini, a village south of Pydna. It was a fairly level plain and was very well suited to the phalanx. Paullus then had Scipio rejoin the main force, while Perseus deployed his forces for what appeared to be an attack from the south by Scipio. The Roman armies were actually to the west, and when they advanced, they found Perseus fully deployed. Instead of joining battle with troops tired from the march, they encamped to the west in the foothills of Mount Olocrus. The night before the battle there was a lunar eclipse, which was perceived by the Macedonians as an ill omen; according to Plutarch, they interpreted it as a sign of their king's demise. Meanwhile, Paullus is said to have understood that eclipses occurred at regular intervals but still believed it was necessary to perform sacrifices and wait for \"favourable omens.\"", "The fighting began the afternoon of the next day, June 22. The exact cause of the start of the battle differs; one story is that Paullus waited until late enough in the day for the sun not to be in the eyes of his troops, and then sent an unbridled horse forward to bring about alarm. More likely it was the result of some Roman foragers getting a little too close and being attacked by some Thracians in Perseus' army. Battle The Romans had at least 28,600 men, up to 37,000, of which 22,000 to 34,000 were infantry: Romans, Italians, and allies from Greece, Numidia, and Liguria, as well as possibly Hispania. The Macedonians had 43,000 soldiers at the start of the war, of which more than 20,000 were phalangites. The cavalry forces were roughly equal, up to 4,000 Macedonians and Thracians against some 3,400 Romans and allies. By the time of the battle, the Macedonian army numbered closer to 30,000 men. For example, prior to the battle Perseus dispatched 8,000 of his Macedonians to guard against the Roman fleet threatening his rear: 2,000 peltasts, 5,000 phalangites, and 1,000 cavalry. The two armies were drawn up in their usual fashion. The Romans had placed the two legions in the middle, with the allied Latin, Italian, and Greek infantry on their flanks. The cavalry was placed on the wings, with the Roman right being supplemented by 22 elephants. The phalanx took up the center of the Macedonian line, with the elite 3,000-strong Guard formed to the left of the phalanx. Lighter peltasts, mercenaries, and Thracian infantry guarded the two flanks of the phalanx, while the Macedonian cavalry was also most probably arrayed on both flanks. The stronger contingent was on the Macedonian right, where Perseus commanded the heavy cavalry (including his elite Sacred Squadron), and the Thracian Odrysian cavalry were deployed. However, other sources state that the cavalry did not participate in the fight, as there was a strike against Perseus by the nobles.", "The two centers engaged at about 3pm, with the Macedonians advancing on the Romans a short distance from the Roman camp. Paullus claimed later that the sight of the phalanx filled him with alarm and amazement. The Romans allies tried to beat down the enemy pikes or hack off their points, but with little success. Roman allies' officers began to despair. One 'rent his garments' in impotent fury. Another seized his unit's standard and threw it among the enemy. His men made a desperate charge to recapture it, but were beaten back despite inflicting some casualties. Unable to get under the thick bristle of pikes, the Romans used a planned retreat over the rough ground. But as the phalanx pushed forward, the ground became more uneven as it moved into the foothills, and the line lost its cohesion, being forced over the rough terrain. Paullus now ordered the legions into the gaps, attacking the phalangites on their exposed flanks. At close quarters the longer Roman sword and heavier shield easily prevailed over the Macedonian Kopis and lighter shields of the Macedonians. They were soon joined by the Roman right, which had succeeded in routing the Macedonian left.", "Seeing the tide of battle turn, Perseus fled with the cavalry on the Macedonian right. According to Plutarch, Perseus' cavalry had yet to engage, and both the king and his cavalry were accused of cowardice by the surviving infantry. Poseidonius claimed that the king was injured by enemy missiles and was brought to the city of Pydna at the start of the battle. However, the 3,000 strong guard fought to the death, nearly 11,000 Macedonians were captured, and Livy reported that his various sources claimed up to 20,000 Macedonian dead. The battle lasted about an hour, but the bloody pursuit lasted until nightfall. Other reports state that due to confusion of tactical error from the king, a corps of 10,000 Macedonians were cut off and did not participate in the engagement. There were several heroes among the Romans. Paullus's son Scipio Aemilianus was thought to be lost for a while, but he and some friends had been pursuing the retreating Macedonians. The son of Cato the Elder, Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus distinguished himself in the battle by his personal prowess in a combat in which he first lost and finally recovered his sword. The battle is often considered to be a victory of the Roman legion's flexibility over the phalanx's inflexibility. Nevertheless, modern conclusions are that the loss was actually due to a failure of command on the part of Perseus, as well as the peculiar stance of the Companion cavalry, who did not engage the enemy. From the case of the 3,000 Agema peltasts, who maintained cohesion far longer than the regular phalanx, it may be concluded that the training levels of the troops involved played an important role in determining both the frontal strength of the pike phalanx and the success of infantry trying to break through the pike wall.", "Aftermath This was not the final conflict between the two rivals, but it broke the back of Macedonian power. The Battle of Pydna and its political aftermath mark the effective end of Macedonian independence, although formal annexation was still some years away. The political consequences of the lost battle were severe. Perseus later surrendered to Paullus, and was paraded in triumph in Rome in chains. He was then imprisoned. The Senate's settlement included the deportation to Italy of many of the king's friends and the imprisonment (later house arrest) of Perseus at Alba Fucens. The Macedonian kingdom was dissolved, and its government was replaced with four republics which were heavily restricted from intercourse or trade with one another. In time, these were also dissolved, and Macedonia became a Roman province. In 167 BC, Paullus received orders to attack Epirus, resulting in the enslavement of 150,000 Epirotes and the sacking of 70 cities. This took place because the Molossians, one tribe of the Epirote League, had sent aid to Perseus, but all the Epirotes suffered alike in the Roman attack.", "The victory was celebrated in Athens, where an inscribed decree passed by the Council and People in 168 BC honours Calliphanes, an Athenian citizen who had been present with the Roman and Attalid armies at Pydna, for bringing news of the victory to Athens. Summary The engagements on the river bed which were initiated by Aemilius to divert the prying eyes of Perseus away from a turning movement. \"The large turning movement executed by Nasica to circumvent the enemy's position.\" Paullus aimed to fight in the afternoon when the sun would be facing the enemy and not the Romans. The ancient ploy, executed by Salvius, of hurling the standard into the enemy was meant to arouse the ferocity of his men. In this instance, it was to no avail. Perseus' heavy cavalry failed to engage when the Romans began retreating over rough ground. Gaps developed in the phalanx when it moved onto uneven terrain, and the consul's initiative and response was immediate. The development of a large gap in the line between the Macedonian phalanx and the mercenaries. This gap was penetrated by the Romans and they attacked the flank of the phalanx. Approximately 1/4 of the Macedonian army inexplicably did not participate in the battle. The elephants were ineffective against the mercenaries." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Continue the next paragraph in about 380-words of the given Wikipedia text on the topic 'Battle of Pydna': The fighting began the afternoon of the next day, June 22. The exact cause of the start of the battle differs; one story is that Paullus waited until late enough in the day for the sun not to be in the eyes of his troops, and then sent an unbridled horse forward to bring about alarm. More likely it was the result of some Roman foragers getting a little too close and being attacked by some Thracians in Perseus' army. Battle The Romans had at least 28,600 men, up to 37,000, of which 22,000 to 34,000 were infantry: Romans, Italians, and allies from Greece, Numidia, and Liguria, as well as possibly Hispania. The Macedonians had 43,000 soldiers at the start of the war, of which more than 20,000 were phalangites. The cavalry forces were roughly equal, up to 4,000 Macedonians and Thracians against some 3,400 Romans and allies. By the time of the battle, the Macedonian army numbered closer to 30,000 men. For example, prior to the battle Perseus dispatched 8,000 of his Macedonians to guard against the Roman fleet threatening his rear: 2,000 peltasts, 5,000 phalangites, and 1,000 cavalry. The two armies were drawn up in their usual fashion. The Romans had placed the two legions in the middle, with the allied Latin, Italian, and Greek infantry on their flanks. The cavalry was placed on the wings, with the Roman right being supplemented by 22 elephants. The phalanx took up the center of the Macedonian line, with the elite 3,000-strong Guard formed to the left of the phalanx. Lighter peltasts, mercenaries, and Thracian infantry guarded the two flanks of the phalanx, while the Macedonian cavalry was also most probably arrayed on both flanks. The stronger contingent was on the Macedonian right, where Perseus commanded the heavy cavalry (including his elite Sacred Squadron), and the Thracian Odrysian cavalry were deployed. However, other sources state that the cavalry did not participate in the fight, as there was a strike against Perseus by the nobles.	continue	2	Battle of Pydna	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle of Pydna	{"Introduction": "The Battle of Pydna took place in 168 BC between Rome and Macedon during the Third Macedonian War. The battle saw the further ascendancy of Rome in the Hellenistic world and the end of the Antigonid line of kings, whose power traced back to Alexander the Great. The battle is also considered to be a victory of the Roman legion's manipular system's flexibility over the Macedonian phalanx's rigidity.", "Prelude": "The Third Macedonian War started in 171 BC, after a number of acts on the part of King Perseus of Macedon incited Rome to declare war. At first, the Romans won a number of small victories, largely due to Perseus' refusal to consolidate his armies. By the end of the year, the tide changed dramatically and Perseus had gained a success at the Battle of Callinicus and regained most of his losses, including the important religious city of Dion. Perseus then established himself in an unassailable position on the river Elpeus, in northeastern Greece. The next year, command of the Roman expeditionary force passed to Lucius Aemilius Paullus, an experienced soldier who was one of the consuls for the year. To force Perseus from his position, Paullus sent a small force (8, 200 foot and 120 horse) under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum to the coast, a feint to convince Perseus that he was attempting a riverborne flanking maneuver. Instead, that night Scipio took his force south and over the mountains to the west of the Roman and Macedonian armies. They moved as far as Pythion, then swung northeast to attack the Macedonians from the rear. A Roman deserter, however, made his way to the Macedonian camp and Perseus sent a force of 12, 000 under the command of Milo to block the approach road. The encounter that followed sent Milo and his men back in disarray towards the main Macedonian army. After this, Perseus moved his army northwards and took up a position near Katerini, a village south of Pydna. It was a fairly level plain and was very well suited to the phalanx. Paullus then had Scipio rejoin the main force, while Perseus deployed his forces for what appeared to be an attack from the south by Scipio. The Roman armies were actually to the west, and when they advanced, they found Perseus fully deployed. Instead of joining battle with troops tired from the march, they encamped to the west in the foothills of Mount Olocrus. The night before the battle there was a lunar eclipse, which was perceived by the Macedonians as an ill omen; according to Plutarch, they interpreted it as a sign of their king's demise. Meanwhile, Paullus is said to have understood that eclipses occurred at regular intervals but still believed it was necessary to perform sacrifices and wait for \"favourable omens. \" The fighting began the afternoon of the next day, June 22. The exact cause of the start of the battle differs; one story is that Paullus waited until late enough in the day for the sun not to be in the eyes of his troops, and then sent an unbridled horse forward to bring about alarm. More likely it was the result of some Roman foragers getting a little too close and being attacked by some Thracians in Perseus' army.", "Battle": "The Romans had at least 28, 600 men, up to 37, 000, of which 22, 000 to 34, 000 were infantry: Romans, Italians, and allies from Greece, Numidia, and Liguria, as well as possibly Hispania. The Macedonians had 43, 000 soldiers at the start of the war, of which more than 20, 000 were phalangites. The cavalry forces were roughly equal, up to 4, 000 Macedonians and Thracians against some 3, 400 Romans and allies. By the time of the battle, the Macedonian army numbered closer to 30, 000 men. For example, prior to the battle Perseus dispatched 8, 000 of his Macedonians to guard against the Roman fleet threatening his rear: 2, 000 peltasts, 5, 000 phalangites, and 1, 000 cavalry. The two armies were drawn up in their usual fashion. The Romans had placed the two legions in the middle, with the allied Latin, Italian, and Greek infantry on their flanks. The cavalry was placed on the wings, with the Roman right being supplemented by 22 elephants. The phalanx took up the center of the Macedonian line, with the elite 3, 000strong Guard formed to the left of the phalanx. Lighter peltasts, mercenaries, and Thracian infantry guarded the two flanks of the phalanx, while the Macedonian cavalry was also most probably arrayed on both flanks. The stronger contingent was on the Macedonian right, where Perseus commanded the heavy cavalry (including his elite Sacred Squadron), and the Thracian Odrysian cavalry were deployed. However, other sources state that the cavalry did not participate in the fight, as there was a strike against Perseus by the nobles. The two centers engaged at about 3pm, with the Macedonians advancing on the Romans a short distance from the Roman camp. Paullus claimed later that the sight of the phalanx filled him with alarm and amazement. The Romans allies tried to beat down the enemy pikes or hack off their points, but with little success. Roman allies' officers began to despair. One 'rent his garments' in impotent fury. Another seized his unit's standard and threw it among the enemy. His men made a desperate charge to recapture it, but were beaten back despite inflicting some casualties. Unable to get under the thick bristle of pikes, the Romans used a planned retreat over the rough ground. But as the phalanx pushed forward, the ground became more uneven as it moved into the foothills, and the line lost its cohesion, being forced over the rough terrain. Paullus now ordered the legions into the gaps, attacking the phalangites on their exposed flanks. At close quarters the longer Roman sword and heavier shield easily prevailed over the Macedonian Kopis and lighter shields of the Macedonians. They were soon joined by the Roman right, which had succeeded in routing the Macedonian left. Seeing the tide of battle turn, Perseus fled with the cavalry on the Macedonian right. According to Plutarch, Perseus' cavalry had yet to engage, and both the king and his cavalry were accused of cowardice by the surviving infantry. Poseidonius claimed that the king was injured by enemy missiles and was brought to the city of Pydna at the start of the battle. However, the 3, 000 strong guard fought to the death, nearly 11, 000 Macedonians were captured, and Livy reported that his various sources claimed up to 20, 000 Macedonian dead. The battle lasted about an hour, but the bloody pursuit lasted until nightfall. Other reports state that due to confusion of tactical error from the king, a corps of 10, 000 Macedonians were cut off and did not participate in the engagement. There were several heroes among the Romans. Paullus's son Scipio Aemilianus was thought to be lost for a while, but he and some friends had been pursuing the retreating Macedonians. The son of Cato the Elder, Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus distinguished himself in the battle by his personal prowess in a combat in which he first lost and finally recovered his sword. The battle is often considered to be a victory of the Roman legion's flexibility over the phalanx's inflexibility. Nevertheless, modern conclusions are that the loss was actually due to a failure of command on the part of Perseus, as well as the peculiar stance of the Companion cavalry, who did not engage the enemy. From the case of the 3, 000 Agema peltasts, who maintained cohesion far longer than the regular phalanx, it may be concluded that the training levels of the troops involved played an important role in determining both the frontal strength of the pike phalanx and the success of infantry trying to break through the pike wall.", "Aftermath": "This was not the final conflict between the two rivals, but it broke the back of Macedonian power. The Battle of Pydna and its political aftermath mark the effective end of Macedonian independence, although formal annexation was still some years away. The political consequences of the lost battle were severe. Perseus later surrendered to Paullus, and was paraded in triumph in Rome in chains. He was then imprisoned. The Senate's settlement included the deportation to Italy of many of the king's friends and the imprisonment (later house arrest) of Perseus at Alba Fucens. The Macedonian kingdom was dissolved, and its government was replaced with four republics which were heavily restricted from intercourse or trade with one another. In time, these were also dissolved, and Macedonia became a Roman province. In 167 BC, Paullus received orders to attack Epirus, resulting in the enslavement of 150, 000 Epirotes and the sacking of 70 cities. This took place because the Molossians, one tribe of the Epirote League, had sent aid to Perseus, but all the Epirotes suffered alike in the Roman attack. The victory was celebrated in Athens, where an inscribed decree passed by the Council and People in 168 BC honours Calliphanes, an Athenian citizen who had been present with the Roman and Attalid armies at Pydna, for bringing news of the victory to Athens.", "Summary": "The engagements on the river bed which were initiated by Aemilius to divert the prying eyes of Perseus away from a turning movement. \"The large turning movement executed by Nasica to circumvent the enemy's position. \" Paullus aimed to fight in the afternoon when the sun would be facing the enemy and not the Romans. The ancient ploy, executed by Salvius, of hurling the standard into the enemy was meant to arouse the ferocity of his men. In this instance, it was to no avail. Perseus' heavy cavalry failed to engage when the Romans began retreating over rough ground. Gaps developed in the phalanx when it moved onto uneven terrain, and the consul's initiative and response was immediate. The development of a large gap in the line between the Macedonian phalanx and the mercenaries. This gap was penetrated by the Romans and they attacked the flank of the phalanx. Approximately 1/4 of the Macedonian army inexplicably did not participate in the battle. The elephants were ineffective against the mercenaries."}
Amada "Amy" Galvez Santos-Ocampo De Francesco (23 June 1925 – 20 December 2009) was a Philippine pianist and composer. Biography Amada Santos-Ocampo was born in Manila, Philippines, of parents Antonino Santos-Ocampo, Sr., and Juanita Galvez of Manila. She graduated with a bachelor's degree from Centro Escolar University in Manila, and a master's degree in music composition from De Pauw University in Indiana. She studied for her PhD in music composition at Indiana University. Santos-Ocampo took a position in the Penn State University human kinetics programs where she worked for 24 years and composed music for ballet. She was one of the first members of the League of Filipino Composers founded in 1955. Santos-Ocampo died in San Jose, California.	null	[ "Amada \"Amy\" Galvez Santos-Ocampo De Francesco (23 June 1925 – 20 December 2009) was a Philippine pianist and composer. Biography Amada Santos-Ocampo was born in Manila, Philippines, of parents Antonino Santos-Ocampo, Sr., and Juanita Galvez of Manila. She graduated with a bachelor's degree from Centro Escolar University in Manila, and a master's degree in music composition from De Pauw University in Indiana. She studied for her PhD in music composition at Indiana University. Santos-Ocampo took a position in the Penn State University human kinetics programs where she worked for 24 years and composed music for ballet. She was one of the first members of the League of Filipino Composers founded in 1955. Santos-Ocampo died in San Jose, California." ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 390-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Amada Santos Ocampo. Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Amada Santos Ocampo	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amada Santos Ocampo	{"Introduction": "Amada \"Amy\" Galvez SantosOcampo De Francesco (23 June 1925 \u00e2 20 December 2009) was a Philippine pianist and composer.", "Biography": "Amada SantosOcampo was born in Manila, Philippines, of parents Antonino SantosOcampo, Sr. , and Juanita Galvez of Manila. She graduated with a bachelor's degree from Centro Escolar University in Manila, and a master's degree in music composition from De Pauw University in Indiana. She studied for her PhD in music composition at Indiana University. SantosOcampo took a position in the Penn State University human kinetics programs where she worked for 24 years and composed music for ballet. She was one of the first members of the League of Filipino Composers founded in 1955. SantosOcampo died in San Jose, California."}
County Kildare is a former UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning two MPs to the United Kingdom House of Commons from 1801 to 1885. Boundaries This constituency comprised the whole of County Kildare. Members of Parliament Elections Elections in the 1830s O'Ferrall was appointed as a Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a by-election. Elections in the 1840s Elections in the 1850s Bourke was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, requiring a by-election. Elections in the 1860s FitzGerald was appointed Treasurer of the Household, requiring a by-election. Fitzgerald was appointed Comptroller of the Household, requiring a by-election. Elections in the 1870s Elections in the 1880s	null	[ "County Kildare is a former UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning two MPs to the United Kingdom House of Commons from 1801 to 1885. Boundaries This constituency comprised the whole of County Kildare. Members of Parliament Elections Elections in the 1830s O'Ferrall was appointed as a Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a by-election. Elections in the 1840s Elections in the 1850s Bourke was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, requiring a by-election. Elections in the 1860s FitzGerald was appointed Treasurer of the Household, requiring a by-election. Fitzgerald was appointed Comptroller of the Household, requiring a by-election.", "Elections in the 1870s Elections in the 1880s" ]	null	null	null	General Knowledge	https://huggingface.co/datasets/wikimedia/wikipedia	Write a 390-words sample introduction for a Wikipedia page about the topic Kildare (UK Parliament constituency). Make sure it reads like a typical Wikipedia page.	gen_full_metadata	0	Kildare (UK Parliament constituency)	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	null	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildare (UK Parliament constituency)	{"Introduction": "County Kildare is a former UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning two MPs to the United Kingdom House of Commons from 1801 to 1885.", "Boundaries": "This constituency comprised the whole of County Kildare.", "Elections": "Elections in the 1830s O'Ferrall was appointed as a Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a byelection. Elections in the 1840s Elections in the 1850s Bourke was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, requiring a byelection. Elections in the 1860s FitzGerald was appointed Treasurer of the Household, requiring a byelection. Fitzgerald was appointed Comptroller of the Household, requiring a byelection. Elections in the 1870s Elections in the 1880s"}

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