text
stringlengths 60
621k
|
|---|
मीन राशि का स्वामी ग्रह गुरु होता है। भगवान विष्णु (सत्यनारायण भगवन) को मीन राशि का आराध्य देव माना जाता है। इन डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियों में इम्यून सिस्टम कमज़ोर और पेट सम्बन्धी समस्याएं पायी जाती हैं। इन डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियों को शराब से दूर रहना चाहिए। डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियाँ गठिया, नाक सम्बन्धी समस्या और ट्यूमर से ग्रस्त हो सकते हैं। डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियाँ दूसरे डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियों की ख़ुशी में खुश और दुःख में दुखी होने वाले होते हैं। डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियाँ परोपकारी होते हैं।
डीगीशा नाम का मतलब भगवान की दिशा होता है। अपने बच्चे को डीगीशा नाम देने से पहले उसका अर्थ जान लेंगे तो इस से आपके शिशु का जीवन संवर सकता है। भगवान की दिशा होना बहुत अच्छा माना जाता है और इसकी झलक डीगीशा नाम के लोगों में भी दिखती है। डीगीशा नाम रखने से पहले इसका अर्थ जानना जरूरी होता है। जैसे कि डीगीशा नाम का मतलब भगवान की दिशा होता है और इस अर्थ का प्रभाव डीगीशा नाम के व्यक्ति के स्वभाव में भी दिखने लगता है। जैसा कि हमने बताया कि डीगीशा का अर्थ भगवान की दिशा होता है और इस अर्थ का प्रभाव आप डीगीशा नाम के व्यक्ति के व्यव्हार में भी देख सकते हैं। यह माना जाता है कि यदि आपका नाम डीगीशा है और इसका अर्थ भगवान की दिशा है, तो इसका गहरा प्रभाव व्यक्ति के स्वभाव पर भी पड़ता है। आगे पढ़ें डीगीशा नाम की राशि, इसका लकी नंबर क्या है, डीगीशा नाम के भगवान की दिशा मतलब के बारे में विस्तार से जानें।
डीगीशा नाम का स्वामी बृहस्पति होता है एवं आपका शुभ अंक ३ है। इस अंक से जुड़ी डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियां आसानी से दूसरों के लिए आकर्षण का केंद्र बन जाती हैं इसलिए इन्हें लोकप्रियता भी खूब मिलती है। डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियां जिम्मेदारियों से पीछे नहीं हटती हैं। ८ अंक वाली डीगीशा नाम की महिलाओं की खास बात यह होती है कि ये कुछ नियमों और सिद्धांतों के साथ अनुशासनात्मक जीवन व्यतीत करती हैं। डीगीशा नाम की महिलाएं स्वभाव से काफी हठी और जिद्दी होती हैं इसलिए इनके दोस्त से ज्यादा दुश्मन होते हैं। डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियों की सेहत अच्छी रहती है लेकिन इन्हें डायबिटीज का खतरा रहता है।
यदि आपका नाम डीगीशा है, तो आपकी राशि मीन है। डीगीशा नाम वाली लड़कियां ज्यादातर अध्यात्मवाद को मानते हैं। जिन महिलाओं का नाम डीगीशा है, उनके लिए मन की शांति ज्यादा मायने रखती है। शांत रहना पसंद करती है डीगीशा नाम की युवतियां जिसके लिए ये हर संभव प्रयास करती हैं। डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियां लड़ाई-झगड़ों से दूर रहती हैं। दूसरे लोगों को इनके विचारों का सम्मान करना चाहिए, ऐसा डीगीशा नाम की लड़कियां सोचती हैं। |
People in the 18th century only had a good wash twice a year. Around 100 years ago, showering became an everyday habit.
But some doctors say frequent showers are not so good because the natural flora and skin oils can be harmed. So people in some countries don’t shower every day.
In Japan, the United Kingdom and China people take around 5 showers a week;
In France, Spain and Italy, showering 3 or 4 times a week is ok.
In Israel, four or five showers a week is the average. When there’s no rain, TV commercials tell people to reduce the quantity of showers.
In Brazil and Colombia, 12 showers a week are the average – more than in any other contries.
Wanna know more? Access the originals https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/02/how-often-people-in-various-countries-shower/385470/to expand your shower culture.
• 1: https://www.planetfem.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/shower.jpg
• 2: https://fthmb.tqn.com/IkPB7JNZhwLZNLX7bTDHDA8TQkY=/1280x860/filters:no_upscale():fill(FFCC00,1)/155144364-56a0a77b3df78cafdaa3a5e7.jpg
• 3: https://ak3.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/30683593/thumb/1.jpg
IMAGE COURTESY: IMAGENS INTERNAS AO POST:
• 1: https://c-lj.gnst.jp/public/article/detail/a/00/00/a0000390/img/en/a0000390_parts_597ec2019f10f.jpg?20170803160559
• 2: http://img.mako.co.il/2016/06/21/shutterstock_245687524_x5.jpg
• 3: https://truimg.toysrus.com/product/images/rinse-ace-tub-&-shower-baby-&-toddler-rinser--FDA1F12D.zoom.jpg?fit=inside|485:485
: Use of undefined constant Dec - assumed 'Dec' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/mobyduck/public_html/wp-content/themes/moby/footer-moby.php
on line 4 |
Comets play a role in the history of civilisation, but their true nature has been unravelled only at a very late stage
The sight of a bright comet has fascinated humankind through the ages. But what’s behind such celestial spectacles? It’s only in modern times that researchers have got wise to the phenomenon - by then, the comets already had a long career as harbingers of bad tidings or heavenly messengers.
Text: Helmut Hornung
The first observations of comets originate from the third millennium before Christ. In ancient cultures, their sudden appearance was considered to a sign from the gods. And because they disturbed the harmony of the starry sky, they were soon deemed to be a bad omen. In ancient Greece the natural philosophers attempted to find an explanation for the phenomenon. Aristotle (384 to 322 B.C.), whose views were to dominate the astronomical and physical worldview in the West for more than one-and-a-half millennia, believed they were emanations of the Earth’s atmosphere.
In the Middle Ages, the fear of this “heavy hand of God” reached its pinnacle; comets were thought to portend terrible natural phenomena, such as floods or earthquakes. In the 16th and early 17 centuries, they became a favourite subject for broadsheets, the forerunners of newspapers. A poem from the 15th century provides an impressive description of the nature of comets: “They bring fever, illness, pestilence and death, difficult times, shortages and times of great famine.”
The tailed stars also found their way into art and were depicted, for example, in the famous Bayeux Tapestry, which shows the conquest of England by William of Normandy in 1066. Or in a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Giotto di Bondone in the Cappella degli Scrovegni in Padua (1304). Both portrayals were inspired by the appearance of the famous Halley’s Comet, and Giotto’s fresco “Adoration of the Magi” gave rise to the still widespread belief that the Star of Bethlehem was actually a comet.
“Comet fever” is still rife today: when Halley’s Comet appeared in the sky in 1910 as expected, many feared that civilization would be poisoned by prussic acid, which had recently been discovered to be a component of the tail. Clever wheeler-dealers sold comet pills to ward off this eventuality. And when the Hale-Bopp comet gave an impressive performance in the terrestrial sky in 1997, 39 members of the Heaven’s Gate sect committed suicide because they believed it would enable them to leave Earth and travel to an alien space ship, which was supposedly accompanying Hale-Bopp.
Astronomical research on comets was slow in starting. Nevertheless, Peter Apian from Ingolstadt (really Peter Bienewitz, 1495 to 1552) was the first astronomer of modern times to observe that the tails of comets always point away from the Sun. Apian describes this in his book Astronomicum Caesareum, which was published in 1540 and dedicated to Emperor Charles V.
A few decades later, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546 to 1601) recognised that comets were independent celestial bodies: he measured the parallax of the bright comet of 1577 and thereby determined its distance to be around 230 Earth radii, corresponding to 1.5 million kilometres. This conclusively refuted the teachings of Aristotle that comets were phenomena within the terrestrial atmosphere. Comets even turned out to be translunar objects, meaning they stayed beyond the Moon.
But on which trajectory did comets travel through space? This also kept researchers puzzled for a long while. Tycho Brahe was the first to believe that comets returned periodically. The famous astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571 to 1630), on the other hand, thought the trajectories were straight lines - and thus contradicted his own laws which assigned elliptical orbits to the planets!
Johannes Hevelius (1611 to 1687), a Danzig alderman and astronomer, believed – correctly, as we now know - in elongated parabolas and hyperbolas. The dispute about the correct form of the trajectory adorns the title page of Hevelius’ Cometographia. The book was published in 1665 and also addressed the appearance and form of the comets, and attempted to classify their tails.
In 1680, the 24-year-old Edmond Halley (1656 to 1742) observed a large comet. The friend of Isaac Newton who later became Astronomer Royal tried desperately to have the comet run on a straight trajectory, as Kepler had demanded six decades before. In vain! During a meeting with Newton, Halley explained that the comet of 1680 probably had a “sharply curved” trajectory.
With this finding, Edmond Halley made new calculations and came to the result that the comet apparently travels on an elongated ellipse and should return in 1758. Halley died in 1742 and so did not live to see his triumph of celestial mechanics: because on the evening of 25 December 1758, the Saxon farmer and amateur astronomer Johann Georg Palitzsch (1723 to 1788) discovered a weak spot of light in the Pisces constellation ..... The comet, known as Halley’s Comet, returns into the inner solar system and thus near to Earth every 76 years, the last time being in 1985/86.
This clarified the form of the comet’s trajectory. But where do they come from? And what causes these occasionally magnificent phenomena? In 1950, the Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort (1900 to 1992) suspected that the long-period comets originate from a reservoir that envelops our planetary system like a shell at a distance of up to 1.6 light years. In addition to this Oort Cloud, which has not yet been confirmed by observation - the Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik had already guessed at a similar object back in 1932 - there obviously exists yet another home for medium-period comets - the Kuiper belt.
Out there, at the edge of the solar system, possibly 100 billion frozen lumps of ice and rock with diameters ranging from a few metres to around 100 kilometres are drifting around. These are the nuclei of the comets. The European Giotto space probe was the first to take a close-up photo of such a nucleus as it flew past Halley’s Comet at a distance of just under 600 kilometres.
The photos showed a cosmic peanut measuring approximately 15 by 6 kilometres which was extremely dark and covered by a dust layer with low albedo. Plumes of evaporating ice were evident only at a few distinct places. The material, mixed with dust, had a high proportion of organic compounds - including amino acids, which are an essential component of life on Earth. In addition, Halley lost around 60 tonnes of water vapour per second.
Later missions to other comets - to Wild 2, for example - confirmed this impression: the pictures always show crater-covered “space potatoes” from whose surface material is ejected into space. This material originates from the time when the planetary system was born 4.5 billion years ago and is practically unchanged thanks to the freezing. Comets are therefore welcome messengers from the past.
Let’s accompany one of these dirty snowballs that was catapulted out of the Oort Cloud on its journey towards the Sun. As the distance decreases, the temperature increases. The comet gases vaporise and form an extended, thin atmosphere: the coma. This reaches a diameter of several 100,000 kilometres. The comet is now nearly at the level of Saturn’s orbit and can be discovered from Earth.
Finally, a tail forms - the characteristic attribute of a comet. The cause is the solar wind - a flow of electrically charged particles - which the Sun permanently blows into space with a speed of 400 kilometres per second on average. The tail flutters in space like a windsock and thus always points away from the Sun. Comets can have tail lengths of several 100 million kilometres.
Photos of bright comets, such as Hale-Bopp for instance, show that there are basically two different types of tail: the straight gas or plasma tail with a blue glow, and the frequently fanned-out dust tail with a yellow shimmer; the latter is caused mainly by the light pressure of the solar radiation. Occasionally, some comets have an anti-tail as well, which is illuminated space rubble that the comet deposits along its trajectory and that appears for a short time as a bright line under favourable light and projection conditions.
The space rubble consists of very fine particles, and larger rocks as well, which the solar wind continuously blows out of the comet. As already mentioned, the released comet material spreads out like a “dirt track” in space, as it were. If the Earth passes through such a field of scree, the particles penetrate into the atmosphere and race across the sky as a shooting star.
These could include larger pieces, which do not simply burst during their fiery ride through the terrestrial atmosphere, but fall to Earth as meteorites. And this is where the comets come into play as genuine “harbingers of bad tidings”: our planet is, namely, bombarded continuously by cosmic bullets. Crater basins such as the Nördlinger Ries bear witness to the striking of such bombs. The impact of a kilometre-sized hunk from space - a comet nucleus or asteroid - would have catastrophic consequences. The comet 67/P Churyumov-Gerasimenko represents no danger, however. It will fly past Earth at a distance of many millions of kilometres. |
नई दिल्ली. केंद्रीय माध्यमिक शिक्षा बोर्ड (सीबीएसई) ने देशभर के स्कूलों को चेतावनी देते हुए कहा है कि बच्चों को निजी प्रकाशकों की महंगी किताबें खरीदने के लिए मजबूर नहीं करें।
सीबीएसई ने अधिसूचना जारी करते हुए कहा कि जो स्कूल परिसर में विद्यार्थियों को किताबें, यूनिफॉर्म, शूज और स्टेशनरी बेचते हुए पाए जाएंगे उनके खिलाफ सख्त कार्रवाई की जाएगी। इसके साथ ही स्कूल की मान्यता भी रद्द की जा सकती है। दिल्ली पुलिस ने हाल ही में कक्षा १२ की फिजिकल एजुकेशन की किताब में महिलाओं के गलत चित्रण पर एक निजी प्रकाशक के खिलाफ एफआईआर दर्ज की है।
बोर्ड ने यह सलाह अभिभावकों और अन्य पक्षों से मिली शिकायत पर जारी की है। इन शिकायतों में कहा गया है कि स्कूलों परिसर चुङ्क्षनदा विक्रेताओं के जरिए किताबें और बच्चों की ड्रेस की बिक्री कर कारोबारी गतिविधियों में लिप्त है।
बोर्ड ने स्कूलों को उस निर्देश का भी संज्ञान दिलाया है जिसमें केवल एनसीईआरटी की प्रकाशित पुस्तकों को ही पाठ्यक्रम में शामिल किया जाए। बोर्ड को यह शिकायत मिल रही थी कुछ स्कूल विद्यार्थियों पर एनसीईआरटी टेक्स्ट बुक्स के अलावा अन्य किताबों को खरीदने का दबाव डाल रहे हैं।
बोर्ड ने कहा कि शर्तों के अनुसार स्कूल सामुदायिक सेवा है और यह कारोबार नहीं है। इसलिए किसी भी रूप में स्कूल में कारोबारी गतिविधियां नहीं होनी चाहिए।
सीबीएसई ने मानदंडों का उल्लंघन करने वाले ऐसे स्कूलों को नोटिस भेजना शुरू कर दिया है। वहीं बोर्ड ने यूपी के कुछ स्कूलों में मानदंडों का उल्लंघन पाए जाने के बाद उनकी मान्यता भी रद्द कर दी है। गौरतलब है कि सीबीएसई पूरे देश में १८००० से अधिक स्कूलों को संबद्धता प्रदान करता है। |
Despite recent rainfall, accompanied by damaging wind and hail in some locations, 97 percent of Texas remains in some stage of drought. The Texas Water Development Board (TWDB) reports that rain has improved drought conditions across all categories, but much of the Texas High Plains remains in either Exceptional—the worst category—or Extreme drought. Conditions continue to improve in East Texas, but exceptional drought conditions still hold in West and South Texas and in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.
Recent rains also caused water levels in the Edwards Aquifer to rise some 17 feet, providing some needed relief.
Current conditions include: 97 percent of the state is currently in drought, the same as in the previous week but significantly higher than the 87 percent from three months ago and 91 percent last year.
If you are enjoying reading this article, please check out Southwest Farm Press Daily and receive the latest news right to your inbox.
Reservoir levels have changed little and the current 66 percent full status is unchanged from last week and is 1 percentage point lower than three months ago. Last year at this time, reservoir levels were at 77 percent full.Normally, reservoirs are at 85 percent during this same period.
Recent reports from Oklahoma indicate much of the state has improved over the past two weeks, but improvement came with a huge toll in human life and destruction from devastating tornadoes. Much of the eastern two-thirds of Oklahoma have experienced significant recharge of soil moisture, according to Oklahoma State University Extension livestock economist Darrell Peel.
Peel said drought continues to hang on in about one-third of the state. The drought line now extends approximately two to three counties in from the western border of the state, including the Oklahoma Panhandle and back into north-central counties along the Kansas border, he said. |
Raw Materials Sponsored by
Ginger is one of the world’s most popular spices. Its usage is wide and varied, ranging from a culinary flavoring for both sweet and savory foods and beverages to a medicinal agent for numerous ailments. Here, Daemmon Reeve of Treatt plc examines the origins, cultivation and usage of this odd, knobby plant* and reviews its role as an essential oil for the flavor and fragrance industry.
Back to Its Roots
Ginger, Zingiber officinale, originates from southeastern Asia, notably southern China and India. In Roman times, dried powdered ginger was exported from India to Europe. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Arab merchants controlled the trade in ginger. And by the 13th and 14th centuries, along with black pepper, it was one of the most important spices for trading. At this time, in England, ginger was a sought after ingredient, with 1 lb in weight costing the equivalent to a sheep!
Today, ginger is grown throughout tropical and sub-tropical regions as it needs a humid climate with a heavy rainy season (minimum annual rainfall of 60 inches) and a hot dry season (temperatures of 90°F or over). China remains a key growing region. Jiangsu was a key province for ginger oil production 20 ago. However, this has now shifted to the Shandong and Anhui provinces where the land and climate are more suitable. This area is currently responsible for 90% of China’s ginger manufacture. |
सिरसा(सतनाम सिंह): सिरसा के बेगू रोड पर स्थित प्रीत नगर में एक घर की छत पर खेल रहे बच्चों को छत के पास से गुजर रही बिजली की तार से करंट लग गया। इस हादसे में दो बच्चों की मौत हो गई। दोनों बच्चे एक ही परिवार की थे। वहीं बच्चों को बचाने के चक्कर में परिवार का ही एक व्यक्ति और बच्ची झुलस गई, जिन्हें उपचार के लिए निजी अस्पताल में दाखिल करवाया गया है, फिलहाल पुलिस मामले की जांच कर रही है।
जानकारी के मुताबिक, प्रीत नगर की गली नं. १३ में रहने वाले राजबीर मकान की छत पर काम कर रहे थे। वहां बच्चे भी खेल रहे थे, अचानक बच्चों को करंट लग गया। बताया जा रहा है कि छत पर पड़ी एक पाइप बिजली की तार से लग गई और बच्चों ने उस पाइप को पकड़ लिया जिस वजह से दो बच्चों की मौत हो गई। वहीं बच्चों को बचाने के लिए गए राजबीर को भी करंट लगा है, जिसका उपचार निजी अस्पताल में चल रहा है।
मूलरूप से पंजाब के मानसा जिले के गांव झंडा कलां का परिवार पिछले कई साल से सिरसा में रह रहा है। रविवार को सुच्चा सिंह की नन्ही बेटी प्रिंस, जो अपनी मां की मौत के बाद चाचा-चाची के पास रहती है, चचेरे भाई सुखदीप सिंह (९) और बहन राजमीत (१०) के साथ घर की छत पर खेल रही थी। उसका चाचा राजबीर भी वहीं छत पर ही था। इसी दौरान सुखदीप ने छत पर पड़ी होर्डिंग की टूटी हुई पाइप उठा ली, जो करीब २ फीट दूर से गुजर रही ११ हजार वोल्ट की तारों को छू गई। इसी बीच हादसे से अनजान प्रिंस ने उसे पकड़ लिया। इन दोनों को बचाने आई सुखदीप की बहन राजमीत और फिर उसके बाद उनके पिता राजबीर भी चपेट में आ गए।
मोहल्ले के लोगों ने बताया कि गली से गुजर रही एक लड़की ने जब एक ही परिवार के चार लोगों को बिजली से चिपके देखा तो उसने लोगों को बताया। इसके बाद देखते ही देखते मोहल्ले के लोगों की अच्छी-खासी भीड़ जमा हो गई। लोगों ने नीचे गली से ईंटें फेंक-फेंककर बिजली की तारों से छू गई पाइप को दूर किया। इसके बाद जब तब छत पर पहुंचे, तब तक प्रिंस, चचेरे भाई सुखदीप सिंह उर्फ नूर की मौत हो चुकी थी। लोगों ने प्रिंस के चाचा राजबीर और उसकी बेटी राजमीत को अस्पताल में भर्ती कराया है, जहां उनकी हालत गंभीर बताई जा रही है।
लोगों ने बताया कि राजबीर और उसके भाई का परिवार पिछले करीब चार साल से सिरसा के प्रीत नगर में गली नंबर १४ में रहता था। वहां पड़ोसियों के साथ झगड़े के बाद ये लोग चार दिन पहले ही यहां गली नंबर १३ में किराये के मकान में शिफ्ट हुआ था। इलाकावासियों के बयान के आधार पर पुलिस ने मामले की जांच-पड़ताल शुरू कर दी है। |
The palm is the method of learning your hand and predicting the future. Also known as palmistry or chirology. The story says that during the Arian civilization distant period had palmistry their own literature. From India, palmistry art is spread to China, Tibet, Egypt, Persia, and other countries in Europe. The Vedic manual is a study of the structure and properties of the human hand. |
The President of Trinidad and Tobago is the head of state of Trinidad and Tobago, and the commander in chief of its armed forces. The office was established when the country became a republic in 1976, before which the head of state was Queen Elizabeth II. The last Governor-General, Sir Ellis Clarke, was sworn in as the first President on August 1 of that year, under a transitional arrangement. He was formally chosen as President by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament on September 24, 1976, which is now celebrated as Republic Day.
Under the 1976 Constitution, the President is the nominal source of executive power. Like the British Sovereign (and heads of state in other Westminster Systems), he or she "reigns but does not rule". In practice, executive authority is exercised by the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet, on behalf of the President. The President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives, and also appoints members of the Senate on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. The President must be at least 35 years old (although no President has been younger than 59), a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, and at the time of nomination must have been resident in the country for an unbroken period of ten years.
The current President of Trinidad and Tobago is Professor Emeritus George Maxwell Richards. The official residence of the President is President's House, previously used by the Governors-General of the islands. |
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Pdf
Uncle Tom’s Cabin book or, Life Among the Lowly, is an anti-slavery novel. The name of Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book is #Harriet_Beecher_Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S. and is said to have “helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War”. You can read the details below or you can download Uncle Tom’s Cabin Pdf from the download button placed in the bottom.
Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist, featured the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings. In the cabin book, there are many characters but the main character is an uncle tom. Uncle Tom is a black man who shows excessive willingness to serve white peoples of the USA.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Summary
Many people cried after reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin Summary. Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies in Great Britain. In 1855, three years after it was published, it was called “the most popular novel of our day.”
The impact attributed to the book is great, reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, Lincoln declared, “So this is the little lady who started this great war.” The quote is apocryphal; it did not appear in print until 1896, and it has been argued that “The long-term durability of Lincoln’s greeting as an anecdote in literary studies and Stowe scholarship can perhaps be explained in part by the desire among many contemporary intellectuals to affirm the role of literature as an agent of social change.”
Details Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book Pdf
Name Of the Novel: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book
Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe
Original title: Uncle Tom’s Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly
Country: United States
Published: 20, 1852.
Book Type: Pdf / ePub
Total Pages: 333
Uncle Tom’s Cabin Pdf Size: 33.2 MB. (its because the file is scanned copy of the original uncle toms cabin book)
Download Uncle Tom’s Cabin Pdf Book
There are many students who don’t have enough money to buy books. We are publishing Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book full pdf for those who are unable to buy The Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book. To download this book click the button below.
I hope you have successfully downloaded the ORIGINAL COPY OF UNCLE’S TOM CABIN novel from Pdfcorner.com. Mistakes are made by a human. All the articles published on this site are uploaded by a human. If you get the wrong download file or if you face any problem while downloading Uncle Tom’s Cabin Book pdf book then please let us inform using the comment box.
We do respect All Authors of the books. If you have DCMA related issue/claim then please visit our DCMA Section. |
By Michelle Nichols and Kanishka Singh
UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) -United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres on Thursday expressed concern about violence in Pakistan and the suspension of mobile communications services on election day in the South Asian nation, his spokesperson said in an emailed statement.
Pakistan counted votes after polling ended on Thursday in a general election marred by militant attacks and suspension of mobile phone services, with no indication of a clear leader hours after voting closed - an unusual delay compared to previous polls.
Mobile phone services were suspended early on Thursday and were being partially resumed late into the night, the Interior Ministry said late on Thursday, citing security reasons for the suspension, which was also condemned by rights groups such as Amnesty International.
The main contest was expected to be between candidates backed by jailed former prime minister Imran Khan, whose party won the last national election, and the Pakistan Muslim League of former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, whom analysts say is backed by the powerful military.
"As Pakistan awaits the results of the elections, the secretary-general encourages all political leaders and society segments to maintain a calm atmosphere, as well as refrain from the use of violence and any actions that could increase tensions," U.N. spokesperson Stephane Dujarric said.
"It is important for all candidates and supporters to ensure that human rights and the rule of law are fully respected in the interest of the Pakistani people and (to) resolve any disputes that might arise through established legal procedures," the spokesperson added.
Earlier this week, the U.N. human rights office denounced violence against political parties and candidates in the lead-up to Thursday's vote.
It particularly voiced concern over the "pattern of harassment, arrests and prolonged detentions of leaders and supporters" of Khan's Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf (PTI) party.
Multiple legal cases have been brought against Khan, which disqualified him as a candidate and sentenced him to long prison terms. He denies wrongdoing. Khan was ousted in 2022 after falling out with the country's powerful military, which denies meddling in politics.
Thousands of troops were deployed on the streets in Pakistan and at polling stations across the country.
Despite the heightened security, nine people, including two children, were killed on Thursday in bomb blasts, grenade attacks and shootings.
At least another 26 were killed on Wednesday in two explosions near electoral candidates' offices in the southwestern province of Balochistan. Islamic State later claimed responsibility for those attacks.
Earlier on Thursday, the U.S. State Department also said it was concerned about steps taken to "restrict freedom of expression" in Pakistan, especially related to phone and internet access.
(Reporting by Michelle Nichols; writing by Kanishka Singh; editing by Sandra Maler and Lincoln Feast.) |
Cooling the palms of the hands while working out could help you stick with a physical activity program, according to a small study presented at the American Heart Association's Epidemiology and Prevention/Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism 2012 Scientific Sessions.
In the study, obese women who exercised while using the AvaCore Rapid Thermal Exchange (RTX palm cooling device) improved their exercise tolerance and cardiovascular fitness.
"Obese women often complain about sweating and getting tired because they're walking around with extra insulation," said Stacy T. Sims, Ph.D., the study's lead researcher and exercise physiologist and nutrition scientist at Stanford University in California. "If you can slow the rate internal temperature rises and cool someone who is obese, they don't store as much heat and don't feel as uncomfortable. They can do more work."
The cooling devices cooled the palms of the hand and circulating blood, thus pulling heat off the body.
Sims suggested that holding a bottle of cold water may also cool palms and help exercisers feel cooler, less sweaty and less fatigued — allowing them to work out longer and make them more likely to stick with their exercise regimen.
For 12 weeks, researchers studied 24 women, 30-45 years old, who had a body mass index between 30 and 34.9, which is considered obese. Half worked out with their hands in a cylinder containing water at 60.8 degrees Fahrenheit. The other half used the same device with water at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Participants didn't know the difference in their devices and did the same fitness activities, starting with push-ups, lunges and then progressing to using the treadmill, which contained the device. The goal was to increase exercise duration up to 45-minute stretches at 80 percent of their maximum heart rates.
"The control group dropped out quite early," Sims said. "The women who had the cooling device continued to participate and didn't have an issue with attrition because they finally didn't feel uncomfortable exercising."
During the three-month study, the control group's data remained almost the same while the cooling group:
- Shaved an average five minutes off the time to walk 1.5 miles.
- Dropped almost three inches off their waists.
- Had lower resting blood pressure and greater exercise heart rate.
The device used in the study is costly and is typically found in professional sports training facilities, clinics and hospitals, not general fitness centers, Sims said.
Co-authors are Sandra Tsai, M.D., and Marcia L. Stefanick, Ph.D. Author disclosures are on the abstract. The Cardiovascular Institute, Women's Health, at Stanford University funded the study.
Statements and conclusions of study authors that are presented at American Heart Association scientific meetings are solely those of the study authors and do not necessarily reflect association policy or position. The association makes no representation or warranty as to their accuracy or reliability. The association receives funding primarily from individuals; foundations and corporations (including pharmaceutical, device manufacturers and other companies) also make donations and fund specific association programs and events. The association has strict policies to prevent these relationships from influencing science content. Revenues from pharmaceutical and device corporations are available at www.heart.org/corporatefunding.
NR12-1044 (Epi/NPAM 2012/Sims)
Note: Actual presentation is 5 p.m. PT/ 8 p.m. ET, Thursday, March 15, 2012.
- For tips from the American Heart Association on physical activity, visit Getting Started.
- For more on why physical activity is important, visit The Price of Inactivity. |
The Impact of Hearing Loss Report
The impact of hearing loss in adulthood is little recognised. However, it is linked with higher unemployment, poor health, depression, dementia and increased mortality. Hearing loss is unusual in that its effects cross the health, social care and education domains of service provision and affect every aspect of people’s lives. Today’s hearing technologies offer the opportunity to reduce this impact significantly. Health, social care and wider support systems are under increasing pressure to improve efficiency and find savings.
However the high additional costs to our health, social care and welfare systems as well as our economy of not addressing hearing loss are rarely considered. Hearing loss is treated as a worrying lifestyle issue rather than a serious health issue with a heavy cost burden to the individual and society.
This report is the first to bring together a comprehensive assessment for the UK of the cost of hearing loss and deafness which we estimate to be over £30 billion per annum on a conservative basis. These costs relate to both the direct costs of treating hearing loss, which are comparatively low, and the much larger costs of dealing with the health and social impacts of hearing loss. It is reasonable to assume that these costs in particular are capable of being reduced if hearing loss is properly addressed in a greater proportion of the deaf population.
An evaluation of the overall costs of hearing loss, and the extent to which these would be reduced through better intervention with a
greater number of affected individuals, would both dramatically alter the perception of cost effectiveness of an adult screening programme and also change the basis on which cochlear implants and other interventions are currently commissioned. Thus the question is not can we afford to provide cochlear implants but can we afford not to?
While this report is set in the context of the UK, the issues raised have world-wide implications. The report explores the long term health consequences of hearing loss and deafness on the individual and society. It brings together current research, and presents a new study into the societal costs of hearing loss. It looks in more detail at the health economics of adult cochlear implantation, an area under financial scrutiny in many countries but which has not been set in the context of the additional costs of not providing them as opposed to providing them.
You can download the report by clicking on the link here: AdultReportfinal.pdf
Jan 9, 2015 |
ली (, पिनयिन एल ) नव-कन्फ्यूशियस चीनी दर्शन में पाया गया एक अवधारणा है। यह प्रकृति के अंतर्निहित कारण और क्रम को संदर्भित करता है जैसा कि इसके कार्बनिक रूपों में दर्शाया गया है।
इसका अनुवाद "तर्कसंगत सिद्धांत" या "कानून" के रूप में किया जा सकता है। यह झू झी के बौद्ध धर्म के एकीकरण में कन्फ्यूशियनिज्म में केंद्रीय था। झू शी ने उस ली को पकड़ लिया, क्यूई (: महत्वपूर्ण, भौतिक बल) के साथ, प्रकृति और पदार्थ की संरचनाओं को बनाने के लिए एक दूसरे पर निर्भर करता है। ली की राशि ताइजी है ।
यह विचार ली की बौद्ध धारणा जैसा दिखता है, जिसका अर्थ "सिद्धांत" भी है। हालांकि, झू शी ने बनाए रखा कि उनकी धारणा चीनी दर्शन के क्लासिक स्रोत, चिंग ( चेंज ऑफ बुक ) में पाई जाती है। झू शी के स्कूल को स्कूल ऑफ ली के नाम से जाना जाने लगा, जो तर्कवाद के समान है। कन्फ्यूशियस की तुलना में भी अधिक हद तक, झू शी के पास एक प्राकृतिक दुनिया-दृष्टिकोण था। उनके विश्व-दृश्य में दो प्राथमिक विचार शामिल थे: क्यूई और ली। झू शी ने आगे माना कि इन दोनों के आचरण ने ताई जी के अनुसार जगह ली।
कन्फ्यूशियस और मेनियस की मानवता की अवधारणा को सहज रूप से अच्छी तरह से पकड़ते हुए, झू शी ने ब्रह्मांड के मूल पैटर्न के रूप में ली की समझ व्यक्त की, यह बताते हुए कि यह समझा गया था कि कोई ली के बिना नहीं जी सकता और अनुकरणीय जीवन जी सकता है। इस अर्थ में, झू शी के अनुसार ली अक्सर दाओवाद में दाओ या यूनानी दर्शन में दूरसंचार और हिंदू धर्म में धर्म के समान ही देखा जाता है। झांग जी के विचारों का विरोध करने वाले एक दार्शनिक वांग यांगमिंग ने कहा कि ली दुनिया में नहीं बल्कि खुद के भीतर पाया जाना था। वैंग यांगमिंग इस प्रकार एक अलग महाद्वीपीय दृष्टिकोण के साथ एक आदर्शवादी थे।
चीन में ब्रह्मांड के कन्फ्यूशियस का दृष्टिकोण, सांग राजवंश। सभी ब्रह्मांड यिन यांग के अंतराल के कारण होते हैं, लेकिन यिन यांग दिमाग में है, की सामग्री का एक बड़ा रूप है, यिन और यांग को पार करने का कारण कारण है, इसे ब्रह्मांड के निर्माण का सिद्धांत माना जाता है बातें। गर्मी (इकावा) प्राचीन क्यूई के दर्शन के लिए एक कारण जोड़ती है, ताइसी झू जेन द्वारा बनाई गई थी। |
World’s first study tracks dwarf minke whales
Dwarf minke whales have been tagged and tracked in Australia’s Great Barrier Reef in a world-first pilot study which hopes to solve the mystery of where they spend the summer.
Scientists at James Cook University in Queensland state are taking part in the project, also involving researchers from Alaska, which tagged four of the whales last month and is now tracking their southerly progress down the east coast of Australia.
“Although they occur all around the southern hemisphere, the Great Barrier Reef hosts the world’s only known predictable aggregation of these exquisitely beautiful little whales,” the university’s Alastair Birtles said.
Birtles, who has been studying the dwarf minke for 18 years, said while the animals were known to gather each winter off Lizard Island in northern Queensland, it was a mystery where they spent the summer months.
Little is known about the dwarf minkes, which are usually between five to seven metres (16 to 23 feet) long. Although there are several hundred on the Great Barrier Reef, they went unnoticed there until the 1980s.
Whales such as the humpback and southern right are known to migrate down Australia’s east coast in the warmer months to spend the summer in the cooler waters off Antarctica, but whether the smaller dwarf minkes join them is unknown.
“We have no idea where they go,” Birtles, co-leader of the James Cook University-based Minke Whale Project, told AFP.
“The question is: do they make that long migration down to the Antarctic waters or do they go out into the South Pacific somewhere? I really would just about put equal money on those.”
Because they are open ocean whales, the dwarf minkes are near impossible to study outside the small time frame they spend on the Great Barrier Reef in mid-winter when courtship behaviour is seen.
“They are an undescribed sub species of whale… nobody knew that they existed until about 20 years ago,” Birtles said.
“It’s one of the great mysteries of the Southern Ocean to think that there is an animal here, which first of all doesn’t have a proper (scientific) name, and then you don’t know where it goes for nine months of the year. It is pretty extraordinary. Especially when it weighs five or six tonnes and is six metres long.”
The four whales had matchbox-sized tags placed on their dorsal fins in mid-July by researchers working from a sonically and infra-sonically quiet ship used by the Australian Defence Department.
By August 12, the first whale to be tagged, a young male called Spot, had left the reef far behind and was speeding south along the edge of the continental shelf off Sydney, having swum almost 3,000 kilometres (1,860 miles) in less than 30 days.
A female whale dubbed Deep Scars was not far behind, but the remaining two — while heading south — were much further north.
“Their tracks have transformed our understanding of the movements of these animals which up to this point we had only documented by divers re-sighting them and taking underwater photographs of their unique colour patterns, which we use to identify individual animals,” said Birtles.
The researchers are hoping to do a more extensive study next year. |
Early Television Stations
W2XCR/WGBS - New York
On Aug. 20, 1930, W2XCR began broadcasting from Jersey City, New Jersey, with first demonstration of home reception of television, a half-hour broadcast. Two sets were available in public places and one in a press suite. The 48 line/15 fps standard was used. It broadcast on the new television band at 2.1 to 2.2 mHz.
In April of 1931, W2XCR moved to 655 Fifth Avenue in New
York. The station now had 5000 watts power, and began using the 60
line/20 fps standard used by other New York area stations..
The station broadcast the first television marriage on May 1, 1931, when a Jenkins engineer married a Jenkins secretary in front of the television for publicity purposes. From the New York Times, May 2, 1931: Jenkins engineer Frank Du Vall married Graycee Jones on W2XCR on May 1, 1931. The Rev. Doctor A. Edwin Keigwin of the West End Presbyterian Church officiated. Rev. Keigwin was known throughout the metroplitan NYC area as being one of the first ministers to begin a radio ministry. (Thanks to Al McGilvray for that information)
The station apparently left the air in 1933. More information on W2XCR can be found at Television History - the First 75 Years.
Augusta Herald, April 8 1930 |
अप्र १८ (त्न) भारतीय रेलवे अपना सामाजिक दायित्व निभाते हुए कई लोगों को यात्री किराये में रियायत प्रदान करता है। आपकी जानकारी के लिए बता दें कि स्टडी टूर के लिए जा रहे विद्यार्थियों, वरिष्ठ नागरिकों, कुछ गम्भीर बीमारियों के मरीजों, दिव्यांगजनों, शहीदों की पत्नी, खिलाड़ियों, बेरोजगार युवाओं आदि को भारतीय रेलवे ट्रेन टिकिट बुकिंग किराये में रियायत प्रदान करता है।
भारतीय रेलवे से मिली जानकारी के अनुसार, किराये में मिलने वाली सभी रियायतें मेल या एक्सप्रेस ट्रेन के बेसिक किराए पर ही लागू होती हैं। वहीं यदि यात्रा का किराया सरकार (राज्य या केंद्र), लोकल अथॉरिटी, कॉर्पोरेट या यूनिवर्सिटी द्वारा उठाया जा रहा है तो यात्री को इस पर कोई छूट नहीं मिलेगी।
भारतीय रेलवे सिर्फ़ बेसिक किराये पर ही रियायत प्रदान करता है और वो भी कम से कम ३०० किलोमीटर की यात्रा पर। रिजर्वेशन चार्ज और सुपरफास्ट चार्ज आदि पर कोई रियायत नहीं मिलती है। हालांकि राजधानी, शताब्दी और जन शताब्दी जैसी ट्रेनों में कैटरिंग चार्ज पर रियायत मिलती है।
कोई भी यात्री एक समय पर सिर्फ़ एक ही रियायत का लाभ ले सकता है। यानि कि यात्रा के दौरान वो दो रियायतों का फायदा नहीं उठा सकता है, यदि वो ऐसा करता है तो यह नियमों के ख़िलाफ़ है। वहीं दो लोगों के लिए टिकिट में छूट को अलग अलग गिना जाता है।
वरिष्ठ नागरिकों को छोड़कर, ट्रेन में यात्रा करते समय किराये में रियायत लेने पर किस कारण से रियायत मिली है उससे सम्बन्धित प्रमाण पत्र दिखाना जरूरी है। आपकी जानकारी के लिए बता दें कि प्रमाण पत्र सिर्फ़ भारत में ही सम्बन्धित व्यक्ति/संगठन द्वारा जारी किया होना चाहिये ना कि विदेश के किसी व्यक्ति/संगठन द्वारा।
वरिष्ठ नागरिकों को टिकट खरीदते समय किसी भी तरह का आयु प्रमाण-पत्र दिखाने की जरूरत नहीं होती है। रेलवे के नियम के मुताबिक़ रियायती टिकिट मांगने पर जारी की जाती है और इसके लिए आरक्षण फार्म में विकल्प दिया जाता है। हालांकि, वरिष्ठ नागरिकों को यात्रा के दौरान अपनी आयु का प्रमाण पत्र साथ रखना जरूरी है जो कि मांगने पर उन्हें दिखाना होगा।
रेलवे के नियमों के अनुसार रियायती टिकिटधारी अपने वास्तविक टिकट के किराये के अंतर का भुगतान करके भी उच्च श्रेणी में टिकिट नहीं ले सकता है। हालांकि प्रथम श्रेणी में रियायत के लिए पात्र व्यक्ति प्रथम श्रेणी रियायती किराये का भुगतान करके और साथ ही एसी २-टीयर स्लीपर एवं प्रथम श्रेणी के वास्तविक किरायों के अंतर का भुगतान करके एसी २-टीयर या स्लीपर क्लास के लिए टिकिट खरीद सकता है।
वहीं आपकी जानकारी के लिए बता दें कि सीजन टिकटों, सर्कुलर यात्रा टिकटों के साथ-साथ प्रतिष्ठित गाड़ियों जैसे राजधानी एक्सप्रेस और शताब्दी एक्सप्रेस आदि में, जिनकी किराया संरचना में सभी सुविधाओं सहित किराया शामिल होता है, टिकिटों पर रियायत देय नहीं होती है। हां एक्सप्रेस गाड़ियों में यात्री को रियायत दी जाती है।
जब भी दो या दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों के लिए रियायती टिकिट या सीजन टिकिट या सर्कुलर यात्रा टिकिट जारी किए जाते हैं, ऐसे में प्रत्येक व्यक्ति के लिए रियायती किराये की गणना अलग से की जाती है। यह सभी तरह की रियायतें केवल स्टेशनों/आरक्षण कार्यालयों/बुकिंग कार्यालयों के काउंटरों से मिल सकती हैं। |
First it was arsenic in rice, now lead. Bottom line, buy only US grown rice.
Rice imported from certain countries contains high levels of lead that could pose health risks, particularly for infants and children, who are especially sensitive to lead's effects, and adults of Asian heritage who consume large amounts of rice,... Their research, ... found some of the highest lead levels in baby food,...
"Such findings present a situation that is particularly worrisome given that infants and children are especially vulnerable to the effects of lead poisoning," Tongesayi said. "For infants and children, the daily exposure levels from eating the rice products analyzed in this study would be 30-60 times higher than the FDA's provisional total tolerable intake (PTTI) levels. Asians consume more rice, and for these infants and children, exposures would be 60-120 times higher. For adults, the daily exposure levels were 20-40 times higher than the PTTI levels."
They detected the highest amounts of lead in rice from Taiwan and China. Samples from the Czech Republic, Bhutan, Italy, India and Thailand had significantly high levels of lead as well. Analysis of rice samples from Pakistan, Brazil and other countries were still underway.
Because of the increase in rice imports into the United States, Tongesayi said that rice from other nations has made its way into a wide variety of grocery stores, large supermarket chains and restaurants, as well as ethnic specialty markets and restaurants. [emphasis mine] |
"10 Steps To Developing A Quality Lesson Plan..."
Below is a list of the steps that are usually involved in developing a quality lesson plan as well as a description of what each component should be. They will be listed in 10 of the best points.
1. The first thing that you will have to consider, obviously, is what you want to teach. This should be developed based upon your state or local school standards. You also need to be aware of what grade level you are developing the lesson plan for, as well as record a time estimate for your lesson plan to help you to better budget your time.
2. If you want to make sure that your lesson plan will teach exactly what you want it to, then you will need to develop clear and specific objectives at the start. You must note that these objectives should not be activities that will be used in the lesson plan. Rather, they should be the learning outcomes of those activities.
3. You would probably find out exactly what materials you are going to use later, however, they should be shown early in your lesson plan. This way, if someone else decided to start using your lesson plan, they would know in advance what materials would be required.
4. You may also want to write out an Anticipatory Set, which would be a great way to lead into the lesson plan and develop the students' interest in learning what you are getting ready to teach. A good example deals with a lesson on fractions. The teacher could start by asking the students how they would divide up a pizza to make sure each of their 3 friends got an equal amount of pie, and tell them that they can do this if they know how to work with fractions.
5. At this point you need to write the step-by-step procedures that will be performed to reach each of the above mentioned objectives. These don't have to involve every little thing that the teacher will say and do, but they should list the relevant actions that the teacher needs in order to perform them.
6. After the above mentioned procedures have been completed, you may want to provide your students with time for independent practice. For the example of above, students could be given some time to add different numbers of unifix cubes together that a partner would provide them with.
7. Just before you start moving on to the assessment phase you should be prepared to create some sort of closure for the lesson plan. A good idea for this is to return to your anticipatory set, for example, you can ask students how they would divide up that pie now that they know how to work with fractions (check step 4).
8. Now you want to write your assessment/evaluation. Many lesson plans don't really need them, but most of them should have some sort of evaluation of whether or not the objectives were reached. The key to doing this is to make sure that the assessment specifically measures whether the objectives were reached or not.
9. You should make different directions for students with learning disabilities and extensions for others. Examples of this would be adding 1 unifix cube to 1 unifix cube for students with learning disabilities and adding 9 unifix cubes to 13 unifix cubes for the more advanced students and somewhere in between for everyone else.
This is most effective when you use specific adaptations for specific students to take into account their individual differences.
10. It's a really good idea for you to include a “Connections” section, which really shows how the lesson plan could be integrated with other subjects. An example of this would be to have students paint 2 oranges, then 3 more oranges below them, etc. so that they can learn how to integrate Art into the lesson plan.
If you want to learn more about how to get started homeschooling your kid, then I highly recommend you read the manual: "Homeschooling Secrets" |
गुरुग्राम(हरियाणा)लोगों को प्रसाद का लड्डू खिलाकर लूटने वाले गिरोह का मास्टर माइंड सरगना को एंटी स्नैचिंग टीम ने गिरफ्तार किया है। पुलिस ने गिरोह का पर्दाफाश करते हुए कहा बदमाश का सीधा टारगेट ऑटो चालक होते थे। आरोपी दिल्ली, यूपी और भोंडसी जेल में भी बंद रह चुका है।
दिल्ली एनसीआर के उत्तर प्रदेश में लड्डू गिरोह के नाम से विख्यात इस गैंग का आतंक इतना बढ़ गया था कि लोग प्रसाद लेने से भी डरने लगे थे। इस तरह की बढ़ती वारदातों ने पुलिस की नींद भी उड़ाई हुई थी। गिरोह को दबोचने की जिम्मेदारी पुलिस आयुक्त केेके राव ने डीसीपी क्राइम सुमित कुमार को सौंप दी।
पुलिस प्रवक्ता सुभाष बोकन ने बताया कि डीसीपी क्राइम ने इसकी जिम्मेदारी एंटी स्नैचिंग स्टाफ टीम को सौंपी थी। मामले की तफ्तीश के दौरान अपराध शाखा प्रभारी संदीप कुमार ने काफी जानकारी जुटाई और अपराधी को दबोचने के लिए जाल बिछा दिया।
प्रवक्ता के मुताबिक जांच के दौरान खुलासा हुआ कि राजस्थान के टपूकड़ा का रहने वाला मनीष कुमार अपने साथियों के साथ मिलकर वारदातों को अंजाम देता है। पुलिस ने मास्टर माइंड मनीष को दबोचने के लिए पुलिस उसके पीछे पड़ गई। मुखबीर की सूचना मिलते ही पुलिस टीम ने आरोपी को दिल्ली के खजूरी खास से गिरफ्तार कर लिया।
पुलिस प्रवक्ता सुभाष बोकन ने बताया कि पूछताछ के दौरान आरोपी मनीष ने खुलासा किया कि उसने अपने साथियों से मिलकर नशीला लड्डू खिलाकर ई-रिक्शा छीन लिया था। पुलिस प्रवक्ता ने बताया कि यह एक मामले में बेल जंपर भी है और यह दिल्ली, यूपी व भोंडसी जेल में भी बंद रह चुका है। इसके अन्य साथियों का भी पता लग चुका है। |
Behavior issues … Where do we start?
Well, just like Julie Andrews’ character in the Sound of Music, “We start at the very beginning!” First of all, we must understand that your pets having unwanted or impolite behavior does NOT mean they are bad dogs or cats. They just haven’t been given the tools to learn the good behavior! And, as the leaders, we can inadvertently reward bad behavior, thereby continuing it. Just like humans, to learn good behavior, our pets must have clear and consistent direction from a leader they trust. Note the key words: CLEAR, CONSISTENT, AND TRUST.
CLEAR means that there is no doubt your pet understands exactly what you expect of his or her behavior at any time. This means you need to “speak” in a way they can understand. CONSISTENT means that you must request and respond to a desired behavior in the same way EVERY TIME. How we treat puppies is often inconsistent in that we allow puppies to do things we would prefer they not do as adults. Another common inconsistency arises when different family members treat the pet differently. For example, the kids allow Rex to jump on them when they come home but then Rex gets in trouble when he jumps on grandma’s Sunday dress! Imagine how confused Rex must be! This leads to the final, but most important term, which is TRUST. Trust is established when your pet understands that you will take care of all of his or her needs, including emotional needs, and that you will ALWAYS behave in a compassionate manner, giving clear direction with positive rewards. Understanding how you create that trust will be the topic of our next entry. |
Jun 9, 2021
The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It is also involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in some emotional functions such as regulating fear and pleasure responses. In this book, the authors present current research from across the globe in the study of the anatomy, function and disorders of the cerebellum. Topics discussed include foetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the cerebellum; the role of the cerebellum in ageing cognition; the cerebellum and Parkinson’s disease; hypoxia induced changes in the brain; and, synaptic plasticity and motor learning in the cerebellum. |
Zebra mussels, asian carp, purple loostrife, spotted knapweed. These are some of the organisms that come to mind when we think of the term ‘invasive species.’ In Hawaii, its time to add the name Ceratocystis fimbriata to that list. C. fimbriata is the cause of rapid ōhi’a death (ROD) that is spreading quickly through Hawaii’s big island. Ōhi’a is Hawaii’s only tree species that colonizes lava flows and are a home to a number of rare species. Currently thought to be spread through the wind via wood dust created by ambrosia beetles in search of food, C. fimbriata has invaded close to 20,000 hectares of Hawaii’s forest. No one is quite sure how this particular strain got there in the first place, though a related Ceratocystis species affects Hawaiian pineapples, but it is clear that if it is not contained soon there could be a devastating effect on Hawaii’s ecosystem, including potential ill-effects on the island’s freshwater supply.
Read more here.
Vesper I (2016) Alien fungus blights Hawaii’s native trees. Science (80- ) 354: 27310.28.16 |
United States Botanic Garden
Steeped in history, rich with tradition, the United States Botanic Garden (USBG) is a living plant museum that informs visitors about the importance, and often irreplaceable value, of plants to the well-being of humans and to earth's fragile ecosystems.
One of the oldest botanic gardens in North America, the USBG is an accredited living plant museum with the mission to demonstrate the aesthetic, cultural, economic, therapeutic and ecological importance of plants. From roses to orchids, the rainforest to the Mid-Atlantic, rare and endangered plants to the latest in home gardens, a world of plants and environments await you in the permanent exhibits and gardens. Any time of year, you'll see something beautiful at the USBG, including more than 75 Project BudBurst target species. |
तेज रफ्तार और लग्जरी कार बनाने के लिए मशहूर दुनिया की जानी मानी ऑटो कंपनी मसेराटी ने भारत में अपनी नई एसयूवी लेवान्ते लॉन्च कर दी है। भारत में इसकी शुरुआती कीमत १.४ करोड़ रुपए रखी गई है। मसेराटी लेवान्ते सुव के दो वैरिएंट लॉन्च किए गए हैं। इनके नाम हैं ग्रैनलुसो और ग्रैनस्पोर्ट। मसेराटी लेवान्ते सिर्फ ६.९ सेकंड में ही ०-१०० किमी प्रति घंटा की रफ्तार पकड़ लेती है।
मसेराटी लेवान्ते बाहर से जितनी खूबसूरत और दमदार नजर आती है, उतना ही आकर्षक इसका इंटीरियर भी है। कार के केबिन में लग्जरी फीचर्स को शामिल किया गया है। इसमें मसेराटी टच कंट्रोल सिस्टम दिया गया है जो पूरी तरह अपडेटेड है। इसके अलावा इसमें ८.४ इंच का हाई-रिजोल्यूशन डिसप्ले दिया गया है। इसकी सीट्स प्रीमियम लैदर से बनी हैं।
वैश्विक स्तर पर इस कार में कंपनी ने ३.० लीटर का पेट्रोल-डीजल इंजन दिया है। फिलहाल कंपनी ने भारत में इस कार का सिर्फ ३.० लीटर डीजल इंजन उपलब्ध कराया है। यह इंजन २७१ भ्प पावर और 6०० न्म पीक टॉर्क जनरेट करने की क्षमता रखता है। कार की ड्राइविंग क्षमता को बढ़ाने के लिए कंपनी ने ४ ड्राइविंग मोड्स - ऑटो नॉर्मल, ऑटो स्पोर्ट, ऑटो मैनुअल और ऑटो ऑफ-रोड दिए हैं।
मसेराटी लेवान्ते का भारत में असली मुकाबला ऐस्टन मार्टिन रैपिड जैसी शानदार कार से होगा। ऐस्टन मार्टिन पूरी दुनिया में अपनी बेहतरीन परफॉरमेंस के लिए जानी जाती है। ऐसा में मसेराटी लेवान्ते का सफर भारत में कितना कामयाब होगा यह देखने वाली बात होगी।
भारत में मसेराटी की सिर्फ ३ डीलरशिप हैं जिनमें ये कार उपलब्ध हैं। अगर आप मसेराटी लेवान्ते खरीदना चाहते हैं तो आपको मुंबई, बेंगलुरु और दिल्ली की डीलरशिप से संपर्क करना होगा। |
Project management platform Monday.com, formerly known as DaPulse, has raised a $50 million Series C. The round is led by Stripes Group, with prior investors Entree Capital and Insight Venture Partners also making an appearance. The round brings total known funding for the startup to $84.1 million, according to Crunchbase.
The Israel-based startup, which also has offices in New York, faces stiff competition in the project management and to-do app space. However, it seems to have found a sweet spot in the industry. Monday.com counts 35,000 teams as subscribers, including WeWork, McDonald’s, and the Discovery Channel, as noted on its press release.
Of course, when raising from VCs, growth is the goal. Monday.com is using its latest round to bolster its product offerings, increase its international presence, and create solutions for specific industries like real estate and construction. In pursuit of those goals, the company has launched remarketing campaigns on social media platforms, a customer acquisition strategy that Monday.com’s co-founder and CEO Roy Mann described as a “greenfield opportunity.”
The round also serves as an announcement of new features. Monday.com is launching a community for users to share how they get the most out of the platform. More tactically, it is also introducing new functionality, such as time tracking, through an app store-like experience called column center. Eran Zinman, Monday.com’s CTO, told Crunchbase News it might expand the column center the third-party developers. The startup is also launching board views, which will let teams turn their spreadsheet-like boards into more visual formats, such as a calendar.
However, Mann noted that the two startups are following divergent paths despite the similarities. Instead of focusing on being a database or replacing excel, Monday.com aims to facilitate effective communication and team transparency. Now it has a good sum of money to put behind that effort.
Stay up to date with recent funding rounds, acquisitions, and more with the Crunchbase Daily. |
Welcome to the final part in a 3 part series of articles about routers and routing . Previously I wrote about how routers work and the routing table in parts 1 and 2 respectively. I am now going to talk about IP routing and how you can manipulate routes to “direct” traffic.
An Important Fact About IP Routing Most People Forget
When packets take a certain route to their destination they DO NOT have to take the same route back. I can’t stress this enough, packets DO NOT record the route they take. This is a big misconception among some IT professionals. Let’s say you are playing an online game, you have a connection established with the game server and data is constantly being sent and received. The packets you send may go across 5 routers, but the packets that come back CAN and most likely take a completely different route using 7 other routers. Always remember this when troubleshooting IP routing issues. Here is a classic of example of how you can get it wrong.
Let’s say you are troubleshooting a network problem and suspect the cause is related to IP routing. You decide to use the PING command to test that routing is configured correctly. The device you ping is 4 hops (routers/networks) away. The ping fails. For the sake of simplicity we will assume that everything else is working perfectly and it should reply. You now use the trace route command to investigate further and find it is in fact routing correctly; you can see packets going across all 4 hops and arriving at the destination. At this point you assume routing is working correctly so move on to look elsewhere. The problem however, was not that the packets couldn’t get to the destination, it was that they couldn’t come back. It could be as simple as a misconfigured default gateway on the destination PC; packets would arrive there but when replying the PC would send them to a wrongly configured gateway and consequently fail. What you should have done is run a trace route at both locations to test IP routing in both directions. If this was done you would have spotted the misconfigured PC straight away when it was sending it’s replies to the wrong gateway.
Make sure you remember this for the future as you are unlikely to find this documented elsewhere.
IP Routing Through Multiple Networks
Let’s expand on the network from part 2. We already have two subnets 192.168.111.x and 192.168.1.x connected by one router. Let’s add 2 more subnets 192.168.2.x and 192.168.3.x, they are connected as follows:
In the diagram above PC1’s default gateway is Router A, this is the same for PC2. All packets from either of these PC’s will be forwarded to Router A for destinations other than their own subnet. What happens if PC1 wants to communicate with PC’s on the 192.168.2.x subnet? With everything explained so far this isn’t possible. Let’s go through the process; PC1 wants to connect to IP 192.168.2.5 but knows it is on a different subnet so forwards the packets to it’s default gateway Router A. At this point Router A can’t find a match for the destination subnet, it only has routes to the two subnets it is attached to so, it should fail. But, routers also have default gateways. If we configure Router A’s own default gateway to be IP 192.168.1.1 (Router B) it adds the 0.0.0.0 entry into it’s routing table with a gateway IP of 192.168.1.1. As explained in part 2 this will forward everything to this IP it can’t find a specific match for in it’s own routing table. As Router B is attached to the 192.168.2.x subnet it finds a matching route and sends the packets directly to the PC. If we apply this same principle to all the routers we can create a loop where packets are forwarded to other routers in a clockwise direction as follows; Router A > Router B > Router C > Router D > Router A. This is not the ideal IP routing solution but for learning purposes if will suffice for now. Here is what happens when PC1 transfers data with a PC on network 192.168.3.x.
- PC1 examines it’s own IP routing table and finds the only match is 0.0.0.0 (default gateway rule) and forwards the packet to IP 192.168.111.254.
- Router A does EXACTLY the same same as PC1. It checks it’s routing table and sees it is not part of that network so sends it onto it’s own default gateway IP 192.168.1.1 (Router B).
- Router B does the same and sends it to Router C.
- Router C is part of the 192.168.3.x subnet; it finds a match in it’s routing table and sends it directly to the PC.
- The PC on the 192.168.3.x subnet sends data back to IP 192.168.111.55 but sees it is on another subnet. It checks it’s routing table and finds the 0.0.0.0 entry.
- This entry has the default gateway set to IP 192.168.3.1 (Router D) so forwards packets there.
- Router D delivers the packets to IP 192.168.111.55
As you can see PC1 had to go through 3 routers to get to the destination because it (and Router A) didn’t know that the 192.168.3.x network was accessible through Router D (1 hop away). This is because there was no match in any of the routers routing tables for the subnet until it reached Router C. When the packets came back from a PC on 192.168.3.x it’s default gateway was Router D and since Router D is also attached to 192.168.111.x it only required one hop. It works, but it’s not very efficient. The most efficient IP routing method is to make ALL routers aware of the quickest route to each subnet. We do this using a technique called Static Routing.
Static routing is the process of adding IP routing information manually into the routing table. Let’s start by adding a static route to Router A so that it knows the 192.168.3.x network is accessible through Router D. If we were using Microsoft RRAS as our routers we would type this command at a command prompt:
route add 192.168.3.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.111.1 metric 1
All routers are configured differently, this is just how a Windows RRAS is done but the principle is the same regardless. This command adds an entry into the routing table that states the 192.168.3.x network can be accessed through IP 192.168.111.1. When PC1 sends data to 192.168.3.x it is forwarded to Router A but this time Router A finds a match to the subnet which tells it to forward the packets to 192.168.111.1 (Router D). Router D of course then delivers it directly to the machine. You may be asking yourself why we can’t just add this route directly on PC1 instead allowing us to bypass Router A? This is an option, and we would eliminate a hop in doing so. However, it is bad practice; remember this subnet could have hundreds of computers attached to it, it would mean adding the route to all of them. This is more work, and in addition it further complicates the network. For example what if due to network topology changes you are required to change Router D’s IP address in the near future? The route now needs updating but rather than update it once on a router you need to do it on every machine again! It is best leaving routing to the routers. Adding the route at the router means you only have to do it once.
Router A now has routes to 3 subnets; the 2 that are directly attached and the one we added above. We add another route for the last network of 192.168.2.x. We could add an entry telling Router A that the 192.168.2.x network can be accessed through Router B but since the 0.0.0.0 rule (Router A’s own default gateway) also sends packets to Router B it would be pointless. Instead we will add this new static route to go in the opposite direction for redundancy like so:
route add 192.168.2.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.111.1 metric 2
As this is a more specific match than 0.0.0.0 ip routing will favour this first. When sending traffic to 192.168.2.x it will ALWAYS send it to Router D. If for any reason this fails it will then fall back to the 0.0.0.0 rule and send packets to 192.168.111.254.
Adding the two static routes above allows our router to “see” all 4 subnets. You would then configure the other 3 routers in the same manner.
Internet IP Routing
The Internet routes traffic exactly the same way but on a much larger scale with thousands of networks and routers. EVERY time a router receives a new packet it is evaluated against the routing table for a match. If it can’t find one it forwards the packet to it’s own default gateway. This process continues until eventually a router finds a match. If a router finds two matches to the same network (for redundancy) it will always favour the entry with the lowest metric value first.
The main difference between IP routing on the Internet and routing on private networks is how the routing table is built. Private networks tend to use static routing whereas the Internet uses Dynamic Routing.
Maintaining IP routing tables on small networks do not require much administrative effort; once the network is setup and static routes have been added there isn’t much else to do. On large networks however, the network topology is constantly changing; new subnets are added, faster routes learnt, subnets are joined or further subnetted. Updating the routers to reflect this every time a change occurs can be a chore in itself. This is where dynamic routing comes in. In static routing the administrator manually creates the routes, but in dynamic routing the routes are “learnt” and built automatically by the routers themselves. Dynamic routing allows routers to “talk” to each other to find where other networks are located. When the network topology changes so do the dynamic routes. When routers go down or faster routes become available dynamic routing also detects this and reconfigures the IP routing table accordingly. As you can imagine dynamic routing requires little to no administration and is ideal for the Internet where new networks are added every day.
Dynamic routing is implemented using IP routing protocols. Some of the more common ones are RIP, OSPF and BGP. For the purpose of this article this all you need to know but if you wish to, you can learn more about Dynamic Routing here. |
Levels of planning
Town planning is used to regulate land use and construction. A plan defines how residential areas, workplaces, green areas, transportation and traffic and other components of the city are laid out. Town planning is divided into different planning levels. The more general plan dictates planning on more detailed levels.
A city plan is the overall plan for land use and the organization of transportation and traffic. It covers the entire city. The city plan is revised at about ten-year intervals in Helsinki. The city plan steers detailed planning. The city plan can be complemented or revised with a partial city plan prepared for a more limited area. Helsinki’s current city plan (Master Plan 2002) went into effect in 2007 except for the Malmi Airport area. Work on a new Helsinki city plan was begun in the autumn of 2012. Find out more on the Helsinki City Plan pages.
Detailed plans regulate the uses of the area and scope of construction. The regulations define building heights, street widths and other matters that impact the structure of the area and cityscape. A detailed plan can cover an entire residential area or only one site. A detailed plan process usually takes at least a year but can take as long as several years. Construction can begin after a detailed plan has been approved by the City Council, goes into effect and is legally binding.
Large new areas are under planning and development in Helsinki, including Jätkäsaari, Kalasatama, Kruunuvuorenranta and Keski-Pasila (Central Pasila). The scope of planning activities also encompasses infill construction and services for built-up areas. New office and business space is planned for areas where it is appropriate for the city structure. The vitality and quality of the city centre are improved by expanding the pedestrian street network and by renovating commercial quarters.
Information about individual plans is available on Current plans. |
बॉलीवुड की एक्ट्रेस अनन्या पांडे जल्द ही अपनी फिल्म स्टूडेंट्स ऑफ द ईयर २ से डेब्यू करने वाली है।फिल्म के ट्रेलर के साथ ही अभी तक फिल्म के कई गाने रिलीज किया जा चुके है वही फिल्म के स्टार्स लगातार फिल्म का प्रमोशन करने में बिजी है हाल ही में फिल्म को प्रमोट करने एक इवेंट में पहुंची अनन्यां पांडे ने ना सिर्फ फिल्म बल्कि अपनी निजी जिंदगी से जुडडे कई राजों का खुलासा किया।
दरअसल पिछले दिनों ही अन्नयां पांडे को कार्तिक आर्यन के साथ काम करने के लिए उत्साहित देखा गया था।दोनों के रिलेशन को लेकर भी अभी तक कई खबरें सामने आ चुकी है।ऐसे में अनन्या ने बताया कि कार्तिक आर्यन उन्हें बहुत पसंद हैं, और वह बहुत खुश है कि उन्हें कार्तिक के साथ काम करने का मौका मिला है। |
Frances Hardinge is an exceptional writer. From the outset her work has been stylish, strongly ideas led and wholly immersive. The Lie Tree deservedly won the overall Costa Book of the Year and in so doing has leveraged much needed focus onto the arena of books published for children and young people helping to galvanise questions around why a literature that is so prominent in terms of overall sales (children’s sales constitute roughly 30% of the market share) are continually overlooked in media review space (research suggests only around 3% is devoted to children’s books).
As with many questions, the answer is perhaps diffuse, but as an art form literature published for children is one of few that proactively asserts its intended audience. Movements across social media have habitually extended those assertions, further stratifying through Middle Grade and Young Adult and further delineating ideas of intended audience and readership.
Childhood is not static or fixed
Outcomes from this have been varying and various. These gradations have seen a critical mass grow around particular titles, authors and issues affecting the field. It has encouraged wider discussions and debate via digital means and the dissemination of this has allowed people of wide and varied backgrounds to contribute ideas and participate in the consideration of literature and reading. Philip Pullman has described reading as a ‘democratic activity‘ and there is undoubted democratisation around comment and access to on the field which is hugely empowering and allows reading to be an equaliser.
Less so, however, is the idea that audience is segregated and that a notional idea of a reader as ‘child’ is placed before the work itself. That is necessarily going to be limiting and damaging. Childhood is not static or fixed, it is culturally determined. On a macroscopic level this is impacted upon by legalities, by societal concepts, and by thoughts and policies around education, this is further influenced on a microscopic level through family values and ideals and through individual viewpoints and ideas as to our own identity. What does this mean for literature for children?
It opens something of a Pandora’s Box… What exactly is literature for children?
(1) It has a strong association with ideas of moral association, worth and the ideas of what it is to live by ‘noble’ means – though arguably modern trends have probed at such assumptions and have sometimes garnered criticism for so doing (the furore over Kevin Brooks winning the Carnegie Medal for The Bunker Diary is one recent example)
(2) It is usually, although not exclusively, written by and published by adults.
(3) Its critique has long modelled itself more around education and notions of child development than around more traditional literary criticism.
The resultant outcome of the above has too often been that some of the specialist critical tools and the language that is equal to discussion of the complexities in form have been underdeveloped. Consequently the type of insight into this rich, sophisticated and hugely exciting artform has been subject to limitation. Like a tapestry, our literary landscape for children needs a variety of voices commenting and critiquing upon it, when interwoven, those can shine a bright light onto many aspects of our society, its make-up and on our own personal growth and development.
Jake Hope is Chair of YLG North West and is a Reading Development and Children’s Book Consultant. He reviews for numerous publications, has judged the Carnegie, Greenaway, Blue Peter and Diverse Voices awards and is a passionate advocate and commentator on children’s literature and reading. |
असद साब, यह टुकड़ा कमोबेश आपके पीस से पहले लिख लिया गया था । ज़ाहिर है इसे संवादात्मक ज़रूरत के मुतबिक़ तोड़ा फोड़ा जायेगा।
मैं ज़रा अवांगार्द को सेलेब्रेट करना चाहता हूं । अवां गार्द में असहमति को कहने की जो तड़प होती है वह काफ़ी बुनियादी चीज़ है । अमूमन देखा यह गया है कि सांस्कृतिक सर्वसत्तावाद के दौर में अवांगर्द पनपता है । इसमें पोस्टर का जो मिज़ाज होता है,, जो एक आउटबर्स्ट होता है, छिन्नभिन्न करने की जो विकलता होती है, ज्वालामुखी का जो एस्थेटिक होता है वह काफ़ी काम कर जाता है । विद्रोही आत्माएं शिल्प का विचलन लेकर भी आती हैं । मेरे ख़याल से अवांगार्द विफलता का शिल्प है । अवांगार्द वाले फिदायिनों की तरह काम करते हैं । यह उत्पात की संस्कृति है जो प्रशासकों और व्यवस्थापकों की नींद तो हराम करती है। मेरे खयाल से यह मामूली बात नहीं है । समयांतर तो अवांगार्द ही बनाता है । सीमांत की बहस को वह बहुत जीवंत तरीक़े से उठा पाता है । अगर वह कोलैबरेशनिस्ट यथास्थितिवाद से उपजा है तो उसकी भूमिका ऐतिहासिक भी हो सकती है। मतलब कि सबवर्ज़न की ज़रूरत तो हर समय बनी रहती है और अगर अवां गार्द यही करता है तो यह बात तो हस्तक्षेपकारी हुई । विजयकुमार की इस बात में दम है कि अवांगार्द अंधी गली होता है जहां केवल रचनाकार का सेल्फ होता है। एक तरह से अपने को और अपनी अंतर्वस्तु को और अपने शिल्प को बहुत निहंग तरीक़े से बिना किसी बिचौलिया के आयत्त करने का दुस्साहस समझना चाहिये अवांगार्द को । अब यह बात कैसी भी लगे लेकिन विनोद कुमार शुक्ल एक चुप्पा अवांगार्द वाली परंपरा के जान पड़ते हैं । मतलब कि हर बार अवांगार्द का जाॅनर हमेशा आवाज़ करे यह ज़रूरी नहीं है । और मुक्तिबोध जो कर सके वह बिना अवांगार्द की स्पिरिट के नहीं कर सकते थे । उनके यहां जो अंधड़ है, जो तूफान है, जो असहमति है, और इस सब को कहने की जो क्षिप्रता है और एस्थेटिक को लेकर जो लापरवाही है उसके पीछे अवांगार्द की भूतग्रस्तता का आत्महंता स्केत्सोफ्रिनिक बल दिखता है । अज्ञेय कविता को जिस तरह से बहुत मैं में ले जाकर आत्महीन बना दे रहे थे उस समय मुक्तिबोध तारकोव्स्की के स्टाकर की तरह पूरे सीन में घूमते हैं कि तुम्हारे इस सर्वानुमतिवाद को चलने नहीं दूंगा । उस समय मुक्तिबोध मानव बम की तरह सुलग रहे हैं । एक घायल पखेरू की तरह पूरे आकाश में चक्कर काट रहे हैं । सुविधाजनक कविता के प्रजातंत्र में यह अकेली नैतिकता का उज़ाड़ और विषण्ण है । रोना आता है । कि जैसे कोई कलेजे पर घूसे मार रहा हो अकेले पड़े मुक्तिबोध के बारे में सोचकर ऐसा ही लगता है । इस कोलेबरेशनिस्ट पोएट्री की ऐसी कम तैसी कर दूंगा यह कहते और करते से लगते हैं मुक्तिबोध। और कर भी दिया । मेरा यह कहना है कि अवांगार्द कोलेबरेशनिस्ट समकालीनता की उपेक्षा का शिकार होता है । कई बार वह ताउम्र आविष्कार की प्रयोगशाला में ही अपने उल्टे सीधे रसायनों की बू के बीच में ही पड़ा रह जाता है । मुक्तिबोध के अंधकार को रामजी राय ने जनता का अंधकार माना और ठीक ही लेकिन श्रीकांत वर्मा, निर्मल वर्मा और अशोक वाजपेयी उनकी आस्तित्विक व्याख्या करते हैं। कीजिये। रामविलास शर्मा भी यही करते हैं । मेरा कहना है कि मुक्तिबोध के अवांगार्द को पावर स्ट्रक्चर द्वारा कोआप्ट करने की जल्दबाजी और रणनीति हिंदी साहित्य का दिलचस्प हिस्सा है । इस हिस्से को जितना ही विखंडित किया जाय साहित्य में सत्ता को समझने के उतने ही टूल विकसित होंगे । मतलब कि अंतत हिंदू देवमाला में बुद्ध के विद्रोह को भी लपेट लिया जायेगा । लेकिन यह भी है कि इस तरह अवांगार्द मुख्यधारा को काफी मानवीय बना देता है । मुख्य धारा के सर्वसत्तावाद हेजेमनी- में काफ़ी डेंट पड़ता है इस तरह से ।
यौन अराजकता के लिये बाज़ दफ़ा अवांगार्द को कोसा जाता है। लेकिन सामंती नैतिकता के परखच्चे उड़ाने के लिये जिन सिरफिरों की ज़रूरत होती है उसका सामान तो अवांगार्द ही जुटाता है । मिनट भर में वह नैतिकता के धूसर थान को रंग बिरंगे रिबनों में बदल देता है । हिंदी में अकविता वालों की इस भूमिका पर ध्यान जाना चाहिये। हिंदी में यौनिकता के बंद गलियारों में वे बहुत धड़ल्ले से गये । हिंदी में बनी जेल की कोठरियों के एक बड़े हिस्से को ढहाने में उन्होंने बड़ी मदद की । लेकिन इस सब के लिये उन्हें साहित्येतिहास में गालियां भी खूब खानी पड़ी । अवांगार्द दुस्साहसिकता के बार को बहुत ऊपर कर देता है । अमरता विमर्श की मुख्यधारा से उसका कम ही लेना देना होता है। इसलिये उनको याद करना काफ़ी ताक़त देता है । |
Electrical Muscle Stimulation Goes a Long Way.
A therapeutic muscle stimulation that sends low frequency electrical impulses into the tissues increasing circulation, decreasing pain and swelling, and improving healing time.
How Does Electrical Muscle Stimulation Work?
Electrical muscle stimulation — often called “TENS” — is a type of treatment often used in physical therapy or other rehabilitation settings. The two primary uses for this treatment are pain relief and muscle re-education. In most settings, there is a machine that provides an electrical current. Wires from the machine are connected to adhesive patches that are placed on the skin over a predetermined area. Electrical current is then sent from the machine to the patches and delivered into the muscle tissue below, causing a sensory or motor response.
Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Pain Relief
Electrical stimulation can be used for pain relief. There are two theories as to why it relieves pain. The Gate Control Theory says that pain signals are sent to the brain via nerves but must pass through a “gate.” The stimulation sensation from e-stim is said to pass through the gate, thus blocking the nerves that deliver pain sensations. Another theory is that the stimulation causes the brain to release the body’s natural painkillers — endorphins and enkephalins — resulting in pain relief. Studies have shown marked increases in these chemicals after the use of low-frequency electrical stimulation.
Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Muscle Re-Education
Electrical stimulation is also used for re-training muscles that are having trouble contracting. Though used for various conditions, it is commonly used for people who have had a stroke or an orthopedic surgery. Many times these patients have trouble trying to move a muscle or joint. When the electrical impulse is sent into into the muscle tissue with e-stim, under the appropriate settings, the muscle can contract without the help of the patient. Doing this while having the subject actively try to contract the muscle can sometimes get the brain to re-learn how to contract the muscle on its own.
Dr. Katherine Pulse offers a wide range of chiropractic and wellness care. Pulse chiropractic and wellness is conveniently located in Harris County, Houston, Texas in the Piney Point office Building. Schedule your appointment today and start your journey to better health! |
New Delhi, 09 December 2023: In a landmark achievement, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) has won the prestigious CII EXIM Bank Award for Business Excellence 2023.
This award is a testament to the company’s unwavering commitment to excellence, resilience and its ability to adapt to the dynamic business landscape. The CII-EXIM Bank Award is based on the internationally recognized European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model.
While BHEL’s Trichy unit has bagged the coveted award; its Haridwar, Bhopal, Hyderabad, Electronics Division Bengaluru, Jhansi, Ranipet and Project Engineering Management units/divisions have won the Platinum recognition. In addition, the company’s Northern Region and Eastern Region construction divisions have received the Gold Plus recognition.
The awards were received by Sh. J.P. Srivastava, Director (E, R&D) and Director (Finance) – Addl. Charge along with the teams from Corporate Quality and the respective divisions during the 31st CII Excellence Summit at Bengaluru. |
c0lo writes "A Chinese Long March rocket is scheduled to blast off to the Moon on Sunday evening at about 6pm UTC carrying a small robotic rover that will touch down on to the lunar surface in about two weeks' time – the first soft landing on the Earth's only natural satellite since 1976. China has been methodically and patiently building up the key elements needed for an advanced space programme — from launchers to manned missions in Earth orbit to unmanned planetary craft — and it is investing heavily. After only 10 years since it independently sent its first astronaut into space, China is forging ahead with a bold three-step programme beginning with the robotic exploration of possible landing sites for the first Chinese astronauts to set foot on lunar soil between 2025 and 2030. Prof Ouyang Ziyuan of the department of lunar and deep space exploration and an adviser to the mission commented to the BBC on the scale of Chinese thinking about the Moon. He said the forthcoming venture would land in an ancient crater 400km wide called Sinus Iridum, thought to be relatively flat and clear of rocks, and explore its geology. China.org.cn promised live coverage of the event." |
The term superstructure refers to the part of a building above its foundations. This Section will help you navigate the parts of this Guide that will help in your construction of the superstructure.
TWO SAMPLE MODELS FOR A HUT
In this section of this Guide you will find details of two structural models (with further drawings found in Appendices 1 and 2).
If you follow these models you will meet Standard 1.1 of Schedule 5 of the Building Regulations (as detailed in Which part of the Building Regulations refers to huts) and therefore will not require a Building Warrant. If you choose to use an alternative design, the Section also gives important guidance that may be followed by your appointed engineer.
Don’t forget that an alternative to the models presented herein will need to follow this Guide in all other areas that are signalled as mandatory, if exemption from Building Warrant is to be achieved.
Types of huts explains what types of hut this Guide deals with and which it does not cover. The guidance given in this Section accordingly mainly deals with light weight, timber-framed structures and does not deal with a variety of other types of possible hut structure - all of which will require you to appoint a structural engineer to help design.
The two models presented in this Guide, and detailed in below, have been fully engineered and represent the two principle types of timber framing that are likely to be used in hut design. They are:
Bolted timber post and beam (“timber frame construction” in USA)
Stud framed (“timber frame” in Scotland)
It should be specifically noted that this Guide does not cover (a) traditional mortise and tenon jointed post and beam structures such as associated with green oak framing in Scotland (b) stacked log systems whether natural or machined which must be fully engineered. Many cabin or hut kits of these latter types are available on the market and although they are mostly structurally robust, very few carry structural certification.
Before looking in more detail at the two structural systems below there are two general points regarding the use of timber in construction which apply to all types of structure and which must be carefully considered: that of structural timber strength and treatment, as detailed below.
WHICH TYPE OF SUPER STRUCTURE
This Section shows two sample models for the construction of a hut which could comply with the new regulations around building Type 23A.
The sample models we include here are:
These sample huts have been designed by the authors, Peter Caunt and Bernard Planterose, and have been assessed by our structural engineers to ensure soundness, stability and safety (although this cannot account for site-related constraints).
The world of hut construction is very diverse, with many creative possibilities, materials choices, challenges and opportunities. It is not possible for this document to cover all those options, and we do not attempt to do this. Instead we have focused on two basic timber hut construction methods which have been assessed and developed in relation to the new legislation on huts and building regulations. Any prospective hut builder can choose to adopt one of these construction methods, and can follow the guidance in this document to ensure that they are complying with the Scottish Government’s regulations.
SUPER STRUCTURE TYPE -
POST & BEAM ENGINEERED MODEL
Post and beam construction is one of the oldest and most globally utilised of all timber construction types. It may be chosen in hut building for a variety of reasons including:
The physical, sculptural beauty of the frame when left exposed internally, externally or both
The direct and readily understandable structural principles
The pleasure and ease of using large sections of timber which may be locally sourced
The possibility of utilising skills and craftsmanship to immediately enjoyable effect
Its adaptation to many skill levels even to relative beginners
Its remarkable speed
Its particular adaptability to a small team or community approach involving frame raising for instance
Stimulating woodland management for the ecological benefits of larger sections and longer rotations
It is particularly applicable for single-skinned (uninsulated) constructions where the frame is to be left exposed and un-compromised. It is difficult to retro-insulate a post and beam frame effectively and, if not planned from the beginning, you will lose a lot of the beauty of the frame and therefore a large part of the advantage of framing by this method.
Where a post and beam frame is to be insulated, it is most economic to utilise the insulated layer as part of the structural solution. In other words a hybrid structure is designed which will require the assistance of an experienced structural engineer to ensure soundness of construction.
Structural principles - loads
Simple hut-scaled post and beam buildings are best thought of in frames (known as bents in the USA) and bays. A one bay hut has two bents, a two bay hut has three bents and so on. See drawing L11 in Appendix 1. Frames are often made on the ground and raised by either mechanical means or by communal human strength often involving ropes and winches.
The main structural principle of post and beam buildings is that the load of the roof (both live and static loads) is transmitted entirely down the posts to the ground/foundation.
The weight of the walls and any upper platform is also transmitted laterally by beams to the posts and then down through the posts to the ground. When imposed wind, snow and occupancy loads are added, we can calculate the loads imposed by each post on the ground. It is clear that the foundation must be able to take this load without subsistence or fracture. Three of the four foundation types in Types of foundations of this Guide are designed for these loads.
Structural principles - racking and sheathing
Racking is the technical term for a wall or frame distorting under load and is dealt with by carefully designed bracing. This is usually in the form of either (a) large beams forming triangles of structure or (b) knee braces, most often at the tops of posts where they are crossed either by eaves beams (walls) or summer beams (supporting upper floor joists). It is necessary to consider racking both across the long and short axes of a building and prevent both. Racking of rafters can also take place so that roof bracing is often also required.
Racking in post and beam buildings occurs when joints fail - most often due to (a) tearing or splitting of timber around bolts (b) too few or too small bolts (c) bolts too close to edge or end of timber members splitting out.
An alternative means of bracing in post and beam is to use the walls. In this case the rules pertaining to stud frames as shown in drawing L23 Appendix 2 should be followed.
Jointing and over sizing structure
As noted above (Superstructure), traditional mortise and tenon jointed post and beam frames (like those used in green oak framing) are not covered by this Guide and will always require a structural engineer to certify. The engineered model presented here utilises simple bolts and contemporary heavy duty, self-drilling timber screws which are now readily available on the market. It is essential to follow the rules on the edge distances for drilling holes and bolting and to take care to use the specified bolt and screw sizes. Joint failure can be catastrophic.
Whilst generally against the grain of long-standing engineering principles, over-sizing of timber dimensions is advised in small-scale post and beam building. If you do not want to use and see a lot of timber then post and beam building should not be your choice! Using a lot of timber can be justified in terms of fixing a lot of carbon and making good use of a local timber resource (where there is an adequate and sustainably managed one!). It also gives more lee-way for error by amateur self-builders.
The choice of post dimension is an early and fundamental decision in post and beam design. At hut scale it will be quite normal and well advised to use large posts. Apart from the aesthetic pleasures of large section timber, large posts accommodate multiple strong beam connections more readily.
The situation where two beams meet at a single post in the same plane is particularly pertinent. In order to achieve the minimum bolting dimensions (see Appendix 3) you will need a certain width of post.
Whilst various beam scarfing (joining) techniques and shear pin connectors can reduce this width, it is often simplest just to start with a big post, especially where you are site milling and time rather than volume of materials is of the essence.
Steel flitch plates and shoes
The use of steel plates within joints or along whole lengths of timber is a common way of engineering post and beam timber frames but we have not considered these in this Guide due to increased costs which are not necessarily warranted at hut scale. Designed by an experienced structural engineer, steel flitch plates can however be used to almost eliminate triangulation in many structures and to confer exceptional structural integrity, larger clear spans and greater imposed loads.
Fabricated steel shoes are the preferred way of fixing the base of posts to concrete foundations. The models illustrated give an engineered design for such shoes. There are many local blacksmiths capable of making your design at low cost and they should be able to have them galvanised thus avoiding maintenance in the future.
SUPER STRUCTURE TYPE -
STUD FRAMED ENGINEERED MODEL
Stud framing is the simplest type of timber framing and, in Scotland, denotes a type of nailed (and sometimes partly screwed) framing where spacings are controlled rigorously by sheathing panel dimensions (generally 1200 x 2400 mm). This principle is applied to floors, walls and roofs.
Where the frame is to be insulated, the structure will be completely concealed within a sheathed wall or roof and, in this case, the joinery can be relatively ‘rough’ and achieved almost entirely with a nail gun. An internally exposed stud frame, by contrast, may even be of dressed timber and very carefully jointed to present a highly finished and beautiful interior.
Structural principles - loads
In complete contrast to post and beam framing, the structural principle of the stud frame is to distribute the loads of walls, roofs and upper floors rather evenly down to a solid base/foundation through the walls. Again in contrast to post and beam which erects frames onto the foundations allowing the completion of the roof first, the sequence of construction in stud framing will involve the formation of a floor platform onto which wall frame panels are erected. Multiple rafters are then located on the wall heads joined at a ridge plate or prefabricated trusses installed.
Wall frames can be ‘stick built’ (piece by piece in situ) or fabricated as complete walls or sections of walls either on- or off-site. A common way is to make them on the ground within the footprint of the building and raise them into position with one side sheathed on the ground.
An alternative to the raised timber floor platform is a ground bearing slab, which is not considered by this Guide because it is not considered a low impact foundation.
Structural principles - racking and sheathing
A second principle of stud framing is that the sheathing stops the frame from racking. This racking strength is usually only conferred by one layer of sheathing on one side of the frame. Plywood, OSB and a variety of vapour permeable boards can all provide the necessary racking strength. In this Guide we use OSB and proprietary racking grade MDF. The studs laid edge on to the inner and outer sheathing give the rigidity across the plane. In the model with lean-to, the ‘central’ wall performs an important anti-racking function and cannot be removed without substitution of alternative structural arrangements. Such a variation will need engineering and certification.
Traditionally racking was achieved by cutting diagonal members between one pair of studs on each elevation. This method can be used in Appendix two where use of sheathing is deemed inadequate.
Voids are created which can be insulated (see Section 11 insulation). Simple gun nailing with 90 mm framing nails is appropriate but ensure that these are galvanised and intended for framing. Fixing of the sheathing to the frames would be done with 50 mm galvanised ring shank nails. Alternatively you can of course hand nail with 100 and 50 mm galvanised nails.
STRUCTURAL TIMBER STRENGTH
All structural timber MUST be strength graded when used in structural applications to meet the requirements of Building Type 23A and therefore to allow for Building Warrant exemption. This can be done by machine as marked on merchant timber or by visual grading by a qualified visual strength grader (available from some sawmills).
For the models described and endorsed by this Guide you require graded solid softwood timber which is easily procured from timber merchants. The grades detailed in Appendix 1 and 2 are C16 and 24 normally pine or spruce.
Home grown pine, spruce and fir visually graded to General Standard (GS) are designated C14 although larch may be designated C16. Higher Special Structural (SS) grades of timber of homegrown species may also be visually graded as follows: pine C22; spruce C18; Douglas fir C 18; larch C24. Home-grown Douglas fir with cross sectional area greater than 20,000 sq mm may be graded to C24 but such sections are not used in the models in this Guide.
Hut builders attempting to use locally sourced and possibly even site-milled timber face particularly challenging decisions regarding choice of species which may in practice be determined largely by availability and cost.
Douglas fir and larch will be favoured for durability and strength but spruce and pine are usually cheaper and more readily available. Each timber has its different aesthetic and performance qualities but, as far as this Section goes, it is the strength grade to which the timber has been graded that matters, and so long as this achieves C16 or C24 then it can be used for structure.
Purchased from a merchant, structurally graded timber will generally be kiln dried (KD) but locally or site milled timber is unlikely to be.
Timber does not attain its full structural strength until dried and should not therefore be structurally graded or used in structural components until it reaches an average moisture content of less than 20% with no single reading greater than 24%.
Note that timber more than 100mm thick cannot be visually strength graded and often has to be used with a higher moisture content, eg. in the posts of post and beam framing and in log building.
STRUCTURAL TIMBER TREATMENT
(More on timber treatment including for non-structural elements can be found in Wall Cladding)
Where structure is of a durable timber such as heartwood of larch or oak and/or well ventilated it will not need further treatment. Where enclosed in an insulated wall of a non-vapour permeable type (see figure 11A) it will need to be treated. If purchased from a merchant this will present no difficulty but where site milling is taking place it presents a challenge. One solution is to use a vapour permeable wall. Although materials are more expensive for this wall/roof type they do allow use of local material where otherwise it might be very unwise.
In certain foundation types (see Types of foundations of this Guide) timber structure is exposed to the elements and will require treatment unless built of a naturally durable species. For other species you should surface coat with a preservative followed by at least two coats of high quality paint or stain, paying special attention to saturating any end grain.
Timber that is entirely internal of whatever species does not require treatment. In many types of post and beam structures, it is only a small part of the posts that protrude into the external environment below the floor. Detailing should ensure that these areas are clear of the splash zone and separated by a membrane or by lead from any part of the foundation. Preservative should also be applied regularly to such critical exposed parts of the structure.
In the models presented here, we have been careful to separate the structural frame from the secondary roof structure. This principle is not followed in a simple, uninsulated post and beam frame where any protruding roof members should also be surface treated if not of durable timber and always detailed to ensure that none are exposed to frequent wetting.
DURABILITY OF TIMBER
Durability classes: 1 = durable; 5 = not durable. Treatability: 1 = easy; 3 = difficult. This table is taken from BS-EN 350-2. |
मेष पॉजिटिव चंद्रमा गोचर कुंडली के दसवें भाव में रहेगा। इससे आपको धन लाभ हो सकता है। जिन लोगों से आपको पैसे लेने हैं, उनसे वसूली भी कर सकते हैं। सोचे हुए पुराने काम भी शुरू हो सकते हैं। आपके लिए दिन अच्छा है। किसी तरह के निवेश की योजना भी बन सकती है। आज आप बिल और देनदारियां भी चुका देंगे। कार्यक्षेत्र या ऑफिस से जुड़ी योजनाएं पूरी हो सकती हैं। ऑफिस और बिजनेस में आपके फैसले बड़ा फायदा देंगे।
नेगेटिव कुछ अनचाही घटनाएं भी हो सकती हैं। उनसे बचने का मौका आपको शायद ही मिल पाएगा। दोस्तों या आसपास के लोगों पर खर्चा बढ़ सकता है। चुनौतीपूर्ण दिन होगा।
क्या करें पानी में केसर, चंदन और हल्दी मिलाकर पैसे रखने की जगह पर छिटें।
लव- लव लाइफ में सुख मिलेगा। पार्टनर आपको समय देगा।
करियर- बिजनेस में कोई रिस्क न लें। लोगों को उधार पैसा देने से भी बचें। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए दिन ठीक-ठीक ही रहेगा। कोई खास सफलता नहीं मिलेगी।
हेल्थ- थकान और आलस्य रहेगा। पुराने रोग से परेशान हो सकते हैं।
वृष पॉजिटिव अचानक कोई अच्छी खबर या आइडिया आपको मिल सकता है। लोगों का ध्यान आप पर रहेगा। चंद्रमा गोचर कुंडली के किस्मत के घर में होगा। जिसके प्रभाव से ज्यादातर काम पूरे होंगे। पुराने दोस्त या किसी चाहने वाले से मुलाकात हो सकती है। कुछ ऐसी बातें या चीजें सामने आएंगी जो आपको आने वाले दिनों में बड़ा फायदा दे सकती है। किसी के साथ अनबन चल रही है, तो सुलह हो सकती है। कोई बीमारी थी, तो वह भी ठीक हो सकती है। किस्मत का साथ मिल सकता है और रुका हुआ पैसा भी। जिस प्लानिंग पर काफी दिनों से विचार चल रहा है, उसे शुरू करें तो फायदा भी होगा।
नेगेटिव बिना मांगे किसी को भी सलाह देने से बचें, वरना आप परेशान हो सकते हैं। वृष राशि के लोग अपनी वाणी पर कंट्रोल रखें। आप दोहरी बातों से खुद के लिए परेशानी भी खड़ी कर सकते हैं। सावधान रहें।
क्या करें सौंफ खाएं।
लव- पार्टनर के साथ कहीं घूमने जा सकते हैं। अपने मन की बातें विपरीत लिंग वाले से शेयर करेंगे। लव लाइफ के उलझे हुए मामले सुलझ सकते हैं।
करियर- काम में मन कम लगेगा। धन लाभ हो सकता है। वाणी पर संयम रखें। स्टूडेंट्स फालतू बातों में न उलझें। जबरदस्ती पढ़ाई में मन लगाना पड़ सकता है।
हेल्थ- पुराने रोग भी दूर होंगे। आपकी सेहत पहले से ठीक रहेगी।
मिथुन पॉजिटिव कहीं से आपको कुछ निवेश की सलाह मिल सकती है। पुराना निवेश भी आज आपके लिए फायदेमंद होगा। अपनी प्लानिंग गुप्त रखेंगे तो सफल हो जाएंगे। आपके सोचे हुए ज्यादातर काम पूरे भी हो सकते हैं। सोच-समझकर निवेश करेंगे। आज आप ज्यादा सोच-विचार कर कुछ ऐसे काम करेंगे जिससे नुकसान से बच जाएंगे।
नेगेटिव नकारात्मक बातों से मानसिक तनाव बढ़ सकता है। दोस्तों और भाइयों की मदद नहीं मिल पाएगी। जो गलती आपसे पहले हो चुकी है, उससे आप बच नहीं सकते हैं। कोई नया काम शुरू करने से पहले सावधान रहें। परेशानियां आपको बिजी रख सकती हैं। निवेश सावधानी से करें। चंद्रमा गोचर कुंडली के आठवें भाव में होने से आपके लिए दिन ठीक नहीं रहेगा। आपको सावधान रहना होगा। सेहत संबंधी परेशानियां रहेंगी।
क्या करें पके हुए चावल में घी और शक्कर मिलाकर मंदिर में चढ़ाएं।
लव- जाने-अनजाने में पार्टनर आपको इमोशनली हर्ट भी कर सकता है। खुद को संभालें।
करियर- अचानक धन हानि की संभावना है। कुछ मामलों में वर्क प्लेस पर मदद नहीं मिल सकेगी। सावधान रहें। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए समय अनुकूल है।
हेल्थ- पेट की तकलीफ से परेशानी बढ़ सकती है। किसी तरह की एलर्जी हो सकती है।
कर्क पॉजिटिव गोचर कुंडली के सातवें भाव में चंद्रमा होने से डेली रूटीन के कामों से धन लाभ और फायदा हो सकता है। किस्मत का साथ मिलेगा। कई सवालों के जवाब भी मिल सकते हैं। कन्फ्यूजन की स्थिति खत्म होगी। किसी बात पर मायूस होने की जरूरत नहीं है। महत्वपूर्ण काम भी निपट जाएंगे। जो आपको बड़ा फायदा देगा। किसी अधूरे काम को पूरा करने के बाद आपको फायदा हो सकता है।
नेगेटिव सावधान रहें। खर्चा बढ़ सकता है। पुरानी देनदारी भी सामने आ सकती है। मन में हल्की बेचैनी हो सकती है। घर और कार्यक्षेत्र दोनों जगह परेशानी वाला माहौल बन सकता हैं। दोस्तों पर फालतू खर्चा भी हो सकता है।
क्या करें पेन या बहीखाते पर मौली बांधे।
लव- अविवाहित लोगों के लिए दिन शुभ है। प्रेम प्रस्ताव मिल सकता है।
करियर- कोई विवाद भी होने की संभावना है, लेकिन पार्टनर से सहयोग भी मिलेगा। वाणी पर संयम रखें। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए दिन अच्छा है। जॉब में सफलता मिलेगी।
हेल्थ- सेहत सामान्य रहेगी। पुराने रोगों में राहत मिल सकती है।
सिंह पॉजिटिव प्रॉपर्टी के कामों से धन लाभ होने के योग बन रहे हैं। बैंकिंग सेक्टर से जुड़े लोगों के लिए दिन अच्छा है। आप पूरे जोश में रहेंगे और साथ ही अपनी बुद्धि का भी उपयोग करेंगे। आपके लिए दिन अच्छा है। धैर्य से काम लें। नकारात्मक विचारों और ऐसे ही माहौल से दूर रहने की कोशिश करें। दिनभर पैसों के ही बारे में सोचते रहेंगे। दोस्तों के साथ समय बीतेगा। मनपसंद भोजन भी मिल सकता है। अविवाहित लोगों को प्रेम प्रस्ताव मिल सकते हैं।
नेगेटिव गोचर कुंडली के छठे भाव में चंद्रमा होने के कारण पुराने दुश्मनों से सामना हो सकता है। आपकी थोड़ी-सी लापरवाही के कारण भी विवाद हो सकता है। थोड़ा सावधान रहें। संभलकर रहें। हर काम किसी पर पूरी तरह डिपेंड होकर न करें तो ही अच्छा है।
लव- पार्टनर की सेहत पर ध्यान दें। आपको थोड़ी दौड़-भाग करनी पड़ सकती है।
करियर- कार्यक्षेत्र में दौड़-धूप होगी और आप परेशान रहेंगे। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए दिन नकारात्मक रहेगा। एक्स्ट्रा मेहनत करनी पड़ सकती है।
हेल्थ- कमर और बदन दर्द भी रहेगा। सावधान रहें।
कन्या पॉजिटिव आगे बढ़ने के मौके मिल सकते हैं। गोचर कुंडली के पांचवें भाव में चंद्रमा होने से फायदा होगा। रोजमर्रा के काम समय पर पूरे हो जाएंगे। वर्क प्लेस पर भी मदद मिलेगी। कोई राज की बात पता चल सकती है। जो भी काम करेंगे उससे आपको कुछ न कुछ फायदा तो जरूर होगा। धन लाभ हो सकता है। आप जिस ऑर्गनाइजेशन या डिपार्टमेंट में काम करते हैं वहां कोई बदलाव भी हो सकता है। नए काम या नए व्यक्ति का सकारात्मक असर आपके रूटीन पर पड़ सकता है। घूमने-फिरने के लिए समय अच्छा है। कुछ नया करने और आगे बढ़ने के लिए खुद को समय दें।
नेगेटिव रोजमर्रा और महत्वपूर्ण कामों को पूरा करने में मेहनत ज्यादा करनी पड़ सकती है। अपने व्यवहार में कठोरता लाने से आपको कुछ नुकसान हो सकता है। कई काम एक साथ करने की सोचेंगे तो आप परेशान भी हो सकते हैं। किसी भी फैसले में जल्दबाजी न करें। कई बार भ्रम की स्थिति भी बन सकती है और आप फंस सकते हैं। चाटुकारिता करने से किसी स्थिति में उलझ भी सकते हैं, सावधान रहें।
लव- पार्टनर का मूड अच्छा रहेगा। आप एक-दूसरे की भावनाओं को समझेंगे।
करियर- बिजनेस में नए संबंध बनेंगे। कार्यक्षेत्र में सम्मान और सहयोग मिलेगा। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए समय अच्छा है। मेहनत से ही सफलता मिलेगी।
हेल्थ- मानसिक और शारीरिक थकान हो सकती है।
तुला पॉजिटिव स्थितियों में थोड़े बदलाव आ सकते हैं। साथ काम करने वालों से मदद मिलेगी। आगे बढ़ने की कोशिश करें। जिन चुनौतियों का सामना कर रहे थे, आपको उनके बारे मे कोई नई बात भी समझ में आ सकती है। आपके साथ कुछ न कुछ अच्छा होगा। कोई खास बात भी सीखने को मिलेगी। नौकरी और बिजनेस में बदलाव का मन बनेगा। माता का सहयोग भी मिलेगा।
नेगेटिव चंद्रमा गोचर कुंडली के चौथे भाव में रहेगा इसलिए कुछ नया काम करने से बचें। मानसिक अस्थिरता के कारण परेशान हो सकते हैं। भावनात्मक तौर पर कमजोरी या खालीपन जैसा महसूस होगा। पैसों की कमी महसूस होगी। निवेश के लिहाज से दिन अच्छा नहीं है। सावधान रहें। जिद से आपके काम बिगड़ सकते हैं। इससे आपको कहीं कुछ न कुछ नुकसान भी हो सकता है।
क्या करें पान के पत्ते पर पूजा की सुपारी रखकर गणेश मंदिर में चढ़ाएं।
लव- अविवाहित लोगों की लव लाइफ अच्छी रहेगी। तुला राशि के लोग किसी के सामने प्रेम प्रस्ताव भी रख सकते हैं। इसमें आपको सफलता मिलेगी।
करियर- कार्यक्षेत्र में अधिकारियों से मदद मिलेगी। बिजनेस सामान्य रहेगा। स्टूडेंट्स मानसिक रुप से परेशान हो सकते हैं। आज आप कोई बड़ा फैसला भी लेने से बचें। जो जैसा चल रहा है, चलने दें।
हेल्थ- मानसिक रुप से परेशान हो सकते हैं। खान-पान में सावधानी रखें।
वृश्चिक पॉजिटिव आपका परफॉर्मेंस अच्छा हो सकता है और आसपास के लोग आपसे प्रभावित होंगे। पुरानी टेंशन खत्म होगी। चंद्रमा गोचर कुंडली के पराक्रम भाव में बैठकर भाग्य भाव को देख रहा है। इससे किस्मत का साथ मिलेगा और फायदा भी जरूर होगा। खुद पर ध्यान देंगे। आज आप अपने काम में सकारात्मक बदलाव करने में कामयाब रहेंगे। खुद के लिए खरीददारी हो सकती है। आज वृश्चिक राशि के लोग सक्रिय रहेंगे। दोस्तों और भाइयों से अचानक सहयोग मिल सकता है। दोस्तों के साथ हंसी-मजाक होगा। नई योजनाएं बनेंगी। भागीदारी में आपके द्वारा लिए गए फैसले फायदेमंद होंगे।
नेगेटिव अचानक यात्रा हो सकती है या किया हुआ कोई काम फिर से करना पड़ सकता है। कुछ फैसले इस तरह हो जाएंगे कि आपको पता भी नहीं चलेगा। परिवार में या थोड़े दूर के रिश्तेदार आज चिड़चिड़े भी हो सकते हैं। आसपास के लोग भी आपकी शिकायतें किसी से कर सकते हैं। बेतुकी बातें भी आपके सामने आ सकती हैं। दिनभर मेहनत भी ज्यादा करनी होगी। किसी व्यक्ति से कुछ अनबन हो सकती है।
क्या करें किसी गरीब बच्चे को गुड़ खिलाएं।
लव- पार्टनर से सहयोग और धन लाभ होगा। लव प्रपोजल के लिए भी दिन अच्छा है।
करियर- बिजनेस में कोई छोटा या बड़ा फायदा हो सकता है। कार्यक्षेत्र में अच्छा प्रदर्शन करेंगे। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए समय थोड़ा नकारात्मक हो सकता है। सावधान रहें।
हेल्थ- पेट खराब रहेगा। मुंह या गले मे छाले हो सकते हैं।
धनु पॉजिटिव दोस्तों और परिवार वालों से सहयोग मिलेगा। रुका हुआ पैसा मिल सकता है। बुद्धि और मीठी वाणी से आप आसपास वालों का दिल जीत लेंगे। दुश्मनों पर जीत मिलेगी। आज आप सही समय पर सही जगह मौजूद रहेंगे। इससे आपको ही फायदा होगा। किसी खास काम में पूरी ताकत से जुट जाएंगे और खुद को साबित करके दिखा देंगे। कोई अच्छी खबर आज आपको मिल सकती है। बेरोजगार लोगों के लिए दिन अच्छा है। नौकरी चाहिए तो नौकरी भी मिल सकती है।
नेगेटिव आज आप जिद्दी रहेंगे तो नुकसान हो सकता है। किसी गलत चीज की खरीददारी भी आज आप कर सकते हैं। किसी की बुराई करेंगे तो खुद परेशानी में फंस सकते हैं। सावधान रहें।
क्या करें आलू और गुड़ मसलकर किसी पेड़ के नीचे डाल दें।
करियर- कामकाज ज्यादा रहेगा। धैर्य रखें। करियर के मामलों में समय अनुकूल रहेगा। अच्छे परिणाम भी मिलेंगे। स्टूडेंट्स को सफलता मिलेगी।
हेल्थ- जोड़ों का दर्द परेशान करेगा। चोट लग सकती है।
मकर पॉजिटिव- खास काम पहले निपटा लें। उलझे हुए मामले निपट जाएंगे। चंद्रमा आपकी ही राशि में होने से शुभ है। ज्यादातर मामलों में दिन अच्छा रहेगा। कुछ घटनाएं या काम ऐसे होंगे जिनसे आपको बड़ा फायदा हो सकता है। चंद्रमा के प्रभाव से दिन अच्छा रहेगा। व्यवहारकुशलता और सहनशक्ति से काम लें। चीजें सुलझ जाएंगी और आपके सामने आ सकती हैं। अचानक धन लाभ होने के योग हैं। रुका हुआ पैसा मिल सकता है।
नेगेटिव कुछ चीजों की खरीददारी से नुकसान हो सकता है। सावधान रहें। पैसों को लेकर पार्टनर से अनबन हो सकती है। कोई सलाह देगा, लेकिन नौकरी और कामकाजी जिंदगी में दुश्मनों से सावधान रहें। कुछ गलत फैसले हो सकते हैं।
लव- पार्टनर की भावनाओं का सम्मान करें। आपका रिश्ता भी मजबूत हो सकता है।
करियर- खर्चा और काम दोनों ज्यादा होने से आपकी परेशानी बढ़ सकती है। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए दिन अच्छा है।
हेल्थ- गले के रोग होने के कारण परेशान रहेंगे। सावधान रहें।
कुंभ पॉजिटिव पार्टनर से सुख मिलेगा। अधिकारी आपसे खुश रहेंगे। आपकी महत्वाकांक्षा चरम पर रहेगी। बिजनेस या कार्यक्षेत्र संबंधित यात्रा हो सकती है। जितना काम करते जाएंगे, उतना ही नया सीखते जाएंगे। लोग आपकी मेहनत से प्रेरणा ले सकते हैं। किसी चिंता से भी मुक्ति मिलेगी। दूर स्थान के लोगों से आपके संबंध अच्छे रहेंगे।
नेगेटिव ऑफिस में तनावपूर्ण स्थिति बन सकती है। निपट चुके कामों में कोई न कोई गलती हो सकती है। सावधान रहें। कुछ कमी होने से परेशान भी हो सकते हैं। मेहनत के साथ काम भी ज्यादा होगा। गोचर कुंडली के बारहवें भाव में चंद्रमा होने से खर्चा बढ़ सकता है। रोजमर्रा या परिवार के कामों में भी दौड़-भाग रहेगी। आपके सामने कामकाज भी बहुत रहेगा। थकान हो सकती है।
क्या करें ऑफिस या घर का फर्नीचर साफ करवाएं।
लव- पार्टनर से फायदा होगा। सुख और प्रेम मिलेगा। संबंधों में सुधार होगा।
करियर- कार्यक्षेत्र में काम करने वाले विपरीत लिंग के लोगों से फायदा होगा। काम निपट जाएंगे। जॉब के ऑफर भी मिलेंगे।
हेल्थ- सेहत अच्छी रहेगी। मेहनत के साथ थकान भी होगी। नींद की कमी से परेशान रहेंगे।
मीन पॉजिटिव गोचर कुंडली के सितारे अच्छे हैं। निवेश के जो विकल्प या उपाय आप सोच रहे हैं, वे महत्वपूर्ण हैं। आप जो भी सोचेंगे, उसमें आपको सफलता मिल सकती है। किए गए कामों का पूरा परिणाम आपको मिल सकता है। सही समय पर निवेश करें। साझेदार से भी फायदा होगा। जमीन-जायदाद का कोई बड़ा काम आज निपट सकता है। ऑफिस या बिजनेस में नई पहल करने का समय है। करियर और सामाजिक क्षेत्र में प्रगति हो सकती है। आगे बढ़ने का कोई अच्छा मौका मिल सकता है। प्रॉपर्टी से फायदा होगा। पारिवारिक समस्याओं का समाधान होगा। कानूनी मामले भी निपट जाएंगे।
नेगेटिव काम में मन नहीं लगेगा। एक साथ कई काम करने के चक्कर में बड़ा नुकसान होने की संभावना बन रही है। दिमाग में उथल-पुथल चलती रहेगी। कोई बड़ा फैसला लेने में भी आपका कन्फ्यूजन और बढ़ सकता है। नकारात्मक विचारों से लड़ते रहेंगे।
लव- पार्टनर आपको लेकर संवेदनशील रहेगा। उसकी बातों में छुपे इशारे समझें।
करियर- कार्यक्षेत्र में सम्मान मिलेगा। रुका हुआ पैसा मिलेगा। स्टूडेंट्स के लिए दिन अच्छा है। सहयोग मिलेगा। आगे बढ़ेंगे।
हेल्थ- सेहत के मामले में दिन ठीक है। पुराने रोगों से छुटकारा मिल सकता है।
नज़रियाः जिन्ना इतिहास है आस्था नही, लेकिन गोडसे के मंदिर बनाने वाले बतायें कि गांधी का हत्यारा भगवान कैसे है?
मित्रों ! ४ साल से नेहरु जी स्मार्ट सिटी बनाने नही दे रहें है, बनाना शुरु करता हूँ तो ईंट लेकर भाग जातें है। |
Learning Scripture Mastery is useless unless they can use the verses in situations in life. Part of getting to this level is learning to recall the verses in different situations or context besides the key words. By this time in the school year they should be ready for this. The worksheet here takes the 25 Scripture Masteries and puts them in something that sounds like an Article Of Faith. Challenge them to write in the references with no helps from bookmarks or anything else. Just click on the graphic to get the worksheet. Thanks Brother Nelson for sharing.
I recently presented to my teachers ideas for teaching the War Chapters. While giving lesson ideas, I wanted to demonstrate how quickly you could go to some key verses, give a good “Look for”, follow up with good questions, and then have the students come up with good “Take Aways” that you hope would stick with them. The text in Red is what I might invite them to write in their own scriptures. Short and sweet. Remember the key to teaching the War Chapters is after talking about their literal warfare, ask what it teaches about our "spiritual warfare" we are engaged in each day.
Hope this is helpful. I am sending this as a PDF rather than a PowerPoint because of size. Also, there is nothing here which would require you to use a PowerPoint or projector. I just used this in the Inservice so we would not spend so much time turning to the key sets of verses.
Here is a simple glue-in to teach about the pride cycle in Helaman and 3rd Nephi. Often when teaching the storyline in Helaman, I would stop them and point to the Pride Cycle and ask, “Where does it seem like the Nephites are on the cycle right now? Where are the Lamanites on the cycle?”. It is also good to ask them were the country is right now. Then go personally and have them think to themselves where they currently are on the cycle and what will likely happen next. Just click on the graphic to get the PDF of the glue-in.
I wanted to share with you a great bookmark a fellow teacher (Eric Bacon) shared with me. The one side has the scripture study skills listed on pages 20-23 of the Gospel Teaching & Learning handbook that you all should have. The other side is questions a student could use as they approach a set of verses. This is a great time of year to help your students keep sharp on their scripture study skills.
To use it in class, I would go through the bookmark (giving them each a copy) and then give the class a juicy set of verses from the lesson, and have them go through the verses using the skills and then have them be ready to share things they found and have them also share what skills they used. You could also divide up the whole lesson block for the day and give it to different students to do the same thing. This would take you through the whole lesson for the day.
The tab on the top of the site called “Seminary Resources” also has 6 different lessons to sharpen scripture study skills and can be used with most any scripture block you have for the day. They are just over half way down on that page.
As the glue-in explains, a chiasma is an ancient Hebrew literary form in which the author paralleles the ideas and words he used previously in reverse order. It was considered an artistic form of writing in the Bible. This literary form was not discoverd in ancient records until the late 1920s (after the day of Joseph Smith) and is thus a proof of the Book of Mormon.
Click on the image to get the glue-in and show your class how the words are repeated in the verses. Also show how the apex points to verses 17-18 and what this teaches.
A while back I came across a wonderful collection of activities using the Scripture Mastery Cards. I saved it so I could share it later. It comes from: https://www.theredheadedhostess.com/teach/seminary-teach/12-fun-scripture-mastery-card-activities/ Click on the image and you will get a bunch of wonderful ways to use the Scripture Mastery Cards with your class to help them with Scripture Mastery.
Here are a couple of worksheets I have used to teach Alma 5. They work well because they direct the students through almost the whole chapter. As usual, click on the picture to get the worksheets.
A great way I like to start Alma 5 is by going to Alma 4:19. I bring a bottle of Italian dressing to class (not shaken up) and ask them what the ingredients are (Oil, vinegar, and spices). Then I ask it they would put it on their salad as it is (not shaken and separated). Then I ask questions like, “What does the dressing have to do with Alma 4:19? What has to happen for the dressing to be good? How are people like that? What shakes or stirs people up to be good?” The point is that Alma’s people had settled down into their comfortable, easy places with the Gospel. Alma 5 was to wake them up and “stir” them up spiritually. Alma 5 will do the same with us.
This is something I gave out the Old Testament year to help students memorize the Ten Commandments and what order they are in. By the end you could be able to mention a commandment “Honor Father and Mother” and they could be able to say which one it is, “That’s the 5th commandment”.
Here is a short explanation
1. Looks like when someone is saying “We’re #1”. But who is really #1? (God). Thus “Thou shalt have no other God’s before me.”
2. Looks like a snake. “Thou shalt not make… any graven image” Like making a serpent and worshiping it.
3. A 3 on its side bends in the middle just like the top lip. This is the commandment we break with our lips –“Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord…in vain”.
4. A four upside-down looks like a chair could be in church. Keep the Sabbath day holy.
5. The number 5 is square at the top part (fathers are square), and round at the bottom (mothers are more shapely). “Honor thy father and thy mother”.
6. The number 6 on its side almost looks like a gun. “Thou shalt not kill.”
7. The number 7 on its side could look like a bed frame. “Thou shalt not commit adultery.
8. When you steal they put you in handcuffs and handcuffs put together almost look like the number 8. “Thou shalt not steal.”
9. The 9 is made to look like a bear. “Thou shalt not bear false witness.”
10. If you bend the 1 in 10, it almost looks like a CO. “Thou shalt not COvet…”
Make sure you quiz them often by throwing out a number and they give the commandment, or vice versa.
One of the toughest parts of Scripture Mastery is helping students learn the reference from the key words. A teacher suggested that I put together the new mnemonics on a one page handout like I’ve done with past years. This can help you go over a group of them on a given day.
I suggest on one day of the week, you go over 8 or 12 of them, let them practice with each other, and then focus on those when doing activities and games with scripture mastery. This way, in a few weeks, you would have gone over and practiced all of the 25 Scripture Mastery mnemonics. There are instructions on the handout of how to use mnemonics effectively.
Under the “Scripture Mastery” tab at the top of the website, you will see “Book of Mormon Scripture Mastery” where you will see other uses with the mnemonics and learning the scripture masteries.
Sorry it has been a while since sharing a scripture Mastery game. This is a game I shared a while back, but with the changes with the new scripture mastery scriptures, I had to update the game board sheets. Here I have updated the sheets for all 4 years of seminary so you can use this any time in the future.
Before you can have effective scripture chasing, your students first need to start learning the references to the key words or clues. This game sharpens that skill. It will also help you see who is your fastest. Click on the graphic to download the full instructions and also the game board for all 4 years of seminary.
Click Here to see more Scripture Mastery Games.
Click Here to teach them ways to remember the key words to the references for the Book of Mormon. |
यूनिवर्सिटी के एक प्रोफ़ेसर ने अपने विद्यार्थियों को एक एसाइनमेंट दिया। विषय था मुंबई की धारावी झोपड़पट्टी में रहते १० से १३ साल की उम्र के लड़कों के बारे में अध्यन करना और उनके घर की तथा सामाजिक परिस्थितियों की समीक्षा करके भविष्य में वे क्या बनेंगे, इसका अनुमान निकालना। कॉलेज विद्यार्थी काम में लग गए। झोपड़पट्टी के २०० बच्चो के घर की पृष्ठभूमिका, मा-बाप की परिस्थिति, वहाँ के लोगों की जीवनशैली और शैक्षणिक स्तर, शराब तथा नशीले पदार्थो के सेवन , ऐसे कई सारे पॉइंट्स पर विचार किया गया । तदुपरांत हर एक लडके के विचार भी गंभीरतापूर्वक सुने तथा नोट किये गए।
मित्रों , प्रेम व स्नेह से पशु भी वश हो जाते है। मधुर संगीत सुनाने से गौ भी अधिक दूध देने लगती है। मधुर वाणी-व्यवहार से पराये भी अपने हो जाते है। जो भी काम हम करे थोड़ा स्नेह-प्रेम और मधुरता की मात्रा उसमे मिला के करने लगे तो हमारी दुनिया जरुर सुन्दर होगी। |
Kiokee Church, the first Baptist Church to be constituted in Georgia, was organized in the Spring of 1772, by the Rev. Daniel Marshall, one of the founders of the Baptist denomination in Georgia. A meeting house was built, and the Rev. Daniel Marshall became the first pastor, ministering from his headquarters at Kiokee to an ever increasing number of Baptists in the area.
In October, 1784, the preliminary meeting for the organization of a Georgia Baptist Association was held at Kiokee Church. The Rev. Daniel Marshall died November 2, 1784, and some time later the church was moved to Appling and a new brick edifice erected.
Kiokee Baptist Church was incorporated December 23, 1789, as "The Anabaptist Church on Kiokee", with Abram Marshall, William Willingham, Edmund Cartledge, John Landers, James Simms, Joseph Ray and Lewis Gardner as Trustees. |
practices have a wide-scale impact on monarch habitat. A butterfly
garden can be an important place for a monarch to refuel.
her farm in Loda, Illinois, Sheila Daniels wrote:
observed around 100 monarchs resting and feeding today
in our front yard butterfly garden. We live out in the country.
We are surrounded by corn and soybean fields for miles
in each direction so we are an oasis."
Explore the satellite snapshot of Loda, Illinois on Google
your mouse, "fly" across the landscape. Measure how
many miles this patchwork pattern of cropland extends. Where could
a monarch find nectar?
Find out how you can protect monarch habitat. |
अमेरिका के ट्रंप प्रशासन ने एच१बी वीजा जारी करने के नियम सख्त कर दिए हैं जिससे यहां खास कर जॉब-वर्क करने वाली भारतीय सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी कंपनियों के लिए अल्पकालिक अवधि के लिए भारत से कुशलकर्मियों को बुलाने में भारी दिक्कतें हो सकती है।
ट्रंप सरकार ने एच१बी वीजा जारी करने के नियम सख्त कर दिए हैं जिससे यहां खास कर जॉब-वर्क करने वाली भारतीय सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी कंपनियों के लिए अल्पकालिक अवधि के लिए भारत से कुशलकर्मियों को बुलाने में भारी दिक्कतें हो सकती है।
सरकार यह वीजा ऐसे कर्मचारियों के लिए जारी करती है जो बहुत उच्च कौशल प्राप्त होते हैं और उस तरह के हुनरमंद लोगों की अमेरिका में कमी होती है। सरकार ने कल सात पृष्ठ का एक नीतिगत दस्तावेज जारी किया जिसमें एच१बी वीजा के नए नियम जारी किए गए हैं।
इसके तहत अमेरिका के नागरिकता और आव्रजन विभाग को यह वीजा केवल तीसरे पक्ष के साइट कार्य (कार्यस्थल) की अवधि तक के लिए जारी करने की ही अनुमति होगी। इस तरह इसकी अवधि तीन साल से कम की हो सकती है जबकि पहले यह एक बार में तीन साल के लिए दिया जाता था।
यह नियम लागू हो गया है। इसके लिए ऐसा समय चुना गया है जबकि १ अक्तूबर २0१8-१9 से शुरु होने वाले वित्त वर्ष के लिए एच१बी वीजा के आवेदन २ अप्रैल से आमंत्रित किए जा सकते हैं। |
StoryImage( ‘/Images/Story//Auto-img-11382207427078.jpg’, ”, ‘A very large group of animals There are more than 80,000 species of snails and slugs. These gastropods belong to the group of animals known as molluscsa phylum that also includes clams, oysters, and the octopus and squid. Of all the molluscs, only snails and slugs can live on land. The largest snail is the Giant African snail, with a shell reaching 11 inches. (This creature is often illegally imported into the U.S. as a pet; it has a significant risk as an invasive pest and a carrier of dangerous parasites.) Several tiny species of land snail compete for the title of smallest, at just a fraction more than 1 millimeter in size.’);
StoryImage( ‘/Images/Story//Auto-img-11382207797064.jpg’, ”, ‘One of our regions tiniest snails Gastrocopta tappaniana is less than ‘);
StoryImage( ‘/Images/Story//Auto-img-11382208147077.jpg’, ”, ‘Iowa Pleistocene Snail Discus macclintocki was first discovered as an Ice Age fossil, believed to be extinct. Then in 1940, this snail was found alive in Iowa. Although endangered, it survives in isolated habitats in our region.’);
StoryImage( ‘/Images/Story//Auto-img-11382208558060.jpg’, ”, ‘Fossil gastropods The shells of 450 million-year-old sea snails are perhaps as common’);
Snails and slugs quietly succeed in natures survival of the fittest
Some people are disgusted by these slimy creatures, while others find them entirely fascinating. As one of the longest-lived groups of multicellular animals on earth, with ancestors living half a billion years ago, snails and slugs deserve at least a little respect. These creatures belong to the class of animals known as gastropodsa scientific name meaning stomach-foot, referring to the way they crawl along on their bellies.
Snails typically have spiral shells that are either flattened or long and spired, while slugs are actually snails with only a tiny piece of shell imbedded in their flesh. The biology and lifestyles of snails and slugs are similar. On land, they ooze along on trails of mucus, living on a diet of dead or living vegetation. Theyre usually found in moist earth or plant debris, especially in woodlands.
In our region, land snails are quite small, from the size of a pinhead up to an inch in diameter. To find them, the easiest thing to do is sort through a pile of plant debris or turn over a rotting log. They can even be found in the winter, hibernating under the soil. Like many of the other creatures youll find in this habitat, snails and slugs are important decomposers. They break down dead vegetation so its nutrients can be reused. Snails are also an important food source for insects and other arthropods, frogs and toads, snakes, turtles, birds and mammals.
Despite their invaluable service as natural decomposers, snails and slugs have earned a reputation for being pests when it comes to gardens and lawns. As garden pests, they indulge on the most succulent parts of plantsyoung sprouts and shoots, flowers, and fruit.
From the Jan. 25-31, 2006, issue |
This is your video introduction to Lesson 3.4 in the ARRL General Class License Manual. The material in the text is actually quite short, so I provide some background information to put it in context.
This entire paragraph is a side comment: In the video I mention there’s no such thing as negative power. That is in fact true of resistive loads, but not of reactive (inductive or capacitive) loads. There are two measures in the case of a reactive load. First, the “volt-amps,” which is the voltage times the current. Then there’s the power factor, which is a function of how reactive the load is. It’s a fraction between 0 and 1 and is mathematically the cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and the current. (Am I telling you that voltage can go one way while current goes another? Yes, I am, but don’t let it keep you awake at night.) You multiply the volt-amps and the power factor to come up with real power. Electrical utilities do not like reactive power because it loads down the system but doesn’t buy them anything (they sell watt-hours, not volt-amp-hours). In most cases, utility loads are inductive (the coil windings in motors, for example, are actually inductors). So the utility adds capacitance here and there to balance out the load. If that sounds really weird, don’t worry, it’s not something you need to know to pass your test, but I just thought I’d throw it in for completeness.
When you are done with this video, click here to return to the list of introductory videos. |
लंदन, २२ सितम्बर (आईएएनएस)। फिलिप नॉरमन की नई पुस्तक 'जॉन लेनन : द लाइफ' के अनुसार 'बीटल्स' के दिवंगत पॉप गायक जॉन लेनन बहुत गुस्सैल थे। गुस्से में एक बार वे अपने बेटे सीएन के कान में इतनी जोर से चीखे कि उसे कम सुनाई पड़ने लगा।
वेबसाइट 'कांटेक्ट म्यूजिक डॉट कॉम' के मुताबिक जीवनी में सीएन के हवाले से कहा गया है, "वे मुझे कांटे-छुरी से खाना सिखा रहे थे। चार साल की उम्र में मेरे लिए वह एक पहेली की तरह था। मुझे समझ ही नहीं आता था कि खाने का टुकड़ा खुद ब खुद मुंह में कैसे आ जाता है। मेरे ख्याल से उस रात मैंने कुछ ज्यादा ही गड़बड़ कर दी थी, इसलिए वे मुझसे बेहद गुस्सा हो गए और मुझ पर जोर से चीखे, जिससे मेरी श्रवण शक्ति कमजोर हो गई और मुझे अस्पताल जाना पड़ा।"
सिएन ने यह भी माना कि इस घटना के बाद लेनन अपनी हरकत से दुखी हो गए थे। सिएन कहते हैं, "मुझे याद है जब मैं जमीन पर रो रहा था और उन्होंने मुझसे माफ मांगते हुए कहा कि मुझे माफ कर दो, मुझे गुस्सा आ गया था।" |
Billions of people worldwide drink coffee to get more energy, feel more alert, and improve their athletic performance. One cup of coffee contains between 100-250 milligrams of caffeine. Caffeine is a diuretic and an alkaloid, which means it increases urination, is metabolized in the liver and excreted through the kidney. One study from Duke University suggests that caffeine often masks hunger and fatigue because it acts as a stimulant, providing a short-term boost in energy and alertness.
Coffee also contains phytochemical compounds called chlorogenic acids. These acids are an important group of biologically active and antioxidant dietary phenols. Their ability to control hunger and suppress appetite is one of the reason you feel full after a cup of coffee.
According to several studies, regular coffee reduces our risk of developing diabetes, mental illness, many cancers, and overall mortality. However, not much research has been done on how coffee might affect appetite. Although, evidence so far has indicated that coffee helps to suppress your appetite, not encourage it.
Going above the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of caffeine which is around 400 mg may cause serious health conditions. Drinking coffee in moderation may boost your metabolism and reduce your desire to eat. |
Can you see Russia from Juneau, Alaska?
From some places, yes! Alaska’s modern history dates back to the first European contact, which occurred in 1741. This is when Vitus Bering led the Russian Navy on an expedition aboard the St. Peter. Bering’s crew returned to Russia endowed with sea otter pelts—ones deemed to be the finest fur in the world. After, small alliances of fur traders began to voyage from the shorelines of Siberia towards the Aleutian islands.
When European settlement began
In 1784, the first fixed European settlement was formed. And the Russian-American Company expanded the colonization from the early to mid-1800s. Excitingly, the city of New Archangel on Kodiak Island was Alaska’s first capital. Although in 1808, Sitka became the capital of the Russian territory. Ultimately, the Russians never fully colonized Alaska, and the colony was never especially lucrative.
Challengingly, Russia found itself in a rather difficult monetary position come the late 1850s. It feared losing Russian Alaska without compensation in some future dispute. Especially to the British, with whom they had battled ten years prior in the Crimean War.
Undeniably, the Russians worried that in any future discord with Great Britain, their hard-to-defend region might become an easy target. This Great Powers calculus impacted on Tsar Alexander II in selling the territory. Mayhap in the hope of triggering a bidding war, both the British and the Americans were propositioned. Although the British had little desire to purchase Alaska. Undeterred, the Russians refocused their attention on the United States.
Post Civil War
A couple of years after the Civil War, Secretary of State William H. Seward entered negotiations with the Russians. Further, procured the Alaskan territory on March 30, 1867 for $7.2 million. While the majority public opinion backed the agreement, multiple newspapers voiced against the extortionate amount paid for the territory. They disparaged it as “Seward’s Folly,” “Seward’s Icebox,” and Andrew Johnson’s “polar bear garden.”
On April 9, 1876, the United States Senate ratified the treaty, by a vote of 37-2. That said, the appropriation of funds required to buy Alaska was put on hold for over a year due to resistance in the House of Representatives. It took until July 1868 when the House finally rubber stamped the appropriation. |
After 46 years of disaster relief, civilian evacuations, troop transports, fleet protection, and the first use of a laser weapon, USS Ponce (AFSB(I)-15) was removed from active service during a ceremony over the weekend.
In September, USS Lewis Puller (ESB-3), the purpose-built expeditionary mobile base, relieved Ponce from what had become a five-year stay in the Middle East ended.
Commissioned in 1971, Ponce was the last of the 12 Austin-class amphibious transport dock ships built, designated with hull number LPD-15. Named for the Puerto Rican city of Ponce, the ship completed 27 deployments in the North Atlantic, Caribbean, Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf.
Ponce proved to be a versatile platform, used in a variety of missions, including:
- 1990, Ponce was among the ships participating in Operation Sharp Edge, helping evacuate about 1,600 civilians from Liberia as the nation devolved into a civil war, according to a Navy statement.
- 2003, Ponce was among seven ships to form Amphibious Task Force East, which at the time, the Navy stated, was the most powerful amphibious force ever to leave the East Coast, according to a Navy statement. The task force, known as the “Magnificent Seven” and the “Beast from the East,” brought nearly 5,000 sailors, 8,000 Marines from the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade, and aircraft from the 2nd Marine Air Wing, to participate in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
- 2012, refitted to become an afloat forward staging base, based on the USS Kitty Hawk’s (CV-63) role as an afloat special operations staging base during Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001, according to a Navy statement. The other Austin-class amphibious transport dock ships were steadily being retired and replaced in the fleet by San Antonio class ships. Ponce was outfitted with a joint Navy and Military Sealift Command crew, comprised of active duty and civilian sailors. While support 5th Fleet and Central Command activities, Ponce conducted mine countermeasures operations and international maritime command and control missions.
- 2014, Ponce successfully deployed and operated the laser weapon system (LaWS), according to a Navy statement This 30-kilowatt experimental weapon is designed to counter small boats and unmanned aerial vehicles. |
New Metamaterial-Enhanced MRI Technique
Scientists from Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands and ITMO University in Russia have designed and tested a new metasurface-based technology that can enhance the local sensitivity of MRI scanners on humans. This metasurface consists of thin resonant strips that are arranged periodically. When placed under the patient's head, this metasurface provides much higher signals from the local brain region. Details of this new technology are published in Scientific Reports.
Some key benefits from the metasurfaces include a reduction in image acquisition time, improved comfort for patients and higher resolution images for better diagnosis.
MRI is commonly used for the examination of internal organs. It can provide detailed information on structural and functional damage in neurological, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and oncological conditions. But MRI scans have a lower signal-to-noise ratio and take much longer as compared to a CT or ultrasound scan. The patient often has to lie motionless within the MRI machine for up to an hour. This not only results in discomfort for the patient but also long lines in hospitals.
With this new technology, the specialists from Netherlands and Russia have been able to acquire human-MRI images with enhanced local sensitivity. According to the scientists, the use of the metasurface increased local sensitivity by 50% and enabled them to obtain higher image and spectroscopic signals from the occipital cortex.
Rita Schmidt, the first author of the paper and researcher at the Department of Radiology of Leiden University Medical Center believes the use of such devices could reduce the duration of MRI studies and also improve patient comfort.
Alexey Slobozhanyuk, research fellow at the Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials of ITMO University points out that MRI scans often have to repeated due to the lower signal-to-noise ratio. But by using their new technology, this problem can be solved. Study researchers also believe that the metasurface can increase image resolution. To date, it has not been possible to integrate metamaterials into close-fitting receive arrays but with this novel ultra-thin design, this issue could also be solved.
"Our technology can be applied for producing metamaterial-inspired ultra-thin devices for many different types of MRI scans, but in each case, one should firstly carry out a series of computer simulations as we have done in this work. One needs to make sure that the metasurface is appropriately coupled", concludes Rita Schmidt.
Source: ITMO University
mage Credit: ITMO University
Published on : Tue, 30 May 2017
The best patient care is your ultimate goal. To achieve this requires confident diagnosis even with daily increases in patient throughput. Built on the foundation of Mindray’s continuous customer insights into clinical needs and the inheritance from...
UltraDrape is an innovative dressing designed for use during Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Intravenous (UGPIV) that provides dual-action barrier and securement in one.
The SonoSite SII features a new touchscreen user interface with a clinician-driven menu logic that adaptively adjusts to your imaging needs – “what you need, is what you see”. An embedded dual transducer connector allows you to quickly switch between...
Transform the breast imaging patient experience The SmartCurve system provides a curved compression surface that offers a more comfortable patient experience without compromising image quality, exam time, dose or workflow.1 The SmartCurve system is... |
The Rev. Holly McKissick, pastor, Peace Christian Church, Kansas City and Overland Park, Kan:
No hats at the dinner table; call if you’re going to be late. Just as households have rules, so do cultures. Sometimes they are merely practical. Sometimes, though, they reflect power imbalances.
Like every faith system, Christianity was influenced by cultural rules in place when it took root. Then, as now, people mistook cultural rules with the sacred principles of the faith.
Christianity began as a reform movement of sorts — more inclusive and less hierarchical than the social environment in which it began — with neither “Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female.” Outcasts were welcomed, accepted, affirmed.
Over time, though, Christianity moved from the sideline to the mainline and with that move came a renewed skewing of power. The Christian household, which Jesus envisioned to be more egalitarian, eventually came to look like every other household of the time: patriarchal. Female submission became entrenched (and largely remains entrenched).
We remain called, however, to reflect the earliest Christian voice, crafting and sustaining relationships where power is shared.
No Biblical mandate
Rabbi Avi Weinstein, head of Jewish Studies, Hyman Brand Hebrew Academy:
Attitude toward scripture and its authority is one of the great dividing lines between religious traditions, and Judaism is no exception.
The Biblical mandate is that a man must leave his mother and cleave to a wife. Biblical laws of inheritance of land certainly favored men, and these designated roles were mandated in the Book of Exodus. The question is, once the tribal order has been thoroughly dismantled, should those directives remain?
Scripture assumes traditional roles and describes them often throughout the Hebrew Bible. The primary role of a woman is to raise a family, and the primary of a man is to support that family with an occupation of some kind. There was never a Biblical mandate as to who should be the primary decision maker. Those dynamics were a family affair.
Nowadays, although in more traditional Jewish homes many rituals are the exclusive province of men, the issue of who gets to be the head of the household depends on the household. |
तोरपा | बारकुली पंचायत के रायशिमला में ग्राम स्वराज अभियान का आयोजन किया गया। इस दौरान मुखिया अमृत हेमरोम ने ग्रामीणों से सरकारी योजनाओं का पूरा लाभ उठाने की अपील की। कहा कि हमारी कोशिश है कि गांव का एक भी ग्रामीण इन योजनाओं का लाभ लेने में छूट न जाए, उन्होंने पंचायत कर्मियों को योजनाओं का लाभ हर किसी को देने की अपील की। मौके पर सीएससी संचालक कुणाल भगत ने एलईडी बल्ब के बारे में बताया और एलईडी बल्ब वितरण किया। मौके पर सुपरवाइजर अंजली कुमारी, शशि भूषण नाग, आंगनबाड़ी सेविका, सहायिका आदि उपस्थित थे। |
भोपाल। राजस्व, विज्ञान एवं प्रौद्योगिकी मंत्री श्री उमाशंकर गुप्ता ने कटनी में ३ एवं मुरैना के १ तहसीलदार को सस्पेंड करने के आदेश दिए हैं। इसी के साथ कटनी के ५ पटवारियों को भी सस्पेंड करने के आदेश जारी किए गए हैं। कटनी जिले के तहसील बरही में जमीन संबंधी प्रकरण में अनियमितता पर तत्कालीन तहसीलदारों और पटवारियों को निलंबित करने के निर्देश दिये हैं। श्री गुप्ता ने तत्कालीन तहसीलदार श्री एस.के. गर्ग, श्री आर.पी. अग्रवाल और श्री आर.बी. द्विवेदी को निलंबित करने के निर्देश दिये हैं। इसी तरह पटवारी श्री नत्थूलाल रावत, श्री संतोष दुबे सीनियर, श्री संतोष दुबे जूनियर, श्री सुदखदेव सिंह भवेदी और श्री गणेश पाण्डेय को भी निलंबित करने की कार्यवाही की जा रही है।
राजस्व मंत्री श्री उमाशंकर गुप्ता के निर्देश पर प्रमुख राजस्व आयुक्त श्री के.के. खरे ने जिला मुरैना की केलारस तहसील के तहसीलदार श्री सर्वेश यादव को फर्जी नामांतरण करने के कारण तत्काल प्रभाव से आज निलंबित कर दिया। निलंबन अवधि में श्री यादव का मुख्यालय आयुक्त कार्यालय चम्बल संभाग (मुरैना) नियत किया गया है। |
नई दिल्ली। २१ साल पुराने आय से अधिक संपत्ति मामले में सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने शशिकला को बड़ा झटका देते हुए उन्हें चार साल की सजा सुनाई है। इसके साथ ही शशिकला का राजनीतिक भविष्य संकट में आ गया है। नियम के अनुसार शशिकला सजा पूरी करने के बाद भी अगले १० साल तक चुनाव नहीं लड़ पाएंगी। साथ ही उनके पार्टी महासचिव बने रहने पर भी संकट पैदा हो गया है।
जानकारी के अनुसार सर्वोच्च न्यायालय ने हाईकोर्ट के फैसले को रद्द करते हुए निचली अदालत के फैसले को बलकरार रखा है। साथ ही अदालत ने कहा है कि शशिकला जल्द निचली अदालत के सामने पेश होने के लिए कहा है। शशिकला को अब ३ साल और ६ महीने जेल में गुजारना होगा क्योंकि वो ६ महीने की सजा पहले ही काट चुकी है। हालांकि शशिकला के पास अब भी पुनर्विचार याचिका दायर करने का मौका है लेकिन उसमें समय लगेगा और पन्नीरसेल्वम के लिए यर समय काफी है।
दुसरी तरफ राज्य की राजनीति में बड़ा बदलाव आया है और ओ पन्नीरसेल्वम और ताकतवर बनकर उभरे हैं। इसके बाद वो अब मुख्यमंत्री बने रहेंगे और फैसले के बाद उनके खेमे में जश्न का माहौल है। शशिकला के जेल जाने के बाद पार्टी के महासचिव पद पर भी नए व्यक्ति का चुनाव करना होगा। |
हम विशेष हैं दीवार सॉकेट पैनल निर्माताओं और आपूर्तिकर्ताओं / कारखाने चीन से। कम कीमत / सस्ते के रूप में उच्च गुणवत्ता के साथ थोक दीवार सॉकेट पैनल, चीन से अग्रणी ब्रांडों में से एक दीवार सॉकेट पैनल में से एक, शेन्ज़ेन ज़ुओहाओ इंटेलिजेंट इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डेवलमेंट को., लैड.।
थोक चीन से दीवार सॉकेट पैनल , लेकिन कम कीमत के अग्रणी निर्माताओं के रूप में सस्ते दीवार सॉकेट पैनल खोजने की आवश्यकता है। बस दीवार सॉकेट पैनल पर उच्च गुणवत्ता वाले ब्रांडों पा कारखाना उत्पादन, आप आप क्या चाहते हैं, बचत शुरू करते हैं और हमारे दीवार सॉकेट पैनल का पता लगाने के बारे में भी राय, आप में सबसे तेजी से उत्तर हम करूँगा कर सकते हैं। |
CREATING & EDITING VECTOR DATA
This is a one-day practical training course introduces
- Data Formats
- Data Creation
- Data Editing
- Create Attribute table
- Map production
What you will learn
- Introduction to different data formats
- Editing all types of geometric features including point, line and polygons
Exercise-1: Opening and exploring different types of data formats of QGIS, ESRI Shapefiles (.SHP), MapInfo TAB/MID/MIF), AutoCAD (DXF / DWG), MicroStation (DGN), GML (used by Google Earth) used and produced by a number GIS software. Converting data into in QGIS platform that can be used by any GIS software (e.g. DXF to shape).
Exercise-2: Setting up snapping tolerance for project and layers. Digitising (Adding Features) Point for trees (for example), moving, resizing, deleting points, Snapping points to point of interest such as points, lines, vertex etc. Creating shape files for Point. Calculating coordinates for point features. Creating Points from excel spreadsheet file (i.e. add XY coordinates) and save as a .shp file. add a picture of digitizing Point / Line / Polygon
Exercise-3: Creating shape files Line. Digitizing line feature (for example, roads) using satellite imagery, creating parallel, perpendicular, angular lines, splitting etc. Calculating the length of Line features.
Exercise-4: Creating shape files for Polygon. Digitizing polygon feature (for example, land boundary) using satellite imagery Reshaping polygon, adding and deleting part of the polygon, merging polygons, adding/ deleting rings etc. Creating a rectangle, square etc. Calculating the area of polygon features.
Exercise-5: Understating and creating thematic and colour ramp maps; creating maps with Map Composer, Adding maps elements, for example, Title, Legend different layers of choice; Scalebar & Scale, North Arrow and any note. Choosing right Text and background for each map element; saving the map template of your choice, printing maps, exporting maps in PDF, Image formats. Finally saving the project for future use.
- Understanding different types of data formats
- Creating shape (.shp) files for Point/Line/Polygon Features
- Digitising and editing
- Advance techniques of editing
- Adding columns to attributes tables and manipulating vector data
- How to choose different data types
- How to use basic QGIS tools & plugins to edit data
- Producing professional maps (electronic and paper) with minimal or no supervision. |
MIT Media Lab graduates Nadav Aharony, Cody Sumter, and Alan Gardner are building an open-source platform that simplifies mobile data collection and processing. Their start-up, Behavio, was awarded a $355,000 Knight News Challenge grant, and they plan to create a software development kit for programmers to build apps with smarter sensors. These will enable people to see social and behavioral trends in communities and explore information about their lives, making metadata more meaningful. A smartphone can sense things like location, movement, app activity, radio networks, and the devices around it, and could be used to infer more interesting and useful things about individuals, our environment, and our communities.
Behavio’s open source Android platform turns phones into smart sensors of people’s behaviors and surroundings – sensing how people use their phones, how they communicate with others, and environmental factors like sound, light and motion. As a result, Behavio can understand trends and behavioral changes in individuals as well as entire communities, and help them understand and make use of this information. |
Defining the terms and extent of human trafficking and modern slavery
Human trafficking and modern slavery are thought to be amongst the most widespread crimes in the world, affecting millions of men, women and children each day.
It is defined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime as:
The Act of recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Broken down into simpler terms, this means human trafficking is made up of three elements:
This acts as an umbrella term, which covers a number of human rights issues, of which human trafficking is one.
It is mainly defined by the 1956 UN supplementary convention which says:
…debt bondage, serfdom, forced marriage and the delivery of a child for the exploitation of that child are all slavery-like practices and require criminalisation and abolishment…
Modern slavery encompasses:
Traffickers and slave masters use whatever means they have at their disposal to coerce, deceive and force individuals into a life of abuse, servitude, and inhumane treatment. |
Golden rice fields extend in the afternoon sunshine at the foot of the mountains. A woman farmer checks the grain on the ears. It’s a peaceful, yet also deceptive scene. Near the border with China there are countless problems in Kachin State: civil war-like conflicts with the expulsion of entire villages, and large-scale investors occupying vast swathes of countryside with their rubber plantations, evicting people from the land that they have farmed for generations. They also lose access to the community forest whose products represent an important supplementary food and income source.
Who owns the land where my rice grows?
Because of the lack of clarity about the conditions of land ownership, it is difficult for farmers and their families to establish a stable livelihood. Usually, they just about make ends meet. However, for four months a year there is a serious food shortage. This is most noticeable for the children: data from the UN’s World Food Programme show that more than 35 percent of children in Myanmar are too small for their age due to chronic malnutrition.
In the 25 remote villages, which are involved in our project area, there is no hint of the new spirit of optimism initiated in Myanmar’s centres because of the country’s liberalisation and the economic upturn. The men often take jobs in mines some distance away, and the women stay behind with the farm and family. To meet their daily expenses, many of them agree to loans at exorbitant interest rates and get into permanent debt.
Food security and a stable livelihood
In these circumstances, those aspiring to create a stable livelihood are dependent on practical support. Out on the school fields in the fresh air, the more innovative farmers as well as those trained by our partner organisations teach their colleagues. Together they devise local production methods so they can improve their nutritional situation despite bad seeds, depleted soil and falling yields, yet without resorting to chemicals. Tried and tested methods are the sustainable rice cultivation technique known as SRI (see explanation, right), vegetable gardens with produce for sale and personal consumption as well as keeping pigs and hens for manure and protein sources.
This is how 240 small farmers from 15 villages learn about alternative income potential so they can reduce their debts. Small-scale entrepreneurs learn how they can plan to manage their business and attend courses for keeping small livestock.
Overall in Kachin, 700 families, or approximately 3,500 people are assisted. This is a modest, but important start so that more and more families can say goodbye to hunger and desperation.
- Project code: MY 02/16/01
- Project costs: 168,140 Swiss francs
- Project duration: 2.5 years
- Number of beneficiaries: 3,500 women, men and children as well as 90 farmers who are trained as local knowledge brokers. |
Clean Water Act Human Health Water Quality Criteria/Fish Consumption Rate
At the national and state level, EPA has been imposing policies that will make Human Health Water Quality Criteria (HHWQC) — national water quality criteria to protect human health — much more stringent, leading to more impaired waters listings, Total Maximum Daily Loads, and extremely costly and unattainable permit limits, while providing virtually no additional human health protection. Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), states have the primary responsibility to develop water quality standards. States begin that process with EPA’s HHWQC but can use other criteria, as long as, when viewed collectively, the standards are adequately protective of human health.
Extreme Risk Management Policy
EPA’s national HHWQC already contain needlessly conservative assumptions such as that people drink 2.4 liters (about 2.5 quarts) of untreated surface water every day for 70 years. New national policies that promote tribal treaty rights in environmental protection have led EPA to pressure states to calculate their HHWQC on even more conservative assumptions, such as a Fish Consumption Rate (FCR) of 175 grams/day and extremely conservative excess lifetime cancer risk levels. While, to date, EPA has only pressed Northwest states and Maine to adopt these new policies, it is unclear how many states could be subject to this new policy there are more than 40 states with a recognized tribe with a treaty with the U.S.
Overstepping Its Authority in the Northwest and Maine
EPA pressured Oregon to adopt more stringent HHWQC, and recently proposed to impose federal HHWQC on Washington that are even more stringent that those adopted in Oregon. EPA also pressured Idaho to adopt unnecessarily stringent HHWQC. In 2015, EPA rejected Maine’s HHWQC based on the same policies and in April 2016 proposed federal HHWQC for Maine that include an even higher FCR than it proposed in Washington - 286 grams/day.
High Costs with Virtually No Human Health Benefits
In 2013, a coalition of Washington stakeholders issued a study that found if the Oregon standards (which are less stringent than EPA’s proposal for Washington) were applied to Washington, industries and municipalities would not be able to meet the resulting CWA permit limits and the potential cost would be in the billions of dollars. Based on Washington’s 2014 population and information from the American Cancer Society, with HHWQC based on EPA’s preferred acceptable cancer risk level, the theoretical incidence rate of cancer is predicted to increase from 38,230 to 38,230.01 — a tiny fraction of a cancer case per year. Criteria based on an a more reasonable cancer risk level, which EPA consistently told states it would reject, result in an increase in cancer from 38,230 to 38230.1, again a tiny fraction of a case per year. Any actual change in cancer incidence will be lower than even these tiny fractions and may, in fact, be zero. |
नगर के कन्या हाईस्कूल में दो दिवसीय वार्षिक क्रीड़ा उत्सव का शुभारंभ गुरुवार को किया गया। इसके अंतर्गत बिल्लस, फुगड़ी, रस्सा खींच, खो-खो, रिले रेस,१०० मीटर एवं ५०० मीटर दौड़, कबड्डी आदि खेलों में बालिकाओं ने भाग लिया।
शुभारंभ के मुख्य अतिथि शाला विकास समिति के अध्यक्ष पदमा दुबे ने कहा कि पढ़ने-लिखने के साथ-साथ अलग-अलग विधाओं में भी बच्चों को भाग लेना चाहिए। इससे मस्तिष्क का विकास होता है। साथ ही अनुभव भी मिलता है। स्वस्थ शरीर में स्वस्थ मन का वास होता है। इस स्कूल की छात्राएं खेल में राज्य स्तर पर जीतकर आई हैं। इससे संस्था और नगर गौरवान्वित हुआ है। इसके लिए संस्था प्रमुख एवं विजयी टीम को बधाई दी और बच्चों से कहा कि इसी तरह संस्था और नगर का नाम रोशन करते रहे। उन्होंने लड़कियों को आत्मरक्षा के लिए सेल्फ डिफेंस ट्रेनिंग स्कूलों में दिए जाने पर जोर दिया।इस मौके पर रोशनी गोस्वामी, प्रीति पांडे, अंजली घाडगे, दुर्गा सोनी, प्राचार्य केएस कंवर, केआर साहू, विवेक शर्मा, एचएल गिलहरे, बीएस कोरराम, केआर निर्मलकर, अनुपमा ठाकुर, किरण शर्मा, अंजली गुप्ता सहित छात्राएं मौजूद थीं। संचालन आरएल साहू तथा आभार प्रदर्शन केके यदु ने किया। |
Since I spend many hours in front of my computer doing research and communicating with women around the globe, I was curious about the potential effects of the daily exposure of Wi Fi on my health. Our society is advancing technologically at an incredible rate. Just go back a mere 50 years. There were no cellphones, no smartphones, no smart TVs, no tablets, no laptops, in fact, no internet at all! And very little threat of Electro-pollution.
We can’t turn back the clock. We can, however, understand the risks of living in the 21st century and take necessary, deliberate and logical measures to protect ourselves and our families. Like GMOs and air pollution, electro-pollution generated by EMF’s (Electromagnetic frequencies) is real and it can affect your health. In 2011, the World Health Organization classified EMF’s as Class 2B carcinogen, which is the same classification as DDT.
Wi-Fi Exposure and Breast Cancer
In nature, only the tiniest amounts of microwave radiation exists and most is blocked by the atmosphere. In recent years, however, these levels have exploded. A lot of the
increase has to do with Wi-Fi and the devices that use it.
Wi-Fi uses Radio Frequency microwave radiation to transmit information back and forth through the air. It operates at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, about the same as a microwave oven.
The research that has been done on the adverse effects of Wi-Fi points to:
1.) the “layering effect” caused by not only Wi-Fi signals but also other devices that are using it as well
2.) daily, long-term exposure as the main causes for concern.
Since Wi-Fi uses the same kind of frequency as cellphones and the duration of exposure is significantly higher, it makes sense that Wi-Fi could present a greater cancer risk than cell phones or any other electronic medium.
According to recent study published in the Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine Journal, low-intensity RFR (emitted by cell phones and WI FI) is an expressive oxidative agent for living cells with a high pathogenic potential. In other words, EMF’s cause oxidative stress and damage to your cells that can lead to pathology or dis-ease.
Consider the following as it pertains to Wi-Fi in your home or office:
Where is the Wi-Fi router located in relation to where you spend most of your time?
How many hours a day is your Wi-Fi router and its corresponding devices on while you or others are in area?
How many hours a day do you spend in front of your laptop, tablet or desktop computer?
For how many years has the exposure you just described been going on?
Clear evidence exists that there is a relationship between EMF’s and serious health issues. The BioInitiative Report, clearly outlines the following conclusions after examining years of data.
1.) Bioeffects are clearly established and occur at very low levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation.
2.) Bioeffects can also occur from just minutes of exposure to mobile phone masts (cell towers), WI-FI, and wireless utility ‘smart’ meters that produce whole-body exposure. Chronic base station level exposures can result in illness.
3.) Researchers report headaches, concentration difficulties and behavioral problems in children and adolescents; and sleep disturbances, headaches and concentration problems in adults.
4.) There is a veritable flood of new studies reporting sperm damage in humans and animals, leading to substantial concerns for fertility.
5.) Fetal (in-utero) and early childhood exposures to cell phone radiation and wireless technologies in general may be a risk factor for hyperactivity, learning disorders and behavioral problems in school.
6.) The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) is a protective barrier that prevents the flow of toxins into sensitive brain tissue. Damage to the BBB caused by cell phone RFR may result in neuronal damage.
7.) Human Stem cell DNA does NOT repair or adapt to exposure to EMF’s.
8.) Weakened or impaired Immune System.
9.) Decreased Melatonin production and increased risk of Breast Cancer.
EMF exposure in general directly affects the breast tissue by inhibiting the production and utilization of melatonin. Melatonin, a cytotoxic hormone, inhibits cancer cell growth. According to a study done through UC-Berkeley, 12 mG (60Hz) of EMF exposure, which you get from a computer, can prevent melatonin from being produced in the body. EMFs also disrupt the signaling system of melatonin. Without this signalling system, cancer cells will continue to grow.
What You Can Do
Here are a few steps you can take to reduce your exposure:
- Before you go to bed, turn off all computers, wireless routers and cell phones
- Move the router to a place where it is at least 15 feet away from where you other others work
- Don’t put your laptop on your lap. Contrary to what the name implies, this is the most dangerous position for it to be, especially for the reproductive areas in both men and women
- Consider installing a hard-wired modem that connects directly to your lap top.
- Protect your electronic devices with patented, scientifically validated products. The guards that I personally use and recommend specifically for computers, laptops, WI-FI routers and the like are the GIA Wellness EMF Universal Guards.
Is Convenience Worth the EMF Risk?
Wi-Fi is extremely convenient, and as a result, we tend to overlook the harm it may be doing to our bodies every day. Afterall, we don’t really “feel” or “see” the effects.
According to a study published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, however, it is estimated that by next year (2017), 50% of the world’s population will be adversely affected in some way by EMF’s.
Essential # 2 of the 7 Essentials System™ is about Reducing Your Toxic Exposure. Do the right thing for your health and that of your loved ones. Limit Wi-Fi exposure and take precautions when you do have to use it. This wired world may be here to stay, but its effect on your health because of lack of information and precautions doesn’t have to be. |
क्या भगवान बुद्ध का अविर्भाव महाभारत या भगवान कृष्ण से पूर्व हुआ था ?
यह तथ्य निर्विवाद रूप से सत्य है कि भगवान बुद्ध का जीवन काल १८०७ ईशा पूर्व का निर्धारित है तथा पाणिनि का काल -७००-५०० पूर्व माना ईसा पूर्व था। निश्चय ही पाणिनि ने अष्टाध्यायी तथा अपने ग्रंथों में बुद्ध , महाभारत व भक्ति- भगवत धर्म का उल्लेख अपने पूर्ववर्ती ग्रंथों एवं श्रुतियों से किया है। प्रशन यह है कि महाभारत का काल बुद्ध के बाद का कैसे हुआ ?
इसके लिए इतिहास को खंगालने की आवश्यकता है। एक बात तो यह है कि पाणिनि ने कहीं भी यह नहीं कहा की महाभारत का काल बुद्ध के बाद का है , ऐसा प्रमाण हमें नहीं मिलता है। दूसरी बात महाभारत के एक लाख श्लोकों में कहीं भी बुद्ध का उल्लेख ही नहीं है जबकि महाभारत का उस समय भारत का प्रतिबिम्ब कहा गया था। अगर कहीं महर्षि पाणिनि ने अपने ग्रंथों में मस्करी परिव्राजक का उल्लेख किया है तो वह कोई का विषय ही नहीं है। बुद्ध का काल तो पाणिनि से भी लगभग १३०० -१२०० ईसा पूर्व था। महर्षि पाणिनि ने अष्टाध्यायी की रचना की , यह संस्कृत व्याकरण का सबसे अधिक सटीक तथा सर्व मान्य ग्रन्थ माना जाता है। जिसके आधार पर सभी बाद के धर्मग्रंथों की रचना की गई। इतना ही नहीं कुछ प्राचीन ग्रंथों को भी पुन: इसी आधार पर संशोधित किया गया।
अब ज़रा महाभारत की स्थिति पर भी ध्यान दें। वेद व्यास जी ने एक ग्रन्थ की रचना की , जिसमे एक लाख श्लोक थे। इन एक लाख श्लोकों को १०० पर्वों में बांटा गया था। इस ग्रन्थ का रचना काल 3१०० ईसा पूर्व के लगभग माना जाता है। इसका नाम जय महाकाव्य था।
इस जय महाकाव्य अथवा भारत को सुत जी द्वारा लगभग २००० ईसा पूर्व पुन: सुव्यस्थित किया गया तथा १८ पर्वों में बाँटा गया।
तत्पश्चात लगभग १२०० इसा पूर्व इस ग्रन्थ को ब्राह्मी या संस्कृत में हस्तलिखित पांडुलिपि के रूप में लिपि बद्ध किया गया। इसके बाद भी अनेक विद्धवानो द्वारा इसमे फेर बदल गये।
पुणे स्थित भंडारकर प्राच्य शोध संस्थान ने पुरे दक्षिण एशिया में उपलब्ध महाभारत की लगभग १०००० पांडुलिपियों को खोज कर शोध और अनुसंधान कर सभी में पाए जाने वाले ७५००० श्लोकों को खोजा और उनके स टिपण्णी एवं समीक्षात्मक संस्करण प्रकाशित किये। इस सम्पूर्ण सामग्री को अलग अलग खंडो में विभाजित कर १३००० पृष्ठों में समेटा गया है।
इसके अलावा जो लोग महाभारत का काल ७०० -५०० ईसा पूर्व मानते हैं उन्हें छान्दोग्य उपनिषद जो १००० ईसा पूर्व से भी पहले का है , भी देखना चाहिए। उसमे भी महाभारत का वर्णन मिलता है।
अगर वैज्ञानिक आधार की बात करें तो भू वैज्ञानिकों के अनुसार सरस्वती नदी के ५००० -३००० ईसा पुर्व की उपस्थिति का पता चलता है तथा १९०० ईसा पूर्व भू गर्भी परिवर्तनों से इस नदी के सुखाने का आभास मिलता है। जबकि महाभारत में सरस्वती नदी का वर्णन अनेक बार आया है जिससे स्पष्ट है कि महाभारत ईसा से १९०० वर्ष पूर्व का ही है।
१ -विश्व विख्यात भारतीय गणितज्ञ एवं खगोलज्ञ आर्य भट्ट के अनुसार महाभारत युद्ध लगभग ३१०२ ईसा पूर्व हुआ था।
२ -विश्व विख्यात भारतीय गणितज्ञ एवं खगोल शास्त्री वराहमिहिर के अनुसार महाभारत युद्ध २४४९ ईसा पूर्व के लगभग हुआ था।
३ -चालुक्य राजवंश के सबसे महान सम्राट पुल्केसी-२ के अनुसार ५वी शताब्दी के ऐहोल अभिलेख में बताया गया है कि महाभारत युद्ध को ३७३५ वर्ष बीत गए और उसके हिसाब से यह ३१०० ईसा पूर्व का समय आता है।
४ -पच्छिमी यूरोपीय विद्धवान पी वी होले महाभारत में वर्णित ग्रह नक्षत्रों की आकाशीय स्थितियों का अध्यन कर इसे ३१४३ ईसा पूर्व का मानते हैं।
५ -अधिकतर भारतीय विद्धवान श्री बी एन अचर ,एन एस राजाराम ,के सदानंद ,सुभाष काक आदि गृह नक्षत्रों की आकाशीय गणना के आधार पर इसे ३०६७ ईसा पूर्व मानते हैं।
६ -ताज़ा शोधानुसार ब्रिटेन में कार्यरत न्युक्लिअर मेडिसिन के फिजिशियन डॉ मनीष पंडित ने महाभारत में वर्णित १५० खगोलिय घटनाओं का अध्यन कर बताया कि यह युद्ध ३०६७ इसा पूर्व हुआ था , उस वक़्त कृष्ण ५५ -५६ वर्ष के रहे होंगे। इसके कुछ समय बाद ही महाभारत का रचना काल माना जाता है।
७ -कृष्ण का काल द्वापर युग में था। जबकि कलियुग का प्रारंभ ३१०२ ईसा पूर्व हो गया था।
इससे पता चलता है कि कृष्ण का काल और महाभारत इसा से कम से कम ३१०२ वर्ष पूर्व ही था।
८ -डॉ प्रभुदयाल मितल ने छान्दोग्य उपनिषद के श्लोकों ,मैत्रायिनी उपनिषद और शतपथ ब्राह्मण के कृतिका स्वादधीत उल्लेख से बताया कि तत्कालीन खगोल स्थिति की गणना कर ट्रेनिंग कॉलेज ,पूना के गणितज्ञ प्राध्यापक शंकर बालकृष्ण दीक्षित ने कृष्ण काल को लगभग ५००० वर्ष पूर्व यानी ईसा से लगभग ३००० वर्ष पहले ही माना है। छान्दोग्य उपनिषद भी इसी काल का माना जाता है उसमे देवकी पुत्र कृष्ण का उल्लेख मिलता है। शतपथ ब्राह्मण का काल २५०० ईसा पूर्व का है। उपनिषद का रचना काल भी २५०० -२००० ईसा पूर्व का ही निर्धारित किया गया है।
९ -डॉ मीतल के अनुसार ही महाराजा परीक्षित के समय सप्त ऋषि ( आकाश में सात तारे ) मघा नक्षत्र पर थे। ज्योतिष शास्त्र के अनुसार मघा नसे प्रारम्भ होकर २७ नक्षत्र होते हैं। प्रत्येक नक्षत्र पर सप्त ऋषि १०० वर्ष रहते हैं। नक्षत्रों का एक चक्र पूरा कर वर्तमान में सप्त ऋषि कृतिका नक्षत्र पर हैं। जो की २१ वां नक्षत्र है। इस प्रकार २७00 +2१०० == ४८०० वर्ष पूर्व परीक्षित का काल हुआ। परीक्षित के पितामह अर्जुन थे , जो श्री कृष्ण से १८ वर्ष छोटे थे। इस प्रकार उक्त ज्योतिष गणना के अनुसार कृष्ण का काल अब से ५००० वर्ष पूर्व का सिद्ध होता है।
१० -भारत का सर्वाधिक पुराना युधिष्ठर संवत है। यह कलियुग से ४० वर्ष पूर्व का है। कलियुग का आरम्भ ३१७६ शक संवत पूर्व है , अब १८८७ शक संवत है। यानी कलियुग को प्रारम्भ हुए ५०६६ वर्ष तथा युधिष्ठर संवत को ५१०६ वर्ष हो गए हैं।
११ -पुरातात्व्वेक्ताओं का मत है कि अब से ५००० वर्ष पूर्व भयंकर भूकंप और आंधी तूफ़ान से प्रलय जैसी स्थिति आई होगी। इसी प्रकार की घटनाओं का जिक्र महाभारत में मिलता है , जिसमे हस्तिनापुर व द्वारिका के नष्ट होने का उल्लेख मिलता है।
ऐसे एक दो नहीं अनेक तथ्य हमारे सामने उपलब्ध हैं जिससे सिद्ध होता है कि महाभारत व श्री कृष्ण का काल ३१०० ईसा पूर्व के लगभग था जबकि बुद्ध का काल अंतिम शोध मिलाने तक १८०७ ईसा पूर्व ही ज्ञात हो सका है। |
Co. Galway →
Killursa Civil Parish →
Headford Electoral Division →
Crossaun is in the Electoral Division of Headford, in Civil Parish of Killursa, in the Barony of Clare, in the County of Galway
The Irish name for Crossaun is An Crosán
Crossaun is also known as Leitreach in Irish.
Crossaun is not matched up to Logainm.ie yet.
It is located at 53° 28' 9" N, 9° 7' 13" W.
Crossaun has an area of:
- 285,713 m² / 28.57 hectares / 0.2857 km²
- 0.11 square miles
- 70.60 acres / 70 acres, 2 roods, 16 perches
Nationwide, it is the 54636th largest townland that we know about
Within Co. Galway, it is the 3744th largest townland
Crossaun borders the following other townlands:
We don't know about any subtownlands in Crossaun.
Genealogy / Ancestry / Records Search
Curious to see who lived in Crossaun in the past? Maybe even seeing scans of their handwritten census returns?
Crossaun was added to OpenStreetMap on 19 Sep 2014 by Boggedy.
The attribution for this townland is http://places.galwaylibrary.ie/asp/fullresult.asp?id=6690. |
Nigerian actress, Toyin Abraham, has announced that her movie “Ijakumo” will be coming to Netflix soon, and fans are ecstatic about the news.
The actress took to her Instagram page to make the announcement, expressing her joy at the development.
“Ijakumo is finally going on Netflix!!!. I can’t wait to share this amazing work of art with you guys after a successful run in the cinemas. Guess the date in June and get a 10k top up from me.
I see you guys! I appreciate all the outpour of love for Ijakumo on our nominations at the AMVCA. The categories are non-voting categories.
Your support through every season is ALL that I have .Thank you #Toyintitans #toyinabraham #toyinabrahamajeyemi #filmaker #blockbuster #tuesday #worldbest” she wrote.
Fans of the actress and the movie took to social media to express their excitement about the news. Many praised the movie and its cast, while others congratulated Toyin Abraham and the entire team for the achievement.
“Finally we wey no get money to go cinema God don do our own ” a fan wrote.
Another fan commented, “7th cos thats my birthday and my lucky number @toyin_abraham am super excited.” |
The Five Most Important Advances in LASIK
There have been five major advances in LASIK since it was first invented:
1. The use of eye trackers - The first LASIK procedures required the patient to fixate on a light and that was what was used to center the treatment. The invention of eye tracker technology allows the laser to be programmed to define the location of the pupil and when the treatment is started even if the eye moves, the laser stays centered on the pupil which gives treatments that are correctly centered over the optical portion of the eye.
2. Small spot scanning lasers - The first lasers and ones still in use today use a "broad beam" where the treatment laser beam is as large as the optical zone being treated and astigmatism is corrected by varying the shape of this beam. Although this is effective, there are limitations to the types of shapes that can be created, and the quality of the ablation is limited to the quality of the laser beam. Newer lasers use small scanning spots to shape the front of the eye, and with much lower energy per laser pulse.
3. Wavefront optimized ablations - Originally LASIK was done with a mathematical model to flatten the center of the cornea to correct the refractive error. It was learned that this creates halos, glare, and other optical aberrations that are unwanted, especially in patients with larger pupils. The newer lasers can correct the refractive error but maintain a more natural or prolate shape due to more advanced algorithms for the correction.
4. All laser LASIK - All laser LASIK was initially done using a microkeratome that employs a disposable razor blade to cut the corneal flap, which is the first step in traditional LASIK. By using a femtosecond laser, Intralase, and then others were able to create a flap using a laser which is safer, more predictable, and gives more reproducible results. The razor portion is still used by many centers today, but is the cause of most of the risks of the LASIK procedure.
5. Thin flap LASIK - Initially all LASIK was done with a flap of about 180 microns. This is about 20% of the thickness of the structural cornea (the epithelial skin not counted) in most cases and the thickness was unpredictable due to use of the blade (see reason 4 above). Sometimes the flap was over 200 microns. This can weaken the cornea and lead to complications. The all laser method can make thinner flaps, and over time doctors have moved to "thin flap LASIK" with flaps of about 100 microns and in some cases 90 microns which is half as thick as the original flaps.
BONUS IMPROVEMENT: Although not technically a change in Denver LASIK itself, the diagnostic capabilities have improved since the early days of LASIK making the imaging of the cornea more robust with technologies such as OCT, Wavefront analysis, and posterior surface topography. All of these changes have contributed to making an improvement in LASIK. Recently we have begun to look at corneal hysteresis (CH) which is a measure of corneal strength. |
New data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA’s) Economic Research Service attempt to put a price on the cost of major foodborne illnesses in the United States. Rather than interpreting the data, USDA’s economic unit has released spreadsheets for 15 major pathogens in the U.S. that are together responsible for more than 95 percent of the illnesses and deaths from foodborne illnesses in which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) can identify a pathogen cause. For each pathogen, the data provide a range of potential costs, taking into account such factors as associated outpatient and inpatient expenditures for medical care and lost income. In examining the data sheets, found here, Food Safety News has used the mean range and added the costs for all 15 pathogens to reach these conclusions:
- Foodborne illnesses are annually costing the economy more than $15.6 billion, or about one-half of the $32 billion the World Health Organization says the Ebola outbreak will cost the world economy.
- Each year, more than 8.9 million Americans will be sickened by one of the 15 pathogens, with more than 5.4 million of those illnesses due to the stomach-churning, but usually short-lived, Norovirus.
- Foodborne illness sends 53,245 Americans to hospitals annually, which is where the majority are when infections take the lives of 2,377.
Data made available Oct. 7 were built by USDA economists on top of CDC estimates of the incidence of foodborne disease, the use of peer-reviewed synthesis of data on medical costs, publicly available wage data, and economic, medical, and epidemiological literature. According to the authors:
- The data product provide federal agencies such as USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) with a set of consistent, peer-reviewed estimates of the costs of foodborne illness that can be used in analyzing the impacts of federal regulation.
- It also provides other stakeholders and the general public with a means of understanding the relative impact of different foodborne infections in the U.S.
- Cost estimates of foodborne illnesses have been used in the past to help inform food-safety policy discussions, and these updated cost estimates will provide a foundation for economic analysis of food safety policy.
The new estimates may produce some debate because they are lower than other recent estimates. More recent research has come up with lower numbers for both foodborne illnesses and their costs. From 1999 to 2010, CDC estimated there were 76 million cases of foodborne illnesses annually, sending 325,000 to hospitals and resulting in 5,000 deaths. Those numbers were scaled back in 2010 to 48 million cases, 128,000 hospitalizations and 3,000 deaths. Economic burden cost studies by Ohio State University followed CDC estimates down and were reduced to $77.7 billion in 2012, down from $152 billion in 2010. Economic costs studies, however, are not the whole story. They do not include food industry costs, including any loss of consumer confidence in a brand or a business, associated recall expenses, or charges stemming from litigation, nor do they include the cost to taxpayers for local, state, and federal health agencies that respond to outbreaks. Here are the 15 pathogens included in the USDA study, along with the mean figure for the economic burden they represent. Campylobacter (all species) – $1,928,787,166 Clostridium perfringens – $342,668,498 Cryptosporidium parvum – $51,813,652 Cyclospora cayetanensis – $2,301,423 Escherichia coli O157 – $271,418,690 Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli – $27,364,561 Listeria monocytogenes – $2,834,444,202 Norovirus – $2,255,827,318 Salmonella (nontyphoidal) – $3,666,600,031 Shigella (all species) – $137,965,962 Toxoplasma gondii – $3,303,984,478 Vibrio parahaemolyticus – $40,682,312 Vibrio vulnificus – $319,850,293 Vibrio (all other non-cholera species) – $142,086,209 Yersinia enterocolitica – $278,111,168 The data for each pathogen are found on an Excel file detailing disease outcomes for each pathogen, together with associated costs, technical notes and documentation, and links to associated research projects and publications. |
Fasting is something you might not consider. If you do think about it by chance, it might be in an unfavourable light: like when you’re forced to go nil by mouth in preparation for a medical check-up or surgery. Or you might think about fasting in the specific context of some spiritual exercise or political statement. The example of Bobby Sands comes to mind, who led the 1981 Ireland hunger strike in protest for prison reform and prisoner’s rights. Sands died 66 days after he initiated his political objection. Sands’s story is relevant because, among other things, it conjures up mixed feelings about fasting. Going without food is certainly not fun and is downright dangerous, as Sands’s example shows.
However, dangerous behaviour can be offset with parameters. Research shows that fasting may help prolong life. Mark Mattson, professor of neuroscience at John Hopkins School of Medicine, and his team have observed that limiting food intake at least two days a week can improve neural connections and shield neurons from the build-up of amyloid plaques, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Mattson states, “From an evolutionary perspective, it makes sense your brain should be functioning well when you haven’t been able to obtain food for a while.” Food back then was not as abundant or readily available as it is today. In fact, much of the day’s labour was devoted to sourcing food, hunting and gathering, which would often take place on an empty stomach. Despite the change in our circumstances, our bodies haven’t drastically evolved from those of our ancestors.
How does fasting work physiologically? When you consume food, glucose is deposited in the liver as glycogen. It takes roughly 10-12 hours to deplete glycogen reserves, after which the body begins to burn fat. Fats are converted into ketones, a type of acid, that your body can use as a fuel alternative to glucose. If you eat three meals a day and graze on snacks between those meals your body doesn’t get the opportunity to exhaust the glycogen reserves, so ketones bodies aren’t produced. The fat-burning stage is halted and instead, your body begins to burn the sugars you’ve ingested. Abstaining from food gives your body a chance to go through this biological process. Ketones are not only an alternative source of fuel but also are important because they help reorganize synapses (the small gap between neurons that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to another) essential for learning and memory.
So, what’s the take-home point of this conversation? First, humans are complex creatures and there are many determinants that go into one’s individual makeup—biological, environmental, cultural and socio-economical. While we all function on the basis of collective knowledge, science and its cumulative findings, ultimately when it comes to applying something in your own personal life trial and error is how we move forward. What may work for someone you know may not work for you and vice versa. Only you will find out whether fasting is something that is conducive to your overall well-being when you give it a shot. Second, like most things in life, it’s best to start incrementally. The analogy of running comes to mind. Most successful runners do not start by running a marathon out the gate. Rather, they start running short distances and over time work toward more difficult goals. Similarly, with fasting, it’s best to start limiting caloric intake over short durations and then increase the period of time. Don’t be surprised if you feel lightheaded or grouchy in the initial stages. You’re embarking on something you haven’t done before and so it’ll be a shock to your body, both mentally and physically. With regular practice, you’ll push past this hurdle and your mood will lift. As always, if you take medication for diabetes, hypertension or some other medical condition it’s best to consult your doctor first.
Sugarman, Joe. 2016. “Are There Any Proven Benefits to Fasting?” John Hopkins Health Review 3, no. 1 (Spring/Summer): 9-10. |
उत्तर प्रदेश में पर्यटन को बढ़ावा देने के लिए योगी सरकार भगवान श्रीराम की जन्मभूमि अयोध्या में उनकी २५१ मीटर ऊंची प्रतिमा लगाएगी। सरयू के किनारे सटे १०० हेक्टेअर जमीन पर यह प्रतिमा लगाई जाएगी। यह विश्व की सबसे ऊंची प्रतिमा होगी। बता दें कि, विश्व की सबसे ऊंची प्रतिमा गुजरात के केवड़िया में स्टेच्यू ऑफ यूनिटी है, जिसकी ऊंचाई १८२ मीटर है।
सोमवार को लखनऊ में मुख्यमंत्री योगी आदित्यनाथ की अध्यक्षता में हाई पावर कमेटी की बैठक में ये निर्णय लिये गये। बैठक में तय किया गया कि मुख्यमंत्री की अध्यक्षता में एक ट्रस्ट का गठन किया जाएगा। इसमें ट्रस्ट का नाम और उनके ट्रस्टी भी तय किए जाएंगे। पहले डिजाईन कंसलटेंट के लिए राजकीय निर्माण निगम का चयन हुआ था, पर बाद में इसे निरस्त करते हुए नए सिरे से प्रक्रिया शुरू करने का फैसला किया गया है।
मुख्यमंत्री ने कहा है कि सरयू के किनारे इस प्रतिमा को स्थापित करने के लिए जल्द काम शुरू किया जाए। वहीं, प्रतिमा के साथ-साथ अयोध्या के समग्र विकास के लिए पूरी योजना तैयार होनी चाहिए। इसमें भगवान श्रीराम पर आधारित डिजिटल म्यूजियम, इंटरप्रेटेशन सेंटर, लाइब्रेरी, पार्किंग, फूड प्लाजा, लैंडस्केपिंग के साथ साथ पर्यटकों के मूलभूत सुविधाओं की व्यवस्था हो।
इस प्रतिमा को लगाने के लिए गुजरात से तकनीकी सहायता व मार्गदर्शन लिया जाएगा। इसके लिए गुजरात सरकार के साथ एमओयू पर हस्ताक्षर किया जाएगा। इसके लिए राजकीय निर्माण निगम की अलग से एक इकाई की स्थापना भी की जाएगी। संबंधित विभागों से एक-एक नोडल अधिकारी भी इसके लिए नियुक्त किये जाएंगे। बैठक में उप मुख्यमंत्री डॉ. दिनेश शर्मा व केशव प्रसाद मौर्या, मंत्री सुरेश खन्ना, सतीश महाना, मुख्य सचिव अनूपचंद्र पाण्डेय, अपर मुख्य सचिव अवनीश अवस्थी भी मौजूद रहे। |
नई दिल्ली। दिल्ली में शनिवार देर रात शराब के नशे में धुत दो कार सवार युवाओं की एक भीषण हादसे में मौत हो गई। घटना मुखर्जी नगर के हडसन लाइन की बताई जा रही है। इस हादसे में तीन छात्राएं गंभीर रूप से घायल हो गईं है। घायलों को ट्रॉमा सेंटर ले जाया गया, जहां एक छात्रा की हालत गंभीर बताई जा रही है। टक्कर इतनी जबरदस्त थी कि कार के परखच्चे उड़ गए। कार नशे में धुत एक छात्रा चला रही थी। हादसा तेज रफ्तार कार के डिवाइडर पर चढ़ते हुए सड़क के बीचोंबीच लगे खंभे से टकरा जाने से हुआ।
हादसे में मारे गए छात्रों की पहचान सिद्धार्थ (२०) व रितेश दहिया (२१) के रूप में हुई है। जबकि घायल तीनों छात्राओं की पहचान दीक्षा दादू, जोशिता मोहंती व राशि शर्मा के रूप में हुई है। इनकी उम्र १९ से २० वर्ष के बीच है। दीक्षा कार चला रही थी। सभी लड़कियां नोएडा स्थित एमिटी विश्वविद्यालय से एलएलबी की पढ़ाई कर रही हैं। मेडिकल रिपोर्ट में सभी कार सवारों में अल्कोहल मिला है। पुलिस ने बताया कि एमिटी यूनिवर्सिटी में फेस्ट के बाद रात में ये फ्रेंड्स आउटिंग को निकले थे।
पुलिस के मुताबिक पहले कार रितेश चला रहे थे, बाद में दीक्षा ड्राइव करने लगीं। तभी कार हडसन लेन पर डिवाइडर तोड़ते हुए बिजली के पोल से टकराकर पलट गई। उस समय स्पीड १३० किलोमीटर प्रति घंटे से ज्यादा थी। पुलिस के अनुसार रविवार तड़के सूचना मिली कि हडसन लेन टी प्वाइंट के पास एक कार डिवाइडर से टकराते हुए पलट गई है। मौके पर पुलिस पहुंची तो पाया कि हरियाणा नंबर की एक आई-२० कार डिवाइडर से टकरा कर पूरी तरह से क्षतिग्रस्त हो गई है।
मरने वालों में शामिल सिद्धार्थ पीतमपुरा का निवासी बताया जा रहा है। वह जनकपुरी के महाराजा सूरजमल शिक्षा संस्थान से ग्रेजुएशन कर रहा था। जबकि, रितेश मूल रूप से सोनीपत का रहने वाला था। वह धौलाकुआं के वेंक्टेश्वर कॉलेज में बीएससी द्वितीय वर्ष का छात्र था। पुलिस के अनुसार हादसे के वक्त कार चल रही दीक्षा के पास से लर्निंग लाइसेंस मिला है। उसकी अवधि खत्म हो चुकी है। पुलिस ने दीक्षा के खिलाफ मामला दर्ज कर लिया है। |
Everyone knows the vast dental benefits of brushing your teeth. A twice-daily brushing habit can prevent cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and keep your pearly whites shiny. Regular brushing has even been shown to reduce risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes.
Recently, researchers have discovered another benefit of proper oral health: Alzheimer’s prevention. In fact, these researchers found that gingivitis can play a big role in the development of Alzheimer’s.
However, the link between oral health and Alzheimer’s isn’t readily apparent. Believe it or not, research found that the same bacteria that cause gingivitis in the mouth can move to the brain. These bacteria produce a nerve cell-destroying protein, which weakens memory and eventually leads to Alzheimer’s.
Now, these bacteria aren’t the sole cause of Alzheimer’s, so don’t think that good oral health completely rules it out. However, they still drastically increase the risk of Alzheimer’s and may accelerate its progression.
Preventing these bacteria from reaching the brain is simple. Brush at least twice a day, floss once a day after brushing, then finish each session with some mouth wash to grab any last loose particles. In addition, visit a dentist like Absolute Smile at least once every 6 months.
Following the discovery of oral bacteria contributing to Alzheimer’s, researchers went to work on a solution. They’ve recently developed a drug that prevents the bacterial enzymes for damaging nerve cells in the brain, potentially slowing down the development and progression of Alzheimer’s. They plan on testing the drug this year. |
Our environment – what we see, hear, taste, smell, and touch – affects our mind and body. The colors in our environment are especially powerful because they affect our attitude and emotions.
Here are some ways you can use color therapy to improve your life.
One of the most beneficial uses of color therapy, also known as chromotherapy, is relaxation and emotional wellness. Color influences alertness and creativity.
Don’t underestimate the power of color.
The color red encourages drive, passion, and warmth. It can enhance feelings of comfort and confidence.
Orange generates a sensation of warmth and creativity and can be used to stimulate joy and vitality.
Yellow is associated with optimism and happiness and can be used to boost self-esteem and mood.
Green is universally accepted as the color of healing, growth, and rejuvenation. Almost all the various shades of green can enhance the immune system; it’s considered the most therapeutic color.
Blue is associated with feelings of peace, fidelity, and faith. In color therapy, blue is used to improve communication and trust and create a safe space where ideas flow freely. Studies show that the color blue can lower blood pressure and heart rate in some people.
Indigo is associated with wisdom, loyalty, and spirituality. Indigo is used to sharpen inner clarity and has been used to treat insomnia and certain types of headaches.
Violet is associated with peace and tranquility, thereby reducing stress and anxiety by providing us with a sense of balance.
Think about your life and home. What are some ways you can use color to create more peace, joy, and positive energy? |
By Elizabeth E. Payne
Throughout an entire summer, Brian Hubbard gathered rocks from the land in Pound, Va., where he planned to plant blueberries.
“What I did is I had a tiller and I plowed it,” he says. “And I had to go as slow as it would go, and I plowed up rocks and I gathered rocks. And then I plowed it in the opposite direction and I gathered more rocks.”
He estimates he pulled 50 tons of rock out of his land that summer.
Rocky soil that has been compacted with heavy machinery is just one of many challenges facing farmers who want to plant their crops in the reclaimed mine lands of Central Appalachia.
But Hubbard is one of a growing number of farmers who see potential in this land and are willing to put in the effort to rehabilitate the land for planting. Across the region, projects large and small are restoring the landscape and reimagining the future of Appalachia: rethinking how to care for the land, where to find work and how to put food on the table.
A new agricultural project called AppHarvest is set to break ground in Summer 2017, and project planners hope the endeavor initiates a change in where Americans get their produce.
AppHarvest Founder and CEO Jonathan Webb has generated funding for the endeavor through traditional bank financing, as well as from private funds and investors. He hopes his project will be the first of many large-scale greenhouses to be built in Central Appalachia.
“We’ve got 1.2 million acres of reclaimed mine land,” Webb says. “We have the acreage. We’ve got [tens of thousands of miners] that’ve been laid off in the coal industry in the past five years. All the dots are lining up on this.”
In addition to growing produce, AppHarvest anticipates creating 140 jobs, mostly in the greenhouse, which Webb describes as a “hub for innovation, sustainability and conservation.”
Webb promises to pay his workers at least $12 to $13 per hour, and thinks his produce will be able to compete with fruits and vegetables coming from Mexico despite the higher labor cost because of his proximity to the market: Pikeville is within a day’s drive of 65 percent of the United States population.
“They’re trucking it five days, we’re trucking it a day. Our cost to produce is higher, our cost to truck is lower, and we’re coming in at about the same price,” he says.
The current political environment may also help.
“The ‘America First’ strategy is forcing large entities in this country to rethink, do they want to buy domestically, or do they want to gamble and continue to buy questionable products from outside of our borders. So, for us, it has helped so much.”
Hall is president of Reclaim Appalachia, a branch of the West Virginia-based Coalfield Development Corporation, a not-for-profit organization focused on jobs training and community building. Together with their partner branch Refresh Appalachia, Hall is overseeing a pilot project in Mingo County, W.Va., that he also hopes can serve as a model for others to follow.
He is working with four former coal miners and a site crew chief who are actively managing eight acres of former mine land. This spring they are planting an orchard of fruits and medicinal herbs well-suited for the poor soils found on the site. Crops include blackberries, raspberries, pawpaws, lavender and echinacea.
Adapting practices he learned while working at the mine reforestation organization Green Forests Work, Hall has arranged for machinery to rip narrow swaths through the compacted, rocky soils, and then for each year-old bare-root seedling to be dipped in a beneficial microorganism mix and then planted with compost in the rocky earth.
Going forward, the group plans to integrate rotational grazing of small livestock that will further nurture the soils.
“The approaches we implement there,” Hall says, “we’ll learn how to do it correctly and work the kinks out, and then have a model we can expand to a larger scale across many different mountaintop removal sites.”
The funding for this pilot project has come from two rounds of federal POWER grants, and Hall says that he’d like to see the project expand to at least 30 acres, with up to 10 full-time employees working on the site. From there the methods they develop could be implemented on even larger sites, both older reclaimed sites and possibly even sites that coal companies have failed to reclaim, with even more jobs created.
“Our goal is to take those pretty undiverse, arrested succession areas, and by doing this ripping and replanting, as well as intensive rotational grazing management, we can convert the species mix to something that’s much more native, much more varied,” Hall says. “So we can create much more ecological niches, we’re generating more organic matter, therefore carbon sequestration. And at the same time, we’re creating profitable business enterprises. There’s a huge amount of land that this would be applicable on.”
On numerous farms across the region, individual farmers, as well as cooperatives, are working to grow specific crops on reclaimed mine lands.
One such undertaking is the Southfork Farm in Pound, Va., which grows blueberries on two acres of reclaimed mine land. Brian Hubbard, who farms the land with his family, is a former coal miner who initially planned to plant apple trees until he discovered that their soil’s pH levels were better suited to blueberries.
Challenges he’s encountered on the mine land include the invasive and pervasive autumn olive trees, that were planted during reclamation and are now extremely difficult to eradicate, and the inconsistency of the soil.
“The biggest advice I would do is to do plenty of soil tests,” Hubbard says. “Because, especially on something that’s been reclaimed, you might have one type of soil here, and a certain spot a hundred yards away, or two hundred yards away, it might be completely different soil.”
Despite finding few resources available online, Hubbard has developed strategies to manage the three different soil types he has in his blueberry fields, and as his plants reach maturity he says he’s optimistic this will be his most successful season yet.
The farm also grows sorghum for molasses and maple trees for syrup.
The 2014 federal farm bill and legislation in several states has restored a long-abandoned crop as an option for some farmers: industrialized hemp. Once prized for its fibers, the plant was later banned because of its relation to the marijuana plant.
Leach notes the potential value of the plant’s seeds, oils and fiber, each of which has its own market niche as nutritious food additives or as fiber for textiles, paper and other products.
“Our overarching goal is to help diversify the economy and provide some new opportunities to make money in this state, so we don’t have this mass exodus of young folks,” Leach says. “Maybe there’ll be new and exciting jobs within hemp processing, manufacturing, value-added production, retail sales. There’s a lot of auxiliary industry that goes along with it.”
The co-op is also exploring how the plant can grow on reclaimed mine land with a test season being grown this year on Zachary Drennen’s family land.
Drennen is president of Strong Mountain Communities, another branch of Coalfield Development Corporation that focuses on entrepreneurship. He has a background in organic farming and is eager to try planting hemp on three acres this season.
Drennen’s extended family owns about 3,000 acres in Kanawha County, W.Va., much of which has been mined repeatedly since the early 20th century.
His expectations for this year’s crop are modest, but he sees promise over the long term.
“The future of southern West Virginia, I think, is going to be a lot of these small scale industries,” he says. “And I think agriculture being one of them. And hemp, as a crop, is the one showing the most promise right now. Lavender is another one.”
He also sees potential for agricultural projects on family-owned mine land such as his family’s land, and he hopes that successful growing operations can inspire some of these families to lease their land to farmers.
“These families probably are interested in giving back to West Virginia or Appalachia in some way,” Dennen says.
“And they are interested in finding a role in the economic diversification. … I do think that the family-owned corporations and landholding companies, certainly in West Virginia, would be very open and kind of excited about the thought of hemp and lavender and crops like that, and that kind of activity happening on their property.”
Tammy Owens operates a 110-acre farm in Dickenson County, Va., which includes land stripmined in the ‘70s and ‘80s.
“[At] Foxfire Farm, our focus is actually reclaiming this stripmine land, to where it’s thriving, vital soil that can be used in a multi-layered or multi-faceted way, to bring … a truly diverse sustainable income.”
“We’re left with land that has multiple problems, and multiple problems that have never been fully addressed by the people that set the standard for reclamation,” she says. “It’s important to me to start finding those different standards and setting those standards and showing, okay, we’ve done this and this works, and spreading that around.”
Owens’ farm specializes in medicinal plants such as goldenseal and cohosh, and forest farming is a central part of her approach.
Since beginning her operation in 2011, Owens says she can already see improved vitality in her soils through her use of compost, incorporation of sheep and other practices.
“I want this land, this farm with the projects that we’re doing here, just like we did with the organic farm out in Kansas, to become like a model that it’s actually possible,” she says, referring to her experience converting a traditional farm, where chemicals were used and genetically modified crops were grown, into an organic farm. “So, we can do that same thing here, with the stripmined land and bring it back to what the land used to be before the stripmining happened.”
“If we can tell our story about how we sourced locally, how we’re providing jobs for farmers and processors and manufacturing, I think that motivates companies to be more willing to take a look at using our raw materials opposed to what they currently use,” says Leach, referring to the hemp grown by farmers in his co-op.
Owens of Foxfire Farm wants to restore not only the soils but also the culture of Appalachia.
“When you think about what Appalachia is, when you think about what our culture is, or was before coal hit, we were all of those things. We were organic, we were multi-diversified, we were sustainable.”
“Let’s build that new model, let’s build that new reality, let’s build that vision and make it happen,” she says.
Editor’s Note: AppHarvest’s projected schedule for breaking ground has been revised in the online version of this story. |
Developers who are expanding along Mexico's coastline, hope to satisfy a strong and growing U.S. demand for residential and resort properties. Yet they are encountering an interesting, if not inconvenient, truth: About half the nation's landmass, and most of its pristine beachfront, is owned by communal organizations. These groups of usually indigenous farmers are called ejidos (eh-hee-ds), and are the beneficiaries of the land redistribution that followed the Mexican Revolution in the early 1900s.
For decades, ejidos — a word with no suitable English translation but that is analogous to Native American reservations in the U.S. — were prohibited by law from selling or even borrowing against their land holdings.
In 1992 that law changed. Now many ejidos in the path of high-priced developments are in a position to dictate if, and for how much, investors will pay for some of the finest beachfront property in North America.
Many Americans living in the West are already familiar with the booming coastal corridor below San Diego. In just the last few years, the value of raw land has multiplied, and developable tracts in excess of 100 acres are becoming scarce. The same can be said of the coastal corridor at the opposite end of Baja, near Cabo San Lucas.
Between these two corridors lies about 1,300 miles of even more beautiful beachfront, including dozens of sheltering islands bathed in year-round warmth and waiting for sailboats. The ejidos' lock on the large, undeveloped area from the Pacific to the Sea of Cortez (Gulf of) is nearly a monopoly. The path of development goes through them.
Know thy seller
The first step in dealing with ejidos is to understand what they are. Today there are about 28,000 ejidos in Mexico, which own about 209 million acres of land. The people who live in ejidos today descend from the clear losers in Mexico's late 19th century experiment with unbridled free enterprise.
Millions of Mexicans, who had farmed the same plots since Spanish times, lost them through various means and went to work for the approximately 11,000 families who acquired most of the national territory by the year 1900.
The correction and reversal of this problem became the focus of the Mexican Revolution. In 1917, a new Constitution limited the land that could be owned by one individual to about 247 irrigated acres, or more if the land was not irrigated. The excess land was conveyed to ejidos, each comprised of people in the local community who could farm or ranch it for sustenance.
The revolutionaries adopted one more measure, which has had an immense impact on both Mexico and the U.S. as well. To ensure that the ejidos' owners, or ejidatarios, were not taken advantage of again, the new leaders prohibited the sale and mortgaging of ejidal lands.
While the measure worked in one sense — today, more than half of all Mexican territory today is still communal — it left ejidos with two problems. First, ejidos tended to distribute land among their members on a per capita basis. The result is that more than half of all ejido members today farm 12 acres or less.
The resulting inability of ejidatarios to make a decent living, especially after NAFTA allowed U.S. crops into the country, forced millions of rural Mexicans to seek opportunity elsewhere, often in the U.S. Drive through the rural Mexican countryside today, and while there is no sign saying, “This is an ejido,” you will notice more women than men in the streets of these small communities.
Defining the boundaries
The second step in dealing with ejidos is to understand how the revolutionary law was changed. The landmark legislation in 1992 gave ejidos the power to divide, rent or mortgage their land for credit, or to sell it into the private sector.
To take advantage of the law, the ejido has to join the government's Program for Certification of Ejidal Rights (PROCEDE) to certify ejidal boundaries and membership. It is this government program that has facilitated title companies like LandAmerica to underwrite the privatization process.
This procedure is very important because ejido boundaries are often customary and shifting. It is also crucial because ejido membership is based on the personal affiliations of a “community” as opposed to genetic criteria, as in the case of U.S. Indian reservations.
After joining PROCEDE, the ejidal assembly may grant individual ejido members “parcel certificates” that give them the right to rent and mortgage specific plots.
This part of the program was intended to make ejidal land more productive as farmland, but has not to date. More than half of Mexico's population is less than 20 years old. The majority of ejido members are over 50.
Finally, with the approval of the ejidal assembly, and subject to several conditions — such as the right of first refusal by other ejido members — the holder of a parcel certificate can sell the parcel to an outsider. At that point, a new land title is opened in the public registry and the parcel enters the regular stream of private commerce.
Plenty of land awaits
After the first full decade under the new legislative program, only a fraction of ejidatarios have sold parcels to outsiders. For those ejidos in the path of, change seems inevitable. A number of sizeable transactions have already occurred or been arranged in areas near Cancun and the Sea of Cortez.
Knowledgeable developers are attuned to the unique opportunity to buy relatively extensive blocks of oceanfront at wholesale prices.
For the councils who run ejidos, the challenge will be balancing a hard-won heritage against the lure of ready cash. Ready cash usually wins, but whatever the outcome, the interaction between American developers and Mexican ejidos may well write the next chapter in Mexico's real estate history.
William D. Signet is president of LandAmerica Services of Mexico, a division of LandAmerica Financial Group Inc. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. |
संवाद सूत्र, नरवाना : सर्व कर्मचारी संघ ब्लॉक की बैठक शहीद भगत सह अध्ययन केंद्र में हुई। जिसमें २९ अप्रैल को जींद में होने वाली ललकार रैली की तैयारी के लिए टीम का गठन किया गया। टीम का नेतृत्व कर रहे ब्लॉक प्रधान इंद्र सह श्योकंद ने बताया कि एक सप्ताह से लगातार गांवों के सरकारी स्कूलों में कर्मचारियों को रैली में बढ़-चढ़ कर भाग लेने के लिए आह्वान किया गया। टीम द्वारा बदोवाला, सच्चाखेड़ा, दनौदा, सैंथली, जाजनवाला, भिखेवाला, ईस्माईलपुर, दबलैन, फरैण, कलौदा, नहरा, खरड़वाल, अमरगढ़, लोहचब, राजगढ़ ढ़ोबी, फूलियां कला, सुलहेड़ा, जुलहेड़ा, हरनामसह पूरा, कान्हाखेड़ा, कर्मगढ, कालवन, धमतान, खानपूर आदि गांवों के स्कूलों का दौरा किया। |
- 1 Why do cows moo in the morning?
- 2 Why do cows moo all day and night?
- 3 Do cows moo for no reason?
- 4 How does dairy farming work?
- 5 How can you tell if a cow is happy?
- 6 Do bulls hate red?
- 7 Why do cows stare at you?
- 8 Why do cows moo like crazy?
- 9 Do cows cry for their babies?
- 10 How do cows show affection?
- 11 Do cows wag their tails when they’re happy?
- 12 Why do cows cry?
- 13 What are the disadvantages of dairy farming?
- 14 Why is milk bad for cows?
- 15 Why dairy farming is bad?
Why do cows moo in the morning?
They’re hungry. This call can be directed toward the farmer. The cattle wants to let him or her know that it’s time for some hay or grain.
Why do cows moo all day and night?
One of the most common reasons why cows moo at night is because they do not feel safe, either by humans or predators. If they find their predators such as coyotes, mountain lions, and wild dogs prowling under the cover of darkness, cows will moo loudly to alert danger to the rest of the herd.
Do cows moo for no reason?
You will be happy to know, there are a number of reasons that cows moo in the middle of the night and even though it may seem like it, they are not mooing for nothing. Cows moo at night to communicate to the rest of the herd and, often, to protect them from some kind of danger that is lurking in the shadows.
How does dairy farming work?
Dairy farmers care for cows that supply milk and oversee the harvesting of their milk. Some dairy farmers own their cow herds, as well as the land that the farm is on. Some farms, especially small operations, grow and harvest feed for their cattle on site. They may also breed and raise their own replacement heifers.
How can you tell if a cow is happy?
They Jump For Joy. When cows are happy, they sprint around and jump into the air with excitement. Luna does it only a daily basis and who can blame her – she’s free to do whatever she wants!
Do bulls hate red?
The color red does not make bulls angry. In fact, bulls are partially color blind compared to healthy humans, so that they cannot see red. According to the book “Improving Animal Welfare” by Temple Grandin, cattle lack the red retina receptor and can only see yellow, green, blue, and violet colors.
Why do cows stare at you?
Not just their living space; they pay close attention to their caretakers and other observers. They might be looking at you if you are sitting or standing too close. They’ll stare at you to recognize your face or to judge your movements before deciding their next move.
Why do cows moo like crazy?
When cows change environments, like moving from one farm to another, they will moo to try to connect with their friends as they figure out their new surroundings. Bulls and cows let each other know that they are ready to, in the words of a bovine Marvin Gaye, get it on. They’ve lost their calf or their mom.
Do cows cry for their babies?
Sadly, it’s true that the practice of taking newborn calves away from their mothers is standard in the dairy industry. However, to suggest that these mother cows, whose sad cries were heard throughout the community, are not in distress is very far from the truth. Like us, mother cows form strong bonds with their young.
How do cows show affection?
Cows show their affection to humans by following them around, grooming them with their tongues, communicating with moos and lowing, allowing people to get close to pet them and cuddle them, and even playing with toys and people.
Do cows wag their tails when they’re happy?
Cows will wag their tail as a threat if they are about to kick. Tail wagging can also be performed in response to painful stimuli.
Why do cows cry?
One of the most common reasons is because they feel threatened, either by a person or predator, and their moo acts as both a cry of fear and a warning to other cows nearby. Sometimes it might mean they are hungry or lost.
What are the disadvantages of dairy farming?
Disadvantages: Long hours, high amount of money involved in growing and maintaining the farm, many things can go wrong at a time, meeting quota standards. Cattle can become ill or disease spread, herd requires more feed and nutrients than that of a beef herd.
Why is milk bad for cows?
In California, America’s top milk -producing state, manure from dairy farms has poisoned hundreds of square miles of groundwater, rivers, and streams. The dairy industry is the primary source of smog-forming pollutants in California; a single cow emits more of these harmful gasses than a car does.
Why dairy farming is bad?
Dairy cows and their manure produce greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change. Poor handling of manure and fertilizers can degrade local water resources. And unsustainable dairy farming and feed production can lead to the loss of ecologically important areas, such as prairies, wetlands, and forests. |
Metrolinx to Get End of Bombardier Deal
Metrolinx has begun the process of cancelling a $770M LRVs contract with Bombardier.
Liberal MPP Bill Mauro said Metrolinx’s move to cancel a $770-million, 182-car light-rail vehicle contract with Bombardier Transportation does not mean the deal is done.
Mauro on Friday said the decision is simply a step taken by the province to ensure Bombardier, plagued by delivery concerns with a contract to build subway cars for the Toronto Transit Commission, hits its deadline on its contract.
“It’s the same situation that unfortunately has been playing itself out for some time,” Mauro said. “This is the next iteration of a series of delays. I talked with the minister already this week it Toronto about it.
“This is something that is a step that is required to try to see that they can have Bombardier meet its contractual obligation. It does not mean the contract’s over. It does not mean the contract will end.”
The Toronto Star on Thursday reported Bombardier has yet to deliver the pilot LRV for the Crosstown line, more than two years after the 2014 deadline. Metrolinx refused comment to the paper, citing legal proceedings. Mauro remained hopeful the situation resolves itself before further steps are taken.
“Certainly that’s what we all want to happen and we’ll do whatever we can to move it along,” Mauro said.
Bombardier spokesman Marc-Andre Lefebvre said there’s no reason for panic at this time.
“Today, work goes on, on this contract. Work will go on tomorrow and will continue for the duration of the project,” he said, reached by phone in Montreal by CKPR Radio.
“Right now we’re actively talking with Metrolinx to resolve our issues in the spirit of collaboration. To that aspect, our respective presidents spoke last weekend and are scheduled to meet in the next few days and weeks.”
Lefebvre added the company will host representatives of both Metrolinx and the Region of Waterloo in Thunder Bay for a walk through of the prototype light-rail vehicle to demonstrate its functionality and show the progress made.
The next step would be certification of the car, then shipping to a test site in Kingston for nine months of further tests.
Lefebvre said under the contract the first cars must be started by the first quarter of 2018. |
Utilizing some beginning Spanish worksheets is a very practical idea if you intend to teach a class how to speak Spanish. Remember though, that not everyone begins at the same age. Therefore, worksheets and activities will have to be planned accordingly. Although beginners are all beginners, remember that learning the fundamentals in one language aids in learning another. Therefore, preschool students are not going to have the tools to participate in the same types of activities as adult learners would enjoy.
Worksheets: Beginning Spanish
Here is a list of worksheets that use basic Spanish vocabulary words:
Young Students vs. Older Students
Beginning students can be of virtually any age. Once a child learns how to communicate, he or she is capable of learning another language. However, separating the content that is appropriate for younger vs. older students can be difficult, since they are all at a beginner's levels. Here's some helpful tips for determing how to address these diverse groups.
- Focus on the strengths of the group of students. If they are first graders, they will probably be learning concepts such as numbers in their regular classes. Ask the teacher when they have completed basic numbers, and then teach them in Spanish a bit after. You do not want to confuse the students by teaching both English and Spanish words for numbers at the same time, but you can build off of their existing knowledge base.
- Do not insult older students. They might feel as though you are looking down on them if you ask them to do certain activities. There is nothing wrong with coloring; however, if you consistently hand out coloring worksheets to a group of college students trying to learn Spanish, they are not going to be very engaged.
- Watch the expectations that you have of the classes. Do not necessarily expect older students to learn faster, and younger students to learn slower. That may frequently be the case, but do not go into the classroom with those kinds of assumptions. You will have to tailor your lessons to fit the specific group of students that you are working with.
- Remember that no matter how old the students are, they are going to need to start with some basics. That does mean they should engage in childish activities. However, they too need to learn their numbers, basic vocabulary, alphabet, and time words before they can advance to anything else.
As with any other language, when teaching Spanish you must remember that it is a language. A language can not be fully taught by merely handing some worksheets out to the students. The most important part of teaching a language is encouraging the students to participate in conversations. Setting up role playing scenarios or having students perform conversations in Spanish in front of the class are both extremely effective. Worksheets must act as supplements in a language class, not as the primary method of teaching.
Post a comment.comments powered by
Beginning Spanish Worksheets
By YourDictionaryUtilizing some beginning Spanish worksheets is a very practical idea if you intend to teach a class how to speak Spanish. Remember though, that not everyone begins at the same age. Therefore, worksheets and activities will have to be planned accordingly. Although beginners are all beginners, remember that learning the fundamentals in one language aids in learning another. Therefore, preschool students are not going to have the tools to participate in the same types of activities as adult learners would enjoy.
Get Free Spanish Worksheets to Help Test Your Knowledge
Try your hand at one of these free Spanish worksheets. Print one of them off to help you learn or reinforce your skills over numbers, colors, common phrases, and more.
These free Spanish worksheets make a great addition to taking a free online Spanish class or using a free language learning app to make sure that you are really learning and retaining the new phrases and words.
If you're looking for some fun, take a break from the free Spanish worksheets and reinforce your skills with these other free Spanish learning resources, such as free online Spanish games and free printables.
Free Spanish Worksheets to Help You Learn Numbers
Learning to count in Spanish is a good first step in learning the language. These free Spanish worksheets will help you learn your numbers in Spanish to make everything from counting money to finding streets easier.
- Visit Download Page - A 16-page worksheet that includes games to test your skills of Spanish numbers 1-100. Answer keys are included.
- Download PDF - 12-page worksheet for testing if you know the numbers 1-10 in Spanish through various games, like counting the objects, matching the number with the Spanish word, and finishing a number series. Answers are included at the bottom.
- Visit Download Page - An interesting crossword puzzle that has you spell out the Spanish word for the number in each box of the puzzle, such that "1 down" is "uno" because uno=1, etc. The puzzle has numbers zero through one hundred. The key is included.
- Visit Download Page - This worksheet is just like the previous one except the numbers range from zero to one million.
- Download DOC - These numbers are written in the wrong order. See if you can adjust these anagrams to reveal the correct Spanish numbers.
- Download PDF - This worksheet contains several words and phrases related to telling time. Write out the Spanish translations for the English questions. Answers are at the very bottom of the last page.
See How Well You Know Your Colors With These Free Spanish Worksheets
Learning colors in Spanish is another basic skill to learn. These free Spanish worksheets will help you identify and write out colors.
- Visit Download Page - Do you know your colors in Spanish? Fill out these boxes with the correct colors.
- Download PDF - Label the different parts of the rainbow with the right color. An answer key is included.
- Download PDF - Color each object with the color listed below each of them.
- Visit Download Page - A large, 18-page worksheet to learn Spanish terms for a number of colors. There's a word find, sentence completion, crossword, and multiple choice game included.
- Visit Download Page - Fill out this crossword puzzle with Spanish colors. Each set of boxes has the color and first letter of the word as a clue. A word find is also included with this download, and the answer key is available for both the games.
- Visit Download Page - This crossword puzzle is very similar to the one from above, except that you are only given color clues, not letter clues. Another game is included with this download, but it's not a crossword. The answer key is included below the games.
More Free Spanish Worksheets
Here are more free Spanish worksheets to help you with vocabulary and phrases concerning greetings, relatives, animals, body parts, shapes, and more.
- Visit Download Page - Decide if Hello or Bye should be used in these 6 examples.
- Download PDF - 32 word match questions. Write out the Spanish word that corresponds with the pictures and English adjectives.
- Visit Download Page - Multiple games are included to test your knowledge of terms for relatives, such as parents, father, wife, cousins, etc.
- Download PDF - Create descriptions of you and your family members using this worksheet of Spanish terms for relatives.
- Visit Download Page - Test your knowledge of Spanish names for animals with a crossword puzzle, matching games, fill in the blank, a question and answer game, and more in this 30-page worksheet.
- Download PDF - Correct these Spanish terms for body parts by unscrambling the anagrams. Answers are included at the very bottom of the last page.
- Visit Download Page - Match each Spanish phrase with the English equivalent. These phrases are centered around household items. Also, practice spelling the Spanish words through a word find.
- Download PDF - Test your knowledge of the Spanish translations for shapes with this printable worksheet. Just draw a line from the word to the shape. An answer key is located at the very bottom of the document, along with the correct way to pronounce the shapes in Spanish.
- Visit Download Page - See if you can translate the English words relating to your body into Spanish, and then fill them out in the crossword. The answers are also included.
- Download PDF - Read the English words or phrases and see if you can correctly match them up with the Spanish equivalents from the word list. Answers are located at the very bottom of the last page.
- Visit Download Page - Match the Spanish words with the English translations for a number of verbs and simple words like man, woman, boy, and girl. The answers to the questions are also included.
- Download PDF - Write down the correct Spanish word for each day of the week on this calendar. Answers are included at the bottom.
- Download PDF - See if you can translate these common Spanish words into English. An answer key is given for all the questions.
- Download PDF - Fill in the blank to complete these Spanish sentences that are missing singular pronouns. These are multiple choice, and every answer is shown for you at the bottom of the final page. |
जान्हवी कपूर ने हाल ही में बताया कि जब से उनकी मम्मी (श्रीदेवी) का देहांत हुआ है, उनके पापा बोनी कपूर अपने चारों बच्चों के बहुत करीब आ गए हैं। बोनी और उनकी पहली पत्नी मोना कपूर के दो बच्चे अर्जुन कपूर-अंशुला कपूर और श्रीदेवी- बोनी कपूर की दो बेटियां-जान्हवी और खुशी कपूर , सब एक-दूसरे के टच में रहते हैं।
जान्हवी के अनुसार उनके पापा ने अपने चारों बच्चों के साथ मिलकर व्हाट्सएप ग्रुप (व्हेत्सप्प ग्रुप) बनाया है- जिसका नाम है- डैड्स किड्स (पापा के बच्चे)। इस ग्रुप में बोनी के चारों बच्चे अपने डैड के साथ कनेक्ट रहते हैं।
सभी इस बात को समझते हैं कि हमेशा यह मुमकिन नहीं है कि वे अपनी एक्टिविटीज अपने पापा से शेयर कर सकें। जान्हवी अब स्टार बन चुकी हैं, फिल्मों में बिजी हैं। उधर अर्जुन भी अपनी शूटिंग में बिजी रहते हैं।
ऐसे में अब बच्चे अपने अपडेट्स इस ग्रुप में डालेंगे तो बोनी और चारों बच्चे आपस में कनेक्टेड रहेंगे। पिछले दिनों की बात है, जान्हवी ने फिल्म तख्त(तख्त) के लिए जो कॉस्ट्यूम बनवाए, उसकी तस्वीरें व्हाट्सएप ग्रुप में डालीं।
इन्हें देखकर पापा बोनी को कॉस्ट्यूम अप्रूव करने थे, जो वो तुरंत नहीं कर सके, इससे जान्हवी (जाह्नवी कपूर) परेशान हो उठीं, क्योंकि मम्मी के अब्सेंस में पापा ही जान्हवी के कंसल्टेंट हैं। |
If ever there was a single moment of lost innocence in global medicine, it came with the triumph of disease over the best efforts of rich nations to transfer their knowledge and expertise to the rest of the world. Yet – as veterans of the campaign to eradicate smallpox will remember at commemorative events next spring – 30 years ago they believed that soon other major infectious diseases would be similarly defeated. Instead they persist to devastating effect, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria remains the biggest killer of children under five and where polio, although much reduced, is back on the march even in countries like southern Sudan where it once was under control, while TB kills more than HIV/Aids. And the bigger the challenge, the hotter the politics.What is often forgotten is that the victory over smallpox between 1967 and the declaration of its eradication in 1980 was, like Waterloo, a close-run thing. The very idea of a global campaign was contentious, and donor countries were slow to fulfil their promises of cash. Its success – on the back of the development of a highly effective vaccine – was due less to generous funding than to a series of other factors: smallpox’s disfiguring blisters, carried by everyone who contracted the disease, made it easy to recognise and isolate; the simple technology required for immunisation (including a fork-like needle manufactured by a sewing machine company) made it possible to vaccinate contacts quickly and cheaply, while the disease’s high death rate meant health workers were eagerly welcomed. Polio, malaria, TB and HIV all pose more complex questions than smallpox – questions that have to be answered against a backdrop of disillusionment with the efficacy of aid.Academic observers of the progress against these killers fear that the cash that comes from the UN’s Global Fund, and from other organisations such as the Gates Foundation, although producing dramatic results in specific areas – nearly 5 million lives saved, the Global Fund claimed last month – do so at the expense of scarce resources in the local community, absorbing medical effort that is desperately needed for other killers such as childbirth or diarrhoea. Better, they say, to strengthen health infrastructure and ensure local buy-in to programmes through enabling choice. Rubbish, retort NGOs such as Christian Aid, pointing to the disastrous 1990s, when the World Bank adopted that strategy. These days most effort is channelled through local organisations and is as likely to support Aids orphans at school as it is antiretroviral drugs. Where they might agree, though, is that eradication is yesterday’s ambition. |
Drepung Monastery (seven kilometers east of Lhasa) was once the largest monastery in the world. Built in the 15th century, it housed 12,000 monks at its height. During the Cultural Revolution the monastery was all but deserted. By 1988 about 500 monks had returned. In 2000, there were around 800 monks down from 10,000 before the Chinese invasion. Today, there are maybe 1,000. Drepung was a focal point of the protest that launched the 2008 riots in Lhasa. We had to go through a metal detector to enter the monastery as we did at other important sites in Lhasa.
Almost as impressive as Potala Palace, Drepung covers 250,000 square meters. is built next to a gully and steep slope of Gebeiwoze Mountain and consists of a multitude of whitewashed building scattered over a ravine. Frescoes decorate the walls and statues line many of the halls. The library houses a large collection of sutras and rare books. The kitchen has room-size pots used to feed the 6,000 monks who once lived at the monastery Drepung Monastery is called Zhaibung in Chinese and is known as Duimi or Gyimi monastery, which means "an auspicious land," in Tibetan.
In Tibetan Drepung literally means "Rice Heap". From a distance away the off-white monastery looks like a heap of rice, hence it's name. Sitting on Mount Gambo Utse in a western suburb of Lhasa, Drepung Monastery is part of a famous kora. The monastery was built in 1416 by Jamyang Choge Tashi Palden, one of Tsongkhapa’s main disciples, and is one of the Three Great Monasteries of Lhasa, along with Sera Monastery and Ganden Monastery. A 65-million-yuan (about US$10 million) restoration of Drepung was started in June 2009 and completed in early 2012.
Highlights of a visi to Drepung Monastery include unique architectures and magnificent buildings, like Ganden Palace, Coqen Hall, Four Great Dratsangs (Loseling, Gomang, Deyang, Ngagpa); the one-day Drepung Kora through the Lhasa Valley, Lalu Wetland and Potala Palace; and watching the monks debating sutras and scriptures using exaggerated gestures to make their logic arguments. A 10 minutes walk to Nechung Monastery to explore the seat of State Oracle and the most striking murals and spectacular paintings, etc. If time allows, you can combine your Drepung day trip with Sera Monastery to observe sand mandala making and monks debates in just one go.
The Drepung Shoton Festival in the summer features the enjoy the grandest Buddha Thangka unfolding ceremony in Lhasa. The Shoton — Sour Milk Drinking — Festival is held on the 30th day of the 6th month in the Tibetan calendar. During the event a huge portrait of Sakyamuni is hung from Genewoze Hill. Tens of thousands of Buddhist followers and visitors come to worship during the grandest event of the year at the monastery.
Location: Southern slope of Genpeiwuzi Mountain, Chengguan District, Lhasa; or five kilometers from the western suburb of Lhasa. Open Hours 9:00am-5:00pm; Admission: 60 yuan all year; Getting There: Bus - No. 24, 25. Get off at Drepung Monastery Station. or Taxi
Nechung Monastery (one kilometers east of Drepung Monastery) was the home of the Tibetan oracle who now lives with the Dalai Lama in India. The Oracle statue is a small doll-like figure with reaching arms, bulging eyes and an expression reminiscent of the figure in the painting The Scream. The Tar figure on the wall in one chapel is said to have appeared miraculously one day.
History of Drepung Monastery
The Drepung Monastery was built in 1416 by Jamyang Qoigyi Zhaxi Bendain, a favorite disciple of Master Tsong Khapa, founder of the Gelug (Yellow) Sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It is one of the six Gelug monasteries in China, but with the largest area and the highest status since it is the "mother monastery" of the Dalai Lama.
In 1409, Master Tsong Khapa succeeded in pioneering the Grand Summons Ceremony, also called Molan Qenmo in Tibetan, in the Jokhang Monastery, Lhasa. In the same year, he had the Ganden Monastery built in response to the popularity of the Gelug Sect among Tibetan Buddhists. With the official rise of the Gelug Sect, the Drepung Monastery was built to accommodate the new situation.
When the Drepung Monastery was built, Mamyang Qoigyi Thaxi Bendain served as its first abbot, also called Chiba in Tibetan. The monastery has had 23 abbots. In 1464, the Drepung Monastery set up Buddhist colleges, or Zhacang in Tibetan, for monks to learn Buddhist classics. During the period of the 5th Dalai Lama, the Gelug Sect set a ceiling on the number of monks for each Gelug monastery. The number for the Drepung monastery was more than 7,700 monks, which made it the largest in Tibet — the number of lamas at Ganden Monastery was about 3,300 and 5,500 at Sera Monastery.
L.T. Doboom Tulku wrote: “The great monastery of Drepung was founded by Jamyang Choje Tashi Palden, a direct disciple of Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug Tradition. This great master had presented his disciple with a white conch, an auspicious token that he had unearthed as a hidden treasure from a hill behind Ganden Monastery. At that time, Tsongkhapa had prophesied, "You shall establish a magnificent monastery and this offspring monastery shall become more extensive than its mother one." [Source: L.T. Doboom Tulku, Translated by Alexander Berzin and Khamlung Rinpoche; Study Buddhism of Berzin Archive studybuddhism.com
“Neupon Namka Zangpo, the political leader of Central Tibet at that time, was requested to be the patron for the monastery. Thus, it was founded according to the Theravadin system of reckoning in the year 1960 after the Parinirvana of Buddha, or according to the Christian system in 1416 A. D. At that time, Jamyang Choje was 38 years of age. At first, there was only one small building, which served both as a place for giving and receiving teachings and as a residence. Gradually, more extensive newer buildings were added, including an assembly hall, tantric hall, representations of Buddha’s body, speech and mind, and monks’ quarters. Neupon Namka Zangpo donated all the materials for this at the request of Tsongkhapa. For 32 years, the founder himself maintained the monastery as a great institution by giving extensive discourses on the Three Baskets with respect to sutra studies and on the four classes of tantra with respect to tantra studies. A great assembly of monks gathered who were interested in these excellent teachings and they divided themselves into seven groups, with each having its own teacher to give discourses. Thus, were established the seven great colleges of Gomang, Loseling, Deyang, Shagkor, Gyalwa or Tosamling, Dulwa, and Ngagpa.
From time to time, Neupon Namka Zangpo made grand religious offerings and, when necessary, provided the monks with essentials such as clothing and tea. The teaching, practicing and studying there, as well as the monk population increased greatly, and thus it became one of the most famous great Gelug monasteries in the Lhasa area.
“After a while, Dulwa, Shagkor, and Gyalwa Colleges amalgamated into the others. Although they no longer existed as separate colleges, abbots holding the lineages of their thrones continued to be appointed from either Gomang or Loseling Colleges. Later, of the four remaining colleges, Gomang and Loseling came to specialize mostly in sutra studies and practice, Ngagpa mostly in tantra, and Deyang in both sutra and tantra practiced equally. Each college has an abbot who is responsible for the teaching, studying, and practice there. There is also a general abbot or throne-holder for the entire monastery, the lineage for which has come from Jamyang Choje. In later times, the custom has been that the eldest retired abbot of the individual colleges assumes the position of the throne-holder of the entire monastery.
“Although there is the popular saying that the number of monks at Drepung is 7760, there were several thousand more than that. Most of them were involved in the teachings and practice of theThree Baskets. Many strove to practice constructive actions in accordance with their mental ability. Certain others, however, occupied themselves with menial labor for the sake of the economic welfare of the monastic community. Other learned ones, after completing their studies at the main monastery, would go to offspring monasteries to serve as their abbots. Thus, there were many such offspring centers nourished by Drepung. In this way, this community functioned as a major home for the Buddha’s teachings.
“It continued to flourish as such until 1959 A. D. At that time, as Tibet as a whole suffered a terrible catastrophe, so this monastery too lost its facilities to continue existing in Tibet. Several thousand of its monks fled to India with the Tibetan refugees. No longer having conducive place, time, or conditions, they were unable to meet as a whole or to carry out only religiousactivities. Several hundred monks, however, with the assistance of the ration aid program, were able to continue practice and study for nine years at Buxaduar in West Bengal. Seeing the necessity, however, of being situated closer to the Tibetan settlement camps for the sake of stability and continuity, they moved in 1970 to Mundgod, Karnataka State, in South India. Having cleared the thick jungle, made fields for growing food, and constructed makeshift buildings during the four years since they have moved there, they are now following the traditional course of study and practice as in Tibet.
Drepung Monastery and the Dalai Lamas
L.T. Doboom Tulku wrote: “The first of the line of Dalai Lamas, Gyalwa Gendun Drub (rGyal-ba Ge-’dun grub) received many sutra and tantra teachings at Drepung from Tsongkhapa. Later, near Shigatse (gZhis-ka-rtse, Shigatse) in Tsang (gTsang) province, he founded Tashilhunpo Monastery (bKra-shis lhun-po dGon-pa). It is the fourth largest monastery in Central Tibet. The other three, including Drepung, are in U (dBus) province. Each of the next Dalai Lamas, from the second through the fifth, not only held the position of the Throne-holder of Drepung, but also made Drepung his permanent residence. [Source: L.T. Doboom Tulku, Translated by Alexander Berzin and Khamlung Rinpoche; Study Buddhism of Berzin Archive studybuddhism.com
“When the Second Dalai Lama, Gyalwa Gendun Gyatso, reached the age of four, he said, "Now it is time for us to go to Drepung. The messengers to invite me shall soon be coming." Like this example of expressing memories of the past, the succeeding members of the lineage of the Dalai Lama have had a special connection with this monastery. In those days, there were even people who referred to the Dalai Lama or Gyalwa Rinpoche (rGyal-ba Rin-po-che) as the Drepung Tulku .[His was the first line of incarnate lamas (tulkus) in the Gelug tradition. Even the name of the Tibetan Government, Ganden Podrang (dGa’-ldan pho-brang), derives from the name of the Dalai Lama’s residence at Drepung.
Although there had been a previous residence called Ganden Podrang, a new one was built at the time of the Third Dalai Lama. Likewise, at the time of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, the general assembly hall was also rebuilt at Drepung in accordance with his wishes. From the Great Fifth Dalai Lama onward, the Dalai Lamas assumed the position of temporal and religious ruler of Tibet and thus could no longer have their permanent residence at Drepung. Nevertheless, whenever someone of the Dalai Lama lineage formally entered the monastic community or took his Geshe examination, or whenever there was a formal function of the religious-temporal government, the Dalai Lama would customarily stay at his Ganden Podrang residence at Drepung.
Drepung Monastery and the 2008 Riots
The riots in Lhasa in 2008 that injured hundreds and left 23 dead according to Chinese authorities and 220 dead according to Tibetan sources began March 10 when hundreds of monks staged a protest at Drepung monastery to commemorate the anniversary of the March 10 revolt in 1959. Monks that marched towards Lhasa were prevented by police from entering the city. Protestors that shouted Tibetan independence slogans and unfurled a homemade Tibetan flag were quickly whisked away by police. At least 15 people were detained. On the same day students and monks staged a second protest in Lhasa, making a circle around Barkhor Square in front of Jokhang Temple, and joining hands, The square filled with police. Foreign witnesses said six or seven demonstrators were taken away by police.
After the uprising, security forces in Lhasa cleared out monasteries and jailed monks for months. About 700 were sent to a camp in Golmud, in Qinghai, for patriotic education, then ordered to return to their hometowns, said three young monks who were at the camp.Dreprung and Sera monasteries in Lhasa reopened in late April. A spokesman for the government said, “Monks have been taught legal knowledge in recent days and the monastery has resumed normal religious activities. Jokhang temple opened in mid May, two months after the riot. In July 2008, three months after the riots, Tibet was reopened to foreign tourists. Drepung monastery reopened in August 2008. [Source: Edward Wong, New York Times, February 25, 2009]
The number of monks in Lhasa's three main monasteries was slashed by authorities. At Drepung about 600 monks were sent back to their villages and homes. The 450 that were allowed to remain were watched over carefully, One Lhasa monk told the Times of London, “We have to take patriotic education classes one day a week and pledge to love the motherland and criticize the Dalai Lama. It is very painful but I want to stay a monk."
Monks no longer in the monasteries are barred from wearing their robes in public, the monk said, and the police check on the monks at home, at times hauling some off to prison. The monk said Tibetan policemen came to his home three times a month. They ask, “Where have you been?” he said. “Have you been out? What are Tibetans talking about in the society? Have you met with friends who are in prison?” [Ibid]
Buildings and Treasures at Drepung Monastery
The Drepung Monastery is composed of the Coqen Hall, four Zhacang colleges (called Losailing, Deyang, Ngaba and GomangZhacangs) and the Gandain Phodrang (Palace). They formed the management organ, which functioned under Coqen. The four colleges contain a total of 29 Kamcuns, groups of monks formed in accordance with their origins. [Source: chinaculture.org, Chinadaily.com.cn, Ministry of Culture, P.R.China]
Located in the central part of the Drepung Monastery, the Coqen Hall covers an area of close to 4,500 square meters. In front of the hall is a square paved with stones. A 17-step stone staircase links the square with the hall. At the entrance are eight pillars. Coqen's Sutra Hall is of magnificent scale, covering an area of 1,800 square meters and propped up by 183 pillars. All the Buddha statues enshrined in the Coqen Hall are lifelike, such as the statue of the Wisdom Buddha and a statue hidden under a white umbrella in the central part of the Coqen Hall.
There are two silver dagobas in the wing chambers of the Coqen Hall. These are holy stupas for the 3rd and 4th Dalai Lamas. The Duisong Lakang (Hall) in the rear part of the Coqen Hall is the earliest of its kind in the Drepung Monastery. Jamyang Qoigyi Zhaxi Bendain used to sit in mediation and study here. Now, it is enshrined with the statues of the 3rd Dalai Lama and two of his favorite disciples.
Zhacang colleges are where Gelug monks studied Buddhism. In the early days of its construction, the Drepung boasted seven Zhacangs, all of which were put under the seven major disciples of Jamyang Qoigyi Zhaxi Bendain. With the increase in the number of monks hailing from other monasteries who studie in these Zhacangs, the seven Zhacangs were condensed into the Losailing, Gomang, Deyang and Ngaba Zhacangs in accordance with the contents of the disciplines and origins of the students. The first three Zhacangs are for the study of the open school of Tibetan Buddhism, and the fourth is the Tantric college.
Southwest of the monastery is the Gandain Phodrang Palace, the residence of the 2nd to the 5th Dalai Lamas.
All the buildings of the Drepung Monastery are closely laid out. Each building is composed of a courtyard, a Sutra hall and a Buddha hall. The terrain rises from the gate to the Buddha halls to highlight the position of these halls to highlight the position of these halls. The Coqen Hall is the largest; the Deyang Zhacang is unsophisticated in layout; the Ngaba Zhacang is compact; and the Gandain Phodrang is the most magnificent. All the buildings have golden tops, Dharma wheels and other religious objects.
The Drepung Monastery preserves close to 10,000 ancient classics, more than 100 volumes of Gangyur and 100 volumes of Dangyur, and hundreds of volumes of hand-copied works by Zongkapa and two disciples. Buddha statues enshrined in various Buddha halls, lifelike as they are, represent a high level of sculpture within Tibet. Color frescoes in these halls are elegant. All the the art is valuable for the study of Tibetan history, religion and art. [Source: chinaculture.org, Chinadaily.com.cn, Ministry of Culture, P.R.China]
Sera Monastery (four kilometers north of Lhasa) is one of the three largest monasteries of the Gelug Sect. It sits on the southern slope of the strangely shaped Serawoze Mountain in the northern suburbs of Lhasa, sprawled out over an area of 114,960 square meters. Sera is regarded as prestigious and important as Drepung and Ganden Monasteries, but is not as old as they are. Sera means "Wild Rose Garden" in Tibetan. It is named after the opulent wild rose woods that once grew around the monastery.
Only a few hundred of the 5,000 monks that once lived here remain. These monks, who belong to the Yellow Hat sect, are famous for their martial arts and debating skills. About 2,000 devotees visit every week. Many come to get a special mark put on their head. The monastery caters to members of all three of the main Tibetan Buddhist sects.
Since ancient times, Living Buddhas and monks have taught the Buddhist doctrines in the area surrounding Sera. Dotted with willow trees, it is also home to many small monasteries and nunneries, including the Purbujor and Zhachi Holy Maid monasteries, Myiqoinre Nunnery, the Kardoreqoi mediation area, and the Balungreqoi (If you know what this is, explain. I saw only one entry in my website search and it didn't show anything) to the east and south; Barku, Gungbasa, Pobengang, Zhaxiqoilin, and Qoisang monasteries as well as the Garil Nunnery to the west; and Zhukangreqoi and Seraqoiding monasteries to the rear.
Monks chant Buddhist scriptures in Tsochin Hall. Thousands of murals can be seen on the buildings’ walls. Sera Monastery’s library and printing facility is well known. There are some nuns at the facility and some intricate, preserved sand mandalas. Sera's collection of murals is well maintained. Its statues of Maitreya, Bodhisattvas, and arhats are noteworthy. Scriptures written in gold powder, scroll paintings, a tapestry portrait of Jamchen Chojey, and thangkas (three-dimensional artwork) can be seen throughout Sera. Hours Open: 9:00am-4:00pm; Admission: 50 yuan. all year. Getting There: Taxi or buses No. 6, 16, 20, 23 and 24 and get off at Sela Si bus station, a few minutes walk from Sera Monastery.
History of Sera Monastery
Sera monastery was founded by Sakya Yeshe (1354-1439), also known as Jamchen Choje, disciple of Tsongkhapa. It is regarded as one of Lhasa’s Three Great Gelugpa Monasteries and one of the six main Gelugpa (Yellow Hat) monasteries of Tibet Buddhism. The monastery has nurtured many eminent lamas while serving as prestigious Tibetan Buddhist educational institution. It was established by Jamchen Chojey Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang, a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa, in 1419.
A legend says that Tsong Khapa and his two disciples traveled in the area, spreading Buddhism. One day, they heard a horse whinnying underground when they were taking a walk in the rose woods. They dug up a statue of Hynagriva (a horse-headed demon-god) and Tsong Khapa began construction of a monastery to enshrine Hynagriva.
However, the truth is that in 1414, Jamchen Chojey (or Sakya Yeshe), one of Tsong Khapa's disciples, visited Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) as Tsong Khapa's emissary. The Emperor Chengzu granted him a title of Dharma King of Great Mercy, a large number of sutras, a set of sandalwood arhats (statues of enlightened Buddhists), frocks, silks, gold and silver, and so on. In order to preserve them, Tsong Khapa instructed Jamchen Chojey to build a monastery to house the treasures. The Sera Monastery was completed in 1419.
Buildings at Sera Monastery
Sera is designed around a main assembly hall, or Coqen in Tibetan, which is the grandest hall of Sera, occupying a floor space of 1,000 square meters. The four-story hall has four chapels in which arhats, Manjushri, Tsong Khapa, and Chenrezi are enshrined. Later, a huge Maitreya was enshrined in the hall during the reign of the 7th Dalai Lama. The valuable Buddhist sutras that Jamchen Chojey brought back from the Ming Dynasty of Central China are kept in a sutra pigeonhole adjacent to the hall. [Source: chinaculture.org, Chinadaily.com.cn, Ministry of Culture, P.R.China, October 27, 2005]
Sera houses three Zhacangs, the colleges for studying the sutras. The first, Sera Me Zhacang, was built in 1419. It was later destroyed by a lightening strike, but restored in 1761. Its Chanting Hall is remarkable. Sera Me is prestigious for its fine, undamaged murals.
Sera Je Zhacang was first founded in 1435 and expanded by a Mongol king in 17th century. The building has five stories, covering a space of a thousand square meters. Its main hall contains 11 stupas of the Ganden and Ratreng Tripas (respectively the heads of their respective sects). The original Hynagriva statue is enshrined in the building's Hynagriva Chapel.
Ngagpa Zhacang was established in 1559. The smallest of the three Zhacangs, it houses its founder Jamchen Chojey's statue in its chanting hall. The set of sandalwood arhats granted to the monastery is housed in it. For the sake of perfect preservation, they are encased in the bellies of a set of clay arhats, which have been authenticated as the original ones.
Studying and Debating Monks at Sera Monastery
The open-air "debating courtyard" at the Sera Monastery is one of the interesting aspects of visiting Sera. The debating monks slap their arms and seem to be haranguing one another in the Sera monastery courtyard. The monks debate Buddhist teachings punctuated with highly-ritualized, often loud gestures, such as hand clapping and foot stomping. Novice monks gain admittance to Sera monastery at age 16 by memorizing 300 scriptures and passing an exam.
Debating monks Many monks spend their time debating subtle points of Buddhist theology such as "whether or not a rabbit has a horn" or "whether form has shape and color." The abbots and teachers usually stand while the monks sit on the floor. In their free time monks play soccer, wrestle and goof around. In some monasteries monks participate in debates in the main assembly hall of the monastery, observed by local spectators and tourists. This is sometimes followed by ritual music played outside. Examinations for the highest 'Lharampa Geshe' degree (a degree in Buddhist philosophy in the Geluk tradition) are held during the week-long Great Prayer Festival in Lhasa in January.
Describing debating monks in a monastery, Tim Sullivan of Associated Press wrote: “The shouts of more than a dozen Tibetan monks echo through the small classroom. Fingers are pointed. Voices collide. When an important point is made, the men smack their hands together and stomp the floor, their robes billowing around them. It's the way Tibetan Buddhist scholars have traded ideas for centuries. Among them, the debate-as-shouting match is a discipline and a joy. [Source: Tim Sullivan, Associated Press, July 3, 2012 ^/^]
“Though most studied only religious subjects after eighth grade and few learned anything but basic math, they regularly traverse highly complex concepts. Because of the way they study — focusing on debates and the memorization of long written passages, but doing comparatively little writing — few are able to take notes during classroom lectures. Many were raised to see magic as an integral part of the world around them. ^/^
“To watch them in class, though, is astonishing. No one yawns. No one dozes. Since almost no one takes notes, it's easy to think they're not paying attention. For most of the monastics, the challenges are not in the academic rigor. They see nothing astonishing about their ability to process vast amounts of information without taking notes, or to remain attentive for hours on end.
Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons, Nolls China Web site; CNTO; Perrochon photo site; Beifan.com; University of Washington; Ohio State University; UNESCO; Wikipedia; Julie Chao photo site
Text Sources: CNTO (China National Tourist Organization), China.org, UNESCO, reports submitted to UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, China Daily, Xinhua, Global Times, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Compton's Encyclopedia and various books and other publications.
Updated in July 2020 |
An estimated 45 million Americans live below the federal poverty limit – approximately 14.5% of the population, yet many myths about poverty exist. Among this population, it is projected that 23 million Americans will be without health insurance in 2017: due to financial hardship, lack of medicaid eligibility, or because their place of employment does not offer it. The federal poverty level is defined as a single person earning $13,860 a year, or a family of four living on $28,290 annually. But who exactly are those who live at or below the poverty level?
Examining a few common myths surrounding those who live in poverty helps shed some light on the true nature of those who face economic hardship:
- MYTH: Poor people are lazy and refuse to work, choosing instead to “live off the government”. FACT: The US Department of Labor cites that more than 10 million of those falling under the federal poverty limit comprise of the “working poor” – working full time for at least 27 weeks. The reality is, millions of Americans move in and out of poverty within a given lifetime. More than half of the US population will dip below the poverty line at some point before the age of 65, whether it is for a period of months or a decade. Government aid provided to those in poverty, such as welfare and medicaid, is just another form of Government aid similar to social security, student loans, and unemployment insurance. Most people fall into the category of receiving “Government Aid” at some point.
- MYTH: Poor people are comprised of minorities and undocumented immigrants. FACT: More accurately, those who live in poverty are often those with families, who are currently employed – and largely identify as white. According to current Kairos Center US Poverty Statistics, “In absolute numbers there are more poor non-Hispanic whites than any other racial or ethnic group, 42% of the poor (18.8 million).”
- MYTH: To be poor in the USA is still better than being poor in other countries. FACT: In terms of the world’s wealthiest industrialized nations, the USA ranks second to last in its treatment of poor families when held up against standards of health, education, and social mobility. In contrast to most other developed nations, the Institute for the Study of Labor determined that 42% of American men who grew up in the bottom quintile of incomes remained there as adults. Poverty is pervasive, and not so easy to climb out of in the USA if you are born into it.
- MYTH: Poor people are more likely to waste their money on drugs. FACT: A study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism found there to be no discernible difference in drug use when comparing the data of those on welfare and the population not receiving welfare. A separate government study found similar results, with yet another study indicating that drug use was actually lower in welfare recipients than in the general public. It is reasonable to conclude that drug use is roughly the same for both welfare and non-welfare recipients. In the general public as with those on welfare, some battle with drug addictions, some do not.
Who are those who fall below the poverty level? At some point in our lives, it may be our friends, community members, or even us.
Want to learn more about the myths surrounding poverty? These audio stories from Busted: America’s Poverty Myths offer startling insight.
Barrier Islands Free Medical Clinic provides medical care to eligible patients, just like any family practitioner or internist – but it is free. We serve uninsured adults living at or below 200 % of the Federal poverty level who live or work on Johns, Wadmalaw or James Islands. You can follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and YouTube. |
|| Education is Nation Building activity. A school is not a building where a few children are confined in closed classrooms and bits of information are transferred to their brains. A school is an organic system of transforming young children into responsible citizens.
The objective of the transformation is to build a strong, vibrant Nation. For a Nation to be strong and vibrant, its citizens should be physically strong, intellectually sound, morally upright, spiritually awakened and must have faith in the Nation's values and culture.
Vivekananda Educational Society strives to mould the character of every child under its care and to develop their whole personality in a harmonious and positive way, which alone will bring about a qualitative change in their lives. In short, Vivekananda Educational Society strives to educate students not just for a living, but for life itself. |
Datacenter Bites the Dust!
We usually approach IT matters as source of disruption in our lives but we don’t mention the effect caused by this revolution on the IT world itself. Infrastructure as we used to know is about to pass away.
It has become so cliché to talk about disruption nowadays. This past decade and this will go on for sure in the future, we heard about the irremediable impact of IT in our everyday life: internet, web 2.0, wearables, 3D print, bitcoins, IoT, blockchain… and many more. We talk about the way we now buy, pay, book, rent, sell, share… and I could go on and on.
How did the Datacenter evolve since it appeared and how it impacts us – IT professional – today and for the next decades?
Before answering the question, let’s first agree on a short definition of the word Datacenter. It is a computing facility with infrastructure and storage elements plugged on secured power supply. Therefore, we can consider ENIAC as the grandfather of the datacenters we know today. ENIAC was built by the US Army to store artillery firing codes. No other computer had comparable storage and calculation capacity in history. The entire installation required more than 160 square meters. It was a great hardware innovation. A great industrial innovation as well. [...]
To read the whole post and interact, please visit the SogetiLabs blog: Datacenter Bites the Dust! |
It’s 50 years since Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon. Over those five decades, our curiosity about faraway other worlds has accelerated to match our growing technological abilities. However, Earth’s unique geology has resulted in the creation of some spectacular moonscapes that do not require access to a spaceship to visit them. And so, if you want to holiday like you’re on another planet, here are a few ideas to tempt you.
This mid-Atlantic Portuguese archipelago owes its landscape to the activities of over 1500 volcanoes. It’s no surprise that geotourism is a big draw in the Azores: intrepid visitors can explore hundreds of volcanic ravines, caves, lakes and thermal water springs. The position of the lushly-vegetated islands also attracts many species of migratory birds, and provides a permanent home to two of Europe’s rarest avian species: Monteiro’s storm petrel and the Azores bullfinch.
If anywhere can lay claim to fairy chimneys, it’s Cappadocia in Turkey. Formed from a soft rock called “tuff”, these chimneys are what’s left of the deposits of ancient volcanic eruptions following millions of years of erosion by wind and rain. Reaching almost 130 feet high, they steeple the landscape. In Roman times, persecuted Christian communities used the malleable “tuff” to create underground cities, and plenty of evidence of this subterranean life remains for today’s visitors to explore.
The lava-created lunar landscapes of Fuerteventura’s arid interior are a dramatic contrast to the white sand of its coast. It’s the sandy beaches and, particularly, the dunes at Corralejo that are the island’s top attraction for many. Kite-surfing is popular but so too is bird-watching; anyone hoping to see the endangered houbara bustard couldn’t go to a more likely destination.
Wadi Rum in Jordan has stood in for Mars in more than one blockbuster movie. Famously, it was also the filming location for the fictional planet, Jedha, in the Star Wars movies. Unsurprisingly, Wadi Rum is popular with movie buffs keen to experience for themselves what they’ve seen on the screen. It also draws adventure tourists, keen to hike there, climb its sandstone mountains, ride camels or Arabian horses, or camp out under its vast, star-filled skies.
When it comes to places that look like the moon, it’s hard to imagine anything that could be closer than the playa and lava beds of Nevada’s Black Rock desert. This remote region is best known for the annual Burning Man community event, which focuses on artistic self-expression as much as it does on the burning of a large wooden effigy. At other times of the year, the seemingly endless empty expanses of desert lend themselves well to land speed racing events.
Once a prehistoric lake, Bolivia’s Salar de uyuni is now the world’s largest salt flat. Studded with cacti, hot springs and lagoons, these brilliantly white salt flats are like nowhere else on earth. They also lie at an average altitude of 11,800 feet and nights can be punishingly cold. The rewards for visitors, however, are immense, particularly for those who time their trip to coincide with the rainy season and experience the famous “mirror effect”.
White chalk rock spires punch through the earth and push up towards the sky in Egypt’s White Desert. The result is a bewildering alien landscape that few visitors could ever look at long enough. However, the presence of Barbary sheep, Fennec fox and two species of rare gazelle, the Rhim and the Dorcas, are testament to the area’s true desert nature.
Even a glimpse of Valle de la Luna in Chile's Atacama desert is enough to appreciate how it came by its name. Towering red cliffs frame a landscape that changes every year, and climbing to the top of one of these cliffs to look over the moonscapes below is a must for any visit. So, too, is watching the sun set over the Great Dune.
If you want to see icebergs, there’s nowhere better than Jokulsarlon in Iceland. Ice-blue or milk-white, they proceed through the glacial lagoon like supernatural beings. Around and beneath them, swim huge schools of fish, which provide food for seals and seabirds that include puffins and predatory skuas. Boat trips on the lagoon provide tourists with impressive views of both the icebergs and the wildlife.
The world’s tallest mountain lies not in the Himalayas but in Hawaii. Most of the volcanic Mauna Kea lies beneath the Pacific but almost 14,000 feet of it rises above sea level. The dormant volcano offers excellent if strenuous hiking. You’ll walk past an alpine lake and many red cinder cones before finally reaching the snow-capped summit area to gaze down on the clouds far below. |
वाराणसी। जैतपुरा थाना क्षेत्र के सरैया स्थित मुस्लिमपुरा इलाके में पावरलूम में उतरे करंट की चपेट में आने से बुनकारी का काम करने वाले प्याजुद्दीन (४०) की गुरुवार की देर रात मौत हो गई। जबकि पावरलूम हटाने में उसके साथ जुटे पांच साथी भी झुलस गये। झुलसे लोगों इलाज एक अस्पताल कराया गया। बाद में सभी घर चले गये।
मूल रूप से छित्तनपुरा इलाके के रहने वाले प्याजुद्दीन अपनी पत्नी हुस्ना बीबी और तीन बच्चों हसनैन (११), रहनुमा (८) व मोहरजमा (५) के साथ अपने श्वसुर हारून (नाटे) के घर मुस्लिमपुरा में रहकर पावरलूम चलाने का काम करता था। परिजनों ने बताया कि बारिश के चलते पानी भर जाने के कारण गुरुवार की रात मकान में बने कारखाने से पावरलूम को सुरक्षित स्थान पर ले जाने का काम हो रहा था। इस काम में प्याजुद्दीन अपने साथियों के साथ जुटा हुआ था। इस दौरान पावरलूम में करंट उतर गया, जिसकी चपेट में प्याजुद्दीन और उसके साथी शकील (2५), जुनैद (२३), सकलेन (2५), मुजम्मिल (२६) व सोहेल अख्तर (२१) आकर छटपटाने लगे। उनकी चीख-पुकार सुनकर परिजनों के साथ ही अन्य लोग मौके पर पहुंचे और किसी तरह लाठी-डंडे से उन्हें छुड़ाया। सभी को तत्काल अस्पताल ले जाया गया, जहां चिकित्सकों ने प्याजुद्दीन को मृत घोषित कर दिया। सूचना पर जैतपुरा पुलस मौके पर पहुुंची और प्याजुद्दीन के शव को कब्जे में ले लिया। लेकिन परिजनों के कहने पर पंचनामा कर शव को सौंप दिया। परिजनों ने शव को समीप के एक कब्रिस्तान में दफना दिया। पति के मौत की खबर मिलते ही पत्नी बेसुध हो गयी जबकि बच्चों का हाल बेहाल है। |
देहरादून वित्त मंत्री प्रकाश पंत की अध्यक्षता में संसाधन वृद्धि एवं १५वें वित्त आयोग को भेजे जाने वाली सूचना विषयक बैठक सचिवालय सभागार में सोमवार को संपन्न हुई। बैठक में वित्त मंत्री श्री पंत ने समस्त विभागों को १५वें वित्त आयोग के अन्तर्गत निर्धारित प्रपत्र पर वांछित सूचनाएं ३१ जनवरी २०१८ तक उपलब्ध कराने के निर्देश दिये। उन्होंने ऐसे विभाग जिनके द्वारा सेवा सुगम करने सेवा में प्रमाणिकता लाने व्यय नियंत्रण में किये जा रहे प्रयास और उपलब्धि बढ़ाने के लिये प्रयास किये जा रहे है से संबंधित प्रस्ताव तैयार करने के भी निर्देश दिये। उन्होंने आगामी वर्ष के लिये खनन आबकारी वाणिज्य कर स्टॉम्प एवं निबंधक वन एवं पर्यावरण सिंचाई परिवहन एवं ऊर्जा विभागों को वित्तीय संसाधन बढाकर १६ हजार २० करोड करने का लक्ष्य निर्धारित किया।
इस वित्तीय वर्ष में इन विभागों के लिये १५ हजार ५७ करोड रूपये का लक्ष्य निर्धारित था जिसमें माह दिसम्बर २०१७ तक आबकारी विभाग द्वारा १८४३ करोड खनन विभाग द्वारा २६६ करोड स्टॉम्प एवं निबंधक द्वारा ६५२ करोड वाणिज्य कर द्वारा ५७59 करोड़ परिवहन द्वारा ५०१ करोड रूपये की राशि प्राप्त की जा चुकी है जिसकी समीक्षा करते हुए वित्त मंत्री द्वारा समस्त विभागों को १५ से २० प्रतिशत लक्ष्य बढ़ाने के निर्देश दिये। उन्होंने बताया कि इस वित्तीय वर्ष में गत वर्ष की अपेक्षा अब तक आर्थिक संसाधन प्राप्ति में आबकारी विभाग द्वारा १२ प्रतिशत खनन विभाग द्वारा २५ प्रतिशत स्टॉम्प एवं निबंधक द्वारा ०३ प्रतिशत वाणिज्य कर विभाग द्वारा १२ प्रतिशत तथा परिवहन विभाग द्वारा २४ प्रतिशत की वृद्धि की गई है। आगामी वर्ष में आबकारी के लिये २५50 करोडए परिवहन के लिये ७०० करोड खनन के लिये ५५० करोड वाणिज्य के लिये ७६०० करोड की आर्थिक संसाधन प्राप्ति का लक्ष्य निर्धारित किया गया है।
वित्त मंत्री श्री पंत ने कहा कि प्रदेश का ७० प्रतिशत भू.भाग वनक्षेत्र होने के कारण भारत सरकार द्वारा योजना के बजट में ०२ प्रतिशत अंश ग्रीन बोनस के रूप में दिये जाने का अनुरोध किया गया है। वित्त मंत्री कहना था कि प्रदेश की विषम भौगौलिक परिस्थितियों के कारण यहां आर्थिक संसाधन कम है। तथा ७० प्रतिशत वनाच्छादित प्रदेश होने के कारण विश्व के पर्यावरण की में उत्तराखण्ड का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान है। उन्होंने केन्द्र सरकार से योजना के बजट का ०२ प्रतिशत अंश ग्रीन बोनस के रूप में दिये जाने का आग्रह किया।
वित्त मंत्री ने आगामी वित्तीय वर्ष में आर्थिक संसाधन बढ़ाने के लिये खनन आबकारी वाणिज्य कर स्टॉम्प एवं निबंधक वन एवं पर्यावरणए सिंचाई परिवहन एवं ऊर्जा विभागों पर १५ से २० प्रतिशत वृद्धि करने का लक्ष्य दिया तथा इस वित्तीय वर्ष में निर्धारित लक्ष्य को तेजी से पूरा करने के निर्देश दिये। वित्त मंत्री ने वन निगम के आर्थिक संसाधन में वृद्धि के लिये अलग से बैठक आयोजित करने के निर्देश अपर मुख्य सचिव को दिये।बैठक में प्रमुख सचिव वित्त श्रीमती राधा रतूडी प्रमुख सचिव ग्राम्य विकास श्रीमती मनीषा पंवार सचिव वित्त अमित सिंह नेगी सचिव दिलीप जावलकर सहित अन्य वरिष्ठ अधिकारी उपस्थित थे। |
It was due in part to my overgrown front lawn, and my apparent inability to read a National Weather Service forecast, that I found myself parked at the top of a Milwaukee County public boat landing, a cold and dense drizzle falling from the overcast sky, pondering whether I should even launch my kayak. I had assumed that the storm activity depicted on the NWS website was drifting away on the prevailing westerlies, headed out to the open waters of Lake Michigan, and ushering in clearing skies.
But as I observed now, those multi-colored blobs of weather on the Doppler radar image had in fact been blowing in from the southeast, and visibility was now wavering from a mile to less than a few hundred feet. The air was so supersaturated with moisture that it could no longer hold its water, and it fell from the air in dense waves of mist. But kayaking is a wet pastime, I reminded myself, and mowing a lawn is not. So I unloaded my kayak and gear from the car, and was soon cruising across the fog-enshrouded waters of the Port of Milwaukee harbor.
The city of Milwaukee was founded as a Great Lakes port in the 1830s, for many of the same reasons the native Fox, Mascouten, Potawatomi, and Ho-Chunk had made their homes here before the arrival of whites: three large streams all emptying into Lake Michigan in one large confluence. Besides offering access to interior lands from the lake, there was abundant food and game here too, hence the Algonquian name, Millioke, most often translated as “good land.”
As I emerged from the mouth of the inner harbor and entered the outer turning basin, the mists parted like a curtain to reveal a glimpse into another century: the three masts of an ethereal, canvas-sailed schooner glided silently across the path of my kayak just ahead. Like a wraith from another century, the S/V Denis Sullivan moved along slowly under light sail.
Back in the day, nearly all Great Lakes traffic traveled by lake schooner, with over two dozen passing through Milwaukee’s port each day. The Sullivan is a replica of such schooners, launched in 2000 and embodying nearly a million hours of volunteer labor. She now berths at the Discovery World museum on Milwaukee’s lakefront, and offers deck tours and day sails. As I paddled closer I saw movement on her decks, and realized the Sullivan was ably crewed by phantom sailors … in colorful plastic rain slickers.
I turned to head to the lighthouse guarding the main entrance to the turning basin, and a moment later my marine VHF radio crackled with a call from the pilot of the John J. Boland, announcing that the bulk lake carrier would be arriving and entering the main gap in fifteen minutes. I hustled out of the way and waited just outside the ‘gate’ of the breakwall, floating off at a safe distance.
As ship traffic to Milwaukee increased in the 1800s, the city’s prominence as a grain port grew, and by the early 1860s it was the largest shipper of wheat in the world. The harbor was deepened and expanded, docks and piers constructed, and railroad connections built. By the turn of the century, industrial manufacturing had become Milwaukee’s mainstay, and the city produced steam engines, mining shovels, automobile frames, and all manner of heavy machinery. Even today, a thriving heavy-manufacturing industry relies on a large commercial and industrial harbor development, handling millions of tons of commerce annually.
I could plainly hear the Boland’s fog horn, sounding every two minutes, and soon heard her twin 3,600 HP diesel engines thrumming somewhere out there in the mists. I finally detected the quiet hiss of a slow bow wake and soon the great hulking vessel emerged from the gray wall of fog like an apparition.
Her nearly seven-hundred-foot length majestically glided through the main gap, moving at a stately six knots only ten boat-lengths off my bow, her seven stories of welded steel hull towering over me. As the ship finally cleared the gap, I saw a lone human figure leaning on a rail at her stern, and the freshwater sailor raised a hand to wave at me briefly before the entire vessel once again disappeared into the mists, nearly as silently and swiftly as she had emerged. I would later find the Boland in the inner harbor, eased up tight and gently chafing against the dock like an elephant rubbing her haunches on a fence, her 250-foot boom conveyor extended as she unloaded over 30,000 tons of coal. I paddled out and crossed the gap to the lighthouse, a swath of gently roiling water the only remaining evidence of the freighter’s passing.
The Milwaukee breakwater light was constructed in 1926, and was one of the last to be built on the Great Lakes. Being entirely isolated from the shore, and connected only to one end of the freestanding breakwall, the light is sturdily built to withstand Lake Michigan’s harsh winter storms. With quarter-inch steel-plate sheathing, and half-inch-thick windows, she towers over fifty feet above the water, guiding sailors and fishermen safely in and out of Milwaukee’s freshwater port.
I proceeded out the harbor entrance again but this time headed north. The fog grew denser again, and I was soon so enshrouded by the mist that all I could see was comprised of a hundred-yard hemisphere of gray above and spiky black water below, my only landmark the foghorn from the lighthouse, sounding three times every minute. I paddled along like this for over a mile, seemingly carrying my little world along with me like a turtle with his shell, getting only rare glimpses of the Milwaukee skyline behind the undulating banks of fog, until the north gap appeared.
I scuttled back inside the harbor and swung south again, turning toward the warmth and dryness of the car. The fog thickened again and descended upon me like the heavy gray curtain of sleep, completely obscuring the cool and misty realm I had just visited. I paddled along in silence, wondering which world was real and which only a dream …
Jeffrey Lee paddles and writes in the Upper Great Lakes region. For additional photos from this kayak trip, please visit the companion photo gallery >>
Have a question about kayaking in this Great Lakes destination? Leave a comment below! |
A survey carried out by Ipec (Intelligence in Research and Consulting), at the request of the biopharmaceutical Takeda and with the scientific coordination of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases (SBI) showed that the pandemic has disrupted the perception – already confused – of Brazilians on dengue fever.
Unlike covid-19, dengue fever is far from new and is one of the diseases with the highest contagion rate per year in Brazil. In the study, the researchers found that for 31% of respondents, the disease “no longer exists”.
2,000 people over the age of 18, from all social classes and regions of the country, were interviewed in October 2021. The questionnaire was applied by telephone, and the margin of error is two percentage points, with an interval of 95% confidence.
“The reality revealed by the investigation is worrying. With the urgency of the Covid-19 pandemic, many infectious diseases, such as arboviruses (dengue fever), have been pushed into the background and even forgotten. We need to resume discussion and care with dengue fever, focusing on disseminating information and awareness campaigns that encourage prevention,” says Alberto Chebabo, infectious disease physician and president of SBI.
Dengue fever perception
According to the study, 31% of respondents bet that the disease ceased to exist during the pandemic; although 69% answered that they were afraid of catching the disease.
For 53%, the risk of contagion remained the same, while 25% said they believed it had increased. Attention is drawn to the justifications that 22% gave when responding that it has decreased: for them, every disease is now covid-19, increasing the perception that the country no longer has dengue cases. Another 28% said they had not heard of the disease.
Both responses point to the need to strengthen awareness campaigns on the contagion and treatment of dengue fever, which has been somewhat neglected since the start of the pandemic.
Another data that corroborates this need is the lack of knowledge of Brazilians about the characteristics of dengue fever, such as the number of times it is possible to catch it – only 2% chose the correct answer, up to four times ; 56% said they didn’t know and 16% assumed a person could have an unlimited number of infections.
The perception of 48% is that dengue care has decreased due to covid-19.
contagion and symptoms
When it comes to contagion, however, people associate dengue fever with risky situations such as age (57%), low immunity (80%), or never having been in contact with the disease ( 58%).
The real factors, such as accumulated water (99%), dirty environments and places without basic sanitation (96%), were fortunately held up by a large part of the population.
Fever, body aches and headaches were the most mentioned in both the main symptom and general symptom questions, and 61% of people said they would see a doctor if they were suspected of having disease. Actions such as drinking plenty of fluids and resting are also considered essential by the population.
How to avoid
The fight against dengue fever is a joint effort involving the government and the population, and for 91% of respondents, the disease can be avoided. However, 45% recall that it is not possible to control the care of others.
Simple, everyday actions were recalled by those who consider mosquito control possible – 69% stressed not leaving standing water and 29% remembered cleaning their backyard; 23% talked about standing water in small plant dishes and 21% about leaking water tanks and water tanks.
Even so, of the 30% who responded that they had had dengue fever, only 55% said they had made modifications to the home to prevent Aedes Aegypt from breeding.
According to the Ministry of Health, in the first six weeks of 2022, Brazil recorded 70,555 probable cases of dengue fever. The number is 43.5% higher than that recorded in the same period in 2021.
Over the past year there have been 544,460 cases, rising to over a million in 2020, indicating a high likelihood of under-reporting amid the worsening wave of covid-19 . |
A pizza history
The cuisine of Sicily, although unmistakably Italian in character, reflects a range of foreign influences stemming from trade and a history of foreign occupation.
Already renowned for the quality of its food in the days when it was ruled by the ancient Greeks and then the Romans, Sicily was under Arab rule from 965 to 1072 when a Norman occupation began that lasted until 1194. The list of foreign invaders is almost endless.
Each occupying power left its, mark, but the Arab influence is particular evident in the use of fruits and nuts in both sweet and savoury dishes. The North African dish couscous is also a Sicilian staple. Some sources also suggest the Arabs brought over pasta and sorbets, the forerunner of ice cream.
Although, as in all coastal areas of the Mediterranean, seafood is an important part of the diet, the Norman influence is reflected in the rich flavours of meat dishes, an emphasis on dairy products and the savoury cr?pes manicotti. Cheeses are an important element of the Sicilian diet, and Pecorino Siciliano has a protected regional designation.
Sicily was also an early adopter of the tomato, brought back from the New World by the Spanish, reflecting the influence of trade with Spain and a period of government by the crown of Aragon. Chillies also came across the Atlantic.
Several of the best known Italian dishes are Sicilian, among them the desserts cassata cheesecake, cannoli and granita, and the heavy style of pizza popular in North America, as opposed to the lighter Neapolitan style.
Both rice and pasta feature strongly in the cuisine, and pasta alla Norma from Catania, made with tomatoes and eggplant garnished with fresh basil and grated ricotta, is a classic.
Arancini - baked rice balls covered with breadcrumbs - are believed to be Sicilian in origin, and arancini con ragu, which also contains meat, cheese and tomato sauce are another of the island's specialities.
The eggplant salad capunata is Sicilian in origin, and served on the island with fresh seafood such as lobster, octopus or swordfish. It can serve as appetiser, side dish or main course. Often known elsewhere as caponata, the dish is not be confused with capponata, a tuna and chilli salad.
Sicily is noted for the sweetness of the island's lemons, from which the liqueur limoncello is made. |
1. Fat Matters. Avoid saturated fats. Choose beans, fish, poultry, and nuts over fatty meats (beef, whole milk, whole milk products, etc).
2. Skip red and processed. Processed meats (such as fast food, cold cuts, turkey bacon) are unhealthy and don’t offer much nutrition. And red meat (beef) is hard to digest. Again, beans, some grains (quinoa), nuts, poultry, and fish are better choices.
3. Protein Parade. A healthy adult needs to consume about 60-65 grams of protein per day. Break this down per meal, and it comes out to 20 grams each. During Ramadhaan, since we basically skip lunch, it’s important to get those proteins in the meals that we do eat, especially suhoor.
Based on the article: 5 Tips for Eating Healthy Protein |
ईश्वरीय धर्मों विशेष रूप से इस्लाम में हेजाब एक पवित्र शब्द है। हेजाब महिला की प्रवृत्ति का भाग है इसलिए पूरे मानव इतिहास में महिलाएं स्वाभाविक रूप से हेजाब की ओर उन्मुख रहीं। दांपत्य जीवन में स्थिरता, महिलाओं की सुरक्षा, यौन भ्रष्टाचार की रोकथाम, स्वस्थ समाज की रचना, महिला के स्थान की सुरक्षा और समाज की आम मर्यादाओं की रक्षा, हेजाब के प्रभाव में शामिल हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त सभा में महिला की सही उपस्थिति तथा विभिन्न मंचों पर उसकी उपयोगी उपस्थिति के लिए प्रभावी तत्व है।
पिछली शताब्दी से हेजाब को एक महत्वपूर्ण सांस्कृतिक चिंता के रूप में देखा जा रहा है कि जिससे बहुत से सामाजिक संबंध प्रभावित हुए हैं यहां तक कि कुछ पश्चिमी समाजों में महिलाओं में हेजाब की ओर रुझान को पूंजिपतियों व राजनेताओं के हितों के लिए ख़तरा समझा जा रहा है। इसके विपरीत साम्राज्यवादी और शैतानी ताक़तें विभिन्न शैलियों से हेजाब के स्थान पर महिलाओं में बेहेजाबी और अश्लीलता लाना चाहती हैं। वे, स्वतंत्रता, पुरुष और महिला के समान अधिकार जैसे धूर्त्तापूर्ण नारों की आड़ में अपने इस बुरे लक्ष्य को व्यवहारिक बनाते हैं। उदाहरण स्वरूप अलजीरिया पर नियंत्रण के लिए फ़्रांसीसी साम्राज्यवादी इस निष्कर्श पर पहुंचे कि इस समाज के ताने बाने को उखाड़ कर उनकी क्षमताओं को समाप्त कर दें और इस काम के लिए उन्होंने सबसे पहले महिलाओं को प्रयोग किया। फ़्रांसीसी साम्राज्यवादियों ने स्पष्ट शब्दों में कहा कि यदि महिलाओं को अपने नियंत्रण में कर लें तो सभी चीज़ें उसके पीछे पीछे चली आएंगी। ब्रिटेन के उपनिवेश मंत्रालय भी अट्ठारहवी शताब्दी में इस्लामी देशों पर क़ब्ज़ा करने के मार्गों में से एक मार्ग महिलाओं में बेहेजाबी के चलन को मानता था।
ईरान में पिछली एक शताब्दी के दौरान साम्राज्य ने अपने पिट्ठु द्वारा महिलाओं में बेहेजाबी के चलन के लिए बहुत प्रयास किए। इस संदर्भ में रज़ा शाह पहलवी ने तुर्की के दौरे की वापसी पर ईरान में धार्मिक मूल्यों विशेष रूप से हेजाब को ख़त्म करने के लिए विभिन्न शैलियां अपनायीं और उसने तुर्की के तानाशाह अतातुर्क की ओर से हेजाब रोकने के लिए अपनायी गयी शैली का अनुसरण करते हुए ऐसा किया था। इस प्रकार रज़ा शाह ने ७ जनवरी १९३६ को महिलाओं के हेजाब पर रोक लगाने की आधिकारिक रूप से घोषणा की। इस क़ानून के बनने से बहुत सी महिलाएं जो अपना हेजाब नहीं उतारना चाहती थीं, घर में नज़रबंद होकर रह गयीं। महिलाओं के विश्वविद्यालय में प्रवेश पर रोक लग गयी और महिला शिक्षक भी बेहेजाब अवस्था में स्कूल जाने पर मजबूर हुयीं। ईरान के शहरों में पुलिस महिलाओं व लड़कियों के सिरों से हेजाब खींच लेती थी। इसके बावजूद महिलाएं अपने आवरण की रक्षा के लिए प्रतिरोध करती थीं और अंततः १९४१ में रज़ा शाह ईरान से चला गया और हेजाब पर लगी रोक भी ख़त्म हो गयी।
इस प्रकार ईरानी महिलाओं ने सिद्ध कर दिया कि वे धार्मिक मूल्यों विशेष रूप से हेजाब की संरक्षक हैं। ईरान में जिस समय इस्लामी क्रान्ति जारी थी, महिलाओं ने सभी मंचों पर हेजाब का पालन करते हुए पुरुषों के साथ पहलवी शासन से संघर्ष किया। आज भी हम देख रहे हैं कि ईरान की प्रतिभाशाली महिलाएं सभी सामाजिक, आर्थिक, वैज्ञानिक व खेल के मैदान में प्रभावी रूप से सक्रिय हैं। यही कारण है कि वर्तमान स्थिति में भी ईरान के शत्रु ईरान में बेहेजाबी की संस्कृति को फैलाने का प्रयास कर रहे हैं। इस संदर्भ में इस्लामी क्रान्ति के वरिष्ठ नेता आयतुल्लाहिल उज़्मा सय्यद अली ख़ामेनई बल देते हैं कि साम्राज्यवादी सरकारों के कुछ गुप्तचर तंत्र इस्लामी क्रान्ति से मुक़ाबले के लिए ईरानी समाज में भ्रष्टाचार और नैतिक गिरावट के प्रसार तथा युवाओं के इस ओर बहकाव को सबसे प्रभावी मार्गों में मानते हैं।
हर व्यक्ति की पहचान और उसका व्यक्तित्व उसकी जीवन शैली और स्वाभाव पर निर्भर होता है। हेजाब व आवरण मुसलमान महिला के स्वाभाव और उसकी सही जीवन शैली को दर्शाता है। प्रश्न यह उठता है कि साम्राज्यवादी और उसके पिट्ठू, मुसलमान महिलाओं के हेजाब करने से इस सीमा तक क्यों भयभीत हैं और हेजाब करने वाली महिलाओं का विरोध क्यों करते हैं?
हेजाब का सबसे बड़ा प्रभाव, नग्न संस्कृति से दूरी और परिवार व समाज की मज़बूती के रूप में सामने आता है। इस बात में संदेह नहीं कि इस्लामी देशों में नग्नता में विस्तार को साम्राज्यवादी उन पर क़ब्ज़ा करने के महत्वपूर्ण हथकंडे के रूप में देखते हैं। साम्राज्यवादी, देशों के विशाल आर्थिक और मानवीय स्रोतों को लूटने तथा उन पर राजनैतिक वर्चस्व जमाने के लिए सबसे पहले सांस्कृतिक हथकंडा अपनाकर देशों को भीतर से खोखला करते हैं ताकि इस प्रकार उन पर क़ब्ज़ा कर सकें। इस्लामी देशों में पश्चिम, धार्मिक पहचान में कमी या महिलाओं में बेहेजाबी को सबसे प्रभावी हथकंडा समझता है। स्पेन के इतिहास के अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि मुसलमानों में आस्थाओं की ओर से लापरवाही, महिलाओं में बेहेजाबी का चलन, तथा पुरुषों में भ्रष्टाचार, इस देश पर पश्चिम के राजनैतिक वर्चस्व का कारण बना था।
विगत से आज तक मुसलमान महिला की पहचान को ख़त्म करने के लिए हेजाब को ख़त्म करने की कोशिश निरंतर जारी है ताकि महिला अपने व्यक्तित्व व आकांक्षाओं की रक्षा के बजाए वर्चस्ववादियों व पूंजीपतियों की लक्ष्यों को पूरा करे। महिलाओं में बेहेजाबी और मुसलमान समाज में अश्लीलता व नैतिक भ्रष्टाचार को बढ़ावा देना, साम्राज्यवादियों के लक्ष्य हैं क्योंकि साम्राज्यवादी तत्व इस्लामी देशों की राष्ट्रीय एवं धार्मिक संस्कृति में पैठ बनाने के लिए हेजाब की समाप्ति को सबसे महत्वपूर्ण समझते हैं।
पश्चिम में हेजाब से घृणा का कारण यह भी है कि पश्चिम महिला को एक आम व व्यापारिक यौन उत्पाद तथा पुरुषों की अवैध इच्छाओं को पूरा करने वाली साधन के रूप में चाहता है। वे महिलाओं की स्वतंत्रता के नाम पर उसे बेलगाम यौन संबंध बनाने तथा अनुचित कपड़े पहनने के लिए प्रेरित करते हैं।
जबसे साम्राज्यवादियों की ललचायी नज़र इस्लामी देशों के स्रोतों पर पड़ी, उस समय से उन्होंने हेजाब को निशाना बनाया क्योंकि वे मुसलमान महिलाओं के हेजाब को इस्लाम की पहचान और पूरे मुसलमान समाज के इस्लामी व्यक्तित्व की स्वाधीनता के बाक़ी रहने का बड़ा कारण मानते हैं और इसे अपने राजनैतिक व आर्थिक पैठ बनाने के मार्ग में रुकावट समझते हैं। पश्चिमी सरकारें समझ गयी हैं कि हेजाब महिलाओं की सबसे मज़बूत ढाल है। पश्चिमी सरकारें यह भी समझती हैं कि यदि वे हेजाब को महिलाओं के सिर से उतरवाने में सफल हो जाएं तो बाद वाले क़दम उठाना उनके लिए सरल हो जाएगा। |
When you first start shooting, the idea of mastery might not be at the forefront of your mind. Maybe shooting is just recreational and not too important, or maybe you don’t believe you need to master these skills. Throughout my career as an instructor, I’ve run into both types of students and everyone in between. If mastery is your goal, then you will eventually discover you need to build confidence. Knowing you have the skills to perform well under pressure is a huge confidence booster. You then realize there are two confidences to master: skills and situational confidence.
If something is of value, it will have to be measured in some way. Skills confidence is the most popular in my opinion, because it is easy to see and do. If it is observable, we can measure its value. The way we define skills confidence is the ability to repeatedly perform—on demand—to a known standard. There are several examples, but most will fall into one or both buckets: accuracy and speed. In the beginning, it is tempting to place speed over accuracy, but speed is a false prophet to most. Instead, you need to master your level of accuracy under a variety of conditions, all of which will be unknown to you prior to the event.
It’s usually easy to tell veterans from rookies in stressful scenarios—even in something as simple as a shooting competition. You can spot the differences by the smoothness with which they process various stimuli and visual inputs.
Accuracy does not solely imply how close to the bullseye you can get, but the precision of your movement. Quality of movement is what you can expect under high stress with skills confidence. When things get hairy, there will be a natural decay of skills. Even so, good skills confidence will be more than adequate for the task at hand.
If you’ve been on the firing line with me, you’ve probably heard me say “slow down” over and over. As we build your skill, I must convince you to think slow to go fast. It seems counterintuitive, but what this phrase means is you must think through the individual steps. This is the “think slow” portion. As you think through the technique, you have a much higher likelihood of learning the technique correctly and, consequently, practicing it correctly. As you think slow, you give your body the chance to learn the skill at a granular level. Thinking through each of the steps ensures you perform each one to the minimum standard, thereby producing a positive outcome. As you perform the skill more and more, the skill begins to automate and you think less, which leads to “go fast.” Going fast will become natural as you think less and less. Speed control comes from being disciplined to think slow. The net result is you learn the technique correctly in the first place, which greatly improves your skill confidence.
As you develop more skills confidence, you will inevitably look to develop situational confidence. The two are necessary and cannot live without the other. You cannot have situational confidence without skills confidence, and without skills confidence there is no situational confidence. When you start to explore situational confidence, you discover a painful lesson: very little is within your control. You are adapting and, in some cases, improvising to solve the problem. Those with highly developed problem-solving skills are successful because they can divert most, if not all, of their mental energy toward the big picture. While employing deadly force with a firearm can be a solution, it is more a part of the solution. What I mean is the act of using the firearm is more governed by a person’s skills confidence level. However, when skills confidence is low—or worse, you have a false sense of skills confidence—you get a rude awakening.
Using a shot timer can help you see improvement as you repeat drills
It is easy to see who puts in the work on the flat range to develop their skills confidence. There is a common trait, and it is not speed—it is quality of movement. What that means is a combination of precision and timing of movement. Even the top of the food chain will see a degradation of skills under stress, but the degradation is well within acceptable standards. If you are guaranteeing a certain level of accuracy during training, a good rule of thumb is 50-percent degradation. This means instead of putting all rounds in an 8-inch circle, they will land within a 12-inch circle.
The real eye opener is the timing of the movement. They don’t necessarily shoot faster—though to the average person it seems faster—they shoot sooner. But, here is the real treat: Their decision-making under pressure is far more accurate. This is the ultimate goal for anyone in a life-or-death situation where split-second decisions must be made.
Those who put in the work on the flat range to be disciplined reaped the benefits when we put them in a variety of situations. The interesting observation is the overall speed of movement was about the same, and dictated not by the target so much, but how quickly they processed the information and could see their sights. As the situation evolved, they, too, were evolving, and their firing solutions evolved as well.
Of course, there is a steep learning curve. When the skills confidence is less refined, the student will struggle on multiple fronts. We typically see it in two modes: shot placement and decision making. I’m sure we can all agree both are very important. So, how do you improve the performance of both?
There is no easy answer, and there are no shortcuts. You must put in the work, which brings us back to discipline. If you have the discipline to work hard and focus, you will see the benefits accumulate over time. It’s really about consistency. You must put in the work on a regular basis. When we would run an advanced team-tactics or CQB class, you could tell the make-up of the team pretty much after the first run through the shoot house. You had the veterans and the rookies. The veterans moved with efficiency, navigating through the various obstacles and oddities we would throw at them. They had enough experience to problem solve much faster and more accurately. The linear progression typically used for this type of training proves invaluable, as the shooters have a lot more to do than just shoot.
Shooting the Dot Torture drill can be tremendously helpful in locating and isolating areas that need improvement in your overall shooting proficiency.
Rookies were easy to spot as well, partly because they tended to be the younger members of the team, but also their movements were less refined, prone to error and rough. It was enjoyable to watch their learning take place from above. I’m not kidding when I say you could see the gears turning. From a safe vantage point standing over them, you could see they were recognizing the problems, but just not able to solve them with the tools they had. In the same situation, you could see the veterans solve the problems often with little to no dwell time. The newer team members lacked the situational confidence. Faced with problems they had to solve in real time, there was almost no thought applied to their shooting skills. They had to be automated or at a high level of skills confidence.
It became more apparent when they tried to move faster than they could process the available information, often referred to as “outrunning their headlights.” This is where discipline was again key. You want to move fast, because you watch everyone around you moving faster. The problem is, you forget they had put in all the work to eventually move at what you believe to be a fast pace. Mistakes can have severe consequences in these high-risk settings, and what would eventually happen is they would slow down or get cut from the team. When they slowed down, it allowed them to see what they needed to see to make life-or-death decisions. But, it also allowed their skills confidence to flourish.
It is easy to see who puts in the work on the flat range to develop their skills confidence. There is a common trait, and it is not speed—it is quality of movement.
When you put a high premium on speed, you do so because you have developed the requisite skills to achieve those higher speeds. You have laid the groundwork, refined your technique, perfected your movements and identified the fault lines and pain points. You begin to see how it takes less mental energy to perform at high levels. Your skills confidence is now automated or close to automated. As you work through problems to build your situational confidence, you see less mental energy diverted to your shooting, without resulting in poor performance. It becomes evident to you at some point, or what I like to call the “a-ha” moment.
When we push accuracy over speed, we get a better product, one that can withstand being exposed to an unknown and unknowable situation. Your speed will naturally increase, not because you are going faster, but because you are using the minimal amount of movement making the fewest errors possible. This is the peak of skills confidence. Situational confidence develops as you are exposed to novel situations relying on your skills confidence to free up mental energy to solve the problem. The discipline is staying focused on first developing skills confidence, then your situational confidence. Then, you will be able to solve a problem faster and more accurately.
Read the full article here |
शादी के नाम पर दुराचार करने के मामले में सेक्टर-३४ थाना पुलिस ने भारतीय नेवी के जूनियर लेवल के कर्मी को गिरफ्तार किया है। आरोपी की पहचान कांगड़ा निवासी विजेंदर सिंह (२३ वर्ष) के तौर पर हुई है। पुलिस ने शिकायत के आधार आरोपी को गिरफ्तार कर उसके खिलाफ आईपीसी की धारा ३७६, ४२० के तहत केस दर्ज कर लिया है। पुलिस आरोपी को मंगलवार को अदालत में पेश करेगी।
पुलिस को दी शिकायत में कांगड़ा निवासी २३ वर्षीय पीड़िता का कहना है कि उसकी दो साल पहले विजेंदर से फेसबुक पर दोस्ती हुई थी। विजेंदर उस वक्त इंडियन नेवी में जूनियर लेवल पर गोवा में ट्रेनिंग कर रहा था। दोनों में फेसबुक पर काफी बात होती थी। इसके बाद दोनों ने मोबाइल नंबर शेयर किए। कुछ समय बाद पीड़िता पढ़ाई के लिए चंडीगढ़ आ गई। इसके बाद विजेंदर उससे मिलने यहां आता था।
पीड़िता के आरोप के अनुसार, आरोपी ने उसे शादी का झांसा देकर सेक्टर-३४ के एक होटल में उससे कई बार दुराचार किया। इससे वह गर्भवती हो गई। तीन महीने की गर्भवती होने पर उसने आरोपी से शादी करने को कहा तो उसने इंकार कर दिया। इस पर युवती ने उसके खिलाफ पुलिस में केस दर्ज कराया। सोमवार को पुलिस ने आरोपी के खिलाफ केस दर्ज कर उसे गिरफ्तार कर लिया। पुलिस के अनुसार, आरोपी ने हाल ही में नेवी की ट्रेनिंग पूरी की है। पुलिस आरोपी को मंगलवार को जिला अदालत में पेश करेगी। |
The method for drawing a deer is similar to that of
drawing a Horse.
Of course, there are some major differences between the two animals: deer has a short and elegant trunk, a short tail and expansive antlers on a male.
To draw a running deer is particularly tricky. It can be difficult to convey this animal's grace in a drawing. A deer's legs and horns are very important elements of its body, and can accentuate its majestic build when drawn properly.
In this lesson, we will learn how to draw a deer in # 2 pencil.
Draw a basic line for the deer's torso.
Draw the deer's torso along the main line at the center of your sheet of paper. We will branch out from it adding legs and neck along with the head.
At this stage it is important to correctly position the legs because later we will use them to create a specific dynamic of the deer's body: the animal is alarmed standing on slightly bent legs ready to jump up any moment.
Next, draw an oval for the head and add main branches of the antlers.
Draw rough shapes of deer's torso and legs, according to our tentative lines. To do this, add the muscles to the skeleton, and then add the contours of the torso and the head.
Make sure not to make your deer's legs too thick or too short - they are thin and elegant. It is safer to make them too long than too short.
The deer's head.
Now we need to draw the deer's head. Draw two small ovals for the eyes. Below the eyes add a small trapezoid for the nose. Don't forget about a subtle line for the mouth. Also, we need to draw ovals for the ears of deer.
See also Drawing a Horse's Head
At this point, draw the deer's antlers. To do this, you have to draw two arched thick lines. Then add twig-like or straw-like branches to those lines. Try to make the antlers symmetrical on both sides.
Adding details and editing your sketch.
Let's clarify some things to make sure our drawing of a deer is as realistic as it can possibly be. One of the deer's front legs is slimmer and bent at the knee. Draw a tiny rounded tail.
Next spend some time on refining your sketch of the animal's head. Since the deer turned his head to the side, add folds in the skin to its neck.
Shading the deer's body.
At this stage we will color in the deer's body.
You can simply copy the color of a deer from my images, and can add spots wherever you like to make your deer unique!
The ideal background is a snowy winter's day. |
We create a coverage plan specifically for your unique needs
Insurance is never just about price, but we're really good at saving money.
There are many factors that go into insurance rates, and it's no secret that rates increase every so often. Our mission among other things is to help individuals and business-owners put money back in their pockets.
Insurance doesn't have to be complicated. With us, it isn't.
Insurance can be overwhelmingly confusing. All of the jargon, terms, and coverages can make you feel like you don't understand any of it. Our team educates our clients so they fully understand what their premium dollars are being spent on.
Why choose us? We believe in old-fashioned customer
service along with a few other core beliefs -
Your time is valuable, so we work quick to deliver results.
Insurance can be confusing, we'll make it easy to understand.
When other agencies sell you what you don't need, we don't.
Insurance is never just about price, but we deliver when it comes to lowering your rates
At Grober Imbey Insurance Agency, we represent multiple insurance carriers, allowing us to shop the market for the best possible coverage package at the best cost. The proof is in the pudding - we routinely find better rates than many of the "big brand" insurance companies you see on TV, and not just by a few dollars.
47% Lower Rates vs. Allstate0%
26% Lower Rates vs. State Farm0%
32% Lower Rates vs. Geico0%
41% Lower Rates vs. Liberty Mutual0%
Start A Conversation With Us
Enter some basic information to get started, and our helpful team will take it from there! |
Cocoa Powder Health Benefits
Cocoa, first cultivated by Mayan tribes as early as 1500 B.C., was thought to be divine and drunk from gold cups. Cocoa and chocolate products live up to their illustrious history, offering the highest concentration of antioxidants among commonly consumed foods, with over 10 percent of the weight of cocoa powder being flavonoids. These and other attributes of cocoa make it a highly desirable food from both a flavor and nutritional standpoint.
While cocoa powder antioxidants, specifically procyanidins and epicatechins, are similar to those found in tea, red wine and many fruits and vegetables, the structure of some cocoa flavonoids is unique, giving them even more free-radical-scavenging and metal-binding capacity than flavonoids found in other plant foods. These antioxidants can help lower your blood pressure and maintain safe blood sugar levels, according to a study published in the August 2012 issue of the journal "Food and Function." In the study, volunteers with mildly elevated cholesterol ate two servings of a cocoa product that provided 283 milligrams of cocoa polyphenols per day for eight weeks. Results showed cocoa moderately decreased blood sugar, blood pressure and levels of oxidized lipids.
The anti-inflammatory effects of cocoa powder help prevent artery-clogging plaque formation by decreasing levels of molecules that cause white blood cells to stick to artery walls, according to Harvard Health Publications. A study published in the November 2009 issue of the "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition" found that supplementation with 40 grams of cocoa powder per day for four weeks reduced inflammation and inhibited platelets from sticking together and contributing to atherosclerosis.
Cocoa contains a variety of healthy fats, including as much as 35 percent oleic acid. This is the same fatty acid found in olive oil that may increase levels of high-density lipoprotein, or HDL, the good form of cholesterol. A study published in the August 2011 issue of the "European Journal of Clinical Nutrition" found cocoa products and dark chocolate significantly decreased levels of low-density lipoprotein, or LDL, the bad form of cholesterol, in participants who consumed cocoa for two to 12 weeks.
Epicatechins in cocoa may help prevent pancreatic cancer, according to a study published in the October 2012 issue of the "International Journal of Cancer." In the tissue-culture study, cocoa epicatechins slowed the growth of pancreatic cancer cells. In a laboratory animal arm of the study, doses of 25 milligrams per kilogram of body weight inhibited tumor growth. Researchers of a study published in the December 2011 issue of the journal "Molecular Nutrition and Food Research" observed a protective effect of cocoa against colon cancer. In the laboratory animal study, a coca-rich diet helped prevent colon cancer by decreasing oxidative stress and promoting early death of cancer cells.
- Food and Function: Hypotensive, Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Effects of Consuming a Cocoa Product in Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Humans
- Harvard Health Publications: In the Journals: Cocoa Reduces Inflammation Associated with Heart Disease
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Effect of Cocoa Powder on the Modulation of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center: Cocoa Polyphenols
- International Journal of Cancer: Epicatechin-Rich Cocoa Polyphenol Inhibits Kras-Activated Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma Cell Growth in Vitro and in a Mouse Model
- Molecular Nutrition and Food Research: Cocoa-Rich Diet Prevents Azoxymethane-induced Colonic Preneoplastic Lesions in Rats by Restraining Oxidative Stress and Cell Proliferation and Inducing Apoptosis
- The Perricone Weight-Loss Diet: A Simple 3-Part Plan to Lose the Fat, the Wrinkles and the Years; Nicholas Perricone
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Effects of Cocoa Products/Dark Chocolate on Serum Lipids: A Meta-Analysis
- University of Louisiana: Some Interesting Facts About Theobroma Cacao, the Fruit of Gods
Tracey Roizman, DC is a writer and speaker on natural and preventive health care and a practicing chiropractor. She also holds a B.S. in nutritional biochemistry. |
राजस्थान में दुर्ग निर्माण की परम्परा पूर्व मध्यकाल से ही देखने को मिलती है। यहाँ शायद ही कोई जनपद हो, जहाँ कोई दुर्ग या गढ़ न हो। इन दुर्गों का अपना इतिहास है। इनके आधिपत्य को लेकर कई लड़ाइयाँ भी लड़ी गई। कई बार स्थानीय स्तर पर तो यदा-कदा विदेशी सत्ता द्वारा इन पर अधिकार करने को लेकर दीर्घ काल तक संघर्ष भी चले। युद्ध कला में दक्ष सेना के लिए दुर्ग को जीवन रेखा माना गया है। यहाँ यह बात महत्त्वपूर्ण है कि सम्पूर्ण देश में राजस्थान वह प्रदेश है, जहाँ पर महाराष्ट्र और मध्य प्रदेश के बाद सर्वाधिक गढ़ ओर दुर्ग बने हुए हैं। एक गणना के अनुसार राजस्थान में २५० से अधिक दुर्ग व गढ़ हैं। खास बात यह कि सभी किले और गढ़ अपने आप में अद्भुत और विलक्षण हैं। दुर्ग निर्माण में राजस्थान की स्थापत्य कला का उत्कर्ष देखा जा सकता है। प्राचीन ग्रंथों में किलों की जिन प्रमुख विशेषताओं का उल्लेख हुआ है, वे यहाँ के किलों में प्रायः देखने को मिलती हैं। सुदृढ़ प्राचीर, अभेद्य बुर्ज, किले के चारों तरफ़ गहरी खाई या परिखा, गुप्त प्रवेश द्वार तथा सुरंग, किले के भीतर सिलहखाना (शस्त्रागार), जलाशय अथवा पानी के टांके, राजप्रासाद तथा सैनिकों के आवास गृह-यहाँ के प्रायः सभी किलों में विद्यमान है।
धान्वन दुर्ग- ऐसा दुर्ग जिसके दूर-दूर तक मरु भूमि फैली हो, जैसे-जैसलमेर का किला।
वन दुर्ग- वह दुर्ग जो कांटेदार वृक्षों के समूह से घिरा हो, जैसे सिवाणा दुर्ग।
पारिख दुर्ग- वह दुर्ग जिसके चारों तरफ़ गहरी खाई हो, जैसे भरतपुर का लोहागढ़, चित्तौड़गढ़ दुर्ग।
गिरि दुर्ग- किसी ऊँची दुर्गम पहाड़ी पर एकान्त में स्थित दुर्ग, जैसे मेहरानगढ़, रणथम्भौर, चित्तौड़गढ़।
एरण दुर्ग- वह दुर्ग जो खाई, कांटों एवं पत्थरों के कारण दुर्गम हो, जैसे चित्तौड़ एवं जालौर दुर्ग।
उक्त दुर्गों के प्रकार के अतिरिक्त दुर्गों के अन्य प्रकार भी होते हैं। यहाँ यह जान लेना उचित होगा कि कुछ दुर्ग ऐसे भी हैं, जिन्हें दो या अधिक दुर्गों के प्रकार में शामिल किया जा सकता है, जैसे चित्तौड़ के दुर्ग को गिरि दुर्ग, पारिख दुर्ग एवं एरण दुर्ग की श्रेणी में भी विद्वान रखते हैं। वैसे दुर्गों के सभी प्रकारों में सैन्य दुर्गों को श्रेष्ठ माना जाता है। ऐसे दुर्ग व्यूह रचना में चतुर वीरों की सेना के साथ अभेद्य समझे जाते थे। चित्तौड़ दुर्ग सहित राजस्थान के कई दुर्गों को सैन्य दुर्ग की श्रेणी में रखा जाता है। आचार्य कौटिल्य, शुक्र आदि ने भी दुर्गों के महत्त्व एवं वास्तुशिल्प के बारे में संक्षेप में लिखा है। शासकों को यह निर्देश दिया गया है कि वे अधिकाधिक किलों पर अपना आधिपत्य स्थापित करें। राजस्थान में किलों का स्थापत्य वास्तुशिल्पियों के मानदण्ड के अनुसार ही हुआ है। मध्यकाल में यहाँ अनेक किलों का निर्माण हुआ और दुर्ग स्थापत्य कला में एक नया मोड़ आया। किलों का निर्माण करते समय अब इस तथ्य पर विशेष ध्यान दिया जाने लगा कि दुर्ग ऐसी पहाड़ियों पर बनाये जावें जो ऊँची के साथ चौड़ी भी हो तथा जहाँ खेती और सिंचाई के साधन हों। इसके अतिरिक्त, जो ऐसी पहाड़ियों पर प्राचीन दुर्ग बने हुए थे, उन्हें फिर से नया रूप दिया गया।
>. अजमेर में स्थित इस किले का निर्माण १५७० में अकबर ने करवाया था।
>. इस किले को दौलतखाना या मैग्जीन के नाम से भी जाना जाता है।
>. हिन्दू-मुस्लिम पद्धति से निर्मित इस किले को अकबर ने ख्वाजा मुइनुद्दीन हसन चिश्ती के प्रति सम्मान प्रदर्शित करने हेतु बनवाया था।
>. १५७६ में महाराजा प्रताप के विरुद्ध हल्दीघाटी युद्ध की योजना को भी अन्तिम रूप इसी किले में दिया गया था।
>. जहाँगीर मेवाड़ को अधीनता में लाने के लिए तीन वर्ष तक इसी किले में रूका था।
>. इस दौरान ब्रिटिश सम्राट जेम्स प्रथम के राजदूत सर टॉमस रो ने इसी किले में १० जनवरी, १६१६ को जहाँगीर से मुलाकात की थी।
>. १८०१ में अंग्रेजों ने इस किले पर अधिकार कर इसे अपना शस्त्रागार (मैग्जीन) बना लिया।
>. किले में स्थित आलीशान चित्रकारी तथा जनाने कक्षों की दीवारों में पच्चीकारी का कार्य बड़ा कलापूर्ण ढंग से किया गया है।
>. वर्तमान में यहाँ राजकीय संग्रहालय स्थित है।
>. यह दुर्ग अपने स्थापत्य की दृष्टि से अन्य दुर्गों से सर्वथा भिन्न है।
>. प्रायः सभी दुर्गों में, जहाँ राजप्रासाद प्राचीर के भीतर समतल भू-भाग पर बने पाये जाते हैं, वहीं आमेर दुर्ग में राजमहल ऊँचाई पर पर्वतीय ढलान पर इस तरह बने हैं कि इन्हें ही दुर्ग का स्वरूप दिया लगता हैं।
>. इस किले की सुरक्षा व्यवस्था काफी मजबूत थी, फिर भी कछवाहा शासकों के शौर्य और मुगल शासकों से राजनीतिक मित्रता के कारण यह दुर्ग बाहरी आक्रमणों से सदैव बचा रहा।
>. आमेर दुर्ग के नीचे मावठा तालाब और दौलाराम का बाग खूबसूरती के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
>. इस किले में बने शिलादेवी, जगतशिरोमणि और अम्बिकेश्वर महादेव के मन्दिरों का ऐतिहासिक काल से ही महत्त्व रहा है।
>. राजसमन्द जिले में अरावली पर्वतमाला की चोटी पर स्थित कुंभलगढ़ दुर्ग का निर्माण महाराणा कुंभा ने करवाया था।
>. इस दुर्ग का शिल्पी मंडन मिश्र था।
>. कुंभलगढ़ संभवतः भारत का ऐसा किला है, जिसकी प्राचीर ३६ किमी तक फैली है।
>. दुर्ग रचना की दृष्टि से यह चित्तौड़ दुर्ग से ही नहीं बल्कि भारत के सभी दुर्गों में विलक्षण और अनुपम है।
>. कुंभलगढ़ के भीतर ऊँचे भाग पर राणा कुम्भा ने अपने निवास हेतु कटारगढ़ नामक अन्तःदुर्ग का निर्माण करवाया था।
>. कटारगढ़ में ही राणा उदयसिंह का राज्याभिषेक हुआ था।
>. इसी किले में महाराणा प्रताप का जन्म हुआ था।
>. कुंभलगढ़ मेवाड़ की संकटकालीन राजधानी रहा है।
>. किले के भीतर कुंभश्याम मंदिर, कुंभा महल, झाली रानी का महल आदि प्रसिद्ध इमारते हैं।
>. झालावाड़ से चार किमी दूरी पर अरावली पर्वतमाला की एक सुदृढ़ चट्टान पर कालीसिन्ध और आहू नदियों के संगम पर बना यह किला जल दुर्ग की श्रेणी में आता है।
>. इस किले का निर्माण कार्य डोड राजा बीजलदेव ने बारहवीं सदी में करवाया था।
>. दुर्गम पथ, चौतरफा विशाल खाई तथा मजबूत दीवारों के कारण यह दुर्ग अपने आप में अनूठा और अद्भुत है।
>. यह दुर्ग शौर्य ही नहीं भक्ति और त्याग की गाथाओं का साक्षी है। संत रामानन्द के शिष्य संत पीपा इसी गागरोन के शासक रहे हैं, जिन्होंने राजसी वैभव त्यागकर राज्य अपने अनुज अचलदास खींची को सौंप दिया था।
>. गागरोन में मुस्लिम संत पीर मिट्ठे साहब की दरगाह भी है, जिनका उर्स आज भी प्रतिवर्ष यहाँ लगता है।
>. यह किला अचलदास खींची की वीरता के लिए प्रसिद्ध रहा है जो १४२३ में मांडू के सुल्तान हुशंगशाह से लड़ता हुआ वीरगति को प्राप्त हुआ। युद्धोपरान्त रानियों ने अपनी रक्षार्थ जौहर किया।
>. राजस्थान के किलों में क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से सबसे बड़ा चित्तौड़ का किला है।
>. यह दुर्ग वीरता, त्याग, बलिदान, स्वतन्त्रता और स्वाभिमान के प्रतीक के रूप में देश भर में विख्यात है।
>. सात प्रवेश द्वारों से निर्मित इस किले का निर्माण चित्रांगद मौर्य ने करवाया था।
>. यह किला गंभीरी और बेड़च नदियों के संगम पर स्थित है।
>. दिल्ली से मालवा व गुजरात मार्ग पर अवस्थित होने के कारण मध्यकाल में इस किले का सामरिक महत्त्व था।
>. १३०३ में इस किले को अलाउद्दीन खिलजी ने तथा १५३४ में गुजरात के बहादुरशाह ने अपने अधिकार में ले लिया था।
>. १५६७-१५६८ में अकबर ने चित्तौड़गढ़ पर आक्रमण किया था।
>. यहाँ के इतिहास प्रसिद्ध साकों में १३०३ का रानी पदिम्नी का जौहर और १५३४ का रानी कर्णावती का जौहर मुख्य है।
>. इस किले के साथ गोरा-बादल, जयमल-पत्ता की वीरता तथा पन्नाधाय के त्याग की अमर गाथाएँ जुड़ी हैं।
>. चित्तौड़गढ़ के भीतर राणा कुंभा द्वारा निर्मित कीर्ति-स्तम्भ अपने शिल्प और स्थापत्य की दृष्टि से अनूठा है।
>. इस किले के भीतर निर्मित महलों और मन्दिरों में रानी पद्मिनी का महल, नवलखा भण्डार, कुंभश्याम मंदिर, समिद्धेश्वर मंदिर, मीरा मंदिर, कालिका माता मंदिर, श्रृंगार चँवरी आदि दर्शनीय हैं।
>. मध्ययुगीन भारत की प्रमुख सैनिक इमारतों में से एक जयगढ़ दुर्ग की खास बात यह कि इसमें तोपें ढालने का विशाल कारखाना था, जो शायद ही किसी अन्य भारतीय दुर्ग में रहा है।
>. इस किले में रखी जयबाण तोप को एशिया की सबसे बड़ी तोप माना जाता है।
>. जयगढ़ अपने पानी के विशाल टांकों के लिये भी जाना जाता है। जल संग्रहण की खास तकनीक के अन्तर्गत जयगढ़ किले के चारों ओर पहाड़ियों पर बनी पक्की नालियों से बरसात का पानी इन टांकों में एकत्र होता रहा है।
<, इस किले का निर्माण एवं विस्तार में विभिन्न कछवाहा शासकों का योगदान रहा है, परन्तु इसे वर्तमान स्वरूप सवाई जयसिंह ने प्रदान किया।
>. जयगढ़ को रहस्यमय दुर्ग भी कहा जाता है, क्योंकि इसमें कई गुप्त सुरंगे हैं।
>. इस किले में राजनीतिक बन्दी रखे जाते थे।
>. ऐसा माना जाता है कि मानसिंह ने यहाँ सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से अपना खजाना छिपाया था।
>. वर्तमान में जयगढ़ किले में मध्यकालीन शस्त्रों का विशाल संग्रहालय है।
>. यहाँ के महल भी दर्शनीय हैं।
>. सोनगिरि पहाड़ी पर स्थित यह किला सूकड़ी नदी के किनारे बना हुआ है।
>. शिलालेखों में जालौर का नाम जाबालिपुर और किले का नाम सुवर्णगिरि मिलता है।
>. इस किले का निर्माण प्रतिहारों द्वारा आठवीं सदी में करवाया गया था।
>. इस किले पर परमार, चौहान, सोलंकियों, तुर्कों और राठौड़ो का समय-समय पर आधिपत्य रहा।
>. किले के भीतर बनी तोपखाना मस्जिद, जो पूर्व में परमार शासक भोज द्वारा निर्मित संस्कृत पाठशाला थी, बहुत आकर्षक है।
>. यहाँ का प्रसिद्ध शासक कान्हड़दे चौहान (१३०५-१३११) था, जो अलाउद्दीन खिलजी से लड़ता हुआ वीर गति को प्राप्त हुआ।
>. बीकानेर स्थित जूनागढ़ किले का निर्माण राठौड़ शासक रायसिंह ने करवाया था।
>. यहाँ पूर्व में स्थित पुराने किले के स्थान पर इस किले का निर्माण करवाने के कारण इसे जूनागढ़ के नाम से जाना जाता है।
>. जूनागढ़ के आन्तरिक प्रवेश द्वार सूरजपोल के दोनों तरफ जयमल मेड़तियाँ और फत्ता सिसोदिया की गजारूढ़ मूर्तियाँ स्थापित हैं, जो उनके पराक्रम और बलिदान का स्मरण कराती हैं।
>. सूरजपोल पर ही रायसिंह प्रशस्ति उत्कीर्ण है।
>. जूनागढ़ किले में बने महल और उनकी बनावट शैली मुगल स्थापत्य कला की याद दिलाते हैं।
>. किले में कुल ३७ बुर्जे हैं, जिनके ऊपर कभी तोपें रखी जाती थीं।
>. गंगा निवास हॉल में पत्थर की बनावट और यहाँ पर उत्कीर्ण कृष्ण रासलीला दर्शनीय हैं।
>. फूलमहल, गजमंदिर, अनूप महल, कर्ण महल, लाल निवास, सरदार निवास इत्यादि इस किले के प्रमुख वास्तु हैं।
>. राजस्थान की स्वर्णनगरी कहे जाने वाले जैसलमेर में त्रिकूट पहाड़ी पर पीले पत्थरों से निर्मित इस किले को सोनार का किला भी कहा जाता है।
>. इसका निर्माण बारहवीं सदी में भाटी शासक राव जैसल ने करवाया था।
>. दूर से देखने पर यह किला पहाड़ी पर लंगर डाले एक जहाज का आभास कराता है।
>. दुर्ग के चारों ओर घाघरानुमा परकोटा बना हुआ है, जिसे कमरकोट अथवा पाडा कहा जाता है।
>. इसे बनाने में चूने का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया बल्कि कारीगरों ने बड़े-बडे पीले पत्थरों को परस्पर जोड़कर खड़ा किया है।
>. ९९ बुर्जों वाला यह किला मरुभूमि का महत्त्वपूर्ण किला है।
>. किले के भीतर बने प्राचीन एवं भव्य जैन मंदिर (पार्श्वनाथ और ऋषभदेव मंदिर) अपने शिल्प एवं सौन्दर्य में आबू के देलवाड़ा जैन मंदिरों के तुल्य हैं।
>. किले के महलों में रंगमहल, मोती महल, गजविलास और जवाहर विलास प्रमुख हैं।
>. जैसलमेर का किला यहाँ पर स्थित दुर्लभ और प्राचीन पाण्डुलिपियों का अमूल्य संग्रह के रूप में भी खासा प्रसिद्ध है।
>. जैसलमेर का किला ढाई साके के लिए प्रसिद्ध है।
- पहला साका अलाउद्दीन खिलजी (१२९६-१३१६) के आक्रमण के दौरान, दूसरा साका फिरोज तुगलक (१३५१-१३८८) के आक्रमण के दौरान हुआ था। १५६० में कंधार के अमीर अली ने यहाँ के भाटी शासक लूणकरण को विश्वासघात करके मार दिया था, परन्तु भाटियों की विजय होने के कारण महिलाओं ने जौहर नहीं किया। यह घटना अर्द्ध साका कहलाती है।
>. अजमेर में स्थित तारागढ़ को गढ़बीठली के नाम से भी जाना जाता है।
>. चौहान शासक अजयराज (११०५-११३३) द्वारा निर्मित इस किले के बारे में मान्यता है कि राणा सांगा के भाई कुँवर पृथ्वीराज ने इस किले के कुछ भाग बनवाकर अपनी पत्नी तारा के नाम पर इसका नाम तारागढ़ रखा था।
>. तारागढ़ के भीतर १४ विशाल बुर्ज, अनेक जलाशय और मुस्लिम संत मीरान् साहब की दरगाह बनी हुई है।
>. बूँदी का दुर्ग तारागढ़ पर्वत की ऊँची चोटी पर तारे के समान दिखाई देने के कारण तारागढ़ के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है।
>. हाड़ा शासक बरसिंह द्वारा चौदहवीं सदी में बनवाये गये इस किले को मालवा के महमूद खिलजी, मेवाड़ के राणा क्षेत्रसिंह और जयपुर के सवाई जयसिंह के आक्रमणों का सामना करना पड़ा।
>. यहाँ के शासक सुर्जन हाड़ा द्वारा १५६९ में अकबर की अधीनता स्वीकारने के कारण यह किला अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से मुगल अधीनता में चला गया।
>. तारागढ़ के महलों के भीतर सुंदर चित्रकारी (भित्तिचित्र) हाड़ौती कला के सजीव रूप का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है।
>. किले में छत्र महल, अनिरूद्ध महल, बादल महल, फूल महल इत्यादि बने हुये हैं।
>. इसे जयपुर का पहरेदार कहा जाता है।
>. इस किले का निर्माण सवाई जयसिंह ने करवाया था।
>. इस किले को सुदर्शनगढ़ के नाम से भी जाना जाता है।
>. ऐसा माना जाता है कि इस किले का निर्माण सवाई जयसिंह ने मराठों के विरुद्ध सुरक्षा की दृष्टि से करवाया था।
>. इस किले में सवाई माधोसिंह ने अपनी नौ पासवानों के नाम पर एक समान नौ महल बनवाए।
. यह किला सूर्यनगरी जोधपुर की चिड़ियाटूक पहाड़ी पर पर स्थित है।
>. मेहरानगढ़ का निर्माण राव जोधा ने १४५९ में करवाया था।
>. मयूर की आकृति में बने इस दुर्ग को मयूरध्वज के नाम से जाना जाता है।
>. मेहरानगढ़ दो मंजिला है।
>. इसमें रखी लम्बी दूरी तक मार करने वाली अनेक तोपों का अपना गौरवमयी इतिहास है। इनमें किलकिला, भवानी इत्यादि तोपें अत्यधिक भारी और अद्भुत हैं।
>. यह दुर्ग वीर दुर्गादास की स्वामिभक्ति का साक्षी है।
>. लाल बलुआ पत्थर से निर्मित मेहरानगढ़ वास्तुकला की दृष्टि से बेजोड़ है।
>. इस किले के स्थापत्यों में मोती महल, फतह महल, जनाना महल, श्रृंगार चौकी, तख्त विलास, अजीत विलास, उम्मेद विलास इत्यादि का वैभव प्रशंनीय है।
>. इसमें स्थित महलों की नक्काशी, मेहराब, झरोखें और जालियों की बनावट हैरत डालने वाली है।
>. यह किला राजस्थान के सिंहद्वार भरतपुर में जाट राजाओं की वीरता एवं शौर्य गाथाओं को अपने आंचल में समेटे हुए है।
>. लोहागढ़ का किला अजेयता एवं सुदृढ़ता के लिए प्रसिद्ध हैं।
>. जाट शासक सूरजमल ने इसे १७३३ में बनवाया था।
>. लोहागढ़ को यहाँ पूर्व में एक मिट्टी की गढ़ी को विकसित करके वर्तमान रूप में परिवर्तित किया गया।
>. किले के प्रवेश द्वार पर अष्टधातु निर्मित कलात्मक और मजबूत दरवाजा आज भी लोहागढ़ का लोहा मनवाता प्रतीत होता है। इस कलात्मक दरवाजे को महाराजा जवाहरसिंह १७६५ में दिल्ली से विजय करके लाये थे।
>. इस किले की अभेद्यता का कारण इसकी बड़ी-बड़ी चौड़ी दीवारें है।
>. किले की बाहरी प्राचीर मिट्टी की बनी है तथा इसके चारों ओर एक गहरी खाई है।
>. अंग्रेज जनरल लार्ड लेक ने तो अपनी विशाल सेना और तोपखाने के साथ पाँच बार इस किले पर चढ़ाई की, परन्तु हर बार उसे पराजय का सामना करना पड़ा।
>. किले में बने किशोरी महल, जवाहर बुर्ज, कोठी खास, दादी माँ का महल, वजीर की कोठी, गंगा मंदिर, लक्ष्मण मंदिर आदि दर्शनीय हैं।
>. बाला किला अलवर नगर के पश्चिम में समुद्र के तल से ऊपर लगभग १९६० फीट पर एवं अलवर नगर से ऊपर एक हजार फीट ऊँची पहाड़ी पर निर्मित है।
>. इसे निकुम्भ नरेशों ने गढ़ी किले के रूप में बनवाया था। सन १५४२ में खानजादा अलावल खां ने इसे निकुम्भों से छीना था और किले को वर्तमान रूप दिया। उसके पुत्र हसन खां मेवाती ने इसका १५५० में जीर्णोंद्धार कराया। इसी कारण इसे हसन खान मेवाती द्वारा बनाया जाना कहा जाता है।
>. बाद में इस पर मुगलों का अधिकार हो गया। इसके बाद यह मुगलों से मराठों को, फिर मराठों से जाटों के पास चला गया, अंत में १७७५ ई. में इस पर जयपुर के राजा प्रताप सिंह (कच्छवाहा राजपूत) द्वारा कब्जा कर लिया गया।
>. यह किला उत्तर से दक्षिण में लगभग ५ किलोमीटर की लम्बा तथा लगभग १.५ किलोमीटर चौड़ा है।
>. किले के घेरे में १८ फुट ऊँची दीवारों का परकोटा है।
>. किले में प्रवेश के लिए छः प्रवेश द्वार हैं जो चांदपोल, सूरज पोल (भरतपुर के राजा सूरजमल के नाम पर), जय पोल, किशन पोल, अंधेरी गेट एवं लक्ष्मण पोल हैं। यह कहा जाता है कि अलवर राज्य के संस्थापक राजा प्रताप सिंह ने पहली बार किले में प्रवेश के लिए लक्ष्मण पोल का प्रयोग किया था। अतीत में अलवर शहर एक पक्की सड़क द्वारा लक्ष्मण पोल के साथ जुड़ा हुआ था।
>. किले में ३३५९ कंगूरे, १५ बड़ी और ५१ छोटी बुर्जें हैं। किले में बन्दूकबाजी के लिए ४४६ छिद्र तथा ८ विशाल बुर्ज स्थित हैं।
>. इस दुर्ग पर विजय प्राप्त कर बाबर ८ अप्रैल, १५२७ को आकर इसमें ८ दिन तक रहा। बाबर ने यहाँ का खजाना ले जाकर अपने पुत्र हुमायूँ को सौंपा था। अकबर जब अपने पुत्र सलीम (जहांगीर) से रुष्ट हो गया तथा उसे देश निकाला दे दिया था क्योंकि उसने अकबर के नौ रत्नों में से एक अबुल फजल को मारने का प्रयास किया था तब जहांगीर भी यहाँ कुछ दिनों के लिए रुका था। जिस महल में वो रुका था उसे सलीम महल के नाम से जाना जाता है।
>. १५५० ई. में शेरशाह सूरी के हकीम सलीम शाह के आदेश पर हकीम हाजी खां ने यहाँ सलीम सागर बनवाया। बाद में हाजी खां स्वतंत्र शासक बन गया।
>. बादशाह शाहआलम से पहले भरतपुर के राजा सूरजमल जाट ने इसे जयपुर से छीन लिया और बाद में अलवर के प्रथम राजा प्रतापसिंह ने इस दुर्ग को बिना लड़े अपने कब्जे में ले लिया। यह ऐतिहासिक सच्चाई है कि इस किले पर कभी युद्ध नहीं हुआ इसलिए इसे 'बाला किला या कुंवारा किला' भी कहते हैं।
>. इसके महल में की गई चित्रकारी दर्शनीय है। इसकी छत पर खड़े होकर टेलिस्कोप से अलवर नगर को देखकर इससे आनन्द उठाया जा सकता है।
>. बाला-किला परिसर में करणी माता मन्दिर, चक्रधारी हनुमान मन्दिर, पुरोहितजीकिलेदार की कोठी, जयसिंह की यूरोपियन खंडर कोठी, बावड़ी, कुएँ आदि बने हुए हैं। |
Sanlaville (1996).
For a recent synthesis of the birth of agriculture and the Neolithic revolution, see the book of the prehistorian and archaeologist Jacques Cauvin, Naissance des divinites, naissance de l’agriculture, la revolution des symbols au Neolithique, revised in 1996.
Some have proposed that population pressure explains the exodus which clearly accompanied the Neolithic spread (each generation seems to have migrated 20 kilometers or so). But according to Jacques Cauvin, this explanation is inadequate; he sees in addition a profound change of mentality, responding to the call of the “new frontier”.
According to Geyer and Besanfon (1997), the Euphrates was in a sedimentation phase until the VIIth millennium BC, having a braided morphology which favored early seasonal, non-irrigated agriculture. From the VIth millennium BC, the river entered a new phase of erosion of its bed into its own alluvia. The terraces that were formed as a consequence, protected from flooding a dozen or so meters above the riverbed, became favorable to permanent settlements. Irrigation then became necessary.
Cauvin (1969), p. 239. Evidence of such drainage may also have been observed at Bouqras.
See for example Huot (1994), describing the explorations performed by the American archaeologist John Oates in 1967-68.
See reference books like Roux (Ancient Iraq, Allen & Unwin, 1964); Oates (Babylon, Thames & Hudson, 1986).
This is from a tablet that also carries the very first account of the Flood. The tablet is from the Nipur collection at the University Museum of Philadelphia; the translation was published in 1914 by A. Poebel (Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, Chapter 23).
Balancing device making it possible to use manpower to lift water for irrigation of fields; see Figure 2.4 in the following chapter.
This account, called Royal Chronicle of Lagash, is thought to be somewhat satirical. It probably dates from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Livius, Articles on Ancient History, http://www. livius. org/cg-cm/chronicles/cm/lagash. html.
Extract of a poem entitled “The Feats and Exploits of Ninurta” (Kramer, 1961, Chapt. 3).
Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, Chapt. 23.
The Epic of Gilgamesh, Translation of Timothy R.(Wolf) Carnahan http ://www. ancienttexts. org/index. html.
Contenau (1927), Volume 3, p. 1507; Roux (1964), Chapter 7.
A 1977 investigation in the northeast of Afghanistan uncovered ceramic remnants of the Indus civilization: see Lyonnet (1981).
This view reflects discoveries by Russian archaeologists in recent decades. See Kohl (1984), Masson (1992), Sarianidi (1992).
Quote from the historian Sima Qian, who lived about 100 BC, Sima Qian, Shi Ji 29, transl Burton Watson.
The China scholar Marcel Granet has collected the legends and traditions of the ancient Chinese writings. For the legend of Yu the Great, see “Danses et legends de la Chine ancienne”, first published in 1926 (pages 244 and 468 in the re-publication of 1994).
Papyrus of Ani; Egyptian Book of the Dead Translated by E. A. Wallis Budge http://www. sas. upenn. edu/African_Studies/Books/Papyrus_Ani. html.
Lalouette (1984), II, Chapt. 3, adapted.
Text engraved in a tomb at Amarna, after Lalouette (1984), II, Chapt. 4, adapted.
After Jean-Marie Durand (1998), Documents epistolaires du palais de Mari, II, 806.
Durand (1998), II, 81.
Stordeur (1989); Cauvin (1997), Chapt. 16, p. 239; we have adopted the dating indicated by Cauvin, recently recalibrated.
After Michaael Janssen (1988).
Margueron (1991), Volume II, p. 29.
Vallet (1997).
Rachet (1993).
De Graeve (1981), Chapt. 4, F; Roaf (1990).
Eridu, State Org. of Antiques and Herritage, Baghdad, 1982.
The Bahrain and Oman archaeological sites of the 3d millennium BC have been partially explored (Cleziou, 1987). It has been established that the copper used in lower Mesopotamia in this period came from the mines of the mountains of Oman. At the eastern extremity of the peninsula have been found remnants of tar used to waterproof seagoing vessels, as well as objects characteristic of the Indus civilization. The tasty dates of Dilmun are celebrated in Sumerian texts. Dilmun had numerous artesian wells and luxuriant palm groves.
Casson (1971).
The funeral chapel (mastaba) of the tomb of Akhethetep, on display at the Louvre museum, dates from 2400 BC and contains engravings of large sailing vessels with two masts, allowing a distribution of the wind force on the hull.
Tablet of the Lagash Dynasty (2570 – 2340 BC), somewhat deteriorated. From Sollberger and Kupper (1971), p. 44.
Kramer (1986), Chap 6. To commemorate his victory over Umma, Eannatum had the famous “stela (stone monument) of the Vultures” engraved; it can be seen in the Louvre museum.
Prologue adapted from Finet (1996). Laws 53 and 56 from the Translation of L. W. King (1910) Edited by Richard Hooker http://www. wsu. edu:8080/~dee/MESO/CODE. HTM . The proclamation of year 33 of the reign is from Renger (1990), from Driver and Miles, Babylonian Laws
See Steinkeller (1988) for a description of the nag-kuds according to Sumerian texts, also Van Soldt (1988) for the equivalent natbaku from a later date. The concept seemed to last more than a thousand years.
after a Sumerian text called “The Farmer’s Almanac” (Kramer, 1986, Chapter 11).
Herodotus, The History, Translation of David Grene, book I, 193.
after Bonneau (1993), p. 94.
Xenophon, Anabasis, Book II, Chapter IV, 13, Translation of C. Brownson.
Strabon, Geography, (Translation of F. Lasserre), Les Belles Lettres, 1981, 16, 9-10, adapted.
On the other hand it seems now to have been established that contrary to certain legends, there is not a true dam constructed on the Tigris before the period of the Persian Empire.
See Schnitter (1994).
law No. 70, from the edition of Andre Finet (1996).
Xenophon, Anabasis, Book I, Chapter VII, 14, Translation of C. Brownson.
Strabon, Geography, 16, 10 (Translation of F. Lasserre), Les Belles Lettres, 1981, adapted.
From Sollberger and Kupper (1971), “Royal Sumerian and Akkadian Inscriptions”. For the works of the kings of Larsa, see Renger (1990) and Charpin (2002).
Herodotus, The History, book I, 184-186, Translation of David Grene.
Ibid., book I, 191.
Helms (1987 a-b).
Helms (1987 b).
Helms (1987b).
Margueron (2004).
Margueron (2003).
J.-M. Durant, Documents epistolaires du palais de Mari I, (1997), doc. 157-159, adapted.
Inscription on the head of a clay spike, found in the Mari palace, adapted from Sollberger and Kupper (1971).
Margueron (1988), Geyer (1990), Monchabert (1990), Margueron (1991), Calvet and Geyer (1992).
Calvet and Geyer (1992), Chapter 9. This dam, built with limestone blocks cemented with a chalk – based mortar, could be a Hellenistic or Roman reconstruction, given the proximity of Doura Europos, of a structure from Mari or even from an earlier time, for there is a very ancient inhabited site here.
Akkadian texts engraved in cuneiform writing on tablets of baked clay; this evidence dates from the reign of Zimri-Lim, one of the Amorite successors of Yahdun-Lim, who reigned 14 years and was the last king of Mari.
Durand (1998), II, 793. This document suggests that the canal Isim-Yahdun Lim extends to Terqa, a hypothesis that we have adopted in Figure 2.11.
Ibid., II, 784.
33 Ibid., II, 804.
34 Ibid., II, 805.
cit. after Lafont (1991); see also Durand (1998), II, 813. If indeed it is of the Mari canal that one speaks here, it must have extended to Der. The wadi Der is called Balih, from the name of one of the major tributaries of the Euphrates, which seems to be a common practice in usage.
Geyer (1990).
Jean-Claude Margueron is a strong proponent of the hypothesis of an ancient navigation canal (see his various publications). Prior to the era of Zimri Lim, from which the texts cited herein are drawn, a message sent by a king of upper Mesopotamia, whose domains include Mari and its region, is of interest. The message asks that precious wood coming from Qatna in Syria, coming down the Euphhrates to Suprum, “be brought upstream by boat to Saggaratum, from there (again by boat) to Qattunan (further up the Khabur). From there, the wood can be transported on carts…” (Durand, letter No. 187). J. C. Margueron brought this letter to my attention. The importance that it gives to Suprum as a transfer port, and to Saggaratum as a stopover, is quite consistent with the notion of a grand navigation canal.
Calvet and Geyer (1992), chapt. 2.
This name does not have great significance; the Greeks tended to attribute numerous ancient works to the legendary Semiramis.
“Etapes de Parthie”, cited from Calvet and Geyer.
Callot (1983).
Contenau (1927), Volume 3, p. 1373.
Ghirshman, 1968.
Inscription of Sennacherib, cited from Jacobsen and Lloyd (1935).
See Jacobsen and Lloyd (1935) for a report of field studies on the dam and the inscriptions of Bavian and the aqueduct of Jerman; and Schnitter (1994) for details of the weir of Ajileh.
A stela mentions Rusa without further note. According to Paul Zimansky (1985), the king Rusa II (680 – 654 BC) deserves credit for this project.
Regarding supply of water from the Tushpa and Rusahinili, see Garbrecht (1980, 1988).
This title could be contested by the Homs dam in Syria that is attributed by some to the Egyptians, but that probably dates from the Roman occupation. We come back to this in Chapter 7.
This process is known to us through the quite complete study of Henri Goblot (1979).
Modern studies tend to disagree with his belief that the qanats originated in Urartu.
Account of the eighth campaign of Sargon II against Rusa I, tablet conserved in the Louvre museum, citation after Goblot (1979).
Ctesias, History of the Persians, 13, adapted from the Translation of J. Auberger. Later, Polybius mentions even more clearly the “underground canals” of this region (extract cited in Chapter 7).
Strabon, Geography, (Translation of F. Lasserre), Les Belles Lettres, 1981, adapted.
Bader, Gaibov, Gubaev, and Koshelenko (1996);Gaibov and Kochelenko (2002): according to these authors, irrigation of the Merv oasis began as early as 2100 BC.
This exploration was led by Jean-Claude Gardin, with the participation of P. Gentelle and B. Lyonnet. For the layout of the canals, see Gentelle (1989); for a synthesis of the hydraulic works, with dating of the canals revised from analysis of ceramics, see Gardin (1998).
We nevertheless discuss in this chapter certain projects of the Ptolemites, the successors of Alexander and sovereigns of Greek culture, when these projects are continuations of work of the Pharaonic era.
This account, called the “stela of famine”, relates the difficult years that were said to have occurred under the reign of Djoser, 2nd Pharaoh of the 3rd Dynasty (about 2600 BC). The stela was engraved after the fact, under the Ptolemites, but it is likely the retranscription of a much older text or tradition. Translation by Lichtheim, http://www. touregypt. net/faminestele. htm.
Geography, book XVII, 1,3, Translation of Pascal Charvet.
See Daniele Bonneau (1986), Gunther Garbrecht (1987), and the commentaries of Jean Yoyotte and Pascal Charvet (1997) in “The Voyage to Egypt” of Strabo.
slabs of black stone, a fragment of which can be seen in the Cairo museum; the main slab, the “Palermo Stone”, is in that city’s museum (see for example Roccati, 1982).
Geography, book XVII, 1, 48, Translation of Pascal Charvet.
Macehead said to be of Khashkemoui, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.
Ibid., Book 2, 99.
According to Nicolas Grimal (1992).
Kerisel (1999).
the Arabs have given this name to the remains of the works; it means “dam of the nonbelievers”
Gunther Garbrecht (1985) gives a detailed account of the conclusions of this exploration.
Funeral inscription of prince Ouni (2400 – 2350 BC), from Claire Lalouette (1984), I.
Grimal (1988), Chapter 6.
Goyon (1986).
Herodotus, The History, book II, 29, Translation of David Grene.
citation from Jean Vercoutter (1991).
Mirgissa was explored between 1962 and 1968 by a French expedition directed by Jean Vercoutter. For an overview, see Vercoutter (1991). For navigation between Aswan and Semna, see Goyon (1986).
Geography, book XVII, 1, 35, Translations of Pascal Charvet, adapted.
10 cm per century, according to Butzer (1998). The normal level of the Nile at the latitude of Fayoum, today at an elevation of +24 m, was probably about +20 m at the beginning of the IInd millennium BC.
These data are from the geological studies synthesized and analyzed by Butzer (1997). The elevation of -2 m reached around 2000 BC is derived from the geological work of Gardener and Caton – Thomson (1929), cited by Garbrecht (1996). Annual evaporation in this region is estimated at 1.7 m; the lake level could therefore fall some 20 m in a dozen years.
Butzer (1998).
Grimal (1988), Chapter 7.
see the synthesis of Gunter Garbrecht (1996).
and even at +9.7 m for the temple of Medinet Madi, according to Butzer (1998).
Butzer (1998).
Herodotus, The History, Book 2, 149, Translation of David Grene.
Regarding the fact that the “lake of Moeris”, that is to say the entire depression, was excavated artificially, it is clear that our author’s sources were not straightforward with him. See for example the notes of Jean Yoyotte in his edition of Strabo’s The voyage in Egypt, page 142.
Garbrecht and Jarritz (1992). See also Garbrecht (1996).
citation after Redmount (1995).
The classical authors attribute many things to “Sesotris”, as they do to Semiramis of Mesopotamia.
This zone is unoccupied in the Middle and New Empires, as attested to by Jean Yoyotte (see his note 266 in Strabo’s Travels in Egypt (Le voyage en Egypt); see also Carol Redmount, 1995). This author raises the possibility of a canal to Tell el-Rebatah built in the New Empire; the canal would be more to the north, and more modest, than the actual canal of the two seas. The text of Linant de Bellfonds nicely describes the remains of two distinct canals to the west of this site, one on the north flank of the wadi Tumilat valley, the other on its south flank.
See the synthesis of C. A. Redmount (1995).
Grimal (1998), Chapter 14.
Herodotus, The History, book II, 158, Translation of David Grene
Soule (1997), II, 2.
Stela of Chalouf, after Pierre Lecoq.
Bibliotheque historique, book I, 33, 11.
Geography, XVII, 25, Translation of Pascal Charvet, adapted.
We will see in chapter 9 that it is not until the 10th century AD that a true gated lock appears, in China.
Redmount (1995); Mayerson (1996).
after Henri Goblot (1979).
Everyone knows the legend of the Queen of Sheba who is said to have visited king Solomon at Jerusalem. In reality, there is no historical evidence of this queen. Regarding Arabia Felix, the reader can consult, for example, the articles of Jaqueline Pirenne (1979) or the work of Jean-Franfois Breton (1998).
Breton (1998), p. 28. See also Breton, Arramond, Coque-Delhuile and Gentelle (1988) for the wadi Bayhan; also Coque-Delhuile (2001). The earliest settlements at Shabwa date from 1900 – 1800 BC.
after C. Robin (1992), “Inventory of sudarabic inscriptions, I”, Haram 2. The reference to the god Matabnatiyan indicates that this text dates from before the 2nd century BC.
Robin (1992), Haram 49.
citation from Jacqueline Pirenne (1982). The inscription of easement has also been found: “Karib’Il Bayyin reserved (for water flow) around the city of Nasq to its boundaries: 60 sawahit (?)”
Robin (1992), Haram 10. The date of this inscription is doubtless from between the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD.
Breton (1998), p. 64.
Ryckmans (1979); Breton (1998), p. 34
sourate 34, verses 15 and 16.
See for example Rachet (1993) for the prehellenistic period.
Sporting games (or rituals) using the bull are practiced by the Minoans in many-roomed palaces that less civilized people might have taken to be frightening labyrinths. But in their frescoes, the Minoans seem rather to express the joy of living.
see J. W. Graham (1987), p. 219-221; N. Platon (1988), volume 1, pa. 350-410.
This is the building that Arthur Evans calls the caravanserai.
according to Rodney Castleden (1990), p. 73.
City situated near the northeast extremity of Crete, to the north of Zakro.
Akrotiri was uncovered in 1967 by Spiridon Marinatos. Thera is the ancient name of Santorin.
after Sylvie Muller (1996, 1997).
Castleden (1998).
Homer, Iliad, XXI, 250, translated by Samuel Butler http://darkwing. uoregon. edu/~joelja/iliad. html#b21
Taylour (1983), Chapter 5.
Ibid.; Nicolas Platon (1988), volume 2, pp. 277-292.
This reconstitution is due to E. Zangger. Our source is the article of C. W. Shelmerdine (1997).
Strabon, IX, 2, 40, Translation of R. Baladie, adapted.
see Guy Rachet (1993), pages 71 and 470, and Nicholas J. Schnitter (1994), pages 11-13. The reports of both these authors are based on the work directed in the 1980’s by J. Knauss, University of Munich. The studies show that, contrary to what had been thought beforehand, lake Copais had never been completely drained by the Mynians.
All these details are known thanks to the work of a German team, directed by Eberhard Zangger, who studied the site between 1984 and 1988 (Zangger, 1994).
The structural details of the dam are provided by Schnitter (1994), from an early study of the dam by Balcer.
from Praxitelis Argyropoulos (1979). See also Trevor Hodge (1995), Chapter 1.
Numerous works mention the tunnel of Samos; among them, see Jacques Bonnin (1984), Chapter 9; Trevor Hodge (1995), Chapter 1.
Ibid., VII, 23.
Ibid., VII, 128-130.
Aristotle, Physics, VIII, III, Translated by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye http://classics. mit. edu/Aristotle/physics.8.viii. html.
Ibid., IV, VIII
See Dickinson (1994).
From the Translation of Pascal Charvet, after Strabo, The journey to Egypt commented by Jean Yoyotte (1997).
Our principal general sources concerning the Library and Museum of Alexandria are the works of Geoffrey Lloyd (1973), Luciano Canfora (1986) and the article of Anita Measson (1994).
Sometimes acquisition by force: on transiting boats stories were told of books that were confiscated, only copies to be returned to the owners.
But many fewer books: only the shortest of books could be contained in a single roll. This estimate is discussed in detail by Luciano Canfora (1986).
We recall that Greek science had established that the earth was round in approximately the 6th century BC. The circumference obtained by Eratosthene was 250,000 stadia or 39,690 km, taking the stadium to be 157.5 m, compared to the modern accepted Figure of 40,009 km (Lloyd, 1973)
Vitruvius, X, 7, 4.
These hanging gardens are described by Strabo (Geography, XVI, 1, 5), but not by Herodotus who wrote during the period of the Achaemenid Persians. Thus it seems probable that they were not developed until the Hellenistic period.
A passage in the work of Philon may suggest hydraulic force to turn a lifting waterwheel (noria). But we know this work only through an Arabic transcription, and there is some doubt as to the authenticity of the passage (it could be an addition from the Islamic era, during which the use of hydraulic energy is widespread). We share this doubt. There is no evidence of the use of hydraulic force before the 1st century BC (see further on), and even during the era of Strabo’s voyage in Egypt (25 BC), there are no hydraulic machines on the Nile. His account is perfectly clear on this point (we cite an extract further on).
Heron, “Pneumatics”, I, 16, cit. after Lloyd (1973).
Note the dedication of Archimede’s treatise “The Method”: “Archimedes to Eratosthene, prosperity! I earlier sent you certain theorems that I had discovered, giving you only the statements and inviting you to discover the proofs…” (Vol. III of Works of Archimedes, Edited in French by Les Belles Lettres, 1971, adapted).
On Architecture, book X, 7, 1 – 3, adapted from the Translation of Louis Callebat.
Of floating bodies, Translation of Charles Mugler.
Here, in summary, is how this proposition is deduced from the initial postulate: if this were not the case for a liquid at rest, two points inside the liquid, situated on a sphere centered at the center of the earth would be compressed by different water heights above them, thus “the part that is the least compressed is displaced from its position by a more compressed part; it follows that the liquid cannot remain at rest.”
The Roman engineer Vitruvius writes later, in book VIII of his treatise On Architecture (V, 3): “Perhaps those who have read the works of Archimedes will say that one cannot establish an exact level using water, since Archimedes teaches that a water surface is not a level plane, but a sphere having as its center the precise center of the terrestrial globe. But whether the water surface is planar or spherical, if a horizontal straightedge is laid upon the surface of water in a gutter, then this straightedge, at its left and right extremities, necessarily is at the same distance above the water surface; if, on the other hand, the straightedge is laid on a slope, one end of it will be above the water while the other touches it.”
Gunther Garbrecht (1983) gives an excellent overview. See also Trevor Hodge (1995).
According to Gunther Garbrecht, many of these elements were secretly sold to collectors, but the three pipelines are quite visible at certain locations.
22 cm according to Gunther Garbrecht (1979), only 17.5 cm according to Trevor Hodge (1995). These dimensions are suppositional, no element of this conduit having been recovered. The exterior diameter of 30 cm is, on the other hand, well established on the basis of the diameter of holes in the blocks that supported the conduit.
Several cities are given with the name of this queen, who was first married to Lysimachus, the king of Thrace.
On a site that had perhaps already been used during the period of the Pharaohs: it is the site called “Head of Nekheb” in Figure 3.1.
Citation from Fabienne Burkhalter (1992). See also Bonneau (1993).
There were crocodiles in the region, and the ancient Egyptians venerated the sacred crocodiles there. This city is today called Medinet el-Fayoum.
In effect, Claude Orrieux (1983) situated the “domain of the 10,000 aroures” between the altitudes +20 m and -10 m. Other studies have situated this elevation at -2 m (Garbrecht, 1996).
One can consider that Apollonius served the king in an intermediate function, between that of a Finance Minister and Prime Minister, according to our references. He very closely followed the agricultural performance, this being the principal source of fiscal revenue.
After Claude Orrieux, The papyrus of Zenon (1983), Chapter VI.
Garbrecht (1996).
Orrieux (1983), Chapter VI.
Ibid., Chapter V.
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1932, XVII, 1, 30, transl. Horace Leonaard Jones.
Ibid., XVII, 1, 52.
Amaseia is the native city of Strabo. The ancestors of Strabo participated in the dynastic unraveling of the kings of Pontus, and in the wars between the Mithridates and the Romans.
Strabo, The Geography of Strabo, William Heinemann Ltd., London, 1932, XII, 3, 30, transl. Horace Leonard Jones.
Greek Anthology, IX, 418 (Loeb ed. Vol. 3 p 233).
Strabon, Geographic, XVI, 4, 21 (Translation of F. Lasserre), Les Belles Lettres, 1981, adapted
Deletie and collaborators, 1995.
After sources cited by Gilbert Argoux (1994).
This type of pump is used as a fire pump, as well as a bilge pump, up until the beginning of the 20th century (Figure 5.6).
Heron, Pneumatics, II, 11.
Dioptra, cit. after Gunther Garbrecht (1987).
Galien is born at Pergamon, studies at Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria, and then lives in Rome as a renowned doctor (Lloyd, 1973, Chapt. 9).
In Egypt, due to the practice of embalming, human dissection is not taboo as it is in the Greek world. It is thus generally permitted at Alexandria, leading to numerous anatomical discoveries.
Commentary on the Physics of Aristotle, 639, 30, adapted from the translation of Cohen and Drabkin, cit. after Lloyd (1973).
Sartre (1991), p. 418.
Archimedes, Philon of Byzantium and several others will be translated into Arabic. Certain of these works owe their survival to this translation.
The reader can consult the work of Luciano Canfora (1986).
See Goblot (1979), pp. 188-192.
Keller (1976), p. 52-54, 274.
Heurgon (1989), p. 170.
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXVI, 24, Translation ed. John Bostock, M. D., F. R.S., H. T. Riley, Esq., B. A. http://www. perseus. tufts. edu/cgi-bin/ptext? lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc
Frontinus, Aqueducts of the city of Rome, IV-V, adapted from the translation of P. Grimal. We present this author further on.
Frontinus, Aqueducts of the city of Rome, XXIII, adapted from the translation of P. Grimal.
Vitruvius, On Architecture, VI, 1 and 2, translated by Joseph Gwilt, London: Priestley and Weale, 1826. http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/8*.html (adapted)
For water in Pompeii, see the two publications of Hans Eschebach (1983). Note that one does not find the distribution scheme described by Vitruvius in the castellum of Nimes, constructed in the middle of the first century AD under the emperor Claudius (Figure 6.17).
Frontinus, “The Aqueducts of Rome”, 16, Translation of Charles E. Bennett in the Loeb edition, 1925 http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/De_Aquis/text*.html
Fabre, Fiches, Leveau, Paillet (1992).
Leveau and Paillet (1983).
Rakob (1979); Clamagiraud, Rais, Chahed, Guefrej, Smaoui (1990).
Balty (1987).
This is of course not the Hellenistic aqueduct of Mandradag (Chapter 5), but rather the Roman aqueduct of the Kaikos valley. It comes from the east; even though its elevation is high enough to supply only the lower quarters of the city, it transports a much larger quantity of water than the Hellenistic aqueduct.
This indication is somewhat uncertain (5 cm/km?) It does not correspond to actual slopes in the aqueducts.
Vitruvius, On Architecture, VIII, VI, 1 and 3, translated by Joseph Gwilt, London: Priestley and Weale, 1826. http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/8*.html
See for example Leveau (1979), Fabre, Fiche, Leveau, Paillet (1992).
Vitruvius, On Architecture, VIII, VI, 5 and 6, translated by Joseph Gwilt, London: Priestley and Weale, 1826. http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/8*.html
See Fahlbusch, 1979, 1987.
Frontinus, “The Aqueducts of Rome”, 18, Translation of Charles E. Bennett in the Loeb edition, 1925 http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/De_Aquis/text*.html
Some authors mention that after the fire of Rome, Nero, to his credit, took a certain number of positive measures making it possible to use the water in the aqueducts for fire fighting.
Fahlbusch, 1987).
From Frontinus and the commentaries of P. Grimal.
Frontinus, “The Aqueducts of Rome”, 74-75, Translation of Charles E. Bennett in the Loeb edition, 1925 http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/De_Aquis/text*.html
Pelletier (1983).
The reader can consult the article of Marcel Bailhache (1979).
Sources: Grenier (1960), Bailhache (1979), Burdy (1979, 1996), Jeancolas (1983), Pelletier (1983), Fabre et al (1992), Andrieu (1997), Andrieu and Cazal (1997), Ardhuin (1997), Jaccotey (1997), Lefebvre (1997), Provist and Lepretre (1997), Rigal (1997).
One reference study, unfortunately disappeared, is that of Germain de Montauzan (1909). Here we have based our discussions primarily on the study of Louis Jeancolas (1977, published in 1983), on the synthesis of Jean Burdy (1979), and on the monograph of Jean Burdy on the Gier aqueduct.
This is the “traditional” dating estimated by Germain de Montauzan; Jeancolas, based on the remains of a tomb that is said to have preceded the aqueduct, estimated that the aqueduct could date from the second part of the 2nd century AD. In this case, the aqueduct would be the most recent of the four.
the water velocity is greater than that of the wavespeed. For more detail, see Chanson (2000).
This is the hypothesis of Louis Jeancolas, from his observation of a piling of the Craponne aqueduct that is particularly reinforced, suggesting that it could have supported the structure at the junction of two aqueducts.
”Chagnon Stone”, discovered in 1887, visible under the playground of the Chagnon school. A second inscription, apparently identical, was discovered in 1996 along the main path of the aqueduct, but further downstream (Burdy, 1996).
Difference in water level between the head tank and exit basin.
These data have an unexplained anomaly. An elementary hydraulic calculation shows that the ratio of the head losses must be equal to the ratio of the lengths of the two parts of the double siphon, if the pipes are identical and of the same number.
Our principal sources here are the article of Victor Lassalle (1979), conservator of the museum of Nimes, and the work of Guilhem Fabre, Jean-Luc Fiches, Philippe Leveau, and Jean-Louis Paillet (1992) who coordinated, from 1984 to 1990, a program of research on the aqueduct of Nimes and the Pont du Gard.
This new date is that established by Fabre, Fiches, Leveau and Paillet (1992). Earlier, the aqueduct had been attributed to Agrippa, the son in law of Augustus, also presumed father of the first aqueduct of Lyon (around 19 BC). The Brevenne aqueduct is also attributed to the era of Claudius.
The ancient writings refer to an elevation of 76 m for the tapping of the Eure fountain. We have adopted here the more recent estimate of Fabre et al. (1992), namely 72 m.
It is probably to reduce the height of the Pont du Gard that the aqueduct’s slope is steeper upstream than downstream of it.
It is about 150 km long; see Figure 6.32 below (Balty, 1987).
Rakob (1979); Clamagirand, Rais, Chahed, Guefrej, Smaoui (1990).
The bridge has disappeared, but the alignment of the arches of wadi Milliane is still well preserved
Al-Idrissi (12th century), III, 2 Translation of Jaubert.
Vitruvius, On Architecture, X, 5, 1 and 2, translated by Joseph Gwilt, London: Priestley and Weale, 1826. http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/8*.html
Although Vitruvius does not cite Archimedes in this context, he does very explicitly refer to Ctesibios, as shown by the extract that we cited in Chapter 5.
See the notes of Louis Callebat in his edition of Vitruvius’ book X.
See, for example, Jacques Bonnin (1984). See Viollet (2005) for more detail.
Vitruvius, On Architecture, X, 9, 5 and 7, translated by Joseph Gwilt, London: Priestley and Weale, 1826. http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/8*.html
Pliny was born in the summer of 23 or 24 AD, and was, around 70 AD, in the Orient with Titus, to whom he dedicated his book, The Natural History, in 77 AD. He died in 79 AD during the eruption of Vesuvius, attempting to awaken the inhabitants of Pompei.
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XVIII, 23, Translation ed. John Bostock, M. D., F. R.S., H. T. Riley, Esq., B. A. http://www. perseus. tufts. edu/cgi-bin/ptext? lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc
See the census of remains established by J.-P. Brun, in Brun and Borreani (1989), p. 308-309, or the census of Wilson (2002), Wikander (2000), or Viollet (2005).
Scare (1995), p. 128; Wikander (2000).
Hodge (1995).
The first description comes from the discoverer of the site, Fernand Benoit, in 1935. We have used here the results of the more recent study of Sellin (1979) for the flour mill itself, and of Leveau (1995) for its water supply.
The first studies of the site supposed that this distribution system was a triangular reservoir. Sellin showed that it was more likely two canals, laid out in the form of a “V”, supported on walls that are still visible today, conveying water into the headraces. We have adopted this hypothesis in Figure 6.24.
Leveau (1995).
Schnitter (1994), p. 59.
Augusta-Boularot and Paillet (1997).
Ibid., p. 60.
Smith (1992); Schnitter (1994); Fernandez Ordonez (1984).
Strabo, Geography, book III, 2, 10, Translation of H. C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M. A. http://www. perseus. tufts. edu/cgibin/ptext? doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D %2319.
Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, Book XXXIII, 21, Translation ed. John Bostock, M. D., F. R.S., H. T. Riley, Esq., B. A. http://www. perseus. tufts. edu/cgi-bin/ptext? lookup=Plin.+Nat.+toc
Domergue (1986).
Schnitter, 1994, p. 70.
Goblot (1979), pp. 117-125.
Inscription found at Timgad: opus aquae paludensis conquiriendae concludenaeque, citation after Goblot (1979).
Sartre (1991), Chapter 5.
Ibid., chap. 10; Bonneau (1993).
Goblot (1979), p. 114.
C. Scarre (1995), p. 77.
Garbrecht (1991). See also Schnitter (1994), p. 74.
Our sources for this dam of Homs are especially Calvet and Geyer (1992), Chapter 3, as well as Schnitter (1994), p. 76.
This is the length indicated by Calvet and Geyer (1992), who thought the length of 2,000 m indicated by other authors to be excessive.
Strabon, Geography, XVI, 2, 19 (Translation of F. Lasserre), Les Belles Lettres, 1981, adapted.
Goblot (1979), p. 130.
Here again, our sources are essentially Calvet and Geyer (1992), Chapter 7, as well as Schnitter (1994).
Sartre (1991), p. 55.
Rome has a monopoly on the importation of Egyptian wheat, prior to the creation of Constantinople.
Strabo, Geography, book V, 3, 5, Translation of H. C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M. A. http ://www. perseus. tufts. edu/cgi-bin/ptext? doc=Perseus%3Atext%3 A1999.01.023 9&layout =&loc=5.3.1
Le Gall (1981).
Suetone, Claude, XX, 3 (cited after Redde, 1983).
Santa Maria Scrinari (1983).
Redde (1983).
Le Gall (1981).
It was the construction of the Rome airport that led to the discovery of the remnants of the port of Claudius (Santa Maria Scrinari, 1983). Traces of the concrete used to fill Caligula’s ship were found in the shell of the hull. The west breakwater is visible. The hexagonal basin of the port of Trajan, which was used as an irrigation storage basin in the 19th century, has been restored.
Mayerson (1996).
Sartre (1991), p. 230, after Suetone and Pausanias.
This was a frequent argument in Antiquity. It was used at the time of the Pharaoh Necho in the context of the canal of two seas.
For example, in the aqueduct of Nimes with a discharge of 66,000 m3/day, if one takes as a simplification a constant slope of 0.38 m/km upstream of the Pont du Gard, and a smaller slope of 0.18 m/km between the bridge and the city of Nimes, one finds that the water depth should be approximately 0.96 m along the first segment and 1.3 m along the second one, these values representing the useful depth of the canal (calculations done with a wall roughness of 5 mm and a canal width of 1.22 m).
After Viollet, Chabard, Laurence, and Esposito (1998); the calculated velocities and discharges correspond to a slope of 1.3 m/km and a wall roughness of mean height 3 mm.
Frontinus, “The Aqueducts of Rome”, 35, 36, Translation of Charles E. Bennett in the Loeb edition, 1925 http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/De_Aquis/text*.html
Ibid., 73.
From Sanskrit texts translated by Louis Renou, The civilization of ancient India, (1950), pp. 148-151
Needham and Ling, Science and Civilization in China, IV, II (1965), p. 361
Schnitter (1994), p. 34.
Schnitter (1994), p. 98.
Basham (1954).
Porter (1992).
Ibn BattUta, 1995, adapted.
Polybius, Histories, X, 25, Translation of W. R. Paton, http://penelope. uchicago. edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/home. html
Goblot (1979); Landry (1990).
The Parthian period marks the beginning of the concentration of habitation at Marw, associated, according to Bader et al (1996) with the construction of a dam. Hiebert (1992) places the origin of this dam in the time of the Seljuks.
Marco Polo, Le devisement du monde, XXXVIII, adapted.
Citation from Goblot (1979)
Beaumont (1989)
Schnitter (1994), p. 87.
Al-Muqaddasi, Arab geographer, citation after Hill (1997) in History of Arab science, p. 21, adapted.
Ibn Batthta, 1995, adapted.
Hiebert (1992).
Schnitter (1994), pp. 89-92.
Ducellier, Kaplan, Martin (1990), p. 132; see Sadler (1990) for a detailed study of such a fertile complex in Syria.
Citation from Schnitter (1994), p. 80.
Strabo had already described the difficulty of maintaining the hydraulic system of this region; the reader can refer to the extract cited in Chapter 2.
Al-Baladhori, in “Arab Historians” (Sauvaget, 1988).
Ibn Jubayr (beginning of the 12th century), Relations de Voyage, adapted from the translation of Paule Charles-Dominique.
Al-Baladhori, in Arab Historians (Sauvaget, 1988).
Al-Qalqashandi, Arab author of the 15th century. Citation after Micheau, in History of the Arab Sciences, III.
Berthier (1990).
Zakri (1990).
Safadi (1990).
Ibn Jubayr, Accounts of a Voyage, adapted from the translation of Paule Charles-Dominique.
Zaqzouk (1990).
Haj Ibrahim (1990).
Saliby (1990), Calvet and Geyer (1992).
The dating of the nahr Said and the nature of its use are documented thanks to the investigations of Berthier and d’Ont (1994). The first canal, from at least the 10th century, is the one whose use is described here. A second canal along the same alignment but more recent, may have supported gravity irrigation.
After Kassem Toueir (1990).
Bianquis (1986).
Hill (1997), in History of Arab Science, III, pp. 14 and 47.
Schnitter (1994), p. 82.
Ibn Jubayr, Accounts of a voyage, adapted from the translation of Paule Charles-Dominique.
Ozis (1999).
Smith (1992).
Al-Idrissi (12th century), IV, 1, Translation of Jaubert.
Zakri (1990).
Fernandez Ordonez (1984).
Fernandez Ordonez (1984), Smith (1970).
Al-Idrissi, IV, 1, Translation of Jaubert.
Lagardere (1991 and 1993).
Goblot (1979).
Al-Idrissi (12th century), 31, Translation of Hadj Sadok; a revised translation and analysis of this citation is given in El Fai’z (2005).
Joffe (1989); see also El Faiz (2005).
Brignon, Amine, Boutaleb, Martinet, Rosenberger (12967), p. 187.
Al-Idrissi, 49, Translation of Hadj Sadok.
Brignon, Amine, Boutaleb, Martinet, Rosenberger (1967), pp. 90 and 202; Madani (1999) for the hydraulic network of Fez.
Al-Muqaddasi (10th century); citation from Brignon et al. (1967).
Al-Idrissi, 22, Translation of Hadj Sadok.
Messier (1997).
Lambton (1989).
Goblot (1979), pp. 163-164; Bisson (1989).
Kitab inbat al-miyah al-hafiyya (The art of extracting hidden water), citation from Landry (1990).
Hill (1997), p. 45.
Al-Jahiz, in Arab Historians (Sauvaget, 1988).
Delpech, Girard, Robine, Roumi (1997).
Hill (1997), p. 46.
After a text dated from 1691 (Chhih Pei Ou Than of Wang Shih-Chen, cited by Needham and Ling (1965), p. 560 (adapted).
In Antiquity, China is known, in the West, by two principle names: Seres, derived from the Chinese Si signifying silk, and Sina, that is thought to have come from the name of the Qin Dynasty. The first name arrived in the Occident through the intermediary of the Greek world; the second seems to have come by the route of the Indies (Needham, 1978).
These are the excavations of Kjoumboulak Koum, where the remains of a vast irrigation network have been found in an ancient delta of the Kenya river, in the region of Khotan, after Corinne Debaine – Francfort (personal communication).
According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, who lived around 100 AD, Historical Memoires (Shi Ji), 123.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 116.
For example, Robert (1997).
see Blunden & Elvin (1983).
There are two important rivers called Luo; one in Shaanxi, the other in Henan. To avoid confusion, we call the first Luo and the second Lo.
This does not mean there was nothing further to the south. Archaeology has indeed shown the existence of a culture of rice in the basin of the Yangtze (the Blue river) from 6000 BC. But it is clearly in the north that organized civilization, destined to spread, was established (see for example Debaine – Francfort, 1998).
Mencius, citation from Granet (1929), p. 89 in the edition of 1994.
The reader can find deeper analyses of the evolution of Chinese philosophy and science in, for example, Needham (1978), and Gernet (1990).
Extract of a work entitled Lhshi chunqiu, 239 BC. Citation from Needham (1978), p. 117.
Needham (1978).
Joseph Needham is an indispensable reference for those who are interested in the history of science and technology in China. He is the author of a monumental work, Science and Technology in China, to which we will often refer in this Chapter (Volume IV in particular for matters concerning hydraulics).
Extract of Book of Documents (Shujing). Citation after Needham.
The differences between these theories and the dates make it very unlikely that there was any connection between them.
Granet (1929), p. 151.
Gernet (1990).
Herein we use the official modern transcriptions of Chinese into the Roman alphabet.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji 29, English translation of Burton Watson.
The slope of the Yellow River is about 1.1 m/km along its upper course (3,472 km); 0.74 m/km on its middle course (1,200 km); and only 0.11 m/km along the 786 km of its lower course – after Lian Ruiju, Zheng Zhaojin, Hu Jialin (1987).
The main bed of the river, the narrow channel in which the river flows during low-water periods, is formed in the bed’s sediment, and therefore is not significantly super-elevated compared to the plain. The overflow bed, on the other hand, is much wider and is occupied during periods of high water; and can be more than ten meters above the level of the surrounding plain.
After Liang Ruiju, Zheng Zhaojin, Hu Jialin (1987).
Granet (1929).
Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 232, according to a tradition that comes from the Han era.
The hypothesis that Ye is near Handan is taken from the work of Henri Maspero (p. 145) and Jacques Gernet (p. 65). This localization is consistent with the fact that Ye was irrigated by Ximen Bao, using water taken from the Jian, which is precisely what Sima Qian said. It is curious, however, that this city, still active as the center of the cult of the river around 400 BC, was not located on the course of the river itself in this period, since the course had changed in 602 BC. Marcel Granet (Dances and legends, p. 474) situates Ye more to the south, near the place where the ancient course of the Yellow River arrives on the plain and turns toward the north.
After Marcel Granet (1926).
Historical memoires (Shi Ji) of Sima Qian, 126, adapted from the translation of E. Chavannes (citation from Granet, 1926, p. 474).
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 29. See also Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 271, and Zheng (1991).
Needham, Lian, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 271; Zhang (1991); Schnitter (1994), p. 41.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji 29, transl Burton Watson.
After Joseph Needham, Wang Ling, Lu Gwei-Djen (1971); p. 270 in the edition of 1987.
Granet, 1926.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 29, Transl. Burton Watson
Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 289; Li and Du (2003)
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 29, transl Burton Watson.
Granet (1929), p. 119. Marcel Granet attributes the construction of the Hong canal to Zheng. We prefer the hypotheses of Joseph Needham who believes this canal is older.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 112, transl B. Watson.
Needham, Lin, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 300 and following in the 1987 edition. See also Granet (1929), p. 140, Zheng (1991), and Schnitter (1994), p. 45.
According to Needham, Li mentions the idea of separation. It is therefore possible that the name of the river – the Li – comes from the structure mentioned here, separating the discharge from the Xiang. One could say the same of the Li escarpment, at Dujiangyan: it is separated from the hill by the notch through which the canal passes.
Extract from a treatise of 1178 called Ling Wai Tai Taby Chou Chhh Fei. Adapted from the citation of Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p 304.
Citation after Blunden and Elvin (1983), p. 81.
See for example Debaine-Francfort (1998), p. 93.
Sima Qian, Historical memoires (Shiji). Citation from Debaine-Francfort (1998). This account is corroborated by the discovery of traces of mercury in the soil of the tomb.
Blunden and Elvin (1983), p. 30.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 29. transl B Watson.
Granet (1929), p. 142. See also Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 29.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 110.
Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 281 and following in the edition of 1987; Zheng (1991); Schnitter (1994), p. 41.
Sima Qian, Shi Ji, 29.
Gernet (1990), p. 112.
Siman Qian, Shi Ji, 29, transl B Watson.
Liang Ruiju, Zheng Zhaojin, Hu Jialin (1987).
Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p 234.
Adapted from Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 346.
Needham (1978), p. 58; Dars (1992).
Gernet (1990), p. 128.
Needham and Ling (1965), p. 369.
Ibid., pp. 344-345.
Steens (1989), p. 422.
Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 345, adapted.
Ibid., p. 348.
The Hongze lake is shown on our maps; but is it possible that it did not exist prior to the development works of the 15th century (see the end of this chapter)?
For the work done under the Song, see the work of Jacques Dars (1992), pp. 149-150.
Adapted from Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen (1971), p. 350.
Account of a traveller named Kuang Lu from 1585, adapted from Needham, Ling, Gwei-Djen(1971), p 306.
1194 according to Joseph Needham, Wang Ling, Lu Gwei-Djen (1971); 1187 according to Liang Ruiju, Zheng Zhaojin, Hu Jialin (1987).
Marco Polo, Le devisement du monde, 149, adapted
Ibid., 136.
Gernet (1990), p. 340.
Schnitter (1994), p. 105.
Adapted from History of the Christian expedition to the kingdom of China, IV, 2.
After Pierre-Etienne Will, in Dictionary of Chinese Civilization, p. 344.
The Book of Wonders, 153
By the traveller and poet Chu Mi, in 1280 – transl by R Strassberg
Needham, Ling (1965), pp. 320-323.
Will (1998), p. 344.
Needham and Ling (1965), p. 323.
Ibid., p. 344.
Ibid., p. 345.
Belidor (1737) describes it under the name of “rosary mill”, as a machine in widespread use.
These dates and facts are taken from Needham and Ling (1965), pp. 356-362. These authors hypothesize that the noria could have been introduced in China as early as the 2nd century, but we do not see strong evidence of this.
Ibn Battuta, Voyages, Translation of C. Defremey and B. R. Sanguinetti, IV, p. 255, adapted.
Needham and Ling (1965), p. 356.
Extract of a work called San Kuo Chih, Needham and Ling (1965), p. 370.
Needham and Ling (1965), p. 400.
Needham, 1978.
From a text dating from the end of the Songs or from the Yuan Empire (Lao Hsueh Tshung Than by Sheng Jo-Tzu), citation from Needham and Ling (1965), p. 560.
Needham (1978), p. 20.
Dars (1992), Gernet (1990), p. 273.
Ibn BattUta, 1995, adapted.
Dars (1992), p. 62 and following.
Guillerme (1979).
Coates-Stephens, 1998.
Champion (1996).
Citation from Zettler (1996).
Zettler (1996), Hoffmann (1996).
After Sylvie Caucanas (1995).
The rapid growth of references to mills in deeds from Picardy in the 11th and 12th centuries may not be significant, for the number of deeds being rediscovered and archived is, in itself, growing rapidly (see Gies and Gies, 1994; Derville, 1994).
Hills (1994); Benoit and Berthier (1998).
Hoffman (1996).
Guillerme (1983).
Such installations on the Charente (France) are mentioned by Jean Chapelot and Eric Rieth (1995).
Gies and Gies (1994), p. 117; according to Belidor (1737), the Garonne mills of the 18th century have horizontal wheels; such is evidently the case for this dam, following the Arab tradition that inspired it.
Gies and Gies (1994).
Boithias and de la Verne (1989).
Al-Idrissi, IV, 2, Translation of Jaubert.
Hills (1994), p. 35.
Ibid, p. 36.
Hills (1994).
Azema (1995).
20 After Bernadette Barriere (1996).
From Karine Berthier (1996).
These projects have been studied by Adriaan Verhulst (1990).
Derville (1994).
Charter relative to draining of the swamp of the Aa; citation from Trenard (1972), p. 99.
Verhulst (1990).
See the article by Jean-Luc Sarrazin (1996).
See the work of Roger Dion (1961) and the article by k«lle Burnouf and Nathalie Carcaud (1999).
Our source for the canals of Roussillon is the work of Sylvie Caucanas (1995).
Fichou, Le Henaff, Mevel (1999), pp. 17-19. According to these authors, the Romans had also built beacons at Dover and at Coruna on the Atlantic coast. We have already described, in Chapter 6, several Roman ports developed on the Mediterranean.
Guillerme (1983); Heers (1990), pp. 300-325.
Lacordaire (1979), pp. 66-81.
Dates History and Civilizations Hydraulic Science and Technology
Destruction of Mari (1760)
End of the Indus civilization
Beginning of the Mycenaean civilization in
Bronze metallurgy appears in China; begin-
ning of the Shang Dynasty, in the basin of
the Yellow River
Hittite Empire in Anatolia
2nd intermediate period (1730-1560) and beginning of the New Empire in Egypt End of the Minoan civilization Reign of Ramses II
Irrigation of the western Bactrian oases Irrigation in the ghouta of Damascus Artificial port of Pylos; drainage of lake Copais
Hebrews arrive in Palestine
The Trojan War
The “Sea People” plunder the Levantine; destruction of Ugarit. End of the Hittites
Catastrophic inundation at Tiryns; construction of a dam and canal
End of the Mycenaean civilization Beginning of the Iron Age
Reign of David in Palestine
Appearance of the Phoenician alphabet
Beginning of the Assyrian Empire
Founding of Carthage Arrival of the Etruscans in Italy
Canal of Menua in Urartu (Armenia) Appearance of the qanat
Development of irrigation in Arabia Felix (Yemen)
Reign of Sennacherib in Assyria (704-681) Reign of Karib’ll Watar in the land of Sheba
Water supplied to Nineveh; bridge-aqueduct of Jerwan
Dams of lake Rusa in Urartu
End of the Assyrian Empire (606); reign of Nebuchadnezzar in Babylonia; Saite renaissance in Egypt
The Phoenicians found Marseilles
Necho II, pharaoh of the Saite Dynasty, constructs the first canal between the Nile and the Red Sea
Thales of Milet establishes that the earth is round
Tarquin the Elder constructs the cloaca maxima at Rome
Dam-reservoir Anfengtang, in the Huai basin (China)
Birth of Buddha Birth of Confucius
Cyrus the Great enters Babylon (539) and founds the Achaemenid Persian Empire
Hong Canal, first great navigation canal in China Polycrate constructs the “tunnel of Samos”
Median wars in Greece (490-480 Beginning of the Republic of Rome (509) Voyages of Herodotus in Egypt and Babylon (460)
Arrival of the Nabatians in Palestine?
Maryab dam in the land of Sheba (Yemen)
Irrigation at Djouboulak Koum (Taklamakan desert)
Expedition of the Xenophon’s “Ten Thousand” in Babylon (401)
Plato adopts the theory of the “four elements”, later taken up by Aristotle
Founding of Alexandria (331). The same year, Alexander the Great enters into Babylon
Laozi (Lao-Tse) founds Taoism (unknown date)
The Qin, coming from the valley of the Wei, occupy Sechuan (316)
Aristotle creates the Lyceum at Athens
Irrigation system of Sechuan, with its intake works at Dujiangyan
TheAquaAppia, first Roman aqueduct (312)
300 BC Ptolemy I founds the Museum and Library of Alexandria
Euclid founds modern geometry
Straton of Lampasaque defines a “vacuum”
Ctesibios invents the fire pump
First reservoir-dams in Ceylon
Zou Yan constructs the Chinese theory of “five
First lifting wheels (Philon of Byzantium?) Irrigation works in the Fayoum; dam of Mala’a The Archimedes screw or lima£on Zhengguo irrigation canal in China
Maurya Dynasty in India (313-180)
The Parthians evict the Seleucides from Mesopotamia
Shi Huangdi, first Emperor of China (221)
Beginning of the Han Dynasty in China (206)
Fall of Carthage (202)
Archimedes founds hydrostatics
Eratosthene of Cyrene measures the radius of the earth
“Magic Canal”, communication route to southern China
200 BC Apogee of the Greek kingdom of Bactria
First water supplies using the inverse siphon, in the Orient then at Rome (Aqua Marcia) Completion of the great siphon of Pergamon
150 BC Wudi of the Han, Emperor of China (141-87)
Irrigation and transport canals in China
In 109, the Yellow River is restored to the course
Rome inherits the Pergamon kingdom (133)
it had abandoned in 132
Appearance of the water mill (first evidence in the lands of Mithridate, king of Pontus)
Death of Cleopatra and annexation of Egypt byAugustus (31)
Strabo writes Geography, Vitruvius writes
Augustus refounds Carthage
Hydraulic developments of the Nabatians (Petra, Negev desert)
Vitruvius describes the water mill and the noria
The first known arch dam near Glanum in Provence (date uncertain)
Kouchan Empire in central Asia
Earth dam at Nanyang (China)
1 AD Jesus Christ in Palestine
Pontius Pilate constructs the “pools of Solomon”
and the Jerusalem aqueduct
The Yellow River breaks through its dikes and
changes course (11)
First mention of the water wheel in China, to power pestles (21), then forge bellows at Nanyang (31)
Founding of Fez
Musa brothers in Baghdad Construction of qanats at Madrid
900 AD Song Dynasty in China (960)
The Ghaznavid Turks (977), then Seljuk Turks (1040) in central Asia
Invention of the chamber lock in China
Tidal mill at Bassora
Major irrigation works in Andalusia
1000 AD End of the caliphate of Cordoue (1031) The Almoravides in Morocco Founding of Marrakesh
Beginnings of demographic expansion in western Europe
First qanats (khettaras) at Marrakesh Al-Karagi explains the flow of groundwater Drainage, drying of polders in Flanders
1100 AD Beginning of the Crusades
Voyage of the Andalusian Ibn Jubayr in the Orient
The Song are chased out of northern China by the Jurchen (1126), they destroy the dikes
Al-Khazini picks up the work of Archimedes on hydrostatics
Invention of the post windmill (Flanders or England); development of the tidal mill on the Atlantic coast
First public fountains in the West since the Roman Empire
First levees on the Loire (1169)
Course of the Yellow River shifts to the south of Shandong (1194)
1200 AD The Mongols raze Samarcand (1219), then Baghdad (1258)
The Mongols occupy Kaifeng (1233), Hangzhou (1276), and in China take the name of the Yuan Dynasty (1271)
Sojourn in China of the Venetian Marco Polo
Destruction of hydraulic infrastructures in Mesopotamia, Bactria, and Khorassan Drainage of the poitevin marsh (1190-1283)
The Andalusians lose Cordova (1236), Valencia (1238), Sevilla (1248)
The Grand Canal of the Yuan
Invention of the double-action piston bellows in China
The Yellow River shifts completely to the south (1288)
1300 AD Voyages of the Tangerian Ibn Battuta (13301350)
Beginning of the Hundred Years’ War (1337) The great plague in the West (1348-1349) The Mongols are chased out of China; begin-
Dike ruptures on the Yellow River (1327; 1344)
ning of the Ming Dynasty (1368)
Arch dam of Almansa (1384)
1400 AD The Mongols of Tamerlan pillage Delhi (1398) then Baghdad (1401 Great maritime expeditions of the Ming (1405-1433)
Taking of Constantinople by the Turks (1453)
Dam-reservoir for the upper portions of the Grand Canal (1411)
Louis XI reinforces and extends the levees of the
End of the Reconquest of Spain (1492) The Occidental Renaissance
The course of the Yellow River stabilizes (1495) Turk-Mongol dams in Persian and in Afghanistan; arch dams Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) rediscovers the principle of continuity |
मुंगेली.बड़़ी खबर है, सिटी कोतवाली क्षेत्र में बुधवार तड़के हुई गल्ला व्यापारी धींगड़मल जैन की हत्या का खुलासा पुलिस ने शाम को ही कर दिया। अनाज व्यापारी की गलती सिर्फ इतनी थी कि उन्होंने आरोपियों को घर के सामने गांजा पीने से रोका था। इसे लेकर एक-दो बार उनके बीच कहासुनी भी हो चुकी थी। पुलिस ने इस मामले में एक को गिरफ्तार कर लिया है, जबकि अन्य दो की तलाश की जा रही है। घटना स्थल पर छूटे मोबाइल और सीसीटीवी फुटेज से आरोपी की पहचान हुई। हत्या के बाद एक आरोपी कपड़े बदलकर मौके पर नजारा देखने के लिए पहुंचा था।
सिटी कोतवाली से कुछ दूर पड़ाव चौक के पास सारथी पारा में अनाज व्यवसायी धीगड़मल जैन अपनी पत्नी के साथ रहते थे। उनके निवास स्थान के पास ही उनकी दुकान है। ५७ वर्षीय धीगड़मल जैन के मकान के सामने आरोपी रघुवीर निषाद, पप्पू चौहान और कुबेर सारथी गांजा, शराब आदि पीते थे। जिस पर जैन उन्हें अपने मकान के सामने ऐसा करने से मना करते थे। यही घटना का कारण बन गया और आरोपियों ने उनकी हत्या कर दी। घटना का समय के भी आरोपी संदिग्ध कार्य कर रहे थे, जिसे जैन ने रोका था। जैन का मना करना आरोपियों को यह नागवार लगा।
तीन आरोपियों ने मिलकर बुधवार सुबह ५ बजे उनकी आंखों में मिर्च डाली और चाकू से गोदकर हत्या कर दी। आरोपियों ने वारदात को जैन की पत्नी के सामने ही अंजाम दिया। तीन आरोपियों में से एक मृतक के निवास स्थान के पास ही का रहने वाला है। धीगड़मल जैन घर के मुख्य प्रवेश के अंदर दरवाजे के पास गिर पड़े व खून से लथपथ थे। उसके गले व छाती में वार के तीन निशान दिख रहे थे। घटना को अंजाम देने के बाद आरोपी तीनों युवक दरवाजा व चैनल गेट बंद कर फरार हो गए।
पुलिस ने बताया कि सीसीटीवी फुटेज से आरोपियों की पहचान की गई। जब आरोपी रघुवीर उर्फ रघु निषाद को पकड़कर पूछताछ की गई तो उसने गुनाह कबूल कर लिया। उसने बताया कि वह अपने साथी पप्पू चौहान के साथ गांजा पीता था, तो धींगड़मल जैन उसे गुस्से में बुराभला कहते थे। बुधवार सुबह अपने साथी पप्पू चौहान और कुबेर सारथी के साथ मिलकर जैन के घर में घुसे और आंख में मिर्ची पाउडर डालकर चाकू से गर्दन पर वार कर दिया। पुलिस ने एक आरोपी को गिरफ्तार कर लिया है, जबकि दो की तलाश जारी है। |
New Findings Discovered on the History of Dogs
Scientists tested DNA from hundreds of dogs and wolves to make this new discovery.
If a dog owner wanted to know about the basic genetics of their dogs, they could simply purchase a "Doggie DNA kit" which could tell them the ancestry of their pooch. With an over-the-counter DNA kit
, a dog owner can discover the different breeds of their dog going back to their great-great-grandparents. However, if you're trying to go back a bit further into dog-history, it's going to take a bit more than a $100 DNA Kit.
Recently, the origins of the domesticated dog have been in hot debate in scientific circles. According to many published reports, it was long agreed that our modern-day domesticated dogs had evolved from the breeding and training of Grey Wolves in Eastern Asia. The discovery of different fossils around known camps and tribes suggested that wolves were kept as pets and possibly for hunting and protection. However, there has been new evidence to suggest that these "first dogs" were not the first domesticated wolves, in fact, some scientists have found that the first dogs may have been in humans' homes as long as 30,000 years ago, when it was initially thought to be something more like 10,000 years ago.
The academic journal "Science" recently published an article that has scientists and dog lovers yipping with curiosity. According to Science, they analyzed the mitochondrial genomes of 18 prehistoric carnivorous families from Eurasia and the Western Hemisphere, along with a comprehensive panel of modern dogs and wolves. The new study found that the molecular structure was a closer match with European hunter-gatherers and the animals with whom they interacted.
The original studies found fossils in Asia dated back 10,000 years. However, new DNA evidence was compared to 49 modern wolves and 77 modern dogs (the cross-breed from Gray Wolves that were originally domesticated have long been extinct.).
The Nine Oldest Dog Breeds
To see how ancient a breed of dog is, a scientist can test a breed's DNA and then compare it to the DNA of a Gray Wolf, which is what we understand to be where domesticated dogs are the closest relative. The breeds with the fewest genetic differences to wolves are the oldest breeds. Take a look at the list, you may be surprised:
All dogs are related to the Gray Wolf.
- Shiba Inu
- Chow Chow
- Akita Inu
- Siberian Husky
- Alaskan Malamute
- Afghan Hound
Regardless of the recent scientific findings, nearly everyone agrees that our modern dogs are the result of domesticating wolves. It's sometimes hard to believe that from breeding, cross breeding and cross breeding again that a toy poodle is related to a wild wolf, but scientists will continue to discover the secrets of our history and our relationship with our pets.
By Sean Bowes |
Originally published by Model D
Ask enthusiasts what they love about Detroit architecture and they’ll likely mention the incredible ceilings, floors, and decorative fixtures that adorn the city’s 1920s- and 30s- era buildings — inside and out. What they might not realize, however, is that one man is responsible for a significant number of those features, particularly the sculptural reliefs you see on building exteriors and in grand skyscraper lobbies.
From the bas-reliefs of the Guardian Building to the Native American sculptural motifs of the greater Penobscot Building, no artist better defines Detroit’s downtown than Corrado Parducci.
Interested in knowing more about Parducci and his work? Stop by The Zenith in the Fisher Building on March 18, where the Parducci Society is hosting Parducci’s 115th Birthday Celebration (www.facebook.com/events/1418708388429537/)
Originally published by The Detroit News
The names of Detroit’s fabled architects — Kahn, Rowland, Yamasaki and the two Saarinens, to cite but a few — are well-known and the source of no little bragging on the part of Detroiters.
But what of the artists responsible for the architectural flourishes that often got you to look at the building in the first place?
One such unknown is sculptor Corrado Parducci, whose embellishments gave punch and texture to structures as far flung as Detroit’s Guardian Building and Rochester’s Meadow Brook Hall.
“Parducci is long overdue to be remembered,” says Detroit artist Gary Eleinko, for years head of the exhibitions committee at the Detroit Artists Market. “His Art Deco stuff graces so many of the major high-rises of the 1920s and ’30s. And his bear fountain at the Detroit Zoo is one of the most popular fountains in the area. |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.