endre01/MNLP_M2_rag_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 35 13.3k	dataset stringclasses 4 values	id stringlengths 17 21	input_ids sequencelengths 1.02k 1.02k	attention_mask sequencelengths 1.02k 1.02k
Question: What type of organism is commonly used in preparation of foods such as cheese and yogurt? Choices: A. mesophilic organisms B. gymnosperms C. protozoa D. viruses Support: Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperature, typically between 25°C and 40°C (77°F and 104°F). Mesophiles are often found living in or on the bodies of humans or other animals. The optimal growth temperature of many pathogenic mesophiles is 37°C (98°F), the normal human body temperature. Mesophilic organisms have important uses in food preparation, including cheese, yogurt, beer and wine. Answer: A. mesophilic organisms	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558034	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 943, 315, 46020, 374, 16626, 1483, 304, 17975, 315, 15298, 1741, 438, 17163, 323, 54475, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 10846, 97535, 292, 43204, 425, 13, 18813, 36391, 87772, 356, 13, 18433, 12738, 64, 422, 13, 40968, 9186, 25, 35584, 5127, 3658, 3063, 1850, 304, 23193, 9315, 11, 11136, 1948, 220, 17, 20, 30937, 323, 220, 19, 15, 30937, 320, 22, 22, 58472, 323, 220, 16, 15, 19, 58472, 568, 35584, 5127, 3658, 525, 3545, 1730, 5382, 304, 476, 389, 279, 12866, 315, 12677, 476, 1008, 9898, 13, 576, 22823, 6513, 9315, 315, 1657, 1815, 28469, 10846, 5127, 3658, 374, 220, 18, 22, 30937, 320, 24, 23, 58472, 701, 279, 4622, 3738, 2487, 9315, 13, 35584, 97535, 292, 43204, 614, 2989, 5711, 304, 3607, 17975, 11, 2670, 17163, 11, 54475, 11, 12883, 323, 13078, 13, 21806, 25, 362, 13, 10846, 97535, 292, 43204, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What phenomenon makes global winds blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the northern hemisphere and northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere? Choices: A. centrifugal effect B. muon effect C. tropical effect D. coriolis effect Support: Without Coriolis Effect the global winds would blow north to south or south to north. But Coriolis makes them blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the Northern Hemisphere. The winds blow northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere. Answer: D. coriolis effect	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558035	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 24844, 3643, 3644, 28492, 12244, 40829, 311, 52985, 476, 279, 9931, 304, 279, 18172, 68666, 323, 52242, 311, 41452, 476, 279, 9931, 304, 279, 18070, 68666, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 73082, 44184, 2456, 425, 13, 11834, 263, 2456, 356, 13, 34048, 2456, 422, 13, 1829, 24903, 285, 2456, 9186, 25, 17147, 4463, 24903, 285, 13449, 279, 3644, 28492, 1035, 12244, 10200, 311, 9806, 476, 9806, 311, 10200, 13, 1988, 4463, 24903, 285, 3643, 1105, 12244, 40829, 311, 52985, 476, 279, 9931, 304, 279, 16926, 95778, 13, 576, 28492, 12244, 52242, 311, 41452, 476, 279, 9931, 304, 279, 18070, 68666, 13, 21806, 25, 422, 13, 1829, 24903, 285, 2456, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: Changes from a less-ordered state to a more-ordered state (such as a liquid to a solid) are always what? Choices: A. endothermic B. reactive C. unbalanced D. exothermic Support: Summary Changes of state are examples of phase changes, or phase transitions. All phase changes are accompanied by changes in the energy of a system. Changes from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state (such as a liquid to a gas) areendothermic. Changes from a less-ordered state to a more-ordered state (such as a liquid to a solid) are always exothermic. The conversion of a solid to a liquid is called fusion (or melting). The energy required to melt 1 mol of a substance is its enthalpy of fusion (ΔHfus). The energy change required to vaporize 1 mol of a substance is the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap). The direct conversion of a solid to a gas is sublimation. The amount of energy needed to sublime 1 mol of a substance is its enthalpy of sublimation (ΔHsub) and is the sum of the enthalpies of fusion and vaporization. Plots of the temperature of a substance versus heat added or versus heating time at a constant rate of heating are calledheating curves. Heating curves relate temperature changes to phase transitions. A superheated liquid, a liquid at a temperature and pressure at which it should be a gas, is not stable. A cooling curve is not exactly the reverse of the heating curve because many liquids do not freeze at the expected temperature. Instead, they form a supercooled liquid, a metastable liquid phase that exists below the normal melting point. Supercooled liquids usually crystallize on standing, or adding a seed crystal of the same or another substance can induce crystallization. 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Question: What is the least dangerous radioactive decay? Choices: A. gamma decay B. beta decay C. alpha decay D. zeta decay Support: All radioactive decay is dangerous to living things, but alpha decay is the least dangerous. Answer: C. alpha decay	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558037	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 374, 279, 3245, 11406, 58762, 30715, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 21619, 30715, 425, 13, 13440, 30715, 356, 13, 8287, 30715, 422, 13, 1147, 1915, 30715, 9186, 25, 2009, 58762, 30715, 374, 11406, 311, 5382, 2513, 11, 714, 8287, 30715, 374, 279, 3245, 11406, 13, 21806, 25, 356, 13, 8287, 30715, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: Kilauea in hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than this? Choices: A. carbon and smog B. magma C. smoke and ash D. greenhouse gases Support: Example 3.5 Calculating Projectile Motion: Hot Rock Projectile Kilauea in Hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. Very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than smoke and ash. Suppose a large rock is ejected from the volcano with a speed of 25.0 m/s and at an angle 35.0º above the horizontal, as shown in Figure 3.40. The rock strikes the side of the volcano at an altitude 20.0 m lower than its starting point. (a) Calculate the time it takes the rock to follow this path. (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the rock’s velocity at impact?. Answer: C. smoke and ash	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558038	[ 14582, 25, 730, 10524, 361, 64, 304, 305, 70954, 374, 279, 1879, 748, 1429, 30878, 4541, 65206, 13, 1602, 4541, 35273, 7072, 3668, 37110, 89474, 2518, 59447, 23035, 323, 57568, 4751, 1091, 419, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 12499, 323, 1525, 538, 425, 13, 63505, 356, 13, 16205, 323, 23828, 422, 13, 36547, 44512, 9186, 25, 13383, 220, 18, 13, 20, 31359, 1095, 83602, 26562, 25, 8007, 9127, 83602, 730, 10524, 361, 64, 304, 27521, 374, 279, 1879, 748, 1429, 30878, 4541, 65206, 13, 15308, 4541, 35273, 7072, 3668, 37110, 89474, 2518, 59447, 23035, 323, 57568, 4751, 1091, 16205, 323, 23828, 13, 82610, 264, 3460, 6946, 374, 94403, 504, 279, 65206, 448, 264, 4628, 315, 220, 17, 20, 13, 15, 296, 2687, 323, 518, 458, 9210, 220, 18, 20, 13, 15, 28200, 3403, 279, 16202, 11, 438, 6839, 304, 19037, 220, 18, 13, 19, 15, 13, 576, 6946, 22368, 279, 3108, 315, 279, 65206, 518, 458, 35858, 220, 17, 15, 13, 15, 296, 4722, 1091, 1181, 5916, 1459, 13, 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Question: When a meteoroid reaches earth, what is the remaining object called? Choices: A. orbit B. meteorite C. meteor D. comet Support: Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids, ranging from the size of boulders to the size of sand grains. When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere, they vaporize, creating a trail of glowing gas called a meteor. If any of the meteoroid reaches Earth, the remaining object is called a meteorite. Answer: B. meteorite	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558039	[ 14582, 25, 3197, 264, 41042, 588, 24491, 9393, 11, 1128, 374, 279, 9664, 1633, 2598, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 26507, 425, 13, 41042, 632, 356, 13, 41042, 422, 13, 69986, 9186, 25, 39632, 16960, 525, 9155, 1091, 84222, 11, 23994, 504, 279, 1379, 315, 293, 616, 388, 311, 279, 1379, 315, 9278, 40836, 13, 3197, 41042, 16960, 3725, 9237, 748, 16566, 11, 807, 37652, 551, 11, 6825, 264, 8849, 315, 48492, 6819, 2598, 264, 41042, 13, 1416, 894, 315, 279, 41042, 588, 24491, 9237, 11, 279, 9664, 1633, 374, 2598, 264, 41042, 632, 13, 21806, 25, 425, 13, 41042, 632, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What kind of a reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen? Choices: A. combustion reaction B. nitrogen reaction C. Fluid Reaction D. invention reaction Support: A combustion reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen (O 2 ). For example, in the Figure below , charcoal is combining with oxygen. Combustion is commonly called burning, and the substance that burns is usually referred to as fuel. The products of a complete combustion reaction include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water vapor (H 2 O). The reaction typically gives off heat and light as well. The general equation for a complete combustion reaction is:. Answer: A. combustion reaction	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558040	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 3093, 315, 264, 12720, 13666, 979, 264, 19699, 68845, 6157, 448, 23552, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 58233, 12720, 425, 13, 46403, 12720, 356, 13, 59596, 66841, 422, 13, 27130, 12720, 9186, 25, 362, 58233, 12720, 13666, 979, 264, 19699, 68845, 6157, 448, 23552, 320, 46, 220, 17, 7457, 1752, 3110, 11, 304, 279, 19037, 3685, 1154, 60103, 374, 34171, 448, 23552, 13, 22454, 590, 290, 374, 16626, 2598, 19675, 11, 323, 279, 19699, 429, 43054, 374, 5990, 13862, 311, 438, 10416, 13, 576, 3871, 315, 264, 4583, 58233, 12720, 2924, 12499, 39489, 320, 8281, 220, 17, 873, 323, 3015, 37652, 320, 39, 220, 17, 506, 568, 576, 12720, 11136, 6696, 1007, 8628, 323, 3100, 438, 1632, 13, 576, 4586, 23606, 369, 264, 4583, 58233, 12720, 374, 16976, 21806, 25, 362, 13, 58233, 12720, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: Organisms categorized by what species descriptor demonstrate a version of allopatric speciation and have limited regions of overlap with one another, but where they overlap they interbreed successfully?. Choices: A. fitting species B. species complex C. ring species D. surface species Support: Ring species Ring species demonstrate a version of allopatric speciation. Imagine populations of the species A. Over the geographic range of A there exist a number of subpopulations. These subpopulations (A1 to A5) and (Aa to Ae) have limited regions of overlap with one another but where they overlap they interbreed successfully. But populations A5 and Ae no longer interbreed successfully – are these populations separate species? In this case, there is no clear-cut answer, but it is likely that in the link between the various populations will be broken and one or more species may form in the future. Consider the black bear Ursus americanus. Originally distributed across all of North America, its distribution is now much more fragmented. Isolated populations are free to adapt to their own particular environments and migration between populations is limited. Clearly the environment in Florida is different from that in Mexico, Alaska, or Newfoundland. Different environments will favor different adaptations. If, over time, these populations were to come back into contact with one another, they might or might not be able to interbreed successfully - reproductive isolation may occur and one species may become many. Answer: C. ring species	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558041	[ 14582, 25, 10762, 13664, 70874, 553, 1128, 9419, 16414, 19869, 264, 2319, 315, 62647, 4676, 2216, 1398, 7101, 323, 614, 7199, 13604, 315, 27248, 448, 825, 2441, 11, 714, 1380, 807, 27248, 807, 946, 20512, 291, 7790, 4607, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 26345, 9419, 425, 13, 9419, 6351, 356, 13, 10058, 9419, 422, 13, 7329, 9419, 9186, 25, 21525, 9419, 21525, 9419, 19869, 264, 2319, 315, 62647, 4676, 2216, 1398, 7101, 13, 37791, 21910, 315, 279, 9419, 362, 13, 6065, 279, 45039, 2088, 315, 362, 1052, 3000, 264, 1372, 315, 1186, 8374, 7455, 13, 4220, 1186, 8374, 7455, 320, 32, 16, 311, 362, 20, 8, 323, 320, 32, 64, 311, 89795, 8, 614, 7199, 13604, 315, 27248, 448, 825, 2441, 714, 1380, 807, 27248, 807, 946, 20512, 291, 7790, 13, 1988, 21910, 362, 20, 323, 89795, 902, 5021, 946, 20512, 291, 7790, 1365, 525, 1493, 21910, 8651, 9419, 30, 4102, 758, 419, 1142, 11, 1052, 374, 902, 2797, 42221, 4226, 11, 714, 432, 374, 4363, 429, 304, 279, 2656, 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Question: Alpha emission is a type of what? Choices: A. radioactivity B. heat C. radiation D. light Support: One type of radioactivity is alpha emission. What is an alpha particle? What happens to an alpha particle after it is emitted from an unstable nucleus?. Answer: A. radioactivity	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558042	[ 14582, 25, 24708, 40253, 374, 264, 943, 315, 1128, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 8887, 7175, 425, 13, 8628, 356, 13, 24403, 422, 13, 3100, 9186, 25, 3776, 943, 315, 8887, 7175, 374, 8287, 40253, 13, 3555, 374, 458, 8287, 18790, 30, 3555, 8573, 311, 458, 8287, 18790, 1283, 432, 374, 46942, 504, 458, 44211, 61507, 4607, 21806, 25, 362, 13, 8887, 7175, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What is the stored food in a seed called? Choices: A. endosperm B. larval C. pollin D. membrane Support: The stored food in a seed is called endosperm . It nourishes the embryo until it can start making food on its own. Answer: A. endosperm	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558043	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 374, 279, 9768, 3607, 304, 264, 10320, 2598, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 835, 436, 19913, 425, 13, 44455, 831, 356, 13, 7085, 258, 422, 13, 38554, 9186, 25, 576, 9768, 3607, 304, 264, 10320, 374, 2598, 835, 436, 19913, 659, 1084, 45698, 20527, 279, 86601, 3080, 432, 646, 1191, 3259, 3607, 389, 1181, 1828, 13, 21806, 25, 362, 13, 835, 436, 19913, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: Zinc is more easily oxidized than iron because zinc has a lower reduction potential. since zinc has a lower reduction potential, it is a more what? Choices: A. active metal B. Trap metal C. usually metal D. much metal Support: One way to keep iron from corroding is to keep it painted. The layer of paint prevents the water and oxygen necessary for rust formation from coming into contact with the iron. As long as the paint remains intact, the iron is protected from corrosion. Other strategies include alloying the iron with other metals. For example, stainless steel is mostly iron with a bit of chromium. The chromium tends to collect near the surface, where it forms an oxide layer that protects the iron. Zinc-plated or galvanized iron uses a different strategy. Zinc is more easily oxidized than iron because zinc has a lower reduction potential. Since zinc has a lower reduction potential, it is a more active metal. Thus, even if the zinc coating is scratched, the zinc will still oxidize before the iron. This suggests that this approach should work with other active metals. Another important way to protect metal is to make it the cathode in a galvanic cell. This is cathodic protection and can be used for metals other than just iron. For example, the rusting of underground iron storage tanks and pipes can be prevented or greatly reduced by connecting them to a more active metal such as zinc or magnesium (Figure 17.18). This is also used to protect the metal parts in water heaters. The more active metals (lower reduction potential) are called sacrificial anodes because as they get used up as they corrode (oxidize) at the anode. The metal being protected serves as the cathode, and so does not oxidize (corrode). When the anodes are properly monitored and periodically replaced, the useful lifetime of the iron storage tank can be greatly extended. 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Question: What is controlled by both genes and experiences in a given envionment? Choices: A. learned behaviors B. animal behaviors C. instincts D. reflexes Support: Most animal behaviors are controlled by both genes and experiences in a given environment. Answer: B. animal behaviors	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558045	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 374, 14071, 553, 2176, 20727, 323, 11449, 304, 264, 2661, 6105, 290, 478, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 9498, 27099, 425, 13, 9864, 27099, 356, 13, 61821, 422, 13, 32666, 288, 9186, 25, 7496, 9864, 27099, 525, 14071, 553, 2176, 20727, 323, 11449, 304, 264, 2661, 4573, 13, 21806, 25, 425, 13, 9864, 27099, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What tells you how much of the food you should eat to get the nutrients listed on the label? Choices: A. longer size B. scoop size C. serving size D. regular size Support: The information listed at the right of the label tells you what to look for. At the top of the label, look for the serving size. The serving size tells you how much of the food you should eat to get the nutrients listed on the label. A cup of food from the label pictured below is a serving. The calories in one serving are listed next. In this food, there are 250 calories per serving. Answer: C. serving size	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558046	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 10742, 498, 1246, 1753, 315, 279, 3607, 498, 1265, 8180, 311, 633, 279, 36393, 10007, 389, 279, 2383, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 5021, 1379, 425, 13, 56407, 1379, 356, 13, 13480, 1379, 422, 13, 5792, 1379, 9186, 25, 576, 1995, 10007, 518, 279, 1290, 315, 279, 2383, 10742, 498, 1128, 311, 1401, 369, 13, 2411, 279, 1909, 315, 279, 2383, 11, 1401, 369, 279, 13480, 1379, 13, 576, 13480, 1379, 10742, 498, 1246, 1753, 315, 279, 3607, 498, 1265, 8180, 311, 633, 279, 36393, 10007, 389, 279, 2383, 13, 362, 10525, 315, 3607, 504, 279, 2383, 41566, 3685, 374, 264, 13480, 13, 576, 24262, 304, 825, 13480, 525, 10007, 1790, 13, 758, 419, 3607, 11, 1052, 525, 220, 17, 20, 15, 24262, 817, 13480, 13, 21806, 25, 356, 13, 13480, 1379, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay? Choices: A. trigonometric symbols B. radioactive symbols C. nuclear symbols D. critical symbols Support: Nuclear symbols are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Let’s consider the example of the beta-minus decay of thorium-234 to protactinium-234. This reaction is represented by the equation:. Answer: C. nuclear symbols	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558047	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 525, 1483, 311, 3270, 11249, 37906, 369, 58762, 30715, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 52933, 263, 23375, 17738, 425, 13, 58762, 17738, 356, 13, 11249, 17738, 422, 13, 9023, 17738, 9186, 25, 37444, 17738, 525, 1483, 311, 3270, 11249, 37906, 369, 58762, 30715, 13, 6771, 748, 2908, 279, 3110, 315, 279, 13440, 71023, 30715, 315, 72733, 2356, 12, 17, 18, 19, 311, 1724, 531, 63890, 12, 17, 18, 19, 13, 1096, 12720, 374, 15251, 553, 279, 23606, 16976, 21806, 25, 356, 13, 11249, 17738, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What is controlled by regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory elements on dna? Choices: A. amino acids B. substance transcription C. gene transcription D. mRNA Support: Gene transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory elements on DNA. The proteins usually either activate or repress transcription. Answer: C. gene transcription	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558048	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 374, 14071, 553, 22515, 27796, 429, 10719, 311, 22515, 5424, 389, 75334, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 41400, 32869, 425, 13, 19699, 45840, 356, 13, 14862, 45840, 422, 13, 77772, 9186, 25, 24022, 45840, 374, 14071, 553, 22515, 27796, 429, 10719, 311, 22515, 5424, 389, 15552, 13, 576, 27796, 5990, 2987, 20276, 476, 312, 1873, 45840, 13, 21806, 25, 356, 13, 14862, 45840, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: Boron only occurs naturally in compounds with what element? Choices: A. carbon B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. helium Support: Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Boron and Silicon Boron constitutes less than 0.001% by weight of the earth’s crust. In nature, it only occurs in compounds with oxygen. Boron is widely distributed in volcanic regions as boric acid, B(OH)3, and in dry lake regions, including the desert areas of California, as borates and salts of boron oxyacids, such as borax, Na2B4O7⋅10H2O. Elemental boron is chemically inert at room temperature, reacting with only fluorine and oxygen to form boron trifluoride, BF3, and boric oxide, B2O3, respectively. At higher temperatures, boron reacts with all nonmetals, except tellurium and the noble gases, and with nearly all metals; it oxidizes to B2O3 when heated with concentrated nitric or sulfuric acid. Boron does not react with nonoxidizing acids. Many boron compounds react readily with water to give boric acid, B(OH)3 (sometimes written as H3BO3). Reduction of boric oxide with magnesium powder forms boron (95–98.5% pure) as a brown, amorphous powder: B 2 O 3(s) + 3Mg(s) ⟶ 2B(s) + 3MgO(s) An amorphous substance is a material that appears to be a solid, but does not have a long-range order like a true solid. Treatment with hydrochloric acid removes the magnesium oxide. Further purification of the boron begins with conversion of the impure boron into boron trichloride. The next step is to heat a mixture of boron trichloride and hydrogen: 1500 °C. 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Question: What organ systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body? Choices: A. vascular B. circulatory C. nervous D. pulmonary Support: 42.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body. Answer: B. circulatory	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558050	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 2872, 5942, 2656, 9289, 26431, 448, 7761, 6814, 279, 2487, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 63503, 425, 13, 4225, 37120, 356, 13, 22596, 422, 13, 69424, 9186, 25, 220, 19, 17, 13, 16, 16338, 37120, 5942, 2656, 9289, 26431, 448, 7761, 6814, 279, 2487, 13, 21806, 25, 425, 13, 4225, 37120, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What occurs when the immune system attacks a harmless substance that enters the body from the outside? Choices: A. allergy B. nausea C. panic attack D. plague Support: An allergy occurs when the immune system attacks a harmless substance that enters the body from the outside. A substance that causes an allergy is called an allergen. It is the immune system, not the allergen, that causes the symptoms of an allergy. Answer: A. allergy	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558051	[ 14582, 25, 3555, 13666, 979, 279, 22077, 1849, 8776, 264, 52897, 19699, 429, 28833, 279, 2487, 504, 279, 4889, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 59654, 425, 13, 60780, 356, 13, 21975, 3359, 422, 13, 54437, 9186, 25, 1527, 59654, 13666, 979, 279, 22077, 1849, 8776, 264, 52897, 19699, 429, 28833, 279, 2487, 504, 279, 4889, 13, 362, 19699, 429, 11137, 458, 59654, 374, 2598, 458, 24401, 268, 13, 1084, 374, 279, 22077, 1849, 11, 537, 279, 24401, 268, 11, 429, 11137, 279, 13495, 315, 458, 59654, 13, 21806, 25, 362, 13, 59654, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg, resulting in the formation of what? Choices: A. a bacteriophage B. a nuclei C. a zygote D. a cytoplasm Support: Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg, resulting in the formation of a zygote. Answer: C. a zygote	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558052	[ 14582, 25, 434, 85695, 2022, 374, 279, 11300, 315, 264, 39599, 323, 18636, 11, 12942, 304, 279, 18003, 315, 1128, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 264, 17398, 72, 97954, 425, 13, 264, 96092, 356, 13, 264, 1147, 48765, 1272, 422, 13, 264, 9503, 98605, 10530, 9186, 25, 434, 85695, 2022, 374, 279, 11300, 315, 264, 39599, 323, 18636, 11, 12942, 304, 279, 18003, 315, 264, 1147, 48765, 1272, 13, 21806, 25, 356, 13, 264, 1147, 48765, 1272, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: The plants alternation between haploid and diploud generations allow it to do what? Choices: A. reproduce sexually and autonomously B. reproduce asexually and biologically C. reproduce asexually and simultaneously D. reproduce asexually and sexually Support: All plants have a characteristic life cycle that includes alternation of generations . Plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations. Alternation of generations allows for both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction with spores produces haploid individuals called gametophytes . Sexual reproduction with gametes and fertilization produces diploid individuals called sporophytes . A typical plant’s life cycle is diagrammed in Figure below . Answer: D. reproduce asexually and sexually	allenai/sciq	a2e2_sft_train_558053	[ 14582, 25, 576, 10779, 6919, 367, 1948, 45800, 51096, 323, 16918, 2950, 21787, 2138, 432, 311, 653, 1128, 30, 78191, 25, 362, 13, 22800, 26583, 323, 94003, 7017, 425, 13, 22800, 264, 11553, 1832, 323, 6032, 29350, 356, 13, 22800, 264, 11553, 1832, 323, 24303, 422, 13, 22800, 264, 11553, 1832, 323, 26583, 9186, 25, 2009, 10779, 614, 264, 28583, 2272, 10775, 429, 5646, 6919, 367, 315, 21787, 659, 49198, 24609, 1948, 45800, 51096, 323, 23604, 51096, 21787, 13, 19489, 367, 315, 21787, 6147, 369, 2176, 264, 43587, 323, 7244, 38556, 13, 362, 43587, 38556, 448, 978, 4589, 18644, 45800, 51096, 7775, 2598, 9015, 295, 5127, 88, 2338, 659, 38667, 38556, 448, 9015, 95181, 323, 35114, 2022, 18644, 23604, 51096, 7775, 2598, 60916, 5127, 88, 2338, 659, 362, 14260, 6008, 748, 2272, 10775, 374, 13549, 2061, 304, 19037, 3685, 659, 21806, 25, 422, 13, 22800, 264, 11553, 1832, 323, 26583, 151643, 151643, 151643, 151643, 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Question: What type of organism is commonly used in preparation of foods such as cheese and yogurt? Choices: A. mesophilic organisms B. gymnosperms C. protozoa D. viruses Support: Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperature, typically between 25°C and 40°C (77°F and 104°F). Mesophiles are often found living in or on the bodies of humans or other animals. The optimal growth temperature of many pathogenic mesophiles is 37°C (98°F), the normal human body temperature. Mesophilic organisms have important uses in food preparation, including cheese, yogurt, beer and wine. Answer: A. mesophilic organisms

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558034

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Question: What phenomenon makes global winds blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the northern hemisphere and northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere? Choices: A. centrifugal effect B. muon effect C. tropical effect D. coriolis effect Support: Without Coriolis Effect the global winds would blow north to south or south to north. But Coriolis makes them blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the Northern Hemisphere. The winds blow northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere. Answer: D. coriolis effect

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558035

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Question: Changes from a less-ordered state to a more-ordered state (such as a liquid to a solid) are always what? Choices: A. endothermic B. reactive C. unbalanced D. exothermic Support: Summary Changes of state are examples of phase changes, or phase transitions. All phase changes are accompanied by changes in the energy of a system. Changes from a more-ordered state to a less-ordered state (such as a liquid to a gas) areendothermic. Changes from a less-ordered state to a more-ordered state (such as a liquid to a solid) are always exothermic. The conversion of a solid to a liquid is called fusion (or melting). The energy required to melt 1 mol of a substance is its enthalpy of fusion (ΔHfus). The energy change required to vaporize 1 mol of a substance is the enthalpy of vaporization (ΔHvap). The direct conversion of a solid to a gas is sublimation. The amount of energy needed to sublime 1 mol of a substance is its enthalpy of sublimation (ΔHsub) and is the sum of the enthalpies of fusion and vaporization. Plots of the temperature of a substance versus heat added or versus heating time at a constant rate of heating are calledheating curves. Heating curves relate temperature changes to phase transitions. A superheated liquid, a liquid at a temperature and pressure at which it should be a gas, is not stable. A cooling curve is not exactly the reverse of the heating curve because many liquids do not freeze at the expected temperature. Instead, they form a supercooled liquid, a metastable liquid phase that exists below the normal melting point. Supercooled liquids usually crystallize on standing, or adding a seed crystal of the same or another substance can induce crystallization. Answer: D. exothermic

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558036

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Question: What is the least dangerous radioactive decay? Choices: A. gamma decay B. beta decay C. alpha decay D. zeta decay Support: All radioactive decay is dangerous to living things, but alpha decay is the least dangerous. Answer: C. alpha decay

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558037

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Question: Kilauea in hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than this? Choices: A. carbon and smog B. magma C. smoke and ash D. greenhouse gases Support: Example 3.5 Calculating Projectile Motion: Hot Rock Projectile Kilauea in Hawaii is the world’s most continuously active volcano. Very active volcanoes characteristically eject red-hot rocks and lava rather than smoke and ash. Suppose a large rock is ejected from the volcano with a speed of 25.0 m/s and at an angle 35.0º above the horizontal, as shown in Figure 3.40. The rock strikes the side of the volcano at an altitude 20.0 m lower than its starting point. (a) Calculate the time it takes the rock to follow this path. (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the rock’s velocity at impact?. Answer: C. smoke and ash

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558038

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Question: When a meteoroid reaches earth, what is the remaining object called? Choices: A. orbit B. meteorite C. meteor D. comet Support: Meteoroids are smaller than asteroids, ranging from the size of boulders to the size of sand grains. When meteoroids enter Earth’s atmosphere, they vaporize, creating a trail of glowing gas called a meteor. If any of the meteoroid reaches Earth, the remaining object is called a meteorite. Answer: B. meteorite

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558039

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Question: What kind of a reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen? Choices: A. combustion reaction B. nitrogen reaction C. Fluid Reaction D. invention reaction Support: A combustion reaction occurs when a substance reacts quickly with oxygen (O 2 ). For example, in the Figure below , charcoal is combining with oxygen. Combustion is commonly called burning, and the substance that burns is usually referred to as fuel. The products of a complete combustion reaction include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water vapor (H 2 O). The reaction typically gives off heat and light as well. The general equation for a complete combustion reaction is:. Answer: A. combustion reaction

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558040

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Question: Organisms categorized by what species descriptor demonstrate a version of allopatric speciation and have limited regions of overlap with one another, but where they overlap they interbreed successfully?. Choices: A. fitting species B. species complex C. ring species D. surface species Support: Ring species Ring species demonstrate a version of allopatric speciation. Imagine populations of the species A. Over the geographic range of A there exist a number of subpopulations. These subpopulations (A1 to A5) and (Aa to Ae) have limited regions of overlap with one another but where they overlap they interbreed successfully. But populations A5 and Ae no longer interbreed successfully – are these populations separate species? In this case, there is no clear-cut answer, but it is likely that in the link between the various populations will be broken and one or more species may form in the future. Consider the black bear Ursus americanus. Originally distributed across all of North America, its distribution is now much more fragmented. Isolated populations are free to adapt to their own particular environments and migration between populations is limited. Clearly the environment in Florida is different from that in Mexico, Alaska, or Newfoundland. Different environments will favor different adaptations. If, over time, these populations were to come back into contact with one another, they might or might not be able to interbreed successfully - reproductive isolation may occur and one species may become many. Answer: C. ring species

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558041

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Question: Alpha emission is a type of what? Choices: A. radioactivity B. heat C. radiation D. light Support: One type of radioactivity is alpha emission. What is an alpha particle? What happens to an alpha particle after it is emitted from an unstable nucleus?. Answer: A. radioactivity

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558042

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Question: What is the stored food in a seed called? Choices: A. endosperm B. larval C. pollin D. membrane Support: The stored food in a seed is called endosperm . It nourishes the embryo until it can start making food on its own. Answer: A. endosperm

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558043

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Question: Zinc is more easily oxidized than iron because zinc has a lower reduction potential. since zinc has a lower reduction potential, it is a more what? Choices: A. active metal B. Trap metal C. usually metal D. much metal Support: One way to keep iron from corroding is to keep it painted. The layer of paint prevents the water and oxygen necessary for rust formation from coming into contact with the iron. As long as the paint remains intact, the iron is protected from corrosion. Other strategies include alloying the iron with other metals. For example, stainless steel is mostly iron with a bit of chromium. The chromium tends to collect near the surface, where it forms an oxide layer that protects the iron. Zinc-plated or galvanized iron uses a different strategy. Zinc is more easily oxidized than iron because zinc has a lower reduction potential. Since zinc has a lower reduction potential, it is a more active metal. Thus, even if the zinc coating is scratched, the zinc will still oxidize before the iron. This suggests that this approach should work with other active metals. Another important way to protect metal is to make it the cathode in a galvanic cell. This is cathodic protection and can be used for metals other than just iron. For example, the rusting of underground iron storage tanks and pipes can be prevented or greatly reduced by connecting them to a more active metal such as zinc or magnesium (Figure 17.18). This is also used to protect the metal parts in water heaters. The more active metals (lower reduction potential) are called sacrificial anodes because as they get used up as they corrode (oxidize) at the anode. The metal being protected serves as the cathode, and so does not oxidize (corrode). When the anodes are properly monitored and periodically replaced, the useful lifetime of the iron storage tank can be greatly extended. Answer: A. active metal

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558044

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Question: What is controlled by both genes and experiences in a given envionment? Choices: A. learned behaviors B. animal behaviors C. instincts D. reflexes Support: Most animal behaviors are controlled by both genes and experiences in a given environment. Answer: B. animal behaviors

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558045

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Question: What tells you how much of the food you should eat to get the nutrients listed on the label? Choices: A. longer size B. scoop size C. serving size D. regular size Support: The information listed at the right of the label tells you what to look for. At the top of the label, look for the serving size. The serving size tells you how much of the food you should eat to get the nutrients listed on the label. A cup of food from the label pictured below is a serving. The calories in one serving are listed next. In this food, there are 250 calories per serving. Answer: C. serving size

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558046

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Question: What are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay? Choices: A. trigonometric symbols B. radioactive symbols C. nuclear symbols D. critical symbols Support: Nuclear symbols are used to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Let’s consider the example of the beta-minus decay of thorium-234 to protactinium-234. This reaction is represented by the equation:. Answer: C. nuclear symbols

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558047

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Question: What is controlled by regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory elements on dna? Choices: A. amino acids B. substance transcription C. gene transcription D. mRNA Support: Gene transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins that bind to regulatory elements on DNA. The proteins usually either activate or repress transcription. Answer: C. gene transcription

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558048

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Question: Boron only occurs naturally in compounds with what element? Choices: A. carbon B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. helium Support: Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Boron and Silicon Boron constitutes less than 0.001% by weight of the earth’s crust. In nature, it only occurs in compounds with oxygen. Boron is widely distributed in volcanic regions as boric acid, B(OH)3, and in dry lake regions, including the desert areas of California, as borates and salts of boron oxyacids, such as borax, Na2B4O7⋅10H2O. Elemental boron is chemically inert at room temperature, reacting with only fluorine and oxygen to form boron trifluoride, BF3, and boric oxide, B2O3, respectively. At higher temperatures, boron reacts with all nonmetals, except tellurium and the noble gases, and with nearly all metals; it oxidizes to B2O3 when heated with concentrated nitric or sulfuric acid. Boron does not react with nonoxidizing acids. Many boron compounds react readily with water to give boric acid, B(OH)3 (sometimes written as H3BO3). Reduction of boric oxide with magnesium powder forms boron (95–98.5% pure) as a brown, amorphous powder: B 2 O 3(s) + 3Mg(s) ⟶ 2B(s) + 3MgO(s) An amorphous substance is a material that appears to be a solid, but does not have a long-range order like a true solid. Treatment with hydrochloric acid removes the magnesium oxide. Further purification of the boron begins with conversion of the impure boron into boron trichloride. The next step is to heat a mixture of boron trichloride and hydrogen: 1500 °C. Answer: B. oxygen

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558049

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Question: What organ systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body? Choices: A. vascular B. circulatory C. nervous D. pulmonary Support: 42.1 Circulatory systems link exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body. Answer: B. circulatory

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558050

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Question: What occurs when the immune system attacks a harmless substance that enters the body from the outside? Choices: A. allergy B. nausea C. panic attack D. plague Support: An allergy occurs when the immune system attacks a harmless substance that enters the body from the outside. A substance that causes an allergy is called an allergen. It is the immune system, not the allergen, that causes the symptoms of an allergy. Answer: A. allergy

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558051

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Question: Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg, resulting in the formation of what? Choices: A. a bacteriophage B. a nuclei C. a zygote D. a cytoplasm Support: Fertilization is the union of a sperm and egg, resulting in the formation of a zygote. Answer: C. a zygote

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558052

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151643 ]

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Question: The plants alternation between haploid and diploud generations allow it to do what? Choices: A. reproduce sexually and autonomously B. reproduce asexually and biologically C. reproduce asexually and simultaneously D. reproduce asexually and sexually Support: All plants have a characteristic life cycle that includes alternation of generations . Plants alternate between haploid and diploid generations. Alternation of generations allows for both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction with spores produces haploid individuals called gametophytes . Sexual reproduction with gametes and fertilization produces diploid individuals called sporophytes . A typical plant’s life cycle is diagrammed in Figure below . Answer: D. reproduce asexually and sexually

allenai/sciq

a2e2_sft_train_558053

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