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For our May meeting, we're going to learn all about lichens. And how is this related to mycology, you ask? Well - to vastly oversimplify things - a lichen is really just a fungus that evolved an appetite for algae and/or cyanobacteria along the way, then learned how to farm it. So if you'd like to know more about these fascinating fungi (mostly fungi), please come join us on Tuesday evening to get ... the rest of the story.
In addition to being algae farmers, lichens can be also pretty cute to look at. In our area, and to my eye, the top three on ascetics alone include: 1) Cladonia Cristatella otherwise known as British Soldiers because of the scarlet red apothecia which makes them look a little like British infantry from a bygone era; 2) Graphis Scripta, which looks as if someone were practicing calligraphy on the side of a tree, and; 3) Cladonia Pyxidata, which kinda looks like it could've been used as a goblet by those mythological and diminutive woodland creatures, pixies. As an aside, I think we had a lot more imagination, and time to notice the little things, before we invented the internet.
Matt Nelsen, a postdoctoral researcher at the Field Museum, will be our lecturer. Matt studies how fungi have shaped, and have been shaped by, the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems.
- If you'd like to participate in a carpool, as either a driver or passenger, please go to the carpool application to try to find other participating MAW members.
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<urn:uuid:aa46d48b-0691-4fa2-a5dc-b407a6aa4320>
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CC-MAIN-2018-39
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http://mawdc.org/event-2849744
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en
| 0.961468 | 340 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Before we discuss repairing a built up roof, let’s clarify what does built up roof mean? A built up roof consists of layers called asphalt or tar that are alternated with reinforced fabrics for support. It is installed directly on the roof in as many layers as the building owner chooses or is recommended by the roofing contractor. Once all the layers are installed, a layer of gravel or stone is installed on top.
A built-up roof is one of the oldest roofing processes still used today. A built up roof is water repellant and leak resistant. It is a durable roof material with a long life span on a commercial structure when maintained and kept up. The basic steps to install a built up roof are:
A built-up roof typically includes several materials that account for the weight. There is the built-up membrane, insulation, and then the final layer of gravel if the owner chooses. The thickness of the layers can vary the weight and the thickness of the insulation can affect the weight as well.
For an existing roof’s weight estimate, it is recommended to do a field verification because of these factors that can alter the weight of built up roof. In addition, when estimating a built up roof weight, the weight of all materials used to build the roof supporting structure should be included. This is the roof rafters and trusses in addition to the built up roof system.
Flat roofing is common for commercial and industrial structure. This is where the HVAC system is installed along with electrical and plumbing. There are several option for roofing materials on a flat roof, with built up roofing and modified bitumen being the most popular. Where they are alike is the reinforcement, surfacing, and weatherproofing layers. Where they differ is explained as follows:
Built-up roof system, or BUR system have been used over a century in America. The name is derived from the way it is installed: Layer after layer after layer, typically 4 layers, of asphalt and reinforced fabric or tar and reinforced fabric, then a layer of gravel is the final layer.
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<urn:uuid:d1c5ec8a-e827-4538-9e45-6ff50280aa03>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://paramountcommercialroofing.com/how-do-you-repair-a-built-up-roof/
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en
| 0.958162 | 429 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Going solar isn’t going to save the world — yet — but it can save you money right now.
More and more Australians are installing PV solar panels to cut down on the rising costs of electricity. Solar technology is becoming more affordable and electricity is getting more expensive. The government has also made it more affordable to install solar panels by the introduction of their small-scale technology emissions trading scheme. Here are some standout reasons why it can make sense to go solar in your home.
Who do homeowners go solar?
Solar makes the most sense for medium to long term homeowners looking to offset their energy expenditure and reduce their carbon footprint. At present, PV solar power becomes cost effective after a period of years. Investors should also consider how a solar PV system can raise the resale price of the property. Solar electricity also has the potential to boost rental yields.
The main benefits of solar power:
- Reduce your electricity bill.
- Reduce your carbon footprint.
- Make money by selling power to the grid.
- Small-scale technology certificates can significantly reduce the cost of installing rooftop PV solar modules.
- Make money by selling small-scale technology certificates on the small-scale renewable scheme market.
- A rooftop PV system and solar batteries can make your dwelling energy independent.
Average daily electricity production for household solar PV systems in Australian capital cities
Average daily household electricity consumption by capital city
|City||Postcode||Household Residents||Pool||Gas Main||Average Daily Use|
- Figures are based on average yearly PV solar energy generation estimates by the Clean Energy Council, the peak body for the clean energy industry in Australia.
- Household electricity usage estimate provided by https://www.energymadeeasy.gov.au/benchmark
Save money on your electricity bill
It’s hard to say how much money solar electricity can save you. Industry research indicates you can reduce your electricity bill by up to half and can pay for itself in as little as 10 years.
According to the Clean Energy Council, the average Australian household consumes about 18kWh of electricity every day. A 1-2 kW solar PV system could potentially reduce your overall energy bill by approximately a third. And that’s a safe estimate. A solar heating system can increase the savings even further.
Household electricity bill savings depend on
- Your household electricity consumption.
- How much electricity you use in the day and in the night.
- The size of your solar electricity system.
- The location of your home.
- Your feed-in tariff.
Make money by selling power to the grid.
Any excess power you don’t use can be sold back to the grid. Solar revenue depends on your feed-in tariff arrangement with the electricity supplier.
Most feed-in tariffs are ‘net’ arrangements. You’re paid for each unit (kWh) of electricity you can provide the grid. You can usually sell a unit of energy for a little more than purchase price; however, feed-in tariff arrangements vary greatly between states and territories and electricity suppliers.
Talk with your solar retailer to find the ‘sweet spot’ between power consumption and export to get the most savings on your electricity bill.Back to top
Earn small-scale technology certificates and reduce your carbon footprint
Luis and Rose have just purchased their first home and want to install a PV solar electricity system. Although they like the idea of saving money on their electricity bill and helping the environment, they can’t afford the upfront costs of the system, which Luis heard could be as much as $10,000.
When Luis and Rose found out about the federal government’s renewable power incentives they decided to go solar.
Small-scale technology certificates
Small-scale technology certificates (STCs) are a government rebate that makes installing a PV solar system more affordable.
By installing a solar electricity system in their home Luis and Rose can earn STCs from the government, which are a type of digital currency. STCs can be sold on the STC market or given to a third party like their solar retail company for a discount on solar system and installation costs. The government lets people like Luis and Rose claim their STCs in advance by calculating expected power generation over the next 5, 10 or 15 years.
Small-scale technology certificates solar discount
|Solar system size:||2.0kWh PV Solar System.|
|Location:||Sydney (Zone 3)|
|STC unit price:||$40|
|Discounted system cost:||$3,360|
Another option for the couple is to go for solar energy finance. Most solar retailers can arrange finance so a solar system can be installed without upfront capital. If you want to enter into an agreement with a broker to finance the cost of your solar power system be sure to shop around and read the terms and conditions.
Solar is cheaper than ever and electricity is as expensive as ever, save money and save the environment by going solar.
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<urn:uuid:c1fec6ad-a507-49cf-bbdd-d4ada59a12b4>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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https://www.finder.com.au/why-go-solar
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en
| 0.913926 | 1,034 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Grounded is a two-day film festival in Berlin that brings together some of the most vivid, compelling films about soil from around the world. The works of ten filmmakers highlight the diversity of personal, cultural, historical, scientific and environmental meanings of the soil.
The program of narrative, experimental and documentary films evokes our awareness of soil in the environment and in society, from soil as medium for food production to soil as habitat for diverse life systems.
Grounded is a public highlight of the first Global Soil Week, an event and forum of exchange and dialogue for actors from science, government, business and civil society, taking place from November 18th to 22nd in Berlin. It aims to translate experience and expertise into a plan of action for sustainably managing and governing soil as a global resource.
All films will be shown in English
Entrance is free to the public.
SUNDAY, November 18th
12:00 to 16:00
Underground Universe: Soil as Dynamic Ecosystem
Sunday’s film program presents soil as a diverse living resource teeming with millions of tiny creatures that support the diverse habitats of the earth as well as the food we grow for our existence.
The films reveal to us how the precious ecosystem beneath our feet is threatened by over-development, climate change, and poor land management.
WEDNESDAY, November 21nd
12:00 to 18:00
Agriculture Matters I: From Plow to Grain
Desertification: From Fertility to Futility
Agriculture Matters II: From Forest to Field
Wednesday’s film program takes a detailed look at agricultural politics, practice and management problems around the world. Agriculture Matters I looks at U.S. American agricultural history, from the dust storms of the 1930s that led to soil protection legislation and erosion protection policy to the rise of subsidized corn and industrial agriculture to new movements and new faces of organic farming.
The second block, Desertification, highlights three case studies in central Asia, Africa, and the American West to address the threats of climate change, water shortages, land management, and over development due to population growth. Agriculture Matters II investigates alternatives to slash and burn agriculture, concluding with a short discussion to bring the festival to a close.
Visit our Facebook page!
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<urn:uuid:94902270-418c-4ac8-b3c5-002aeab7f290>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://globalsoilweek.org/gsw-2012/side-program-2012/film-festival/
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en
| 0.919754 | 472 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The gradual accumulation of cell damage plays a very important role in the origin of ageing. There are many sources of cellular damage, however, which ones are really responsible for ageing and which ones are inconsequential for ageing is a question that still lacks an answer.
The Oxidative Hypothesis of Ageing -- also known as the Free Radicals Hypothesis -- was put forward in 1956 by Denham Harman. Since then, the large majority of attempts to prove that oxidative damage is relevant for ageing have failed, including multiple clinical trials in humans with antioxidant compounds. For this reason, although the accumulation of oxidative damage with ageing is undisputed, most scientists believe that it is a minor, almost irrelevant, cause of ageing.
However, this may change in light of the recently published observations. A group of scientists from the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) headed by Manuel Serrano, in collaboration with a group from the University of Valencia, directed by José Viña, and researchers at IMDEA Food from Madrid, have tried to increase the global antioxidant capacity of the cells, rather than just one or a few antioxidant enzymes. To achieve this global improvement in the total antioxidant capacity, researches have focused on increasing the levels of NADPH, a relatively simple molecule that is of key importance in antioxidant reactions and that, however, had not been studied to date in relation to ageing.
The researchers used a genetic approach to increase NADPH levels. In particular, they generated transgenic mice with an increased expression throughout their bodies of one of the most important enzymes for the production of NADPH, namely, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (or G6PD).
The results, published today in the journal Nature Communications, indicate that an increase in G6PD and, therefore, in NADPH, increases the natural antioxidant defences of the organism, protecting it from oxidative damage, reducing ageing-related processes, such as insulin resistance, and increasing longevity.
ANTIOXIDANTS THAT DELAY AGEING
"As anticipated, the cells in these transgenic animals are more resistant to highly toxic artificial oxidative treatments, thus proving that an increase in G6PD really improves antioxidant defences," explains Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira, first author of the study and currently a researcher at the Institute of Molecular Medicine of the University of Lisbon.
Furthermore, when researchers analysed long-lived transgenic animals, they noted that their levels of oxidative damage were lower than in non-transgenic animals of the same age. They also studied the propensity of these animals to develop cancer and found no difference, suggesting that enhancing G6PD activity does not have an important effect on the development of cancer.
The greatest surprise for the team was when they measured the ageing process in the transgenic mice: the animals with a high G6PD expression and, therefore, high levels of NADPH, delayed their ageing, metabolised sugar better and presented better movement coordination as they aged. In addition, transgenic females lived 14% longer than non-transgenic mice, while no significant effect on the longevity of males was observed.
"This increased longevity, although modest, is striking taking into account that until now attempts to increase longevity by manipulating individual antioxidant enzymes had failed," said Pablo Fernández-Marcos, co-first author of the study and researcher at IMDEA Food.
OVERALL INCREASE IN THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF CELLS
Perhaps the key is that the researchers involved in this paper enhanced all antioxidant enzymes in a comprehensive manner. "Compared to the traditional approach of administering antioxidants that react directly with oxygen, we have stimulated all the cell's natural antioxidant mechanisms by raising G6PD levels, and its by-product, NADPH," emphasizes Mari Carmen Gómez-Cabrera, co-author of the paper and researcher at the University of Valencia.
Based on these results, the authors of the study point to the use of pharmacological agents or nutritional supplements that increase NADPH levels as potential tools for delaying the ageing process in humans and age-related diseases, such as diabetes, among others. More specifically, vitamin B3 and its derivatives are responsible for the synthesis of NADPH precursors and are suitable candidates for future studies.
The study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition, the Community of Madrid, the European Research Council, the Botín Foundation and Banco Santander through Santander Universities, the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC), the Ramón Areces Foundation, the AXA Foundation, the Spanish Ageing and Fragility Network RETICEF, and the European Regional Development Fund.
G6PD protects from oxidative damage and improves healthspan in mice. Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira, Pablo J. Fernandez-Marcos, Thomas Brioche, Mari Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, Andrea Salvador-Pascual, Juana M. Flores, Jose Viña, Manuel Serrano. Nature Communications (2016). doi: 10.1038/ncomms10894
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<urn:uuid:4d9e2704-c55e-48e3-a8bb-27fcca1ab64d>
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CC-MAIN-2018-09
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https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-03/cndi-agi031416.php
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812938.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220110011-20180220130011-00224.warc.gz
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en
| 0.944993 | 1,045 | 3.078125 | 3 |
take up the cudgels (for/on behalf of someone or something)(redirected from take up the cudgels on behalf of)
take up the cudgels (for/on behalf of someone or something)
To defend, show strong support for, or argue on behalf of someone or something. People from across the country are taking up cudgels on behalf of the young man being held by police. He's got plenty of money to hire a proper legal team. I don't think he needs the likes of us taking up the cudgels.
take up the cudgelsor
take up the cudgel
If you take up the cudgels for someone or take up the cudgel for them, you speak or fight in support of them. The trade unions took up the cudgels for the 367 staff who were made redundant. We are hoping that the government will take up the cudgel on our behalf. Note: A cudgel was a short, thick stick that was used as a weapon in the past.
take up the cudgelsstart to support someone or something strongly.
take up the ˈcudgels for somebody/something,
take up the cudgels on behalf of somebody/something(old-fashioned, written) start to defend or support somebody/something: The local newspapers have taken up the cudgels on behalf of the woman who was unfairly dismissed from her job because she was pregnant.
A cudgel is a short thick stick that is used as a weapon.
take up the cudgels
To join in a dispute, especially in defense of a participant.
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<urn:uuid:e242c498-fc4b-4f6e-bc82-cd7dcd2c1bff>
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CC-MAIN-2018-34
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https://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/take+up+the+cudgels+on+behalf+of
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221211403.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817010303-20180817030303-00042.warc.gz
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en
| 0.957543 | 355 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A diagnosis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can be a devastating one; and the fact that subsequent stage of AIDS can leave a person prone to all kinds of infections and cancers can make this a life altering diagnosis.
However it is important to remember that not only is living with HIV possible, it is possible also to live a full and fruitful life even after this devastating diagnosis.
HIV and AIDS
Living with the HIV need not be so very different from your life up to that point, since HIV is not the same thing as AIDS and this difference is important to understand.
According to the WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease, the first stage of HIV is not considered AIDS and is asymptomatic.
Even stage two of the HIV infection will manifest only in certain recurrent conditions such as repeated upper respiratory tract infections.
Stage three may include serious conditions such as pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic diarrhea and severe bacterial infections.
It is only stage 4 that is classified as AIDS, which can have life threatening conditions such as toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the lungs, trachea etc, and Kaposi’s Sacroma.
Living with HIV; and living a healthy and full life even after this diagnosis, should become the aim of each person with this condition. There are changes/alterations that a person with HIV can make to their life to help them achieve that goal.
Live a healthy life
Make healthy lifestyle choices not only in terms of improving physical health but also in terms of sexual health. It is important to break the chain of infection by choosing safe sex and condoms every single time.
This is important even if both partners are HIV positive because there are different strains of HIV and these can pass between two infected people and make treatment ineffective for either or both.
Condom use also prevents other sexually transmitted diseases which a person with compromised immunity is already at higher risk of contracting.
Become informed and consult a specialist
One of the most important aspects of living with HIV is to become well informed on the subject of HIV, AIDS, and the way that opportunistic infections work and so on. Also it is important to consult with a doctor who is an HIV specialist so that he can offer valuable guidance and monitor your condition.
Keep in regular touch with the specialist to help safeguard health most effectively by taking necessary steps towards illness prevention.
Seek Inspiration from other HIV positive individuals
Support groups, online and elsewhere of other people living with HIV and AIDs can prove to be highly inspirational and educative. When you read success stories of people who have successfully lived normal lives with HIV for years, this can be reassuring and encouraging.
Such support groups and communities can also help a person overcome and deal with the kind of stigma that HIV and AIDS inevitably have associated with them. Getting emotional support and coming to terms with the condition can be a large part of learning to live with HIV.
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<urn:uuid:c7e625f3-4c7f-4f81-8943-9cf426e634bd>
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CC-MAIN-2023-06
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https://www.womenhealthzone.com/sexually-transmitted-diseases/hiv-aids/living-with-hiv/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494976.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127101040-20230127131040-00776.warc.gz
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en
| 0.962526 | 603 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Paul Buchheit writes at Common Dreams:
Many wealthy Americans believe that dysfunctional behavior causes poverty. Their own success, they would insist, derives from good character and a strict work ethic. But they would be missing some of the facts. Ample evidence exists to show a correlation between wealth and unethical behavior, and between wealth and a lack of empathy for others, and between wealth and unproductiveness.
The poor, along with a middle class that is sinking toward them, make up the American meritocracy. Here is some of the evidence.
1. The Poor Don’t Cheat As Much
An analysis of seven different psychological studies found that “upper-class individuals behave more unethically than lower-class individuals.” A series of experiments showed that upper-class individuals were more likely to break traffic laws, take valued goods from others, lie in a negotiation, and cheat to increase their chances of winning a prize.
And this doesn’t even begin to examine the many, many significant cases of fraudulent behavior in the banking industry. Or private equity firms that cheat their investors over 50 percent of the time. Or the many unscrupulous corporate tax avoidance strategies.
2. The Poor Care More About Other People
Numerous reputable sources have concluded that lower class individuals tend to be more generous and trusting and helpful, compared to the upper class. As people gain in wealth, they depend less on others, and thus they have less reason to understand the feelings and needs of the less fortunate. The poor are better at interpersonal relationships because they need other people.
In addition, careful studies have determined that money pushes people further to the right, making them less egalitarian, and less willing, as a practical consequence, to provide broad educational opportunities to all members of society.
Read more here.
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<urn:uuid:ce312f56-1ddb-4aad-8b93-f869e30cd8ab>
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CC-MAIN-2018-17
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http://disinfo.com/2014/05/meritocracy-made-poor-people/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125948047.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20180426012045-20180426032045-00209.warc.gz
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en
| 0.956729 | 367 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Originally published at Digital Architecture: http://www.davidmaudlin.com/ARCHICAD/DigitalArchitecture/Extra/Tips/MeshContours/MeshContours.html
The following article will help you to extract contours from a Mesh and apply to the 2D view.
With the Mesh selected, right-click and select Show Selection/Marquee in 3D (so only the mesh appears in the 3D Window).
Set your 3D Cutting Planes: In the “Z” box, enter the height of the contour, click the “Z” icon to lock it, then draw the Z Cutting Plane in the window above, click above the line to remove all above, set the Fill Material & Edge of Pen Cuts to Custom, and set the pen number for a unique pen (this will help in seeing and selecting the lines).
Activate 3D Cutaway
Go to the 3D Window, your Mesh will be cut at the contour height, the cut line will be the pen previously selected
Note: The 3D Window with the Mesh and Cutting Plane can be preserved with a 3D View: after generating the 3D Window, use the Organizer to pull the Generic Axonometry from the 3D List into the View Map, give the view a descriptive name (for example: Contour -10’), click the Settings button and click the Get Current Window’s Settings to save the settings of the 3D Window, including the Cutting Plane. This allows the contours to be regenerated more quickly if the mesh is later altered.
Select the Marquee Tool, flat marquee option, select the area around the contour line and copy.
In the appearing Copy dialog box select Scaled Drawing, Edges, and Remove Redundant Lines
Go to the 2D Window and Paste, the contour lines will come in over the Mesh matching their position from the 3D Window.
Repeat steps 3 to 6 for each contour level
Now you can select the lines, change their layer, line type and other attributes depending on your drafting standards. You can add text for the contour heights. If you have a mesh showing the existing grade and a new mesh showing proposed grades, then lines from both meshes can be extracted to show grading changes.
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<urn:uuid:d3b0d114-386a-4705-b2e1-1263e2b4b24a>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://helpcenter.graphisoft.com/tips/archicad/modelling/extracting-contours-from-mesh/
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en
| 0.841297 | 479 | 2.84375 | 3 |
New Behaviors Observed in Northern Fur Seals
Thanks to the emergence of new technologies in tagging, scientists are able to gain an unprecedented level of insight into the movements of marine mammals in the wild. These data offer an important window into the daily habits of northern fur seals, and provide possible explanations for the population decline occurring in the central Bering Sea.
A new Consortium study led by Brian Battaile (University of British Columbia) used data loggers to identify several previously undocumented behaviors amongst northern fur seals, and to gain new insights into their activity at sea.
Using data loggers that were temporarily affixed to 82 female northern fur seals, the researchers gathered valuable data about how each animal behaved at sea, including its orientation in the water, the depth of its dives, and its rate of movement through the water. By analyzing the combined data, the researchers were able to describe how the animals moved through the water.
Shaking & Rolling
“We were interested in recording fur seal behaviors, and discovering how much time fur seals from a declining and an increasing population in Alaska spent grooming, travelling, sleeping and diving,” says Battaile. “Some of the shaking and grooming behaviors we saw had been described before, but the things that were really new, were two types of rolling behaviors and a prone position.”
The researchers identified the new rolling behaviors as a revolving 300-degree ‘w-spin’ and a 360-degree ‘sine spin’. To confirm these behaviors, the scientists observed tagged northern fur seals they are studying at the Vancouver Aquarium, and matched those same behaviors to the recorded wild data.
The data from the wild fur seals enabled the researchers to construct an at-sea activity budget, which describes how the seals typically spend their time at sea.
“The at-sea activity budget tells what percentage of the time they spent travelling, diving, shaking, or grooming,” says Battaile. “We were surprised to see that they spent as much as 30 percent of their time doing the two new rolling behaviors, primarily at the surface. We are not sure what the point of it is, but suspect it may allow the seals to search and scan an area while swimming at high speeds.”
The mystery deepened when the researchers compared data from animals in two distinct but nearby populations—St. Paul Island and Bogoslof Island. From an earlier study, the researchers knew that animals from the increasing Bogoslof population were travelling shorter distances to their feeding grounds than the animals from the declining St. Paul population. They wondered whether this may translate into different behaviors at sea—but this was not the case when they looked at the data.
“We were surprised to find that there weren’t any differences in the proportion of behaviors between the two populations,” says Battaile. “We expected to see more travelling-type behaviors in the St. Paul animals because they travel so much further. Similarly, we expected to see more resting-type behaviors and less diving time in the Bogoslof animals because we assumed they were getting into denser foraging areas and wouldn’t need to dive as much.”
Battaile says that their behaviors might be “hardwired” by other factors, such as the time of day. “An animal could be travelling around at the surface during daytime trying to find suitable foraging habitat,” he says, “but may be more likely to just dive at night when their prey are closer to the surface.”
Having a ‘daily diary’ for northern fur seals at sea will help energetics researchers construct an energy budget, which estimates how much energy the animals need to perform these basic activities. From this, researchers can calculate the amount of food needed to produce this energy, which could ultimately help determine why the St. Paul population is declining, as well as help make management decisions on fisheries quotas in the Bering Sea.
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<urn:uuid:41f2d069-166e-42e3-96cd-98d48027b36f>
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://mmru.ubc.ca/2016/08/rolling-in-the-deep/
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en
| 0.964507 | 838 | 3.625 | 4 |
Round , absolute and relative error
i have find this exercise in internet and try solve it but cant, pls help me.
1.Given A = 3.9 after rounding. Find the range of real value for A before rounding if A has been round to
(i) 1 decimal places.
(ii) 2 significant figures
2.If x = 2.0, y = 3.0 and z = 4.0, all are corrected to 1 decimal places, calculate the absolute and relative error for
(i) 2x + y
3.The position of nine trees which are to be planted a long the sides of a road, five on the north side and four on the south side.
If there are 3 figs, 4 prunes and 2 magnolias, find the number of different ways in which these could be planted assuming that the trees of the same species are identical.
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<urn:uuid:bed44208-3972-4d58-b444-8a8c19497788>
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CC-MAIN-2017-17
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http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/125137-round-absolute-relative-error-print.html
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This is a title to a chapter used by the historian John Bakeless in his book The Eyes of Discovery (republished by Dover in paperback as America As Seen by Its First Explorers).
Last time I looked this excellent book was out of print, but it now seems to be around again. Heartily recommended to anyone who's interested in North America pre-contact and shortly afterwards:
I think the chapter on the Southeast of what's now the United States in pre-Columbian times -- what Bakeless calls "The Red Man's Dixie" -- is particularly interesting.
This part of the country seems to have been something of a paradise:
I think it interesting that they did farm even though the country, according to Bakeless was rich in game. This suggests to me what several theorists have already said -- that early views of the rise of farming, viz. that people took it up to ensure a reliable and plentiful food supply are probably wrong. People, I think, just don't make these narrow "rational" economic calculations. And that view embodies an anachronism anyway: how would you know, in advance of taking up farming, what the advantages would be anyway?Even without their well-tended crops, the southern Indians could have lived on the natural produce of their forests. A good many excellent foods grew wild. So rich was the country that James Adair ... wrote: "If an Indian were driven out into the extensive woodlands, with only a knife and tomahawk ... it is not to be doubted but he would fatten, even where a wolf would starve."
I'm inclined to think: if these people liked the crops they knew about and were able grow, and tending them was not too much work, and didn't interfere with their lifestyle, well ... why wouldn't they grow them even if they didn't actually need to?
The land in the SE was, Bakeless says:
He continues:"richly productive, fertile, and very beautiful ... Elsewhere in North America dining with the Indians could be a nauseating experience ... [but in the South] all their food was 'grateful for a wholesome stomach'."
It sounds like this abundance bred big people:... potatoes and other roots were boiled and roasted. Pumpkins were barbecued ... Persimmons were dried, mashed with parched corn, and baked into cakes, which were served with fat venison or bear's oil, of which a single animal might yield fifteen gallons. ...
... grapes hung thickly from the trees. The hungry or thirsty traveler could pick them ... without even leaving his canoe.
... in Western Texas food was often scarce. Elsewhere the menace of winter famine, from which the northern tribes were never free, was unknown. Bear fat and walnut oil were stored in calabashes ... the land produced two crops [of maize] a year. ...
... Deer were ... common ... Pigeons ... plentiful ...
People in the South had so much food they could just give it away:The Timucuas were big ... men--one skeleton unearthed in modern times is said to have been seven feet tall!
The Creeks, according to the Spaniard Ranjel also... a Cherokee chief in North Carolina made a gift of seven hundred turkeys [to de Soto]
Bakeless, describing de Soto's travels, continuesraised "dogs of a small size which do not bark" [probably opposums] ... [which were] "good eating"
There were also wild strawberries. And there was abundance of nuts in season from which the drink powhicora was made.Mere sport gave them [the Indians] all they wanted to eat. They shot fish in the water with arrows; speared them with ... cane ... caught them in ... weirs ... poisoned [them]
So there we are. With such abundant, but natural and unprocessed, food around it's no wonder, perhaps, that in contemporary prints these Indians look big and muscular. Here's an example in a Theodore de Bry engraving:
I think one might wonder whether the artist has drawn the man to look as he thinks a male figure conventionally should look, drawing on classical models. Certainly, many primitive people do not look as muscular as this in later times when photographs of them have been available. However, maybe that is just how they did look.
Last edited by Lewis; 04-24-2012 at 12:35 PM. Reason: spelling
Interesting stuff. I wonder if the grapes mentioned were muscadines. We used to eat them frequently in Alabama.
There seems to have been a lot of grapes in America, vines everywhere. The Vikings referred to the country as Vinland.
Bakeless says that the English said that the grapes in Virginia were nearly as big as English cherries -- but adds that you have to remember that cultivated varieties of fruits were not as big in those days, so maybe the cherries were somewhat smaller.
He says one 17th-century writer speaks of clusters of grapes [in Ohio or Illinois?] a foot and a half long hanging from trees.
The bears fattened up on them and were said to be "luscious" eating. One traveller even speaks of the bear meat as too fat at this time of year.
There's a lot of interesting information on food scattered throughout the book. The sheer quantity of game in some parts is staggering. You could literally scoop fish out of streams, and they reached sizes that wouldn't been seen later, since they were able to grow for longer. Lewis and Clark at one point had to literally push and shove through deer, like making your way through a crowd, there were so many. Pigeons darkened the sky. (However, I think it's now thought that an explosion in the population of some birds was an artifact of land-clearance by European settlers; and, anyway, it seems the Indians didn't eat birds for whatever reason.) Interestingly, the sheer quantity of game seems to have boggled the minds of European arrivals on the East coast; but within a century or two, as that area got hunted out and over-exploited, the opening up of land further west boggled the minds of Americans who'd grown up in the East all anew.
In some respects some of the information in the book would have Paleo advocates rubbing their hands in glee but would be a shock to modern fat-phobic people in the U.S./Europe/Australasia -- "the West". People opening up a new area of country found the deer had four inches of fat on them. A bear would yield 15 gallons of oil, which the Indians would flavour with sassafras (in the South) or maple sugar (in the North) and it seems you could collect enough to last from winter to winter.
And it seems the Indians didn't even have honey, unlike tribal peoples in the Old World:
Bakeless says the honey-bees were moving about one hundred miles in advance of the frontier, as that moved. He also says the bears soon learned to use honey for food.Bees brought into the colonies soon escaped ... but as late as 1753 there were none beyond the West branch of the Susquehanna.
He wrote the book about 1950. I'd love to see some more recent work on this sort of thing. I guess a lot of what he tells the reader comes from contemporary sources, and that doesn't change. But of course the science has moved on since then: for example, environmental archaeologists must now able to get a clearer idea of what was growing where by analysing the pollen and seed residues and even snail species -- which tell you about the wider environment -- in soil samples from cores.
As showing that Paleo assumptions might be a little hasty sometimes, the stuff on wild rice is interesting. This was something of a staple for the Menominee and Winnebago. Apparently, there were stands of wild rice that went on for miles. There was so much of it that the animals, wildfowl, and humans couldn't make much of a dent in it. The last year's crop was still standing, by the time the new year's crop was ready. As for harvesting -- well, you just paddled up in a canoe and whacked the stems of the plant. Makes one wonder just how prolific stands of other wild cereals may have been in parts the Old World before populations had expanded right across the available land. Reading that's not going to make me eat grains, for all the obvious reasons, but it's interesting to find out just how prolific one wild cereal could be in uncultivated land.
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The scop in Anglo-Saxon times had a very defined role. A comparison between the scop in Beowulf and the scop in Widsith will more clearly define for us what that role was.
The 142 verses of Widsith are the oldest in the English language, and form the earliest output in verse of any Germanic people. Widsith contains a huge catalog of 70 tribes and 69 important people, many of whom are proven to have lived in the third, fourth and fifth centuries. The vast knowledge of history which was required of a good scop, just amazes the reader. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature(v1,ch3,s6,n30) states that so many princes and peoples are mentioned in the course of the poem that its importance for the history of the migration period can hardly be overestimated. This Old English poem was transcribed by a monk around the year 1000. Widsith tells the story of the scop Widsith, who accompanies Ealhhild, a Lombard princess, on her journey eastward from Angel to the court of Eormanric the Goth. Ealhhild, the sister of Aelfwine, King of the Lombards, is made to marry Eormanric. In this poem the geography and the chronology are not precise or accurate.
“At an early date Germanic kings began to keep professional poets, with functions not wholly unlike those of the poet laureate or official poet of later times” (Malone 75). This pretty well expresses the life of Widsith, except that he was not located at any one court, rather he travelled from the country of Egypt, India and Israel to Britain and to northern Europe, going from court to court. His home court, if it can be called such, was with King Eadgils. But Widsith travelled to all the “heathen” and non-heathen k...
... middle of paper ...
...st was the theme of sacrifice. . . .” ( Malone 77).
It’s obvious from our brief comparison between the scop in Beowulf and the scop in Widsith that the scop in Anglo-Saxon times had a very defined role: He was singer, storyteller, public relations man, recipient of gifts, traveller, linguist, historian, and servant of the audience.
Chickering, Howell D.. Beowulf A dual-Language Edition. New York: Anchor Books, 1977.
Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907–21; New York: Bartleby.com, 2000
Malone, Kemp. “The Old English Scop and Widsith.” In Beowulf: The Donaldson Translation, edited by Joseph F. Tuso. New York, W.W.Norton and Co.: 1975.
The Earliest English Poems, translated by Michael Alexander. New York: Penguin Books, 1991.
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Updated: Sep 13
Our pilgrim ancestors believed in the worth of their life stories. Just like the story of the Pilgrim's Progress, the struggles of their daily life had larger meaning. Steve Isham, Australian Mayflower descendant and Elder, asks the question, what story do we inhabit today?
Dangerous Journey - A fine abridgement of Pilgrim's Progress, not just for children.
"We might be among the first generation of people who have no idea what we are doing here .... and no story to tell." said author and social critic Douglas Murray recently.
Not the Mayflower passengers. Our Pilgrim ancestors knew the story that they were in. Although they rejected some story-telling mediums, particularly theatre, because they perceived bawdy and idolatrous associations, none-the-less the Pilgrims were full of a sense of the worth of their individual life stories. Separatist diaries and accounts had all the elements of the great narrative tropes: A worthy adventure, daily life encounters redolent with larger meaning, travails, suffering, and impediments to overcome and especially the denouement -- a glorious destination and reward.
It is no coincidence that John Bunyan's life unfolds back in England commensurate with the Pilgrim's real life adventure. When Pilgrim's Progress was published in 1678, Plymouth was still a colony and when copies of that hugely popular book arrived in New England our forebears would read it eagerly in rapt identification with the plot and with the characters.
So what story do we inhabit? In what larger story is our own personal story embedded? Are our culture's contemporary story offerings time-tested enough to give our own individual life story adequate and ultimate meaning? And is there evidence along the way of where our story is going? Do we miss the hints in the midst of the story as to the consummation, the resolution of it?
Jesus in a few phrases encapsulates the nub of the grand Biblical narrative. (Luke 18:31-33) The Christ would be anticipated by the prophets, flogged , killed, and then -- oh glory -- risen from the dead. But "this saying was hidden from the disciples and they did not grasp what he said." All those hints in earlier chapters, but the disciples have a blind spot. Ah, blind spots. Do we recognise the essentials of the Big Story and see how it nourishes us as our Pilgrim ancestors did?
By Steve Isham Society of Australian Mayflower Descendants member & Elder, descended from Edward Fuller
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Official Standard of the Finnish Lapphund
The Finnish Lapphund is a medium sized breed that combines the look of the northern type dog with the temperament of the herding dog. They are intelligent, alert, agile, friendly and eager to learn. Developed to live and work outside, north of the Arctic Circle, the breed is strongly built and thickly coated. These dogs were never intended as guardians, and are particularly submissive towards people. Despite its strength, the Finnish Lapphund conveys a certain softness, particularly in expression. Males are recognizably masculine and females feminine.
Size Proportion, Substance
Size - The ideal male stands 19½ inches at the shoulder and the ideal female is 17½ inches. The acceptable range for males is 18 to 21 inches and for females is 16 to 19 inches. Type and soundness are far more important than size. Proportion - The length of the body is slightly greater than the height at the withers, in a ratio of approximately 11:10. Care should be taken not to interpret a heavily coated dog as being too short of leg. In addition, a dog which carries itself in a more upright manner will give the impression of being closer to square than it is in actual fact. Substance - The breed has a greater substance than might be expected for its size: bone is substantial and muscles are well developed.
The general appearance of the head conveys strength, yet the expression is soft. The skull is approximately as broad as it is long. The top of the skull is slightly domed. Depth of skull is equal to breadth. The stop is well defined, with an easily distinguishable frontal furrow. The ears are set rather far apart, just off the top of the head and should be small to medium in size, triangular in shape, broad at the base and rounded at the tip, and covered with a heavy coat of hair. Ears may be erect or semi-erect (tipped). Drop ears are a fault. Eyes are oval in shape and as dark as possible. The color of the eyes may blend with the color of the coat, being lighter in lighter colored dogs. Yellow or blue eyes are a serious fault. The muzzle is strong, broad and straight. When viewed from above or in profile, it tapers slightly but evenly. The length of the muzzle, from tip of nose to stop, is slightly less than the length of the skull, from stop to occiput. Pigmentation of the nose leather, the eye rims, and the lips are preferably black. However, brown dogs will have dark brown pigmentation. The jaw is strong, the lips tight, and the bite is scissors. A bite that is overshot or undershot is a serious fault.
Neck, Topline, Body
The neck is medium in length, strong and well muscled. The back is broad, strong and straight. The loin is short and muscular. The croup is of medium length, well developed and only slightly sloping. Overall, the topline is level. The depth of chest is slightly less than half the height of the dog, reaching almost to the elbows. The ribcage is rather long and not very broad. The ribs are slightly arched, with a clearly visible, but not strongly defined, forechest, never barrel-chested. The underline includes only a slight tuck up, more pronounced in males than females. The tail is set on rather high and is covered with a profuse coat. When moving, the tail is carried over the back or side. When at rest, it is often dropped, particularly in females. A mobile tail is desirable. The tail may have a "J" hook in the end, but should not be kinked. A kinked tail results from the fusion of vertebrae and cannot be straightened out completely. A kinked tail is a serious fault.
The front legs give the appearance of being strong and powerful, with heavy bone emphasized by thick coat. When standing, the front legs are straight and parallel when viewed from the front. The shoulder is moderately laid back. The upper arm is equal in length to the shoulder blade, and the angle formed by the two bones is slightly greater than 90 degrees.
The elbow is just below the bottom of the rib cage and points straight backwards. The pasterns are of medium length, flexible and slope slightly when standing. Front dewclaws are normally present and should not be faulted, but may be removed. If present, they are set on very close to the leg and are barely visible under the coat. Feet are well arched, oval rather than round, with toes slightly spread, to act as a snowshoe. Pads are thick and elastic. Pigment in the pads and nails is generally dark, but may blend with the color of the coat. The feet are covered with a thick coat of hair, including between the pads.
The rear legs are strong and powerful, appearing straight and parallel when the standing dog is viewed from behind. From the side, the angulation is clearly marked but not extreme, and in balance with forequarters. The upper thigh is of medium length, rather broad, with well developed muscles. The stifle is well angulated. The second thigh is at least equal to the upper thigh in length, and is well developed. The hock joint is moderately low set and well defined. The metatarsus is rather short, strong and vertical. Rear dewclaws may be present, but are not desirable. Removal is acceptable. Rear feet are the same as described in Forequarters.
The coat is thick and profuse, but shorter on the head and the fronts of the legs. The outer coat is straight and long, and very harsh and water-repellant. The under coat is soft, very dense and plentiful, so that it makes the outer coat stand erect. The outer coat may have a slight wave, particularly in young dogs, which is less desirable but permissible as long as it is still harsh. Males, in particular, should carry a profuse mane. It is important for undercoat to be present.
All colors are permitted, but the primary color (the color which covers the largest portion of the dog) must cover the body. A color which consists of bands of different colors on a single hair shaft (sable, wolfsable, or domino) is considered a single color. Secondary colors are allowed on the head, neck, chest, underside of the body, legs, and tail.
Movement is effortless and changes easily from a trot to a gallop, which is the most natural style of movement for the breed. When working, Finnish Lapphunds are very agile and capable of sudden bursts of speed. When moving at a trot, the limbs angle slightly toward the midline when viewed from the front or rear. Viewed from the side, the trotting dog appears powerful, with a medium stride.
Finnish Lapphunds were developed to herd reindeer, an animal that is not as fearful of dogs and wolves as many other herd animals. As a result, the breed has a temperament that reflects a basic need to both control, and get away from, these animals. When herding reindeer, the dogs are extremely active and noisy. They must be constantly on the watch, as a reindeer may turn and try to trample them at any moment. As a result, the breed has a very strong "startle reflex", as well as being extremely agile and alert. However, they also recover quickly after startling, and will return to their work, exhibiting extreme courage. When interacting with people, Finnish Lapphunds are calm, friendly, and very submissive. At times, they may appear a little distant or aloof. This combination of submissiveness and reserve should not be misinterpreted as shyness. Although excited barking is typical, excessive sharpness and snarling are by no means acceptable, not even in males toward other males.
Approved May 12, 2008 Effective July 1, 2009
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Human-induced climate change directly influenced the winter 2013/2014 floods in southern England, reports a paper published online this week in Nature Climate Change. The study shows that the extreme rainfall that led to the floods was the result of two factors associated with global warming: an increase in the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere (thermodynamic changes) and more January days with westerly air flow (dynamic changes).
The succession of storms that reached southern England in the winter of 2013/2014 caused severe flooding that led to ￡451 million in insured losses. The possibility that anthropogenic climate change contributed to this event was much discussed at the time.
Nathalie Schaller, Neil Massey and colleagues used the ‘weather@home’ citizen-science project to model weather for January 2014 in both the current climate and one in which there was no human influence on the atmosphere. Looking at changes in precipitation (thermodynamic) and atmospheric circulation (dynamic), the authors estimate that anthropogenic climate change is responsible for a 43% increase in risk of the 1-in-100-year rainfall event seen in the winter of 2013/2014, with approximately 67% of the increased risk attributable to thermodynamic changes and 33% to dynamic changes. They use hydrological mapping of the Thames river catchment to show that, during the 2013/2014 floods, these changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation caused higher peak 30-day river flow, and use flood risk mapping to show a small increase in flood risk for properties in the catchment.
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via Papua New Guinea
One type of stilt house in Milne Bay - Other housing
From: Mary Kidu
Subject: Stilt Homes In PNG.
Papua New Guinea is a country of high mountains, forests, lowlands, swamps and of course coral beaches, islands and oceans. The mountainous part of the country is called the Highlands and the low land part which meets the sea is called the Coastal region. Naturally enough the Islands region is called exactly that (Islands).
Papua New Guinea, although known to outsiders as one country and one people, consists of many different people who live totally different life styles from one and another. Believe it or not they speak over 700 different languages, so you see each of them will have their own beliefs and customs completely different from one another.
Life along the Southern Coastal area, especially among the group of people who are known as the Motuans, live slightly similar lives to one another. For example the language they speak is Motu, except you can distinguish the area a person is from by the dialect of the language he speaks.
The Motuans live in villages along the southern coastal area of PNG. They live in houses built on stilts over the sea. Even today they still like to build their houses over the sea.
Click on the small photo to see a large 150K picture of a Motuan Village
(Use your browser's back button to return here)
Stilt houses can last from 20 to 30 years. This will depend on the type of timber used for the posts, so the type of tree they choose is very important. They just don't go into the forest to chop any big trees down. They have to chop the trees that suits the sea. If that is ignored, they will probably replace the posts quite often, say every five or so years.
Stilt house built for the 2008 Hiri Moale Festival
visit Kairuku-Hiri Website - photo © 2008- http://www.kairukuhiri.gov.pg/ - Hubert Dion
The height from the ground to the floor of the houses are about 3.5 to 4.00 metres. (for people still using imperial measurements that is about 10 to 12 feet) This allows for the water level at high tide.
How long it takes to build a house depends on the availability of materials. The posts need to go up first, so in this case, the sea has to be at a reasonable level, to allow men to put the posts up. It takes the whole village men to help put up the posts because the houses are quite big, as we in live in an extended family style.
This is what the poles look like up close
To erect one post requires about 20 men. However, before the post is put up, the end which is to go down in the ground (seabed) is sharpened to allow it to go in easily. The 20 men divide themselves in half. They tie a strong long rope around the post and half hold onto one side whilst the other half hold the other side. The place where they want the post to go up is marked, so they just place it in the right spot and start making it stand up at the right place. The 20 men stand ready on either side while another lot of men support or guide the post as it positioned. Once it is standing, the men holding onto the ropes start pulling in and out until the post is about a metre (3 foot) or so deep, then they go on to the next post and so forth.
Click on this thumbnail to see another stilt village
(use your browser's back button to return here)
Getting water to a stilt house is no problem. We either run water pipes to the house or simply by going and fetching water from taps in big pots or buckets.
The stilt houses are built to allow for strong winds. Occasionally an unlucky person will lose a roof by having it blow off, otherwise the houses stand up to storms quite well.
People can use their village houses for trade-stores (tiny shops) there is no problem about that but they don't build Police stations or prisons as in most areas the houses are in a small village or hamlet. Houses in the town are built from non-traditional materials such as pre-sawn timber and roofing iron, concrete bricks etc.
Getting power (electricity) to a stilt house is no problem. It can be connected quite easily by an electrician.
Stilt house at low tide
About the writer of this note...
I have lived all my life in a stilt house. So life living in stilt houses and with an extended family is just as normal for me as it is how you live your normal life.
I am married with 5 children. My children go to school except the small one, who is only 3 years old. English is our national language, so we have to learn English to communicate with others. I hope this information is good enough to help people doing school projects on stilt houses.
Stilt house over water in Manus.
Stilt house meets helicopter
NOTE: Stilt houses or pile dwellings are houses raised on piles or poles over the surface of the soil or a body of water.
©1998 - 2020 Mary Kidu & Trevor Michie
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The Benefits Of:
Structural Glazing/Bolted systems
Structural Glazing produces seamless expanses of glass creating a stunning façade.
The glass actually performs as part of the structure of the building. Structural glass works by using toughened or laminated glass set in layers. Sometimes these layers can be four or five layers deep. The resulting glass can be single, double or triple glazed.
The structural requirements are defined by the Building Regulations and through Structural Calculations performed by a Professional. The actual thickness of the glass is determined by the size and thickness of the sheet and other factors such as wind loads, barrier loads etc.
My Builder Reviews
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Five Steps to Happiness
Learning to Explore & Understand Your Emotional Mind
Do you suffer from panic attacks? Do you ever feel afraid, anxious or even depressed? Would you like to feel more in control of your emotions? Five Steps to Happiness: Learning to Explore & Understand Your Emotional Mind offers steps to overcome certain behavioral patterns and also removes the stigma that can be associated with conditions such as anxiety and depression.
With over thirty years’ experience in the field of mental health, Enda Murphy draws on case histories to inform readers about the five modes of behavior that can cause mental health problems. Through a writing style that is free from psychobabble and jargon, readers are offered qualified advice on how to cope with and overcome panic attacks, anxiety and depression by changing just five ways of behaving. The book also sets out how to deal with our emotions, and how we can avoid the errors in our thinking that cause mental health problems. Readers are invited to change their ways of thinking to live happier and more emotionally healthy lives.
Although this book specifically targets those who suffer from mental health problems, it is also essential reading for anybody interested in why such conditions occur: family members and loved ones of those who suffer, as well as therapists and health professionals.
Extremely practical in terms of identifying and address mental health problems based on experiences from Enda Murphy’s longstanding and respected career as a mental health professional.
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Below are two brief articles that discuss the phenomenon of in-group --
out-group distinctions. The first short article focuses on the way
in which the in-group -- out-group distinction helps to maintain
boundaries between groups of people. In many social situations, the
maintenance of such boundaries is very important.
The second article is a more detailed description of the meanings inherent in in-group -- out-group distinctions. It is one of the best discussions of this phenomenon to be found. You will have to overlook some of the outdated terminology and illustrations. Written in 1963, it predates our modern terminology with respect to ethnic/racial minorities, and our predilection for political correctness.
Frankie: Shush, just now I realized something. The trouble with me is that for a long time I have been just an "I" person. All other people can say "we." When Berenice says "we" she means her lodge and church and colored people. Soldiers can say "we" and mean the army. All people belong to a "we" except me.In-groups and out-groups, in short, are not actual groups except in so far as people create them in their use of the pronouns "we" and "they." The distinction is nevertheless an important formal distinction because it enables us to construct two significant sociological principles, which we shall now proceed to examine.
John Henry: What are we going to do?
Frankie: Not to belong to a "we" makes you too lonesome. Until this afternoon I didn't have a "we," but now after seeing Janice and Jarvis I suddenly realize something.
John Henry: What?
Frankie: I know that the bride and my brother are the "we" of me. So I'm going with them, and joining with the wedding.'
(Copyright 1949, 1951, by Carson McCullers and reprinted by permission of the publisher, New Dirertions.)
[The botanist] has a strong feeling for systematic botanists as against plant physiologists, whom he regards as lewd and evil scoundrels in this relation; but he has a strong feeling for all botanists and indeed all biologists, as against physicists, and those who profess the exact sciences, all of whom he regards as dull, mechanical, ugly-minded scoundrels in this relation; but he has a strong feeling for all who profess what he calls Science, as against psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, and literary men, whom he regards as wild, foolish, immoral scoundrels in this relation; but he has a strong feeling for all educated men as against the working man, whom he regards as a cheating, lying, loafing, drunken, thievish, dirty scoundrel in this relation; but so soon as the working man is comprehended together with these others, as Englishmen, he holds them superior to all sorts of Europeans, whom he regards…This amusing bit, of course, is highly exaggerated, but there is no doubt that it makes the point.
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What’s risk administration:
Risk management may be the process associated with identification, evaluation and remedy of dangers that looks for to reduce, control as well as monitor the actual impact associated with risk occurrence with the cost efficient utilisation associated with resources.
Exactly where does danger management utilize
Risks occur in most walk associated with life, in most industry and in most service shipping enterprise, each private as well as public industries. The intensity of dangers occurring is determined by many elements. In purchase to evaluate such severities the majority of organisations typically employ some kind of risk procedures to assess the probability of risks happening and their own perceived or even calculated effect. This allows risks to become prioritised as well as resources put on meet the entire best interests from the organisation and it is internal as well as external stakeholders.
Dangers, great as well as small
In the current connected as well as integrated globe risks as well as their effects can as well as do convert across worldwide boundaries. No more are these people confined in order to departments as well as within person companies. Economic limitations and physical structures are so that companies now have to assess risks inside a world the place where a volcano within Iceland may cause the closure of the manufacturing grow in Asia.
Equally in the individual company level the significance of undertaking safety and health risk assessments to be able to protect the, safety as well as welfare associated with it’s employees is really a legal obligation for a lot of companies. Product companies will take on design danger assessments to be able to ensure how the ultimate customers are guarded from any kind of safety associated design risk.
Local authorities have to ensure they provide secure highways as well as passage for everyone. For instance, they will have to assess the quantity of sand as well as grit they will have to ensure they are able to cope using the pressures associated with harsh the winter season to protect the person motorists and also the unsuspecting pensioner with an icy sidewalk.
All from the above and in several more personal and open public sector sectors and services there’s the basic requirement of someone or even some persons to recognize a possible risk, to evaluate the probability of the danger occurring and also to calculate the actual impact or even consequence from the risk to be able to best reduce its effect.
Risk administration – will it work?
Armed using the knowledge which risk is actually everywhere but that we now have robust techniques and processes to handle them could it be safe to express that this kind of systems as well as processes function?
Certainly there are lots of examples associated with where danger management did. If the actual available techniques and procedures didn’t work they simply wouldn’t supply. Risk sections and danger mangers will be unlikely in order to exist as well as an irresponsible mindset to risk may likely be common.
Risk administration however can not work in just about all cases. It’s impossible to not be tempted to say that the actual BP essential oil well catastrophe within the Gulf could happen to be prevented when the risks have been fully examined. Similarly the possible lack of controls in order to adherence associated with risk processes which has resulted within global monetary problems may be laid in the doors of a few of the worlds largest lender and banking institutions.
Another sizing to danger management
Using the proliferation associated with risk administration tools, using highly complicated modelling methods and specialists and specialists within their fields associated with expertise, exactly why is it which risks from the magnitude as well as scale mentioned above, towards the trip hazard about the local sidewalk, to the actual vulnerability from the child inside a local government bodies occur?
It is merely that danger management isn’t just about foibles. Successful danger management requires a culture and some values that helps to ensure that it becomes a part of an companies DNA. If business culture is regarded as resentful towards people who raise dangers then any kind of risk procedure is ineffective. People may hope how the problems just disappear. The lifestyle must permit honesty as well as openness which allows for optimum benefits in order to arise in the tools as well as modelling methods.
Why select a career within risk administration?
Risk managers the ones whose job it’s to reduce the event of dangers are experts within their field. Their own value factor to any kind of organisation is actually immense. Qualifications within risk management for many specialised sectors – for instance insurance – may also be necessary and can certainly increase an people self advertising capability. However a lot of active danger management individuals don’t consciously put down on work path associated with risk administration. They a few how stumble into it. At this time there is really a choice. Would you stick using the tools as well as techniques or would you grasp the danger agenda and go forward? The actual emergence associated with enterprise danger management aimed to techniques thinking; the actual inescapable hyperlink between prosperous risk smart organisations as well as culture; the thorough knowledge of the organisation and it is independencies tend to be immeasurable assets inside a world exactly where some allow us a reduced tolerance in order to risk. A profession in danger management is often as dull as possible exciting. The option is your own.
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Understand your HVAC system better by learning about its various components, for example, the compressor.
Compressors are mechanical devices offering a number of different functions. One example of a compressor is a pump. There are different functions and types of compressors.
A Compressor and Its Uses
HVAC compressors are refrigerant gas pumps where vaporous refrigerant is supplied by an evaporator at low pressure before its pressure is increased. Once the gas is compressed, its pressure and temperature will increase. The condenser will receive the vaporous refrigerant at a pressure where condensation will happen at a suitable temperature level.
A compressor is made up of two components, the source of the power and the compressing component, such as a vane or piston. The compressing component of an air compressor packs atmospheric pressure together. The following is the process of how an air compressor functions:
- Air goes into the vane or piston before pressure is increased and volume is decreased to compress the air.
- Once the maximum pressure limit set by the operator is reached, air intake is stopped through a switch on the compressor.
- The pressure levels go down when the compressed air is being utilized.
- Air is allowed to go into the compressor once the minimum pressure level set by the operator is attained.
- The process will continue unless the compressor is turned off.
Factors Affecting the Performance of a Compressor
The performance of a compressor is affected by a number of factors, which are rotation speed, absorption pressure, discharge pressure, and type of refrigerant used. Comparable compressors are capable of operating at various capacities by simply changing the refrigerant and power input of the compressor. It is essential for buyers to determine some features when they aim to purchase certain kinds of compressors. These features include the cost of operation, price, operation type, and configuration of the device. It is also important to look at the compressor performance and ask for recommendations from the manufacturer on the most appropriate and most secure compressor that is suitable to meet the requirements and budget of the buyer.
Types of Compressors
The most common types of compressors utilized in refrigeration are as follows:
Rotary Compressors: These compressors are normally low capacity devices. They are typically used for home freezers and refrigerators. These compressors cannot be used for air conditioning units. The vane of single-vane compressors is attached to the rotor inside the body. The vanes of multi-vane rotary compressors are also positioned on the rotor.
Centrifugal Compressors: These are high-speed compressors where centrifugal force is used in compressing the refrigerant. Refrigerants with high specific volumes use this type of compressor since it requires a low compression ratio. To achieve higher discharge pressures, multi-stage units are utilized. The discharge temperature of the gas when it goes out of the rotor dictates the number of stages the compressor will have. These compressors are mainly used in cooling water of air conditioning units as well as freezing water at lower temperatures.
Reciprocating Compressors: These compressors have pistons which reciprocate inside the cylinders thus providing suction of refrigerant at low pressure and discharge at high pressure. The two kinds of reciprocating compressors are the hermetic compressors and open compressors.
Now that you know a little more about your HVAC system, take it as a first step towards its better care and maintenance. Call Scott-Lee Heating Company at (314) 756-9444 to schedule maintenance for your HVAC system.
Photo credit: Steve Johnson via Flickr
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Via the ANCD:
INDEPENDENT REFERENCE GROUP TO THE UNITED NATIONS CALLS FOR MEMBER STATES TO SCALE UP EVIDENCE-BASED INTERVENTIONS TO ADDRESS HIV AMONG PEOPLE WHO INJECT DRUGS AHEAD OF THE HIGH LEVEL MEETING ON AIDS
On the eve of the 2011 high level meeting on HIV/AIDS, the Independent Reference Group to the United Nations on HIV and Injecting Drug Use calls for Member States to scale up evidence-based interventions to address HIV among people who inject drugs . Although injecting drug use continues to fuel the HIV epidemic in many countries, particularly in Eastern Europe and Asia, the majority of people who inject drugs remain unable to access quality HIV prevention or treatment. There are an estimated 16 million people who inject drugs worldwide, of which 3 million are estimated to be HIV positive. The Reference Group calls on Member States to commit to an evidence-based and rights-based public health approach to reach universal access to quality HIV prevention and treatment for people who inject drugs and to revise punitive drug policies that counteract and undermine public health and human rights. More specifically, the Reference Group calls on countries to:
1. Improve engagement with people who inject drugs in shaping responses to HIV/AIDS.
The centrality of people living with HIV to the HIV/AIDS response is clear, but the voices of the most marginalised actors in the epidemic, including people who inject drugs, have not been widely heard. This is despite their engagement being core to developing acceptable services that ensure successful outcomes. Member States should commit to engaging with and working alongside people who inject drugs to effectively prevent new infections and to treat HIV among people who inject drugs and their sexual partners.
2. Support a public health, rights-based approach to HIV programming that recognizes that access to life-saving, proven interventions for the prevention and treatment of HIV is a human right for all people, including people who inject drugs.
Drug dependence and HIV infection are adverse health conditions that require a public health response, not legal punishment, arrest and imprisonment. Legal punitive approaches to drugs and HIV problems only worsen them and can have major, adverse public health consequences. As such, Member States should provide people who inject drugs and their sexual partners with full access to a comprehensive package of services for the prevention and treatment of HIV and co-morbidities including drug dependence.
3. Urgently implement and/or scale up the comprehensive package of nine interventions outlined in the WHO, UNODC and UNAIDS technical guide for the prevention and treatment of HIV among people who inject drugs.
The national HIV strategies of Member States, and the international declaration with which the High Level Meeting on HIV/AIDS will conclude, should explicitly commit to the implementation and scaling up of the following nine interventions so that they are widely available and accessible to all people who inject drugs: needle and syringe programmes; drug dependence treatment and in particular opioid substitution therapy for people who use opioids; antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive people (and their sexual partners); HIV testing and counseling; prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections; condom programmes for people who inject drugs and their sexual partners; targeted information, education and communication for people who inject drugs and their sexual partners; vaccination, diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis; and the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Although the number of countries that have introduced these core HIV prevention services is growing, for the most part the scale of these programmes is inadequate to
prevent the spread of HIV among people who inject drugs. As a matter of priority, member states should work towards scaling up access to needle and syringe programmes for people who inject drugs, opioid substitution therapy for people who are dependent on opioids, antiretroviral therapy for HIV-positive people who inject drugs (and their sexual partners), and sexual risk reduction interventions for people who inject drugs. These interventions are cost-effective and reduce HIV transmission in societies when implemented to scale.
4. Remove legislation and policies that prevent the introduction or inhibit the delivery of these nine interventions.
Legislation that prohibits the purchase, carrying or distribution of injecting equipment should be immediately revised to support the provision of clean and safe needles and syringes to injecting drug users. Similarly, legislation that does not allow for accurate information about methadone or buprenorphine to be distributed, or prohibits the prescribing of these medications—which are on the WHO list of essential medicines— should be immediately repealed. Other laws and policies that impede delivery of effective HIV prevention and treatment to people who inject drugs, including those that lead to imprisoning people for drug use or possession of drugs for personal use, also should be revised.
5. Commit to ending punitive law enforcement approaches to injecting drug use.
Punitive law enforcement approaches including harassment of people who inject drugs, imprisonment of drug users for drug use or possession of drugs for personal use, and forced treatment for people who use drugs should also be revised. These approaches are an inappropriate response to a public health challenge and often impede access to and the uptake of HIV prevention and treatment. Evidence suggests that these approaches fuel the HIV epidemic in people who inject drugs by limiting the impact of evidence-based prevention programmes. For example, police harassment of people who inject drugs may impede access to needle and syringe programmes. Detention settings where needle and syringe programmes are not available expose people who inject drugs to more HIV risk than the drug use itself and may exacerbate other public health problems such as tuberculosis. At a minimum, governments should commit to ensuring that people who inject drugs in prisons and pre-trial detention centres have access to HIV prevention and treatment including needle and syringe programmes, opioid substitution therapy and antiretroviral therapy. Long-term detention in the name of drug “rehabilitation” or “education” has no proven efficacy, violates human rights and should be ended immediately.
6. Improve integration of HIV services with treatment for drug dependence
Member States should commit to ensuring better integration of drug dependence treatment and HIV prevention, treatment and care services. Evidence-based drug dependence treatment should be readily available to those who need it. In addition, HIV prevention and treatment services should be readily accessible in drug dependence treatment to prevent the spread of HIV among those who may resume injection use following treatment and to provide treatment and care for those individuals who may be HIV positive. At a minimum, referral pathways between HIV prevention and treatment services and drug treatment programmes should be in place within all Member States.
7. Commit to treating health conditions that co-occur alongside HIV among people who inject drugs.
People who inject drugs should have access to a broad range of health services. Access to treatment for common health conditions that co-occur alongside HIV (such as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis B and C, sexually transmitted infections and mental health disorders) are important for people who inject drugs in general and particularly so for improving adherence to and the outcomes of HIV treatment among those who are living with HIV. Active injecting drug use should not be a criterion for delaying or denying treatment of HIV or other comorbid conditions. Member States must urgently work towards improving the access of people who inject drugs to appropriate treatment and care for these conditions.
8. Gather data to enhance the response to HIV among people who inject drugs.
Research and surveillance activities should be considered an integral part of the global response to HIV/AIDS. Ongoing surveillance data allows countries to respond in a timely manner to emerging risks for HIV. Yet, for many regions, data on injecting drug use are sparse. Member States should renew efforts to collect routine and accurate data on the size of the injecting drug population, the proportion of people who inject drugs who are positive for HIV or co-occurring morbidities, and service provision data for people who inject drugs. These activities have been shown to be cost-effective in terms of allowing countries to assess their progress towards preventing and treating HIV. As Member States prepare for the 2011 High Level meeting, the Reference Group would like to refer members to the 2010 Consensus Statement which forms the basis for this call to action. This statement was developed by the Reference Group at the request of the United Nations to inform the policy development and priority setting by UN agencies involved in addressing HIV and injecting drug use. It draws on research examining the effectiveness of interventions to address HIV and injecting drug use and their impact in differing contexts around the world. The full report and summary of recommendations can be accessed at:
www.idurefgroup.com as well as the UNAIDS, UNODC and WHO websites.
The Reference Group to the United Nations on HIV and Injecting Drug Use was established in 2002 and provides independent advice to the United Nations system on matters related to injecting drug use and HIV. The Group consists of experts from around the world and includes researchers, clinicians and representatives from civil society organisations.
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Proving the existence of God using Burhan Al-Imkan – the proof that the Philosophers preferred over Burhan Al-Huduth, because it did not require them to grant the world's emergence.
If it is not impossible for God to be attributed with some quality, then it is necessary for Him to be attributed with this quality. Consequently, this means that He is attributed with all necessary qualities.
Proving that change is impossible for Allah ﷻ. This is because everything that changes is necessarily emergent, whereas Allah is beginningless.
Given the emergence of some beings, there necessarily must exist a being that brought those contingent beings into existence. This creator is God.
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Diplomats just finished a marathon round of climate talks in Lima, Peru, which resulted in an agreement that for the first time ever will commit each country to taking action to reduce their emissions of global warming pollutants, such as carbon dioxide. The agreement leaves much still to be decided next year, with a looming deadline for a new climate treaty that will go into effect in 2020.
What negotiators have been trying to do for much of the past two-plus decades is to address the accelerating increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the planet's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is released when burning coal and other fossil fuels for energy, and it lasts hundreds to a thousand years once it is in the air, making a failure to cut emissions now a problem for future generations.
The definitive chart for increasing carbon dioxide concentrations is known as the Keeling Curve. This data began to be collected in 1958 by Charles David Keeling, a scientist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He installed a monitoring device at the summit of Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano, where the air is relatively free of other air pollution. These measurements are still carried out at Mauna Loa today, led by Keeling's son, Ralph Keeling. Other monitoring devices are also deployed worldwide to collect similar data.
In the first part of the 20th century, scientists suspected that carbon dioxide might be increasing because of fossil fuel burning, but few monitoring stations were tracking it. Keeling's readings were the first to raise the alarm that, in fact, carbon dioxide concentrations were rising rapidly, with a seasonal variation as the planet takes in more carbon dioxide during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere, and releases it during the winter as trees lose their leaves.
In other words, the Keeling Curve shows the planet breathing during the course of the year.
Scientists have established through a plethora of studies that show how carbon dioxide levels are tied to global average temperature changes, with the two marching in near (but not exact) lockstep throughout Earth's history. Data going back 800,000 years shows that carbon dioxide levels today are the highest in all of human history, and rising.
According to Scripps, during ice ages, carbon dioxide levels tended to average around 200 parts per million (ppm), and during the comparatively warm interglacial periods, they were higher, at about 280 ppm.
Yet today, the concentration is hovering close to 400 ppm, on their way to at least 450 ppm. The higher carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas concentrations go, scientists say, the higher global average temperatures will become.
The climate talks in Lima were meant to stop global warming from exceeding the agreed upon temperature target of 2 degrees Celsius, or 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, above preindustrial levels, beyond which many scientists say dangerous climate impacts, such as the complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet, would occur.
However, given recent emissions trends and the pace of the climate talks, it is quite possible that this temperature target will be at least temporarily exceeded.
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In an investigation of the N400 component, event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by 4 types of word stimuli (real words, pseudowords, random letter strings, and false fonts) and 3 types of picture stimuli (real pictures, pseudopictures, and picture parts) presented in separate lists were recorded from 10- and 11-year-old children. All types of word stimuli elicited an anteriorly distributed negativity peaking at about 400 msec (antN400). Words and pseudowords elicited similar ERPs, whereas ERPs to letter strings differed from those to both pseudowords and false fonts. All types of picture stimuli elicited dual anterior negativities (N350 and N430). Real pictures and pseudopictures elicited similar ERPs, whereas pseudopictures and picture parts elicited asymmetrical processing. The results are discussed in terms of increased sensitivity to and dependence on context in children.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
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What are clinical trials?
Clinical trials are research studies in which people help doctors find ways to improve health and cancer care. Each study tries to answer scientific questions and to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat cancer.
What are the types of clinical trials?
- Treatment trials test new treatments (like a new cancer drug, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments, or new methods such as gene therapy).
- Prevention trials test new approaches, such as medicines, vitamins, minerals, or other supplements that doctors believe may lower the risk of a certain type of cancer. These trials look for the best way to prevent cancer in people who have never had cancer or to prevent cancer from coming back or a new cancer occurring in people who have already had cancer.
- Screening trials test the best way to find cancer especially in its early stages.
- Quality of Life trials (also called Supportive Care trials) explore ways to improve comfort and quality of life for cancer patients.
What are the phases of clinical trials?
Most clinical research that involves the testing of a new drug progresses in an orderly series of steps, called phases. This allows researchers to ask and answer questions in a way that results in reliable information about the drug and protects the patients. Clinical trials are usually classified into one of three phases:
- Phase I trials: These first studies in people evaluate how a new drug should be given (by mouth, injected into the blood, or injected into the muscle), how often, and what dose is safe. A phase I trial usually enrolls only a small number of patients sometimes as few as a dozen.
- Phase II trials: A phase II trial continues to test the safety of the drug and begins to evaluate how well the new drug works. Phase II studies usually focus on a particular type of cancer.
- Phase III trials: These studies test a new drug, a new combination of drugs, or a new surgical procedure in comparison to the current standard. A participant will usually be assigned to the standard group or the new group at random (called randomization). Phase III trials often enroll large numbers of people and may be conducted at many doctors’ offices, clinics, and cancer centers nationwide.
Information courtesy of the National Institutes of Health.
Our physicians participate in many clinical trials, allowing our patients access to the very newest medical developments and treatment options.
If you would like to participate in a clinical trial or have heard of a new treatment option, please feel free to discuss this with your physician.
If you are interested in knowing what clinical trials are currently underway, you can search the National Cancer Institute’s database: http://http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials
Research and Training
Tacoma/Valley Radiation Oncology Centers are active partners in the Bellevue Community College Associates Program for radiation therapists. Our center holds a position on the school’s Educational Board of Directors.
Students may participate in your care, under the guidance of a board certified therapist. If you do not wish to have a student participate in your care, please advise your physician or therapist.
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http://tacomaradiation.com/for-patients-public/clinical-trials/
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en
| 0.936259 | 643 | 3.734375 | 4 |
My class made some predictions about car data, without seeing it, and came up with 3 claims:
- The heavier the car, the lower the MPG.
- Electric cars will have a lower curb weight (than non-electric cars).
- Gas powered vehicles will have higher highway MPG than electric or hybrid vehicles. (We think this was written incorrectly, but didn’t catch the error, so decided to go with it.)
We focused on claim 1 first. Students easily produced the scatter plot …
and concluded that there didn’t appear to be much of a relationship between highway MPG and curb weight. But they wanted to quantify it – evidence has to be clear, after all.
Because of the viewing window, the line looks kind of steep. But the slope of the line is -0.01 (highway mpg / pound), so it’s really not very steep at all. And the correlation coefficient is -0.164, so that’s a pretty weak relationship when we group cars of all fuel types together.
Are there different relationships for the different fuel types?
Turns out, yeah.
Working on the quality
Step one was getting my students to write these CER paragraphs. (I’ve written about this before and how disastrous my efforts were.) Step two is improving the quality. I shared a rubric with my students.
We all sat around a table (it’s a small class) and reviewed all of the paragraphs together. They talked, I listened and asked clarifying questions. They assessed each paragraph. They decided that most of their paragraphs were below target. They said things like:
- “That’s some good reasoning, but there’s no evidence to support it.”
- “I’d like to see some actual numbers to support the claim.”
- “I really like how clearly this is stated.”
Even though it took time to review, it was worth it.
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<urn:uuid:075dc3dc-e976-4380-8d85-900317db2657>
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CC-MAIN-2019-22
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https://rawsonmath.com/2017/03/15/making-progress/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232262029.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190527065651-20190527091651-00400.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971183 | 417 | 3.078125 | 3 |
What is Corneal Disease?
The cornea is the eye’s outermost layer and the first part of the optical system. It is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. Although the cornea is clear, it is actually a highly organized group of cells and proteins. Unlike most tissues in the body, the cornea contains no blood vessels to nourish or protect it against infection. Instead, the cornea receives its nourishment from the tears and aqueous humor that fills the chamber behind it. The cornea functions like a window that controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye. The cornea must remain transparent to refract light properly, and the presence of even the tiniest blood vessels can interfere with this process. To see well, all layers of the cornea must be free of any cloudy or opaque areas.
The term “Corneal Disease” refers to a variety of conditions that affect mainly the cornea. When damage or disease affects the cornea, light does not enter the eye as it should, and vision becomes impaired. The cornea also acts as a barrier for the rest of the eye, protecting it from germs, bacteria and foreign matter.
What causes Corneal Disease?
Eye infections, degenerations, and many other disorders of the cornea that arise due to heredity can all cause of corneal disease. Common corneal diseases and disorders can be caused by allergies, pink eye (conjunctivitis), corneal infections, and dry eye. Inherited ophthalmic disorders where the cornea becomes thick and cloudy, called Corneal Dystrophies are also classified as Corneal Disease. Fuch’s Disease is one example.
Symptoms of Corneal Disease
Common symptoms of Corneal Disease include:
- Eye Pain
- Blurred vision
- Extreme sensitivity to light
How is Corneal Disease treated?
If you experience any of these symptoms around your cornea, you should be seen by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. Depending on the cause, if left untreated, it can result in permanent damage to the cornea. Some symptoms can also indicate a more serious problem or require special treatment to prolong the life of the cornea.
To learn more: Facts about the Cornea from the National Eye Institute
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.apexeye.com/common-eye-conditions/corneal-disease/
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en
| 0.920857 | 493 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Henk Aay, Department of Geology, Geography and Environmental Studies
Where Am I Going and Why? Understanding Campus Spatial Behavior. CEAP is interested in knowing how much and what parts of the campus environment are known and used by students. The aim of the Geog 110 assignment is to help students understand and work with concepts such as geographical knowing, mapping, spatial behavior, spatial routines, activity spaces, space-time manifold, personal geographies. For one week each student will map their on campus spatial behavior and also include the locations of their arrivals on and exits from campus, and note their destinations when they leave campus (locations/addresses of work, shopping, amusement, socializing, eating out, church, etc.) Maps will include pathways and destinations for each day. Campus maps will be provided for the assignment. Students will be asked to prepare a final map(s) which clearly presents all of the information collected on the daily sketch maps. In groups the students will analyze and interpret the results looking for and suggesting explanations for common pathways, nodes and activity patterns. The data will be more carefully analyzed by students in one of Jim Bradley's statistics classes.
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CC-MAIN-2016-50
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http://www.calvin.edu/admin/provost/sustainability/initiatives/ceap/academics/courses/GGES/110/world-regional-geog.html
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en
| 0.957344 | 237 | 2.625 | 3 |
Why was Cromer Pier lit up in green?
- Credit: Archant
Cromer Pier has gone green to mark this year’s Recycle Week.
The popular attraction on the north Norfolk coast is being lit up in green every evening until Sunday, September 27 to mark the awareness week, which is run by government-funded recycling campaign, Recycle Now.
Councillor Nigel Lloyd, portfolio holder for the environment at North Norfolk District Council, which owns the pier, said: “North Norfolk manages to recycle around 40pc of its waste - a great start, but there is room for improvement.
“It only takes a second to ensure that your recyclable waste items end up in the correct bin. Recycling will keep your carbon footprint down because it reduces the waste going to incineration or landfill. It’s a win-win.”
Recycle Now’s post-lockdown figures show 73pc of people are “people are prepared to change their lifestyles to help the environment”, up from 68 per cent in 2019.
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<urn:uuid:42fda598-70dd-4292-a78e-83b716858f6c>
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CC-MAIN-2021-49
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https://www.northnorfolknews.co.uk/news/green-cromer-pier-recycling-week-1647176
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en
| 0.945562 | 225 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Roma issue is difficult, not only in Ukraine. In fact, similar problems exist in all countries of the former Soviet Union, whether they entered the EU or not. The main problems of the Roma are similar in all countries: social isolation from the local population, low educational level, poor living conditions, total poverty, appalling living conditions, poor health and lack of representatives in government, household racism, lack of protection of the law enforcement agencies.
During the work of our Fund, we concluded that the complexity of the processes of the social integration of Roma lies in two interrelated dimensions. Social and territorial isolation of Roma restricts access to information and resources that would contribute to the development of their inclusion in society. Without access to information about their rights, Roma remain illiterate and passive population of our country, which leads to sustainable preservation of customary law within the community and keeps stable isolation from the outside world. The lack of information about their rights and opportunities prevents the development of Roma communities: customary law, gender inequality, low educational level, limited access to health services in Roma community. Alienation and closeness of the community, lack of their representation on the public arena, stereotyping and stigmatization are the reasons for the existence of such shameful phenomena for a democratic country as Anti-Roma attitude, discrimination and hate speech.
To break this vicious circle we are working simultaneously in two directions. We conduct educational work with Roma and provide free legal aid, with the goal to strengthen the legal opportunities and access for Roma to resources of the city, region and country. However, to reduce the social distance between Roma and other residents of Ukraine we are gradually implementing an advocacy campaign “Open Roma” – we open Roma settlements.
Each problem, which Roma face, entails more problems. That’s why we’re working in several directions:
– Providing of legal aid for the Roma population;
– Support of the Roma in public institutions by social workers, lawyers and, where necessary, by interpreters;
– Dispelling myths and destruction of stereotypes by publishing materials related to the Roma history and culture;
– Showing successful stories of Roma who defended their rights in the public authorities;
– Lobbying for changes in legislation to simplify procedures for obtaining personal documents;
– Strengthening Roma communities through the development of self-government of the Roma people;
– Conducting advocacy campaigns and combating hate speech;
If Ukraine claims to be a democratic European country and its citizens are worth to live in democracy, we must walk the same way: all efforts should be directed on help for Roma to destroy the isolation, which exist for ages, teach them to live by the laws and regulations of our common state and finally help them integrate into Ukrainian society, as it has done by the other nationalities, which live in Ukraine.
Of course, integration is a long and complicated process. But if every day we make steps, small and invisible to others, then in a few years we can go through a long way to peaceful coexistence.
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<urn:uuid:2fb5a08b-a97c-444c-8f63-74183de3aeb1>
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CC-MAIN-2018-30
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http://rozvitok.org/en/the-protection-of-the-rights-of-roma-people/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676592387.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180721051500-20180721071500-00124.warc.gz
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en
| 0.946287 | 617 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Race plays a huge role in the lives of ethnic minority students at university.
They can face overt and covert racism which often goes unchecked. In fact, since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, Asian students report having been pelted with stones.
This kind of incident doesn’t exist in a vacuum. Racism can impact the chances of people of colour (POC) getting into university, how they perform during their studies and their career prospects after graduation. Studies show that just 56% of black students achieve a 2:1, compared to 80% of their white peers.
Recent research also shows BME students apply for 45% more jobs than their white counterparts.
The socioeconomic backgrounds of many POC families stop them from even applying to university, and when they do, they can expect to receive fewer offers.
Research shows that this gap isn’t because white students are any brighter – black pupils have the same levels of attainment, or better, during school. But once at university, the attainment gap widens.
Even the highest achieving minority students – those getting four As at A Levels – are less likely to get a first or 2:1 at university compared to their white peers.
And once they leave uni, BAME students are also more likely to be unemployed and have a higher chance of experiencing a pay gap.
The plethora of studies and research show that there is a problem with institutional and individual racism in higher education – but what is actually being done about it?
We spoke to some students past and present who argue that it’s high time universities were honest about how prevalent the race problem is – and, crucially, actually do something about it.
Nico* is a second-year student at an Edinburgh university and says it has been a mixed and alienating experience. He has noticed prejudiced comments and attitudes towards him just because he is mixed race.
‘The racism mostly manifests in subtle ways: infantilisation, being treated as an exotic “other” etc. I have had my ideas dismissed, but if someone white suggests something similar then they are praised for it.
‘I have had people make me feel like I’m stupid and unwanted and I have had the classic; “you come across as angry and intimidating”, even though there are white women on the course who fit that description more accurately than I do.’
Nico adds that nothing about his disposition suggests being an aggressive person, but inherently negative attitudes towards blackness paint him as such.
‘It’s frustrating being treated like a walking caricature and having to deal with this because people don’t want to do the work to deal with their own confirmation biases,’ he says.
‘I feel like I can’t be who I am. I can only be this fascinating “exotic” creature. I’ve encountered this in many other settings too such as work. The racism I experienced in my youth was more blatant: I would be spat on, called racial slurs etc. Now, it’s a lot more subtle and I frequently encounter microaggressions which is just as insidious as it eats away and erodes your sense of self and sanity little by little.’
These instances are similar to those Warwick student Amira has faced, though via different platforms.
‘I have experienced racism after playing lacrosse against a team of entirely white girls, going out with a white boy from a boarding school, travelling with my white friends. I am constantly apologising for my race. Desperately trying to address it as the “elephant in the room”,’ she tells us.
‘When I was at school playing lacrosse, I used to turn up to matches with samosas in my lunch box and for the rest of the team, making a joke out of my race. Making sure people were aware that I knew I was brown and that I was different. ‘
Victoria Ademosu, an owner of tuition services, says she encountered racism from staff and students when she attended university more than a decade ago.
‘Once, I was walking to a lecture on one of my first days at uni and a tall, white male was walking towards me,’ she remembers. ‘As I walked passed, he literally punched me in the arm with full force.
‘I was in disbelief because I’d never been physically attacked by a stranger before and everyone around just looked and said nothing.
‘Fetishising comments by actual staff members were really shocking and upsetting. And then there were subtle moments of racism where my voice was shunned in lectures or I was told I was only there to tick a box.
‘These instances made me feel scared, vulnerable and isolated.’
Associate Lecturer Sofia Akel investigated racism at Goldsmiths University and published the findings in her report: The Role of Race in Shaping the Experiences of Black and Minority Ethnic Students.
She tells us that the onus falls on the institution.
‘Universities, for many years have been continually denying the experiences of staff and students when it comes to race, so in order for institutions to begin tackling structural racism, they must first practice radical honesty and self-reflection, one that casts aside white-fragility, centering the experiences of racially minoritised students and staff.
‘Universities must act with urgency, the plethora of literature out there will enable an institution to begin examining the depth of its own institutional inequalities and start taking meaningful action, such as embedding racial justice work, prioritising anti-racist strategies and initiatives, decolonise their practices and more.
Findings of the Goldsmiths report:
Sofia used a series of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and a survey for her research.
She says: ‘I found that throughout the student academic lifecycle – from the lecture theatre to the social – students of colour were entering a racial battlefield within which their very existence in these spaces was called into question. This was solidified and upheld through racial microaggressions, overt forms of racism, disproportionate academic scrutiny, the attainment gap, social exclusion and more. Students were describing racial battle fatigue in which they constantly had to deploy strategic navigational skills in attempts to predict and outmanoeuvre forms of structural racism.’
She continues: ‘Whilst it is important to have a bespoke understanding of your own institution, I urge that we do not continue to stall progress in favour of producing more and more reports that effectively provide the same findings, which end up not acted on by their institution but provides good publicity instead. This does not help staff and students, only the institution.’
To make BAME students feel more welcome, institutions must try harder to, firstly, accept more applications. There must be an attempt to address the historical imbalance that has allowed opportunity to be disproportionately available to white students.
The next step would be to try harder to decolonise the curriculum to allow more diverse thinkers as well as encourage critical thought by offering and encouraging alternative perspectives.
If universities truly want to be a melting pot that nurtures their students, they must do better to invite more BAME participants and equip them for their life outside of their institutions.
That might look like encouraging and providing more BAME spaces in the form of society and networking groups. It might mean having lecturers and seminar leaders that look more like the students, and it may include a curriculum that isn’t so white.
*Names have been changed.
Source: Read Full Article
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https://chatsaudicam.com/health-news/there-is-still-too-much-racism-in-universities/
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| 0.974096 | 1,590 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Among communities in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the chewing of khat is a social custom dating back many thousands of years.
By: Matteo Crippa Leave a comment
Somalilandsun – It is high season for reports and studies relating to piracy. The latest World Bank report, Pirate Trails, which follows the recent IMB annual report on the number of piracy incidents as well as the UNSG situation report on piracy in Somalia, is dedicated to the largely unchartered topic of the illicit financial flows of Somali piracy. So far, apart for the disappointing report of the UK sponsored International Piracy Ransom Task Force, little public attention has been paid to tracking and disrupting the financial flows generated by piracy through the payment of ransoms for ships, crew and their cargos. Pirates, defined in the report as hostis humani generi (but wrongly attributing this definition to Cicero) have been capable of modernizing their actives and developing specific business models that adapt to the situation in which they operate. In Somalia, alongside pirates who attack and board ships crossing the Gulf of Aden, a sophisticated network of investors, local and foreign financiers and shareholders, but also negotiators, interpreters, guards, cooks and drivers, flourished and profited from piracy.
The report estimates that US$339 million to US$413 million was claimed in ransoms between April 2005 and December 2012 for pirate acts off the Horn of Africa. With low level pirates typically netting a pre-agreed fee between US$30,000 and US$75,000 (about 0.01–0.025 percent of an average ransom payment), the pirate financiers who invested in the piracy operations receive the bulk of the ransom, estimated at 30–75 percent of the total ransom.
Ransom payments can be invested locally, generally by low level pirates but increasingly also by financers, or moved by financial transfer, particularly to Djibouti, Kenya, and the United Arab Emirates. Most of the money is moved by cross-border cash smuggling, made easy by the porosity of the borders in the region and trade-based money laundering. Money transfer services are also exploited to move money outside Somalia.
Depending on the profit made, ransom money may be used to fuel other illicit activities in the region. Some pirate financiers are engaging in human trafficking, including migrant smuggling, and investing in militias and military capacities in Somalia. To launder their proceeds, pirate financiers can also buy into legitimate business interests, particularly the real estate market. Allegations that ransoms payments fueled the real estate prices in the region are not new, although any definitive evidence has yet to be shown. Other legitimate businesses in trade (for example, trade in petroleum), transportation, and the services industry (for example, restaurants, hotels, shops), also offer viable opportunities for the pirates to invest the proceeds from piracy, depending on the profit originally made.
Khat (also commonly referenced to as qat, qaad, gat, jaad, tchat, and miraa) is a small leafy plant. Among communities in the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, the chewing of khat is a social custom dating back many thousands of years.
Interestingly, the report sheds light of the role played by the trade of Khat, a mild stimulant popular in Somalia and very popular among pirates, in the financial flows generated by piracy. Khat is provided on credit to low level pirates throughout highjack operations. Its use is recorded. When ransoms are finally paid, the debt accumulated by the pirates during the captivity period is paid back by subtracting it from their share of the profit. In light of the potential profit to be generated, pirates are ready to pay their khat’s provisions at a price well above the market price. There is more. Given the lucrative nature of the trade, which predominantly cash-based, the traditional culture of khat chewing in Somalia, and Somalis’ control over the distribution network, pirates are also investing their profit and increasingly buying into this multi-million dollar business.
Khat trade with northern Kenya, in particular, is largely unregulated and is becoming fertile ground for the pirates’ business interests in this sector. An estimate of nine tons of khat is flown daily from Kenya to Mogadishu. The report recommends the regulation of the khat trade as one of the means to disrupt piracy financial flows in the region. Considering the pirates involvement in the growth, distribution and consumption of khat, however, the khat trade may already be an effective indicator of the pirates financial and laundering activities. Monitoring this business can therefore add to the efforts to track the pirates network upwards to their financiers within and outside Somalia.
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<urn:uuid:ed7aefd7-7fad-4b9f-80a6-c2395c9e0153>
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CC-MAIN-2018-13
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http://www.somalilandsun.com/2013/11/12/follow-the-khat-tracking-piracys-financial-flows/
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en
| 0.951855 | 978 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, Connecticut vital records (births, deaths, marriages) and deeds were typically recorded locally by a town clerk. Town clerks, however, did not go looking for such information. Residents were expected to bring the data and documents to the town clerk who was expected to record it in ledgers. These ledgers and any notes were stored in the clerk’s home where they were subject to fire, damage or being misplaced when the clerk was not re-elected or died. In Lebanon, there was not a town hall until the late 1830s, but town clerks were still storing records at home until well into the 20th century.
In Connecticut, a town clerk’s register of vital records included many births, but not necessarily all births since not all families made the effort to notify the town of a new family member. Family Bibles often serve to fill that gap as father’s recorded each new child’s arrival. Church records often include lists of baptisms with names, dates and sometimes parents’ names. However, in Lebanon there are some births that can be documented only on the headstones of children who died.
The beginning of formal birth certificates, as opposed to town registers of births, seems to be linked to the 1935 creation of the social security system. However, even today there is no federal requirement that all births be certified although one needs to present a birth certificate to get a social security card and/or a passport.
Marriage licenses (as issued by town or state) were not provided in the United States until the mid-1800s. It was not until 1923 that the federal government passed the Uniform Marriage and Marriage License Act and it was 1929 before every state had marriage license laws. Marriages were often noted in town clerks’ vital records registers and in some church records. In 17th and early 18th century Connecticut, marriages were civil not religious acts. Congregational church records, therefore, do not always note marriages as the ceremony was often performed by justices or other government officials not ordained ministers.
Records of deaths were kept by town clerks and by churches in the 18th and 19th centuries. Usually deaths, like other vital records, were listed in registers. In the United States, a standardized death certificate was introduced around 1910.
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CC-MAIN-2020-40
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https://historyoflebanon.org/genealogy/understanding-connecticut-vital-records/
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en
| 0.991566 | 477 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Global fresh water demand is expected to grow by 2 percent yearly over the next several decades. Based on the assumption that water supply will remain relatively stable, demand growth is expected to lead to serious water stress. This is largely the result of a linear model of water usage, in which the resource becomes more polluted and increasingly wasted as it travels through the system, shortening the water cycle.
Less is More: Circular Economy Solutions to Water Shortages*, a* new report by ING in partnership with Deltares, an independent knowledge institute for water and subsoil, is attempting to address these issues by laying out a circular model for water usage. In this model, the take-make-waste approach is replaced by a reduce-reuse-retention approach, which aims to close the loop and make the water system regenerative by design so water retains its quality and can move through the cycle again and again. According to the report, moving towards more circular water systems will improve the local balance of water supply and demand.
In the report, ING and Deltares analyze the circular potential in six regions: Northern India, California, Ghana, United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh and the Netherlands. The report finds that while the circular economy is not able to fully eliminate water shortages, it has the potential to save 400 billion m3 of water yearly, the equivalent of 11 percent of global water demand and almost the entirity of water consumption in the U.S.
In California, a region that has, for the last six years, been plagued by severe drought , the circular economy has the potential to almost halve the number of years with anticipated water shortages. For the years where shortages remain, these are reduced by over 90 percent. A circular approach could also provide an alternative for desalination projects that come with high environmental and social costs.
Northern India has a very large and water intensive agriculture sector, a reality which further aggravates its position as a water-stressed region. Water shortages pose a significant problem for the region and are expected to occur every year up to 2050. The introduction of a reduce-reuse-retention approach could help reduce these water shortages by one-third and save around 350 billion m3 yearly. This equates to 10 percent of the water used globally.
Like Northern India, Bangladesh is also expected to experience water shortages every year up to 2050. Similarly, circular practices have the potential to almost halve water shortages and save 20 billion m3 each year. The same can be said for the United Arab Emirates, where a circular approach to water could help one of the most water-stressed countries in the world reduce water shortages by around 16 percent annually.
Ghana and the Netherlands would also benefit from a new model. A regenerative model to water usage has the potential to reduce shortages by two-thirds (117 million m3 annually) in 14 of the years leading up to 2050 for Ghana, and could reduce water shortages in the agriculture sector in the Netherlands by up to one-quarter.
“As our findings demonstrate, circular water measures certainly have high potential to reduce water stress. Applying the principals of the circular economy requires transformative change of current linear water systems, which in turn also presents businesses with a range of opportunities throughout the supply chain,” said Gerben Hieminga, ING.
“Nonetheless, we must be cognizant of the fact that these measures cannot be implemented in isolation. Barriers to progress, such as costs of implementation, regulatory control and free water rights, as well as the entire water cycle from supply, demand and behavior needs to be improved before a circular water solution can be as effective in achieving such positive results.”
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://sustainablebrands.com/read/the-next-economy/ing-circular-solutions-to-water-stress-could-save1-of-global-water-demand
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en
| 0.956116 | 758 | 3.65625 | 4 |
chemical formula: NH4NO3
( powder/chunks )
Ammonium Nitrate is an oxidizer that is commonly used as a fertilizer, various chemical processes, as well as a component in rocket propellants and explosives. It is also used in 'cold packs' and for demos of endothermic (heat absorbing) reactions. When water is added to a quantity of Ammonium Nitrate, the temperature of the solution drops rapidly below freezing. It needs to be kept in a tightly closed container, it has a bad habit of absorbing moisture from the air and forming into a solid block.
High purity recrystallized material.
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CC-MAIN-2022-27
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https://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=92
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en
| 0.943299 | 138 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Possibly explaining the recent dramatic decline in their population, Croatian scientists have successfully used honeybees to sniff out land mines. A swarm of bees will be released, and then a heat-sensing camera will be used to track their movements to any mines that might be hidden below the soil.
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CC-MAIN-2018-22
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http://www.extremetech.com/tag/croatia
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en
| 0.871145 | 98 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Davie and Julie Yen ["3 acres, 2 green thumbs," LI Life, Jan. 20], are correct in saying that "we need young people to continue farming." As a nation, we are embarking on a new way of thinking about food and farming, and it would be exciting if Long Island schools stayed ahead of the times by spearheading the move toward sustainable lifestyles; that is, using fewer resources.
Currently, education relies too heavily on standardized tests, and schools don't always take into account the various ways students learn. The use of gardens in our schools is a sustainable education approach that could open up a whole range of inventive teaching strategies in many subject areas.
The Yens spoke of innovative techniques such as hydroponics and aquaculture. Imagine if students could take classes in these techniques. Learning how to grow food could have a profound effect on how students view their individual health and the health of our environment.
Sustainable education could give our children the opportunity to become leaders in this field. On a local level, it could lead to renewed economic prosperity that is desperately needed for young Long Islanders.
Lauren Carmichael, Coram
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CC-MAIN-2017-09
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http://www.newsday.com/opinion/letters/letter-build-farming-into-schools-1.4583139
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en
| 0.96165 | 235 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Australian Hardwoods, Why they are Greener than Bamboo
Aussie Aussie Aussie
Todays consumers are becoming more environmentally aware, they are looking for options that are truly sustainable.
In essence everyone wants to be green. The word ‘green’ is used to describe many products in the market place. Using the “green” word these days seems to be more of a marketing tool than a true indication of the product. So just how “green” are some of the products that are being promoted quite vigorously in particular Bamboo flooring? Some major considerations if you truly want find out if a product is “green” are – how a product is harvested and manufactured, how far it is has to be shipped to reach the customer and what is sacrificed to produce the final product.
Moso bamboo, the primary species used for manufacturing flooring, it can grow over 100cm in 24 hours, more common is from 3cm to 10cm per day and reaching a height of over two meters in 40-50 days. The best time to harvest the bamboo is when it reaches maturity at five years. Compare that to hardwood trees that take 40-60 years to reach full maturity on the surface it would seem bamboo is a more sustainable resource. Unfortunately this is not the case.
Oz is best
The majority of bamboo timber comes from China where existing forests have been cleared to make way for bamboo plantations.
The deforestation leads to soil erosion and loss of habitat for flora and fauna, which is then compounded by the use of pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers.
In Australia trees used for building products and hardwood flooring are harvested very sustainably. More often than not the trees harvested are from managed regrowth forests or plantations.
To make bamboo flooring it is cut-to-length, ripped into thin strips and laminated together with glues that contain carcinogenic chemicals like urea-formaldehyde, (there are some that are manufactured that don’t use dangerous chemical), it’s then milled into a tongue and groove and then finished with any number of different coatings which may or may not contain VOC’s (volatile organic compounds). Often, this is done with few regulations on the manufacturing plant, glue, finish or waste, in plants with up to 80% of the electricity coming from coal generation.
The hardwood flooring process is much simpler. Logs are sawn into planks, air dried and then kiln dried (most kilns are fuelled using the waste material left from the cutting process) the timber is machined into flooring, it is then wrapped and transported locally to the vendor.
Hardwood flooring takes less water and energy to produce than any other flooring option. The only by-product is sawdust, which can be made into many other things such as paper and particleboard. There is very little waste from machining hardwoods. Australian companies follow strict guidelines and recovery and sustainability are key in continuing to have a strong healthy, viable timber industry. Maintaining the quality of this flooring is very important to help keep it in good condition.
Probably the biggest impact on the environment is the issue of shipping. The environmental impact of shipping bamboo flooring from China to Australia easily out ways any good arguments for using Bamboo.
Large Container ships are considered to be some of the biggest polluters on the planet, their huge engines burn poor fuels and release massive amounts of polluting gases into the environment, also the waste from the bilge constantly pollutes the oceans.
Bamboo is often touted as being a solution to a problem, because bamboo is a noxious weed and using it to make other products is getting rid of a problem, but if it is planted deliberately to be used for manufacturing products then it no longer is solving a problem. Retailers often refer to it as timber flooring, when in reality it is a grass that has been mixed with chemicals to create a floorboard.
Australian Hardwood Floors Are Eco Friendly
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<urn:uuid:11904fa0-6d71-4c2d-8825-e2204f3833ae>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://connollys.com.au/australian-hardwood-floors-why-they-are-greener-than-bamboo-2/
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en
| 0.959461 | 832 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Beach’s role in the world of print culture removes her from her role as a subordinate into her role as the dominant not only in her relationship with Joyce but in all of her “separate sphere” relationships. By not only running, but owning the bookstore/lending library, Beach shows her dominance in the business world–the world of men.
For a long time, it’s been a man’s world, and women have often been secondary, subjugated and sometimes non-existent. The field of print culture is no exception, but for some of the small bookshops on the Left Bank of Paris in the early 1900s. One of them was run by Sylvia Beach, who would be responsible for publishing the influential work Ulysses. Despite being a woman at a time when women were supposed to be housewives, Beach showed the world that a woman could wear the pants in a relationship and be successful in the man’s world of print culture.
I think it is important to think about what Beach actually accomplished in the printing world as a woman. A huge example of this is that Beach, without even knowing it, embodied the Main Principles of L’Ecriture Feminine specified by Helene Cixous:
- Not invested in gender alone, so there are…
View original post 578 more words
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CC-MAIN-2018-05
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https://whatsmyrole.wordpress.com/2013/03/21/123/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887981.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20180119125144-20180119145144-00224.warc.gz
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en
| 0.971415 | 280 | 2.703125 | 3 |
1/4" to 5/8" in length generally black; may appear as red and black. The queen is about ¾”, large mandibles on the head, light gold hairs on the abdomen.
Damage / Signs of Presence:
Carpenter Ants do not eat the wood like termites but they do excavate it to form galleries in which they live and support the colony. They can affect the structural integrity of wood. Cause holes in materials in which moisture can accumulate thus causing more damage. Carpenter Ants have been the cause of million of dollars in damages throughout the United States.
Most people never realize they have Carpenter Ants in their home until it's too late and damage has been done. Signs to look for and act quickly:
See live ants in your home or outside on your home.
Find wood shavings (Frass) with insect parts mixed in.
Remodeling and come across damage or a nest.
Carpenter Ants go through a complete life cycle of Egg, Larva, Pupa & Adult. They have minor and major workers ranging into the thousands per nest. They often form satellite colonies close by to the main colony.
Winged Ants (Swarmers) are a reproductive ant with the responsibility of mating in the air and establishing a new nest.
Southern Wisconsin's Bed Bug Expert!
CONTACT US TODAY!
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<urn:uuid:a359f9ec-e317-4f4b-86f4-63b9504a347c>
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CC-MAIN-2021-25
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https://www.beingbugged.com/carpenter-ants
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en
| 0.938537 | 287 | 2.8125 | 3 |
About The Era
Four years after the stock market crash of 1929, which triggered the Great Depression, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt initiated the New Deal, a program of domestic reform meant to revive the economy and alleviate the problem of mass unemployment. Toward these ends, he established various new federal agencies, putting many more people to work to do the increased business of government. Thousands of artists were employed, most through the largest program, the Works Progress Administration. Although the government did not dictate the type of art that was to be produced, it did encourage the use of a representational style and American themes. As a result, most of the art created in the decade prior to World War II was humanistic in orientation.
Artists, writers, and philosophers of the period became obsessed with the social relevance of art. Although a small group of American artists did attack the societal ills of the nation (housing shortages, unemployment) and of the world in general (the rise of fascism and militarism), most adopted a more pragmatic and even positive attitude. American scene painters captured busy city dwellers on streets, in buses, at work, and at play. Occasionally artists infused an element of humor into the pathos of everyday existence, even in scenes that allude to the political disasters of the day. Regionalists were particularly fond of idealizing the past and aggrandizing the present accomplishments of the country. In fact, the myth of America as a country where everyone lives a pastoral, carefree existence emerged with new vigor in the art of the 1930s.
The diversity of the people also emerged as a strong current of social realism. Artists who were accustomed to working in their studios now looked beyond their immediate circles for models. Individuals of various races, professions, or creeds inspired some of the most moving portraits of the century and demonstrated the soul of the people.
- About the Era.
- Eliasoph, Philip. 1981. Paul Cadmus: Yesterday & Today. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University Art Museum.
- Pacini, Marina. Red Grooms: Traveling Correspondent. Memphis: Memphis Brooks Museum of Art, 2016.
- Doty, Robert. Human Concern/Personal Torment: the Grotesque in American Art. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1969.
- Esguerra, Clarissa, and Michaela Hansen. Lee Alexander McQueen: Mind, Mythos, Muse. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2022.
- Einzig, Barbara, ed. Los Angeles County Museum of Art Report, July 1, 1979-June 30, 1981. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1982.
- Price, Lorna. Masterpieces from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1988.
- Fort, Ilene Susan and Michael Quick. American Art: a Catalogue of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art Collection. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1991.
- Morris, Anthony J. 2012. Paul Cadmus and carnival, 1934: representing the comic grotesque. American Art 26(3): 86-99.
Higginbotham, Carmenita. The Urban Scene: Race, Reginald Marsh, and American Art. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015.
- Frank, Robin Jaffee. Coney Island. Hartford: Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art in association with Yale University Press, 2015.
Gioni, Massimiliano and Gary Carrion-Murayari, eds. Peter Saul: Crime and Punishment. London; New York: Phaidon Press, in association with New Museum, 2020.
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<urn:uuid:bd842f7c-1b7c-4c33-9f87-be1ed73f5bcf>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://collections.lacma.org/node/232772
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643663.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528083025-20230528113025-00622.warc.gz
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en
| 0.895781 | 771 | 3.671875 | 4 |
“Accessible and inclusive culture” is one of Creative Europe’s key aims. The EC’s European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 aims to
“remove barriers to equal participation in…leisure activities”.
Sign & Sound Theatre addresses both by removing “attitudinal barriers”, exploring new ways to produce inclusive arts, for inclusive audiences. It aims to lead to artists and spectators, with(out) disabilities, enjoying the same theatre experience at the same time, and without one artist/audience being favored over another. It works on a Europe-wide problem around lack of inclusion in the arts.
It does this through 3 strands of activity:
- Test ways of cooperation between cultural centres and service providers to work together to engage a range of audiences (with(out) disabilities) in inclusive art performances.
- Encourage deaf and hearing artists to collaborate through piloting (play: guardians of dreams) a new theatre technique – Innovative Bilingual Theatre (IBT) – using integrated sign and oral language.
- Trial ways to adapt IBT for other different needs and media, e.g. blind, learning difficulties.
The project provided capacity building and transnational mobility through workshops in three areas:
- For cultural and service provider organisations, to learn how to engage audiences with different needs in the arts (theatre as a trial);
- For artistic directors, to learn how to use IBT as a tool for developing inclusive theatre performances (or adapt it to other media and needs);
- For artists, to learn how to perform using IBT in collaboration between artists with different needs (e.g. hearing and deaf).
The pilot IBT performance was a play produced by 6 partner countries, and premiered and toured in each.
The project concluded with a conference in Brussels on 4 October 2019. This included results and feedback from the workshops and performances, and presented the guidelines and the recommendations for European policy makers.
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CC-MAIN-2019-43
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https://signandsoundtheatre.eu/about
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986653216.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014101303-20191014124303-00186.warc.gz
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en
| 0.937726 | 403 | 2.640625 | 3 |
- There is limited information available on production of trailing blackberry, particularly certified organic plantings, which are of interest to growers as there is increased consumer demand and a price premium over conventionally-produced fruit. Various production strategies were evaluated for their effect on yield, biomass production, carbon (C), and nutrient concentrations and content in a certified organic trailing blackberry field grown at the North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, OR. The planting was irrigated by drip and fertigated with an Organic Materials Review Institute-listed fish hydrolysate and fish emulsion fertilizer. The study was conducted over two complete years and the planting was machine-harvested for the processed market. Treatments used in the study were: cultivar ('Marion' and 'Black Diamond'), irrigation strategy [no irrigation after the final fruit harvest in July (no postharvest) and continuous summer irrigation (postharvest)], weed management strategy [nonweeded (weeds left to grow in the row), hand-weeded (weeds hoed as needed throughout the season), and weed mat (a porous landscape fabric)], and primocane training time (August and February).
The best performing organic production systems did not depend on irrigation strategy, utilized weed mat, and used February-training (for 'Marion' only). When the plantings were mature, 'Marion' and 'Black Diamond' yielded as much as 9 and 11 t∙ha⁻¹, respectively; similar to what would be expected in conventional production. The use of weed mat consistently increased yield and vegetative growth, even when compared to hand-weeded (13% increase). 'Black Diamond' plants did not compete as effectively with weeds as 'Marion' and were more readily infested by raspberry crown borer (Pennisetia marginata Harris) which likely reduced yield. Unlike 'Black Diamond', 'Marion' was negatively affected by an unusually cold winter in 2014. In that year, August-trained 'Marion' plants had 1 kg/plant less yield than February-trained plants, as well as less biomass.
Soil pH, organic matter content, and soil ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were greater under weed mat than in hand-weeded plots. Several nutrients were below recommended standards in both the soil or primocane leaf tissue, including soil K, soil boron (B), and primocane leaf N, phosphorus (P), K, Ca, Mg, S, B, and Zn concentrations in at least one year or cultivar. 'Black Diamond' tended to have higher floricane and fruit nutrient concentrations than 'Marion'. Use of weed mat often led to the highest nutrient concentrations in the soil, leaves, and fruit, while withholding irrigation postharvest had limited effects, and the impact of primocane training time varied among years, nutrients, and plant parts.
Aboveground dry biomass production in the planting averaged 5.75 t·ha-1, approximately 50% of which was comprised of C. Floricanes, primocanes, and fruit comprised 45%, 30%, and 25% of aboveground plant biomass, respectively. The average aboveground C stock of the planting was 0.75 t·ha⁻¹ in late winter. The treatment with the largest impact on dry biomass and nutrient content was weed management. Weeds reduced aboveground plant dry biomass, primocane, floricane, and fruit nutrient content, and annual gain. Using weed mat for weed control generally led to the largest dry biomass and nutrient content. February-trained 'Marion' plants lost more of most nutrients in 2014 than the year prior, although nutrient gain was not affected by cultivar. Both cultivars lost the most N in harvested fruit when weed mat was used (22 t·ha⁻¹, as compared with 18 t·ha⁻¹ with hand weeding and 12 t·ha⁻¹ with weeds present in 2013), although 'Black Diamond' with weed mat lost 6 t·ha⁻¹ more N through fruit removal than 'Marion' in 2014. Continuous summer irrigation resulted in plants that gained more dry biomass, N, K, Mg, S, B, and Cu than those that received no irrigation after fruit harvest in one or both years. Nitrogen, K, and B were lost at higher rates than what was applied through fertilization, which would eventually lead to the depletion of those nutrients in the planting.
Both cultivars appear to be well suited for organic production, although each had their own challenges. Allowing weeds to grow in the row reduced yield, dry biomass, and nutrient concentrations and content, while both hand weeding and the use of weed mat resulted in increased growth and yield. Weed mat improved production even over hand weeding and reduced labor, making it an ideal choice in this organic system. Withholding irrigation after harvest reduced water use by an average of 44% each year without adversely affecting yield or nutrient concentrations in either cultivar, although it did reduce dry biomass and some nutrient gains. Training time mainly affected 'Marion', which had reduced growth and yield when primocanes were trained in August.
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<urn:uuid:5db9429b-7bc9-40ba-bf30-b520778f77c1>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/zk51vm33c?locale=en
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370526982.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404231315-20200405021315-00433.warc.gz
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en
| 0.960472 | 1,107 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A scrip cash dispenser
is a computerized telecommunications device that allows a financial institution
method of receiving cash in a retail
location without the assistance of a cashier
With a scrip cash dispenser, the customer identifies themselves by inserting a plastic card with a magnetic stripe
or a plastic smartcard
with a chip, that contains his or her account number. The customer then verifies their identity by entering a passcode
, often referred to as a PIN
umber) of four or more digits.
Upon successful entry of the PIN, the customer may perform a cash withdrawal transaction.
If the cash withdrawal transaction is approved the machine prints a receipt, which is known as scrip. The customer then takes this scrip to a nearby sales clerk, who then exchanges it for cash from the cash register's cash drawer.
Some national banking regulators, such as the US Federal Reserve
, defines ATM transactions simply as electronic access to one's checking account and makes no distinction or mention of the location of the vault or cash drawer.
Financial networks and Scrip Cash Dispenser
In order to allow a more diverse range of devices to attach to their networks, some interbank networks have passed rules expanding the definition of an ATM to be a terminal that either has the vault within its footprint or utilizes the vault or cash drawer within the merchant establishment. This allows for the use of a scrip cash dispenser transactions to be conducted in a similar manner to ATMs.
Scrip cash dispensers may share many of the same components as an automatic teller machine
, but lacks the ability to dispense physical cash and consequently requires no vault.
An ATM typically is made up of the following devices:
- CPU (to control the user interface and transaction devices)
- Magnetic and/or Chip card reader (to identify the customer)
- PIN Pad (similar in layout to a Touch tone or Calculator keypad), often manufactured as part of a secure enclosure.
- Secure cryptoprocessor, generally within a secure enclosure.
- Display (used by the customer for performing the transaction)
- Function key buttons (usually close to the display) (used to select the various aspects of the transaction)
- Record Printer (to provide the customer with a record of their transaction)
- Housing (for aesthetics and to attach signage to)
Advantages versus conventional ATMs
- Cheaper to purchase
- Fewer moving parts
- Simpler servicing procedures
Disadvantages versus conventional ATMs
- Transactions can not be completed without interaction with a cashier
- Device form factor is often the same as a POS Terminal, which limits interaction methods
- Possibility of counterfeiting of receipts
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<urn:uuid:f34a64dd-2402-4bd2-8eea-cb3096328320>
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.reference.com/browse/Scrip+cash+dispenser
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en
| 0.922502 | 555 | 2.875 | 3 |
The Alder Flycatcher is a shy bird similar to many other Flycatchers. In fact, the Willow Flycatcher and the Alder Flycatcher used to be considered members of the same species until the 1970s. The Willow Flycatcher and the Alder Flycatcher look so similar, in fact, that it is hard to distinguish the two using anything other than their calls. The Alder Flycatcher can often be found in the forest foraging for the flying insects that it eats. This bird is rarely spotted by humans due to its shyness, but can sometimes been seen if it is suddenly chasing insects or it is perching to sing. The Alder Flycatcher nests in shrubs and trees and its nest is sometimes the victim of nest parasitism by the Brown-headed Cowbird. This means that the Cowbird female will lay her eggs in another bird's nest and leave that bird to care for them.
Direct with shallow wing beats.
Calls or song.
fee-bee-o or way-bee-o and pep
Population and distribution.
The Alder Flycatcher nests in trees and lays 3-4 white eggs in June.
Birds in the same Family:
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<urn:uuid:f0ae66e9-fe22-460f-a26a-9ad0c1ec085a>
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CC-MAIN-2018-26
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http://birdingbirds.com/encyclopedia/alder-flycatcher/
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en
| 0.958016 | 253 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Over the past year or so, the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs) has been one of the few constants in an electronic component market that's been beleaguered by lengthy lead-times, allocation challenges and capacity issues.
But now, just as the continuity of the supply chain is beginning to stabilise, and prices are slowly coming down, the rise of new technologies is putting the squeeze on availability of one of the most crucial materials in PCB production: copper laminate.
While a PCB normally equates to only around 0.5% to 2% of the overall value of an assembled product, it is a critical component at the heart of every assembly. So ensuring reliable and sustainable supply of its vital raw materials is a crucial factor.
The impact of new technologies
A report earlier this year from independent business news publisher Stockhead provided a stark view of the global copper shortfall when it reported that the world was running on a 1.3 copper consumption ratio - or just a 10-day supply of copper.
Global demand for copper meanwhile, has been on the rise. It's a trend that's being substantially influenced by the shift away from fossil fuel vehicles towards the vision of an "all-electric" automotive industry.
And as production of electric vehicles continues in earnest, it comes as no surprise that the demand for copper (used in the production of lithium batteries) is at an all time high.
The rapidly expanding global implementation of 5G is another contributing factor impacting copper supply, with each new 5G base station requiring large quantities of the high performance copper-clad laminate FR4, a product which has previously only been produced in lower volumes.
Further compounding the problem is the fact that many laminate manufacturers have shifted their attention to producing these higher performance (and higher margin) FR4 materials -with the production of standard FR4 laminate taking more of a back seat.
Key decisions at the PCB design stage
PCB lamination relies on the selection of suitable materials - and choosing the right laminate is a crucial step in ensuring the stability, lower loss and performance of the final assembly.
But while your design engineer's purchase order or fabrication drawing may highlight the material they believe needs to be used, it may be worth asking a few key questions early on in the design phase.
What is the real end application of their choice of material? What are the operating conditions? And, perhaps most crucially, are there alternatives that could do the job just as well?
One key piece of advice for design engineers is to avoid specifying a specific laminate material type or brand and to opt instead for one of the 55+ laminate materials that are currently contained within the industry standard IPC4101.
Clarification of copper weight is another core area, with electronics manufacturers being advised to scrutinise their PCB portfolio in terms of copper thickness and type of base material.
Quite often, customers will only specify the copper weight (for example 2oz) on their data, but will omit to advise whether this reflects the base or finished weight.
The discrepancy between the two can make a big difference - both to the cost and to the end application - so it is advisable to clearly state your requirements in microns and to indicate whether this is the base or finished thickness.
As the electronics manufacturing industry moves into 2020, the materials supply pipeline is anticipated to become increasingly unpredictable.
Component supply shortages, raw-metal supply challenges and the volatile international trade environment are all having an effect on customer purchasing levels, which in turn is impacting on the accuracy of forecasting.
While laminate suppliers are working hard to keep inventories steady, and are doing their best to smooth the flow, the reality is that their efforts can only work for so long.
But by rethinking raw material selection at the design stage, and by paying closer attention to the finer details such as the accuracy of copper weight specifications, engineers can help offset potential supply chain challenges early on in the PCB design process.
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<urn:uuid:9aa917f8-1936-494d-b500-2c85fcd9e625>
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CC-MAIN-2021-31
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https://www.jjsmanufacturing.com/blog/pcb-design-engineers-raw-material-supply
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en
| 0.94491 | 811 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Mescalero Tribal Fish Hatchery has long and tumultuous history
The resurrection of the Mescalero Tribal Fish Hatchery is closely tied to the fortitude of the tribe's youth who literally saved it from drowning.
The hatchery lies at the confluence of several streams and a spring that runs nearby. Its location may be ideal because of these sources of water but floods in 1999 and 2001 caused torrents to cascade down the canyon onto the facility.
"The 1999 flood resulted in 100 percent fish kill," Mike Montoya, an employee of the hatchery when it was a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service operation, said. "The U.S. government gave the hatchery back in 2000 after 34 years, but it was not in an operable condition."
According to Montoya, the high pH in the ash killed some fish but it was the carcasses clogging the screens and causing the water to rise that killed many more as live fish were forced out of the raceways and onto the ground where they were washed away.
"Fish were flopping in the parking lot of the Tribal Store downstream from the hatchery," Montoya said.
After the water receded, the silt remained, clogging the pipes. The Southwestern Tribal Fisheries Commission worked with the tribe and, after much work, the hatchery re-opened as the Mescalero Tribal Fish Hatchery.
Lessons of the past were not lost on Montoya when, in 2008, another flood threatened the facility.
"I could see that fish were dying and again clogging the screens," Montoya said. "Water started building up, and I knew that we needed to get the fish away from the screens. Some Mescalero kids were here for the summer and they understood what was happening. They jumped into the water and started throwing the fish out. They all worked like crazy throwing fish everywhere, even as the water kept pouring in, but the water was allowed to flow through the pipes, pushing the silt with it. The water and the silt were able to wash through and out of the hatchery."
Rather than all of the fish dying, the hatchery experienced a 55 percent kill; large, but not as devastating as during previous floods.
"More importantly, the fish that survived were able to continue living once the flooding subsided since freshwater was able to continue flowing through the pipes and into the raceways," Montoya said. "Those youth didn't know they were saving the hatchery; they were just trying to keep the water flowing, but the impact of their work was tremendous."
The concerted and passionate effort of those young tribal members led to the development of the Mescalero Youth Conservation Corps. Now known as the Sovereign Nation Service Corps, the group provides hands-on experience in the field of natural resources for interested young people in Mescalero.
The Corps is currently involved in several projects both on and off the hatchery grounds.
Throughout the reservation, a pilot project using indigenous beetles to eradicate musk thistle is taking place on several contracted acres.
Solar panels, attached to wells once used to water cattle, allow wildlife access to water year round.
On the hatchery grounds, solar panels are part of a grid-tied, 125-volt system that pumps water to the community garden and farm. Excess energy is sold back to the utility company.
Not satisfied that the flooding situation has been fully resolved, another project diverts water to be recirculated and stored in case of future contamination. Raceways that cracked shortly after the opening of the hatchery in 1966 are being planted with food crops.
One project is linking the hatchery, located in the shadow of the St. Joseph Apache Mission to the Mescalero business area.
"We are building a trail from here down to the Head Start building," John Salazar, one of this year's volunteers said. "We want the younger generation to get out from being inside and be able to exercise. Eventually we will extend the trail to the Tribal Store and then to the Mescalero Empowerment Center so that everyone can use it."
Other members of the Sovereign Nation Service Corps are responsible for the day-to-day operations at the hatchery where the work is constant. Feeding the fish twice a day, grading and sorting, cleaning the raceways and removing and burying the dead fish in an area that is then dug up again for use as fertilizer for the community garden and keeping the grounds up are just some of the daily jobs required to tend and support the estimated 300,000 rainbow trout.
Several of the Corps are working in supervisory positions after graduating college.
Wacey Cochise graduated from New Mexico Highlands in May with a degree in biology, specializing in wildlife and has worked the past six summers and this winter at the hatchery, fulfilling his goal of mentoring youth in natural resources, while Nolan Garcia works driving the trucks that carry the trout to tribal lakes and other reservations. He earned associate of applied science degrees in transportation technology with a concentration in automotive as well as diesel mechanics.
"I'm turning the driving over to Nolan now," Montoya said. "He can handle it better than I can."
Garcia will deliver fish to the pueblos and tribal lands of New Mexico, in addition to stocking the many lakes that dot the Mescalero Apache Reservation.
He will travel north to the Southern Ute Indian Reservation in southwest Colorado and to Arizona.
"We've gone as far as Yuma," Montoya said. "They needed fish badly so we gave them a couple of thousand fish so that the U.S. Game and Wildlife Service could meet their obligations to the tribe."
The irony of living up to such obligations is not lost on Montoya who, with Shelley Battiest, the assistant project manager at the hatchery, are the only paid employees at the hatchery: the same facility that was handed back to the tribe after it had been virtually destroyed.
Battiest, who holds a fish and wildlife degree from NMSU, spends her time inside with the fry and fingerlings trout, and outdoors with the larger fish that are transferred once their immunity is established. Spring water is used inside since it is purer than the water from upstream canyons. Once the fish are transferred, the spring and stream water are combined into the outdoor concrete raceways.
The time outside distinguishes the trout once they are released to be reeled in by fishermen and fisherwomen.
"The fish out here are a lot darker than those in the wild," Battiest said. "They don't have the protection from the sun and with no habitat to hide under, they get sunburned. You can tell a Mescalero trout that way."
Being outdoors brands them, but also allows the fish to be prey for other wildlife.
"I don't mind ospreys and I don't mind eagles," Montoya said. "They are very efficient hunters. So are kingfishers. The blue herons are another matter. For every fish that lands in their gullet, ten are mortally wounded as they are flipped up to be swallowed only to end up on the ground or to die from their injuries if they made it back into the raceway."
Feral cats and raccoons also pose problems.
Given the obstacles the hatchery has overcome, though, a few vermin and migratory birds seem easily surmountable.
"You should have seen those kids throwing out those fish to save the hatchery," Montoya said, looking off into the distance. "It was really something."
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Q. How do we motivate teens to eat more fruits and vegetables? Also, can you direct me to any research?
A. The easiest thing you can do? Make fruits and veggies available to your kids! Research has shown that availability in the home has been associated with higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, especially in children and adolescents. While at times it can be frustrating, remember to lead by example, be patient, and always have fruits and veggies available!
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Do you need to improve your automotive product development, to increase efficiency, or to comply with ASPICE and Functional Safety?
You are at the right place.
Collecting Crash Data To Help Autonomous Cars With Rare Events
Crashes are rare events.
Yes, there are nearly six million (6M) crashes every year in the United States alone. But in a non-coronavirus year the U.S. drives 3.6 trillion miles, which averages out to approximately one accident in every 600,000 miles. Given that the average American drives 31.5 miles per day, that would equate to a staggering fifty-two (52) years on average between accidents if you’re not a teenager. Normally, such an incredible statistic would be reason for joy.
However, here’s the rub: autonomous vehicles (AV’s) will need to understand how best to react in the event of a near-accident or the unavoidable accident. A deer darts from behind foliage. A high-speed vehicle emerges from an alley. A rollover accident unfolds directly ahead. These are extremely uncommon events and, therein, the best and worst driver responses to these situations are unavailable. “There’s a huge scarcity in crash-scenario data for self-driving cars,” states Peter Haas, the Associate Director of The Humanity-Centered Robotics Initiative at Brown University. “Most cars have been driven in very safe conditions with nearly-zero crashes.”
In response to this, Director Haas and Brown University have started a data collection for the masses. “We will be using very high-resolution simulation tests with human participants in virtual crashes and recording their reactions to help create a database for self-driving cars to respond to near-crash scenarios. The recorded information from the drivers would eventually help train the cars how to drive in those scenarios in the same way companies have trained vehicles to drive normally for hundreds of thousands of miles.” The scenarios are based upon the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident reports, and the simulator records how the drivers react – both good outcomes and undesirable endings –in the form of steering, braking and acceleration data in combination with the camera and sensor information.
For those techies reading this article, two other data experiments might come to mind: 1) the M.I.T. Moral Machine Experiment and 2) the “This Cat Does Not Exist” website. The Moral Machine experiment has collected millions of purely-ethical data points about how an autonomous vehicle should react in a crash. Should the quasi-robot spare the lives of the many, older pedestrians or the few, younger ones? Should the car T-bone a trolley or side-swipe a biker? But unfortunately this data is theoretical. As Haas summarized it, “This was purely people’s intention of how they’d want the vehicle to react, but it was missing the ‘impending danger’ to the driver and the potential mitigation or avoidance of the near-crashes.” The latter experiment – the “This Cat Does Not Exist” website – shows how Artificial Intelligence (AI) engines struggle with unusual scenarios (*bad pun warning: for a cat this would be a “long-tail” scenario). The website creates an amalgamated feline-like creature based upon thousands of pictures of cats, but the rare events (e.g. person cradling cat, kitten dressed in costume) create problems for the AI engine. Very typically the resulting picture has five legs or some wild defect showing that the formation of a theoretical picture using rare events can create an abomination. So the techie imagining the output of those other experiments and the underlying goal of functionally-safe, autonomous cars realizes the issue: no realistic crash data that includes the impending danger and associated successful, driver reactions.
Haas sees Brown’s intended pool of information as being the needed enabler. “Our plan is to release the database as a practical tool for companies to use, and then gauge the interest in moving forward with additional scenarios. We don’t want to get into competing on algorithms. We’re hoping this can be a resource that any company can use to test out their crash scenarios and train their system.” Presently the data collection is on hold since COVID-19 has made running human trials difficult, but the team expects to resume early in 2021 by running more subjects, expanding the scenarios and even possibly gamifying the solution to get greater data than a singular lab can generate.
When asked what inspired this effort, he smirked and stated, “My first experience with a major robot beyond middle school was at the TED conference in 2011 with the Google self-driving car. I was convinced it would be out in two years and I was incredibly excited.” His smile flattened slightly. “But at the end of the ride, I found out the sensors cost $75,000 and I realized it wasn’t coming anytime soon. Years passed and the hardware decreased in cost to under $100 with nearly the same performance. At the same time, the GPU Revolution has theoretically allowed for the computation to be quicker, lighter and smaller, but ultimately it’s the decision-making that holds back autonomy. Personally, I feel by collecting this data we’re contributing to what will eventually be a production solution that will change the world.”
Crashes are rare events.
And hopefully they’ll be even rarer in the future.
Do you need to improve your automotive product development, to increase efficiency, or to comply with ASPICE and Functional Safety? You are at the right place.CONTACT US
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"The Insulation Specialists"
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Insulation is just as important in the sommer as it is in the winter. A well-insulated house will be COOL IN SUMMER and WARM IN WINTER. Most homes absorb heat through the roof, so insulating the attic floor stops heat from reaching the rest of the house. Properly insulated homes can use 30% to 50% less energy than homes without insulation. Lining your "Thermal Envelope" adding materials that don't readily allow heat to leak through your walls, ceilings, floors, from around your home's foundations and its ductwork - SAVES energy by keeping the heat in during the winter and keeping the heat out during the summer.
Heat flows naturally from a warmer to a cooler space. IN THE WINTER, this heat flow moves directly from all heated living spaces to adjacent unheated attics, garages and basements, or to the outdoors; or indirectly through interior ceilings, walls, and floors--wherever there is a difference in temperature. During the COOLING SEASON, heat flows from outdoors to the house interior. To maintain comfort, the heat lost in winter must be replaced by your heating system and the heat gained in summer must be removed by your air conditioner. Insualting ceilings, walls, and floors decreases this heat flow by providing an effective resistance to the flow of heat.
Cellulose insulation is treated for fire retardancy. If a fire occurs, the blown in cellulose insulation, combined with its fire retardants, can slow the fire from spreading and can create a "2-hour firewall". Scientists at the National Research Council report that, blown in cellulose insulation increases fire resistance by 22%-55%. Densely packed cellulose limits air movement and prevents drafts much better than fiberglass insulation. Fiberglass can naturally break down after its useful life unlike cellulose which does not.
Blown In Blanket System (BIBS)
If you want your insulation to achieve higher R-Values and save you money, look no further. The Blown In Blanket System provides a uniform density, eliminates settling and shifting, and fills costly air gaps, voids and seams. Unlike traditional cellulose, this product will not settle. BIBS is a dry installation that requires no adhesive and is guaranteed against settling because the fibers are packed in so firm that they cannot shift. "It won't settle because of the density". BIBS has no chemical treatments, so it will not offgas or release harmful chemicals into the air like some treated cellulose products. It is completely inert and will not support moisture, fungal growth, or provide food for insects or animals. It is non-corrosive and will not contribute to the rusting or deterioration of pipes or studs. It is fire resistant and provides superior sound control. BIBS is the most cost-effective; sustainable upgraded insulation system available providing the highest thermal and acoustical performance and air infiltration recognizing it as the preferred premier insulating system, according to BIBCA (Blown In Blanket System Association).
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One of the most important things to consider when looking for a battery is what type of battery that you are going to need. There are many different types of batteries to choose from, but some of the most common ones for homes today are the AA and AAA batteries. The AA and AAA both have different uses in different machines. Their size also varies so make sure that you know what kind of battery you are buying before doing so.
Introduction to the H5 Battery
Batteries come in all shapes and sizes, and the “H5” battery is no different. H batteries are often used in high-powered devices such as cameras, laptops, and even some electric vehicles.
There are two main types of H5 batteries: lithium-ion and lead-acid. Lithium-ion H batteries are newer and more expensive, but they’re also more powerful and have a longer lifespan. Lead-acid H batteries are cheaper and have been around for longer, but they’re not as powerful and don’t last as long.
If you’re looking for an H5 battery for your device, it’s important to know which type you need. This guide will introduce you to the various types of H5 batteries that you might find on the market today.
Types of H5 Batteries
There are three primary types of H5 batteries: Lithium, and Lithium Ion. Each type has its own benefits and drawbacks that make it more or less suitable for different applications.
Lithium batteries are more expensive than alkaline batteries, but they offer a higher energy density and longer run times. They also perform better in cold temperatures than alkaline batteries.
Lithium Ion batteries are the newest type of H5 battery on the market. They offer the highest energy density and longest run times of any type of battery, but they are also the most expensive.
Differences Between The Three Types
The three most common types of H5 batteries are alkaline, lithium, and lead-acid. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages that make it better or worse for different applications.
Lithium batteries are more expensive than alkaline batteries, but they offer a higher voltage and a longer lifespan. They’re also lighter weight, making them a good choice for portable devices.
Lead-acid batteries are the heaviest and most expensive type of H5 battery, but they offer the highest capacity and longest lifespan. They’re typically used in industrial applications where long run times are required.
Pros and Cons of Lithium, & Lithium Ion Batteries
When it comes to batteries, there are three main types: lithium, and lithium ion. Each type has its own set of pros and cons that you should consider before making a purchase.
Pros: Lithium batteries are known for their high energy density, which means they can store more power than other types of batteries. They’re also lighter in weight than other types of batteries, making them ideal for portable devices. Additionally, lithium batteries don’t suffer from the “memory effect” like other types of batteries, so you don’t have to worry about them losing their charge over time.
Cons: One downside of lithium batteries is that they’re more expensive than other types of batteries. Additionally, they can be dangerous if not used properly, as they can catch fire or explode.
How to Extend the Life of Your Battery
The most important factor in extending the life of your H5 battery is to keep it clean and free of corrosion. Batteries will self-discharge over time, so it’s important to check the terminals and connections regularly to make sure they’re clean and tight. You can also help extend the life of your battery by storing it in a cool, dry place.
If you have a lead-acid battery, you can extend its life by adding distilled water to the cells when necessary. Keep an eye on the level of electrolyte in the battery, and top it off when needed. It’s also important to equalize lead-acid batteries every month or so. This helps prevent sulfation, which can shorten the life of your battery.
If you have a sealed maintenance-free battery, there’s not much you can do to extend its life. These batteries are designed to last for a certain number of years, and then they need to be replaced. However, you can help prolong the life of your battery by keeping it clean and making sure the terminals are free of corrosion.
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