before_revision: Discovery-driven planning is a planning technique first introduced in a Harvard Business Review article by Rita Gunther McGrath and Ian C. MacMillan in 1995 McGrath , R. G. & MacMillan, I. C. 1995. Discovery Driven Planning . Harvard Business Review, 73(4): 4454 and subsequently referenced in a number of books and articles.McGrath, R. G. & MacMillan, I. C. 2009. Discovery Driven Growth: A Breakthrough Process to Reduce Risk and Seize Opportunity . Boston: Harvard Business Publishing ; Christensen, C. M. 1997. The innovator's dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston , Mass. : Harvard Business School Press  Its main thesis is that when one is operating in arenas with significant amounts of uncertainty, that a different approach  than is normally used in conventional planning applies . In conventional planning, the correctness of a plan is generally judged by how close outcomes come to projections. In discovery-driven planning, it is assumed that plan parameters may change as new information is revealed. With conventional planning, it is considered appropriate to fund the entire project  as the expectation is that one can predict a positive outcome. In discovery driven planning, funds are released based on the accomplishment of key milestones or checkpoints, at which point additional funding can be made available predicated on reasonable expectations for future success.Block, Z. & MacMillan, I. C. 1985. Milestones for successful venture planning. Harvard Business Review, 63(5): 8490 Conventional project management tools, such as stage-gate models or the use of financial tools to assess innovation  have been found to be flawed in that they are not well suited for the uncertainty of innovation-oriented projects Rajesh, S. & Zafar, I. 2008. Stage-Gate Controls, Learning Failure, and Adverse Effect on Novel New Products . Journal of Marketing, 72(1): 118. Christensen, C., Kaufman, S., & Shih, W. 2008. Innovation killers: how financial tools destroy your capacity to do new things. Harvard Business Review, 86(1): 98105, 137 Discovery-driven planning has been widely used in entrepreneurship curricula and has recently been cited by Steven G. Blank as a foundational idea in the lean startup methodology Blank, S. (2013). "Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything. " Harvard Business Review  91(5): 63-72. A discovery driven plan incorporates five disciplines or plan elements: Definition of success for the plan or initiative, including a 'reverse' income statement Benchmarking against market and competitive parameters Specification of operational requirements Documentation of assumptions Specification of key checkpoints Using discovery-driven planning, it is often possible to iterate the ideas in a plan, encouraging experimentation at lowest possible cost. The methodology is consistent with the application of real options reasoning to business planning, in which ventures are considered 'real' options. A real option is a small investment made today which buys the right, but not the obligation to make further investments.McGrath, R. G. 1997. A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 974996van Putten, A. B. & MacMillan, I. C. 2004. Making Real Options Really Work . Harvard Business Review, 82(12): 134Dixit , A. K. & Pindyck, R. S. 1994. Investment Under Uncertainty. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press 
after_revision: Discovery-driven planning is a planning technique first introduced in a Harvard Business Review article by Rita Gunther McGrath and Ian C. MacMillan in 1995McGrath , R. G. & MacMillan, I. C. 1995. Discovery driven planning . Harvard Business Review, 73(4): 4454. and subsequently referenced in a number of books and articles.McGrath, R. G. & MacMillan, I. C. 2009. Discovery driven growth: a breakthrough process to reduce risk and seize opportunity . Boston: Harvard Business Publishing . Christensen, C. M. 1997. The innovator's dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston : Harvard Business School Press . Its main thesis is that when one is operating in arenas with significant amounts of uncertainty, that a different approach applies than is normally used in conventional planning . In conventional planning, the correctness of a plan is generally judged by how close outcomes come to projections. In discovery-driven planning, it is assumed that plan parameters may change as new information is revealed. With conventional planning, it is considered appropriate to fund the entire project , as the expectation is that one can predict a positive outcome. In discovery-driven planning, funds are released based on the accomplishment of key milestones or checkpoints, at which point additional funding can be made available predicated on reasonable expectations for future success.Block, Z. & MacMillan, I. C. 1985. Milestones for successful venture planning. Harvard Business Review, 63(5): 8490. Conventional project management tools, such as stage-gate models or the use of financial tools to assess innovation , have been found to be flawed in that they are not well suited for the uncertainty of innovation-oriented projects Rajesh, S. & Zafar, I. 2008. Stage-gate controls, learning failure, and adverse effect on novel new products . Journal of Marketing, 72(1): 118. Christensen, C., Kaufman, S., & Shih, W. 2008. Innovation killers: how financial tools destroy your capacity to do new things. Harvard Business Review, 86(1): 98105, 137. Discovery-driven planning has been widely used in entrepreneurship curricula and has recently been cited by Steven G. Blank as a foundational idea in the lean startup methodology Blank, S. 2013. Why the lean start-up changes everything. Harvard Business Review , 91(5): 6372. A discovery-driven plan incorporates five disciplines or plan elements: Definition of success for the plan or initiative, including a 'reverse' income statement Benchmarking against market and competitive parameters Specification of operational requirements Documentation of assumptions Specification of key checkpoints Using discovery-driven planning, it is often possible to iterate the ideas in a plan, encouraging experimentation at lowest possible cost. The methodology is consistent with the application of real options reasoning to business planning, in which ventures are considered "real" options. A real option is a small investment made today which buys the right, but not the obligation to make further investments.McGrath, R. G. 1997. A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments. Academy of Management Review, 22(4): 974996. van Putten, A. B. & MacMillan, I. C. 2004. Making real options really work . Harvard Business Review, 82(12): 134.Dixit , A. K. & Pindyck, R. S. 1994. Investment under uncertainty. Princeton : Princeton University Press .
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