before_revision: James Robert Phillips (1863 - 1897) was the deputy commissioner and consul for the Niger Coast Protectorate. He is remembered for his part in the events that led to the Benin Expedition of 1897. In 1897  Phillips set out to depose the Oba of Benin, although his reasons for doing so remain unclear. He and many of his party were killed as they approached Benin City . Although Phillips had acted without authority , after his death a British punitive force deposed the Benin monarchy, pillaged Benin City and took many riches including the Benin Bronzes back to Britain . Aftermath The British Admiralty responded swiftly to the Benin Massacre by authorizing the Benin Punitive Expedition of February 1897. On 18 February, Benin City was taken by the British and the kingdom of Benin overthrown . The British Government revoked the Royal Niger Company's charter (granted in 1886) as a result of these events and ongoing complaints against the company from the Brass people of the Benin Rivers, the killings of Hausa princes during the Bida Battle ( 1897 ) and ongoing territorial rivalry with the French. Following the revoking of its charter on 31 December 1899, the Royal Niger Company sold its holdings to the British government for 865,000 (). On 1 January 1900 all its territories and assets passed to the British crown . The surrendered territories together with the Niger Coast Protectorate were formed into Northern and Southern Protectorates of the Niger River. In 1914, the two protectorates were formally united and amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria by Governor Lord Frederick Lugard. Memorials An eagle lectern in Christ Church, Ivegill, was inscribed in his memory; it is now in Carlisle Cathedral. At the site of the massacre, a memorial cross was erected to the seven British killed.
after_revision: James Robert Phillips (1863 - 1897) was the deputy commissioner and consul for the Niger Coast Protectorate. He is remembered for his part in the events that led to the Benin Expedition of 1897. In 1897 , Phillips set out to depose the Oba of Benin, although his reasons for doing so remain unclear. He and his party was ambushed and slaughtered as they approached Benin City , with Philips being among the casualties. Though Philips had acted without consulting the Royal Niger Company authorities , after his death the British government dispatched an punitive force against the Benin monarchy, which the force defeated and deposed, leading to the kingdom's eventual absorption into colonial Nigeria . Aftermath The British Admiralty responded swiftly to the Benin Massacre by authorizing the punitive expedition which departed in February 1897. On 18 February, Benin City was captured by the expedition and the Kingdom of Benin was overthrown; it was eventually absorbed into colonial Nigeria . The British government revoked the Royal Niger Company's charter (granted in 1886) as a result of these events and ongoing complaints against the company from the Brass people of the Benin Rivers, the deaths of Hausa princes during skirmishes in the Bida Emirate in 1897 and ongoing territorial rivalry with the French. Following the revoking of its charter on 31 December 1899, the Royal Niger Company sold its holdings to the British government for 865,000 (). On 1 January 1900 all its territories and assets passed to the British Crown . The surrendered territories together with the Niger Coast Protectorate were formed into Northern and Southern Protectorates of the Niger River. In 1914, the two protectorates were formally united and amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria by Governor Lord Frederick Lugard. Memorials An eagle lectern in Christ Church, Ivegill, was inscribed in his memory; it is now in Carlisle Cathedral. At the site of the massacre, a memorial cross was erected to the seven Britons killed.
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