before_revision: In this way, Persian became a second language to many across North India;  Alam contends that it neared the status of a first language. By the 18th century, many Indians in the north of the subcontinent had a "native speaker's competence in Persian".Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, p. 849, Decline Following Aurangzeb's death, Persian began to fall into decline, being displaced by Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu). The arrival and strengthening of British political power added a growing influence of English as well. However, for a long time Persian was still the dominant language of the subcontinent, used in education, Muslim rule, the judiciary, and literature. The East India Company acknowledged Persian as a "language of command", necessary to communicate with and control the Indian population. Hence many British officials arriving in India learned Persian in colleges established by the Company. The teachers in these colleges were often Indian. In some cases, Britishers even took over as Persian professors, sidelining the role of the Indians. Deccan A Persian poem produced in the Deccan. 17th century.|346x346px Although considerably distanced from North India, the Deccan was also a recipient of Persian's linguistic impact. Persianate culture was brought to the Deccan fleetingly through the efforts of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century. Persian finally gained a foothold in the region with the establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347, which used the language for official purposes. The dynasty had a great interest in Persian culture, and several members were proficient in the language, producing their own literature. Literati from Northern India found themselves welcome at the court, and scholars from Iran were invited as well. Madrasas were built over the expanse of the kingdom, most notably the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa at Bidar, where Persian was taught.  In spite of this, Persian did not achieve the linguistic penetration it had in the north of the subcontinent. Richard Eaton writes that Persian was much less widely understood in the  region than vernacular languages  . During the turn of the 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the Deccan Sultanates, which were also Persianate in culture. They used Persian as a courtly language, as well as for official and administrative purposes. The language received literary patronage  . However, the sultans simultaneously promoted regional languages such as Telugu, Marathi, and Deccani (the southern variety of Hindustani), at times even using them in administration.  The reign of the Deccan Sultanates lasted until the late 17th century, when Aurangzeb brought the region into the Mughal Empire and established Aurangabad as the Deccan's capital. As was Mughal practice, Persian was used in many levels of administration. Major cities of this region that served as centres of Persian patronage included Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. Notable Persian literature produced includes Futuh-us-Salatin, and the Bahmannamh . Influence on Indic languages As a prestige language and lingua franca over a period of 800 years in the Indian subcontinent, Classical Persian exerted a vast influence over numerous Indic languages. Generally speaking, the degree of impact is seen to increase the more one moves towards the north-west of the subcontinent, i.e. the Indo-Iranian frontier. For example, the Indo-Aryan languages have the most impact from Persian; this ranges from a high appearance in Punjabi, Sindhi, Kashmiri, and Gujarati, to more moderate representation in Bengali and Marathi. The largest foreign element in the Indo-Aryan languages is Persian. Conversely, the Dravidian languages have seen a low level of influence from Persian. They still feature loans from the language, some of which are direct, and some through Deccani (the southern variety of Hindustani), due to the Islamic rulers of the Deccan. Telugu is a good example of this (see Telangana Baasha for the Telugu dialect accentuated with these features). A categorised list of Persian vocabulary found in the Indic languages is provided below, and is far from exhaustive: +Loan categoryExamplesNounsProper namesMuslim names: Akhtar, Nawaz, Aftab, Dilshad Shah Bano, Zarina Non-Muslim names: Bahadur Shah, Chaman Lal, Iqbal Singh, Lal Bahadur, Roshan LalTitlesKhan Bahadur, Rai Bahadur, Yavar Jung, Salaar JungParts of the bodyjism (body), khn (blood), nkhn (nail, of fingers and toes), sn (chest), dil (heart), chehr (face), gardan (neck), zabn (tongue), halaq (throat)Place names (Suffixes)-bd, -stan, -ganj, -bagh, -sari (Hyderabad, Pakistan, Hazratganj, Arambagh, Mughalsarai)Kinship termsdmd (son-in-law), bb (father), shauhar (husband), birdar (brother)Foodsabz (vegetables), nn (bread), korm (curry) gsht (meat), km (minced meat), tandri (roasted) Clothingpaushk (dress), pajm (pyjamas), kamz (shirt), jeb (pocket), astar (inner, lining)Housegusalkhn (bathroom), pkhn (toilet), bwarchkhn (kitchen), darwz (door), diwr (wall)Ornamentszewar (ornaments), gulband (necklace), dastband (bracelet), pazeb (anklet)Fruitsseb (apple), anr (pomegranate), angr (grapes), nrang (tangerine), bdm (almond), kishmish (raisin)Vegetablesshalgam (turnip), qadd (pumpkin), sakarqand (sweet potato)Floracinr (plane tree), hin (henna), banafsh (pansy), gulb (rose), nlofar (water lily), ysmn (jasmine)Faunasher (lion), khargosh (rabbit), bulbul (nightingale), bz (falcon), kabutar (pigeon)Professionsdarz (tailor), hajjm (barber), sabz-farosh (greengrocer), khnsm (cook)Agriculturefasl (crop), rabi (spring), khrf (autumn), bpash (watering), nahar (canal), zamn (land)Timerz (day), sl (year), zamn (era)Lawadlat (court), qnn (law), muddai (plaintiff), vakl (lawyer), muakil (client)Administrationdarbr (court), pdshah (emperor), tehsldr (tax collector), zila (district)Writingqalam (pen), dawt (inkpot), syhi (ink), kgaz (paper)Religion (non-Arabic terms)rza (fasting), namz (ritual prayer), khud (God), paighambar (Prophet), bihisht (Paradise), pr (Sufi master)Measurementgaz (yard), ml (a mile), man (a mound), ser (a seer), murabb (square)Militarysiph (soldier), top (gun/cannon), topch (gunner), topkhn (artillery)Miscellaneousin (mirror), bzr (market), dst (friend), shehar (city)OtherModifiers:bilkul (surely/definitely), garm (hot), tz (fresh), zd (free/independent)Other Function words:khud (oneself), magar (but), lekin (but), afss (alas), shabsh (well done)Sources in order of importance: The Persian language is now largely defunct in the Indian subcontinent. However, it still lingers in some scholarly and literary circles; for example, the University of Kashmir in Srinagar has been publishing the Persian-language journal Dnish since 1969. Some colleges and universities in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh offer Persian as a course of study.  Though Arabic largely dominates the realm of Islamic liturgy and theology in the Indian subcontinent, Persian can also be seen in some religious spheres: the dhikr sessions of Sufism often employ Persian poetry in song, and the Sufi devotional music genre of qawwali also uses Persian in parallel with local languages. Famed qawwali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan sang sometimes in Persian.
after_revision: In this way, Persian became a second language to many across North India; Muzaffar Alam contends that it neared the status of a first language. By the 18th century, many Indians in the north of the subcontinent had a "native speaker's competence in Persian".Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, p. 849, Decline Following Aurangzeb's death, Persian began to fall into decline, being displaced by Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu). The arrival and strengthening of British political power added a growing influence of English as well. However, for a long time Persian was still the dominant language of the subcontinent, used in education, Muslim rule, the judiciary, and literature. The East India Company acknowledged Persian as a "language of command", necessary to communicate with and control the Indian population. Hence many British officials arriving in India learned Persian in colleges established by the Company. The teachers in these colleges were often Indian. In some cases, Britishers even took over as Persian professors, sidelining the role of the Indians. Deccan A Persian poem produced in the Deccan. 17th century.|346x346px Although considerably distanced from North India, the Deccan was also a recipient of Persian's linguistic impact. Persianate culture was brought to the Deccan fleetingly through the efforts of the Delhi Sultanate in the early 14th century. Persian finally gained a foothold in the region with the establishment of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347, which used the language for official purposes. The dynasty had a great interest in Persian culture, and several members were proficient in the language, producing their own literature. Literati from Northern India found themselves welcome at the court, and scholars from Iran were invited as well. Madrasas were built over the expanse of the kingdom, such as the the Mahmud Gawan Madrasa at Bidar, where Persian was taught. A notable poet patronised by the Bahmans was Abdul Isami, who wrote the first Persian history of the Muslim conquest of India titled Futuh-us-Salatin. In spite of this, Richard Eaton writes that Persian was much less widely understood in the Deccan region than vernacular languages , and contrasts this situation with the Persian proficiency in the north of the subcontinent . During the turn of the 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the Deccan Sultanates, which were also Persianate in culture. They used Persian as a courtly language, as well as for official and administrative purposes. The language received literary patronage ; for example, Persian poet Muhammad Zuhuri, author of the Sqnmah, was a prominent figure at Ibrahim Adil Shah II's court in Bijapur . However, the sultans simultaneously promoted regional languages such as Telugu, Marathi, and Deccani (the southern variety of Hindustani), at times even using them in administration. For example, Alam writes that Telugu was the language of the sultan for the Qutub Shahis, and that Persian was removed from the Bijapur Sultanate's administrative system by Ibrahim Adil Shah I in favour of Marathi; these are corroborated by Eaton. The reign of the Deccan Sultanates lasted until the late 17th century, when Aurangzeb brought the region into the Mughal Empire and established Aurangabad as the Deccan's capital. In the late 18th century, while Delhi courts began to turn to Urdu, literary cultivation in Persian remained healthy in the Deccan. It was finally eclipsed by Urdu in the 19th century . Influence on Indic languages As a prestige language and lingua franca over a period of 800 years in the Indian subcontinent, Classical Persian exerted a vast influence over numerous Indic languages. Generally speaking, the degree of impact is seen to increase the more one moves towards the north-west of the subcontinent, i.e. the Indo-Iranian frontier. For example, the Indo-Aryan languages have the most impact from Persian; this ranges from a high appearance in Punjabi, Sindhi, Kashmiri, and Gujarati, to more moderate representation in Bengali and Marathi. The largest foreign element in the Indo-Aryan languages is Persian. Conversely, the Dravidian languages have seen a low level of influence from Persian. They still feature loans from the language, some of which are direct, and some through Deccani (the southern variety of Hindustani), due to the Islamic rulers of the Deccan. A categorised list of Persian vocabulary found in the Indic languages is provided below, and is far from exhaustive: +Loan categoryExamplesNounsProper namesMuslim names: Akhtar, Nawaz, Aftab, Dilshad Shah Bano, Zarina Non-Muslim names: Bahadur Shah, Chaman Lal, Iqbal Singh, Lal Bahadur, Roshan LalTitlesKhan Bahadur, Rai Bahadur, Yavar Jung, Salaar JungParts of the bodyjism (body), khn (blood), nkhn (nail, of fingers and toes), sn (chest), dil (heart), chehr (face), gardan (neck), zabn (tongue), halaq (throat)Place names (Suffixes)-bd, -stan, -ganj, -bagh, -sari (Hyderabad, Pakistan, Hazratganj, Arambagh, Mughalsarai)Kinship termsdmd (son-in-law), bb (father), shauhar (husband), birdar (brother)Foodsabz (vegetables), nn (bread), korm (curry) gsht (meat), km (minced meat), tandri (roasted) Clothingpaushk (dress), pajm (pyjamas), kamz (shirt), jeb (pocket), astar (inner, lining)Housegusalkhn (bathroom), pkhn (toilet), bwarchkhn (kitchen), darwz (door), diwr (wall)Ornamentszewar (ornaments), gulband (necklace), dastband (bracelet), pazeb (anklet)Fruitsseb (apple), anr (pomegranate), angr (grapes), nrang (tangerine), bdm (almond), kishmish (raisin)Vegetablesshalgam (turnip), qadd (pumpkin), sakarqand (sweet potato)Floracinr (plane tree), hin (henna), banafsh (pansy), gulb (rose), nlofar (water lily), ysmn (jasmine)Faunasher (lion), khargosh (rabbit), bulbul (nightingale), bz (falcon), kabutar (pigeon)Professionsdarz (tailor), hajjm (barber), sabz-farosh (greengrocer), khnsm (cook)Agriculturefasl (crop), rabi (spring), khrf (autumn), bpash (watering), nahar (canal), zamn (land)Timerz (day), sl (year), zamn (era)Lawadlat (court), qnn (law), muddai (plaintiff), vakl (lawyer), muakil (client)Administrationdarbr (court), pdshah (emperor), tehsldr (tax collector), zila (district)Writingqalam (pen), dawt (inkpot), syhi (ink), kgaz (paper)Religion (non-Arabic terms)rza (fasting), namz (ritual prayer), khud (God), paighambar (Prophet), bihisht (Paradise), pr (Sufi master)Measurementgaz (yard), ml (a mile), man (a mound), ser (a seer), murabb (square)Militarysiph (soldier), top (gun/cannon), topch (gunner), topkhn (artillery)Miscellaneousin (mirror), bzr (market), dst (friend), shehar (city)OtherModifiers:bilkul (surely/definitely), garm (hot), tz (fresh), zd (free/independent)Other function words:khud (oneself), magar (but), lekin (but), afss (alas), shabsh (well done)Sources in order of importance: The Persian language is now largely defunct in the Indian subcontinent. However, it still lingers in some scholarly and literary circles; for example, the University of Kashmir in Srinagar has been publishing the Persian-language journal Dnish since 1969. Some colleges and universities in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh offer Persian as a course of study. Commenting on the state of the field in 2008, Abidi and Gargesh wrote that there was a "general lack of interest" in Persian studies. Though Arabic largely dominates the realm of Islamic liturgy and theology in the Indian subcontinent, Persian can be seen in some religious spheres: the dhikr sessions of Sufism often employ Persian poetry in song, and the Sufi devotional music genre of qawwali also uses Persian in parallel with local languages. Famed qawwali singer Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan sang sometimes in Persian.
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edit_actions: A notable poet patronised by the Bahmans was Abdul Isami, who wrote the first Persian history of the Muslim conquest of India titled Futuh-us-Salatin.
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edit_actions: ; for example, Persian poet Muhammad Zuhuri, author of the Sqnmah, was a prominent figure at Ibrahim Adil Shah II's court in Bijapur
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edit_actions: For example, Alam writes that Telugu was the language of the sultan for the Qutub Shahis, and that Persian was removed from the Bijapur Sultanate's administrative system by Ibrahim Adil Shah I in favour of Marathi; these are corroborated by Eaton.
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edit_actions: As was Mughal practice, Persian was used in many levels of administration.
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edit_actions: Major cities of this region that served as centres of Persian patronage included Gulbarga, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. Notable Persian literature produced includes Futuh-us-Salatin, and the Bahmannamh
edit_actions: In the late 18th century, while Delhi courts began to turn to Urdu, literary cultivation in Persian remained healthy in the Deccan. It was finally eclipsed by Urdu in the 19th century
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edit_actions: Telugu is a good example of this (see Telangana Baasha for the Telugu dialect accentuated with these features).
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edit_actions: Commenting on the state of the field in 2008, Abidi and Gargesh wrote that there was a "general lack of interest" in Persian studies.
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