1 00:00:05,040 --> 00:00:09,440 when talking about the Balkans ethnic 2 00:00:06,919 --> 00:00:12,440 hate between group is not an uncommon 3 00:00:09,440 --> 00:00:15,210 topic however there is seldom a group of 4 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:16,840 people hated more than 5 00:00:15,210 --> 00:00:18,400 [Music] 6 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:21,600 the 7 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:23,720 gyps gypsies arguably the gypsies also 8 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:25,680 known as the Roma have also been an 9 00:00:23,720 --> 00:00:27,960 Inseparable part of Balkan culture and 10 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:30,279 its history however due to generational 11 00:00:27,960 --> 00:00:32,360 stigma Prejudice and more importantly 12 00:00:30,279 --> 00:00:34,640 lack of research very little is known 13 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:36,360 about them as a result even though 14 00:00:34,640 --> 00:00:38,320 they've more or less developed parallel 15 00:00:36,360 --> 00:00:40,160 to the other peoples in the region and 16 00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:42,320 played an equally important role in its 17 00:00:40,160 --> 00:00:44,039 history and its development the vast 18 00:00:42,320 --> 00:00:46,079 majority of people have been left 19 00:00:44,039 --> 00:00:48,360 stigmatized and shunned from the 20 00:00:46,079 --> 00:00:50,879 spotlight and labeled as unwanted 21 00:00:48,360 --> 00:00:52,800 nuisances yet if you dig a bit deeper 22 00:00:50,879 --> 00:00:55,160 past the stereotypes of Thieves and 23 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:57,559 black magic casters you can discover a 24 00:00:55,160 --> 00:01:01,920 fascinating colorful and quite tragic 25 00:00:57,559 --> 00:01:03,719 history of Europe's most hated group 26 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:05,880 for the longest of times the origin of 27 00:01:03,719 --> 00:01:07,320 the gypsies has been shrouded in mystery 28 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:09,159 even though they've been very much 29 00:01:07,320 --> 00:01:11,479 present in the Balkans and in Europe 30 00:01:09,159 --> 00:01:13,080 since the 13th century most balanoides 31 00:01:11,479 --> 00:01:15,159 weren't even aware that they were a 32 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:17,080 separate ethnic group the gypsies as 33 00:01:15,159 --> 00:01:19,280 migration to the continent coincided 34 00:01:17,080 --> 00:01:22,000 with a series of Wars between the selic 35 00:01:19,280 --> 00:01:24,560 Turks and the byzantines as a result the 36 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:27,320 first Gypsy arrivals were mistaken and 37 00:01:24,560 --> 00:01:29,360 dismissed by the byzantines as just more 38 00:01:27,320 --> 00:01:31,320 Turks as the wars between the Christian 39 00:01:29,360 --> 00:01:33,600 forces of Europe and Muslim forces of 40 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:36,039 the Turks continued crusading Germans 41 00:01:33,600 --> 00:01:38,759 and a French named the people sarakan or 42 00:01:36,039 --> 00:01:40,799 sarasan meaning heathens as the years 43 00:01:38,759 --> 00:01:43,158 passed by the Europeans eventually 44 00:01:40,799 --> 00:01:46,000 became aware of them being separate from 45 00:01:43,158 --> 00:01:48,200 the Turks so the Greeks named them at 46 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:50,840 singani which carried a similar meaning 47 00:01:48,200 --> 00:01:53,560 to the one imposed by the Crusaders yet 48 00:01:50,840 --> 00:01:56,640 it roughly translated to don't touch 49 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:58,840 marking the gypsies as The Untouchables 50 00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:01,439 yet even though the original word at 51 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:03,560 singani has has lost its meaning a long 52 00:02:01,439 --> 00:02:06,079 time ago today most of the Balkan and 53 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:08,119 Eastern European languages word for the 54 00:02:06,079 --> 00:02:11,080 gypsies still comes from this word 55 00:02:08,119 --> 00:02:14,200 taking various forms such as sigani 56 00:02:11,080 --> 00:02:16,000 sigani and siga nonetheless after the 57 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:18,120 Roma became a concert presence 58 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:19,800 throughout the continent more theories 59 00:02:18,120 --> 00:02:21,920 about their origin sprung up throughout 60 00:02:19,800 --> 00:02:23,920 Medieval Europe many could be found in 61 00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:26,079 particular around the coastal areas of 62 00:02:23,920 --> 00:02:28,239 the Adriatic and had quite darker skin 63 00:02:26,079 --> 00:02:30,200 than the locals I know quite difficult 64 00:02:28,239 --> 00:02:32,319 to believe when the average Greek looks 65 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:34,319 like this but this is the strong sperm 66 00:02:32,319 --> 00:02:36,440 this the GRE gold okay GRE because of 67 00:02:34,319 --> 00:02:38,800 this a new Theory came up being that 68 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:41,200 they originated from Egypt the theory 69 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:43,319 became further popularized as the egyps 70 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:45,519 themselves were unaware of their origin 71 00:02:43,319 --> 00:02:47,280 either due to being a nomatic people and 72 00:02:45,519 --> 00:02:49,079 lacking a written language they also 73 00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:51,959 started to believe that their actual 74 00:02:49,079 --> 00:02:54,480 Homeland was Egypt and began to refer to 75 00:02:51,959 --> 00:02:57,120 themselves as Egyptians as a result the 76 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,959 term Gypsy meaning Egyptian was born 77 00:02:57,120 --> 00:03:01,319 from this Theory with many other 78 00:02:58,959 --> 00:03:04,879 European countries is adopting a similar 79 00:03:01,319 --> 00:03:08,519 word to their language such as jupi Gano 80 00:03:04,879 --> 00:03:10,480 and Yos so for the next 400 years 81 00:03:08,519 --> 00:03:13,000 practically everyone in Europe including 82 00:03:10,480 --> 00:03:15,040 the gypsies themselves assumed that the 83 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,879 land of denial was their true land of 84 00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:18,879 origin it wasn't up until the 85 00:03:16,879 --> 00:03:21,599 enlightenment when people actually 86 00:03:18,879 --> 00:03:23,599 started to put this Theory to the test 87 00:03:21,599 --> 00:03:26,519 what's even more ironic the study of 88 00:03:23,599 --> 00:03:29,760 gypsy AKA Romani studies came about 89 00:03:26,519 --> 00:03:31,840 because of an accident when in 760 a 90 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:33,840 Hungarian student in Holland who knew a 91 00:03:31,840 --> 00:03:36,840 couple of words in Gypsy he learned from 92 00:03:33,840 --> 00:03:38,680 his servant back at his estate in J 93 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:40,680 noticed similarities to the language 94 00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:43,079 being spoken between two Indian exchange 95 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:45,480 students he told this to his friend and 96 00:03:43,079 --> 00:03:47,959 acquaintance as an interesting anecdote 97 00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:50,439 which start to spread through bars and 98 00:03:47,959 --> 00:03:52,360 cafes until a German journalist took 99 00:03:50,439 --> 00:03:55,480 interest in the story he published it in 100 00:03:52,360 --> 00:03:57,959 an Austrian newspaper in 1776 from which 101 00:03:55,480 --> 00:04:00,560 various linguists across the continent 102 00:03:57,959 --> 00:04:02,599 then became interested and subsequently 103 00:04:00,560 --> 00:04:04,560 started a new field of study just 104 00:04:02,599 --> 00:04:07,159 because of some students's story 105 00:04:04,560 --> 00:04:09,760 practically overnight the myth of Egypt 106 00:04:07,159 --> 00:04:11,480 that was believed for over the past 400 107 00:04:09,760 --> 00:04:14,079 years was dispelled and the first 108 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:15,560 connection to India was made so uh if 109 00:04:14,079 --> 00:04:17,238 you haven't thanked your Town's local 110 00:04:15,560 --> 00:04:20,600 Hungarian for his contribution to 111 00:04:17,238 --> 00:04:20,600 society Now's the 112 00:04:21,199 --> 00:04:27,840 Time since the late 1700s various origin 113 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:30,039 theories have come about the Gypsies in 114 00:04:27,840 --> 00:04:32,479 Germany popular theories arose that 115 00:04:30,039 --> 00:04:34,520 because of their Greek name at singani 116 00:04:32,479 --> 00:04:36,280 the gypsies were actually gretan 117 00:04:34,520 --> 00:04:39,560 Heretics that came from the African 118 00:04:36,280 --> 00:04:41,320 provinces of Zana others speculated that 119 00:04:39,560 --> 00:04:43,320 the Bible already gave the answer of 120 00:04:41,320 --> 00:04:45,440 their origin as they were the cursed 121 00:04:43,320 --> 00:04:47,759 descendants of Cain condemned to wander 122 00:04:45,440 --> 00:04:49,919 the Earth for eternity as God has cursed 123 00:04:47,759 --> 00:04:52,400 the soil they plowed so nothing would 124 00:04:49,919 --> 00:04:54,600 grow from it a little less spectacular 125 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:57,159 than the theory of how Yak created white 126 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:59,039 people but still it has a similar Vibe 127 00:04:57,159 --> 00:05:01,000 this theory was also believed because 128 00:04:59,039 --> 00:05:03,240 the Roma didn't have a religion of their 129 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:05,919 own so with Europe being the prime 130 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:08,199 breeding ground of religious zismo 131 00:05:05,919 --> 00:05:10,199 speculations on the gypsies as origin 132 00:05:08,199 --> 00:05:12,039 came to life one of my personal favorite 133 00:05:10,199 --> 00:05:14,160 Legends comes from the Romanians and 134 00:05:12,039 --> 00:05:16,400 serbs the Romanians stipulated that in 135 00:05:14,160 --> 00:05:18,600 the beginning the Gypsies and Romanians 136 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:20,520 built two churches the gypsies made 137 00:05:18,600 --> 00:05:22,680 theirs out of stone while the Romanians 138 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:24,479 made theirs out of ham the gypsies then 139 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,479 persisted and haggled with the Romanians 140 00:05:24,479 --> 00:05:28,560 to trade until the Romanians finally 141 00:05:26,479 --> 00:05:30,680 agreed once getting the ham Church the 142 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:33,159 Gypsy subsequently at it which forced 143 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:35,000 them to become Eternal Godless wanders 144 00:05:33,159 --> 00:05:37,360 the serbs version is practically the 145 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:39,680 same but says that the church was built 146 00:05:37,360 --> 00:05:42,400 out of cheese instead and adds on to the 147 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:44,400 explanation of their begging being that 148 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:46,720 they beg from the serbs because they 149 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:48,800 still owe the money for their Church 150 00:05:46,720 --> 00:05:50,919 however unsurprisingly the true origin 151 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:53,000 of the Roma is much less schizophrenic 152 00:05:50,919 --> 00:05:55,400 through linguistic and later on genetic 153 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:57,639 analysis it was found that their first 154 00:05:55,400 --> 00:06:00,080 origin was in Northwestern India in a 155 00:05:57,639 --> 00:06:02,000 region known today as Punjab up until 156 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:03,560 the 11th century the gypsies were 157 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:05,319 indistinguishable from many other 158 00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:07,639 peoples that inhabited the different 159 00:06:05,319 --> 00:06:10,479 kingdoms of this region however around 160 00:06:07,639 --> 00:06:12,560 the year 1000 the gavid Empire Rose to 161 00:06:10,479 --> 00:06:14,639 prominence and began to encroach on the 162 00:06:12,560 --> 00:06:17,199 territories of the regional Kingdoms in 163 00:06:14,639 --> 00:06:18,680 Northern India as the gavit seek to 164 00:06:17,199 --> 00:06:20,880 expand the other kingdoms and 165 00:06:18,680 --> 00:06:22,560 principalities within the subcontinent 166 00:06:20,880 --> 00:06:24,479 resisted which sparked hundreds of 167 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:26,520 bloody battles which resulted in 168 00:06:24,479 --> 00:06:28,199 enormous casualties and rendered the 169 00:06:26,520 --> 00:06:30,599 regions caught in the fighting as a 170 00:06:28,199 --> 00:06:32,360 sesel of violence and destruction many 171 00:06:30,599 --> 00:06:33,840 who were lucky enough to escape death 172 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:36,039 weren't lucky enough to be taken as 173 00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:38,120 prisoners of War these prisoners were 174 00:06:36,039 --> 00:06:40,599 then tasked to tend to the gavit 175 00:06:38,120 --> 00:06:42,400 warriors on and off the battlefield this 176 00:06:40,599 --> 00:06:44,560 Bloodshed continued for the next couple 177 00:06:42,400 --> 00:06:46,400 of centuries as the gavits and their 178 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:48,240 successors continue to expanding East 179 00:06:46,400 --> 00:06:50,039 through India with limited success 180 00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:52,720 bringing death and Devastation as they 181 00:06:50,039 --> 00:06:54,759 went eventually many from the region had 182 00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:57,039 enough and decided to Embark West in 183 00:06:54,759 --> 00:06:59,000 search for better lands to settle away 184 00:06:57,039 --> 00:07:00,879 from the cruelty of the gavit Empire 185 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:02,639 joined by the War prisoners many 186 00:07:00,879 --> 00:07:05,000 embarked on an Epic Journey Through the 187 00:07:02,639 --> 00:07:07,360 Hindu Kush mountains to leave India it 188 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:09,520 is estimated that the first gypsies took 189 00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:11,680 the route through the SWAT River Valley 190 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:13,520 or Kagan Valley where they would then 191 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:16,080 follow the Silk Road which would lead 192 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:17,240 them through Coran today Afghanistan 193 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:19,680 usbekistan 194 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:21,840 Turkmenistan and Iran where they then 195 00:07:19,680 --> 00:07:23,960 continue along the south of the Caspian 196 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:25,960 Sea through the Caucasus Mountains of 197 00:07:23,960 --> 00:07:31,520 Georgia and Armenia all the way to 198 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:31,520 trebond Mordor AKA today's turkey 199 00:07:32,199 --> 00:07:36,960 in a relatively short time the gypsies 200 00:07:34,400 --> 00:07:39,159 traversed the celk roow through Persia 201 00:07:36,960 --> 00:07:41,440 with few Clans here and there choosing 202 00:07:39,159 --> 00:07:43,520 to stay in the lands they traversed up 203 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:45,159 until they arrived in Anatolia by the 204 00:07:43,520 --> 00:07:46,759 time that Rome arrived in the region it 205 00:07:45,159 --> 00:07:48,879 was heavily contested between the 206 00:07:46,759 --> 00:07:51,240 weakening Byzantine Empire and the 207 00:07:48,879 --> 00:07:53,400 expanding Muslim Turks in the late 11th 208 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:55,280 century many gypsies entered the eastern 209 00:07:53,400 --> 00:07:57,080 most parts of Byzantium where they 210 00:07:55,280 --> 00:07:59,039 acquired a variety of trade jobs in 211 00:07:57,080 --> 00:08:01,000 towns and settlements as they were seen 212 00:07:59,039 --> 00:08:03,759 as out iders they weren't allowed to 213 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:06,120 ownership over land thus overwhelmingly 214 00:08:03,759 --> 00:08:08,599 flocked to jobs of blacksmiths metal 215 00:08:06,120 --> 00:08:10,120 workers carpenters and entertainers 216 00:08:08,599 --> 00:08:12,120 basically having to resort to the 217 00:08:10,120 --> 00:08:14,479 medieval version of door dashing and 218 00:08:12,120 --> 00:08:16,199 being Glover couriers it is estimated 219 00:08:14,479 --> 00:08:18,599 that the Romani didn't get to Mainland 220 00:08:16,199 --> 00:08:20,599 Europe for another 200 something years 221 00:08:18,599 --> 00:08:23,000 as the first mention of them came in the 222 00:08:20,599 --> 00:08:25,720 late 13th century where several 223 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:27,440 Egyptians were noted as Tax Collectors 224 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:29,080 as the Turks pushed westwards the 225 00:08:27,440 --> 00:08:31,080 gypsies increasingly fell under their 226 00:08:29,080 --> 00:08:33,440 Juris section they continued having many 227 00:08:31,080 --> 00:08:35,479 of the same jobs they had in Byzantium 228 00:08:33,440 --> 00:08:38,159 but also started being used within the 229 00:08:35,479 --> 00:08:40,279 military as many gypsies were used as 230 00:08:38,159 --> 00:08:42,599 prisoners of war and even had Warrior 231 00:08:40,279 --> 00:08:44,800 ancestry fighting the gavits the Turks 232 00:08:42,599 --> 00:08:46,440 utilized them in their armies now it's 233 00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:48,360 not known to what extent this was 234 00:08:46,440 --> 00:08:50,240 consensual service and to which it was 235 00:08:48,360 --> 00:08:52,480 slave labor as the gypsies didn't 236 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:53,920 convert to Islam and there is a lack of 237 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:55,279 documentation of the earlier 238 00:08:53,920 --> 00:08:58,160 relationship between the Turks and 239 00:08:55,279 --> 00:08:59,920 gypsies however what is known is that a 240 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:02,920 lot of gypsies entered Europe in the 241 00:08:59,920 --> 00:09:05,279 14th century via military campaigns and 242 00:09:02,920 --> 00:09:07,760 as slave labor employed by the Ottomans 243 00:09:05,279 --> 00:09:10,920 into the Balkans and from there on they 244 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:12,000 found their way further up the 245 00:09:10,920 --> 00:09:14,519 [Music] 246 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:16,480 continent by the time constant ople fell 247 00:09:14,519 --> 00:09:18,800 under the Ottomans and byzantium's 248 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:20,839 existence was only left in our hearts 249 00:09:18,800 --> 00:09:22,480 the gypsies became a widespread presence 250 00:09:20,839 --> 00:09:24,399 in the Balkans the kingdoms 251 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:26,120 principalities and then subsequently the 252 00:09:24,399 --> 00:09:28,720 provinces of the Ottoman Empire that 253 00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:31,519 resided on the peninsula were mostly 254 00:09:28,720 --> 00:09:33,360 agricultural based societies as a result 255 00:09:31,519 --> 00:09:35,600 not a lot of artisan products were 256 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:37,760 present throughout the realm however as 257 00:09:35,600 --> 00:09:39,279 the Roma became ever so present in the 258 00:09:37,760 --> 00:09:41,440 region the local nobility and 259 00:09:39,279 --> 00:09:43,560 aristocracy quickly found use of them 260 00:09:41,440 --> 00:09:46,079 because of their craftsmanship skills 261 00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:48,120 Gypsy made items rapidly fill the demand 262 00:09:46,079 --> 00:09:50,279 for these products the goods they could 263 00:09:48,120 --> 00:09:52,440 produce were seen as extremely useful in 264 00:09:50,279 --> 00:09:54,640 trade and commerce and gave an edge to 265 00:09:52,440 --> 00:09:57,079 any Noble who could possess an excess of 266 00:09:54,640 --> 00:09:59,600 them so although they did not own any 267 00:09:57,079 --> 00:10:01,800 land they were taken in as serves by the 268 00:09:59,600 --> 00:10:05,160 local Lords and exploited by being 269 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:07,640 forced to produce baskets textiles tools 270 00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:09,440 weapons and anything in between because 271 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:11,440 they were seen as quite valuable the 272 00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:13,640 gypsies would become linked to certain 273 00:10:11,440 --> 00:10:15,920 Estates and property so when an ability 274 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:17,839 would trade land or give it as a gift to 275 00:10:15,920 --> 00:10:20,279 one another they would also give away 276 00:10:17,839 --> 00:10:22,320 the gypsies on that land as an abbility 277 00:10:20,279 --> 00:10:24,680 would be given land and subsequently the 278 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:27,040 gypsies on it so would the clergy and 279 00:10:24,680 --> 00:10:29,000 many monasteries as well soon Gypsy 280 00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:31,240 labor became quite coveted and the 281 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:33,720 demand for the goods they would produce 282 00:10:31,240 --> 00:10:36,160 in the Balkans only Rose as no one could 283 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:38,279 get enough of it as a result the 284 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:40,560 legislature regarding servitude and 285 00:10:38,279 --> 00:10:43,120 gypsies became increasingly stricter in 286 00:10:40,560 --> 00:10:45,120 a way to keep them on that land this 287 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:47,399 rapidly transformed from a subset of 288 00:10:45,120 --> 00:10:49,240 feudalism to straight up slavery as 289 00:10:47,399 --> 00:10:51,279 Lords in possession of gypsies were 290 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:53,519 given full unrestricted rights and 291 00:10:51,279 --> 00:10:55,440 control over what was to be done with 292 00:10:53,519 --> 00:10:57,680 the life of his gypsies within the 293 00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:59,440 Balkans slavery over gypsies became ever 294 00:10:57,680 --> 00:11:01,560 more enshrined within the ottom 295 00:10:59,440 --> 00:11:03,639 institutions as the Islamic world viiew 296 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:05,720 at the time dictated that Muslims had 297 00:11:03,639 --> 00:11:08,440 the right to fully treat any conquered 298 00:11:05,720 --> 00:11:10,720 non-muslim subjects as property as you 299 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:12,800 can imagine the Roma weren't the only 300 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:16,000 ones affected by this view as were the 301 00:11:12,800 --> 00:11:18,399 serbs Greeks Romanians bulgarians and 302 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:20,519 any other Christians within the Empire 303 00:11:18,399 --> 00:11:23,040 however they were impacted the most due 304 00:11:20,519 --> 00:11:26,000 to their already low social status in 305 00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:28,880 particular the Romanian predecessors the 306 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:31,360 principalities of wahi and mavia eagerly 307 00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:33,639 jumped onto this nasty institution lot 308 00:11:31,360 --> 00:11:35,760 sees also known as the inspiration for 309 00:11:33,639 --> 00:11:37,959 Dracula and the highly esteemed shish 310 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:40,639 kebab maker is also credited for 311 00:11:37,959 --> 00:11:43,320 bringing the Gypsy slaves to Romania in 312 00:11:40,639 --> 00:11:46,720 1445 after several incursions into 313 00:11:43,320 --> 00:11:49,120 ottoman Bulgaria by the wakan Army sees 314 00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:51,399 brought back around 12,000 gypsies with 315 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:54,000 him to use as slaves Stefan the great 316 00:11:51,399 --> 00:11:55,839 deemed by the pope athlete of Christ 317 00:11:54,000 --> 00:11:58,560 moldova's favorite person to name things 318 00:11:55,839 --> 00:12:00,920 after today and another highly esteemed 319 00:11:58,560 --> 00:12:03,079 ruler in Romanian history was the second 320 00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:06,519 notable Romanian to bring in a large 321 00:12:03,079 --> 00:12:09,079 batch of gypsy slave labor in 1471 after 322 00:12:06,519 --> 00:12:11,399 a battle against the Turks with the wans 323 00:12:09,079 --> 00:12:13,639 mavian forces captured and transported 324 00:12:11,399 --> 00:12:16,040 over 177,000 gypsies back to the 325 00:12:13,639 --> 00:12:18,320 principality lad Dracula was also quite 326 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:20,279 fun of using them in his army as well 327 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:22,320 steepish held a belief that the gypsies 328 00:12:20,279 --> 00:12:24,680 were a Fearless class of Warriors who 329 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:27,279 would give him a fighting Edge against 330 00:12:24,680 --> 00:12:29,279 the Turks their participation in waka's 331 00:12:27,279 --> 00:12:31,480 war the Ottomans was also described in 332 00:12:29,279 --> 00:12:35,320 the first ever epic poem written in 333 00:12:31,480 --> 00:12:37,160 Romanian in early 1800s the Tanada I 334 00:12:35,320 --> 00:12:39,880 know it sounds like something to come 335 00:12:37,160 --> 00:12:43,399 out of Tu Balan for you but it's real 336 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:46,079 tig's writer Buddha deu tells how the 337 00:12:43,399 --> 00:12:48,279 brave lot sees LED his army of gypsies 338 00:12:46,079 --> 00:12:50,800 into battle against the Turks where the 339 00:12:48,279 --> 00:12:53,320 Gypsy Warriors fought along angels for 340 00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:55,079 the glory of Christendom anyways by the 341 00:12:53,320 --> 00:12:57,120 time all of the Balkans fell under the 342 00:12:55,079 --> 00:13:00,240 Muslims and went into economic and 343 00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:02,760 cultural Decay wahia and mavia were able 344 00:13:00,240 --> 00:13:04,399 to prosper in part this was due to them 345 00:13:02,760 --> 00:13:06,720 never being fully controlled by the 346 00:13:04,399 --> 00:13:09,279 Ottomans but also due to them heavily 347 00:13:06,720 --> 00:13:11,399 relying unslaved labor of the gypsies 348 00:13:09,279 --> 00:13:13,240 who they exploited for their economic 349 00:13:11,399 --> 00:13:15,480 gain the principalities were so 350 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:17,320 dependent on them economically that they 351 00:13:15,480 --> 00:13:19,279 had to start importing more and more 352 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:21,560 gypsies to keep up with demand 353 00:13:19,279 --> 00:13:24,000 practically becoming the Confederacy way 354 00:13:21,560 --> 00:13:26,440 before the Confederacy was even a thing 355 00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:28,160 because of this Romania to this day has 356 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:30,880 the largest number of gypsies in any 357 00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:32,519 country in the world by the 1500s the 358 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:34,519 institution of gypsy slavery in the 359 00:13:32,519 --> 00:13:37,279 Balkans came to resemble that of African 360 00:13:34,519 --> 00:13:39,360 slavery in America 100 years before the 361 00:13:37,279 --> 00:13:41,320 first black slaves even touched the 362 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:43,399 continent much like slavery in the new 363 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:45,360 world slavery in the Balkans was also 364 00:13:43,399 --> 00:13:47,199 divided into different categories some 365 00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:49,920 of the more prominent categories were 366 00:13:47,199 --> 00:13:52,320 house slaves field slaves slaves of the 367 00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:53,959 crown and slaves of the church the ones 368 00:13:52,320 --> 00:13:55,759 with the hardest jobs and worse 369 00:13:53,959 --> 00:13:57,759 treatment were field slaves who were 370 00:13:55,759 --> 00:13:59,839 condemned to work hard labor and forced 371 00:13:57,759 --> 00:14:02,040 to live in mud huts on the outskirts of 372 00:13:59,839 --> 00:14:04,720 the estate Church slaves on the other 373 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:07,240 hand had more service-based jobs such as 374 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:09,240 cooks and Coachmen while house slaves 375 00:14:07,240 --> 00:14:11,160 were tested with taking care of the 376 00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:13,360 household the male house slaves would 377 00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:15,880 also majority of the time be castrated 378 00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:17,600 as to not possess a threat to the female 379 00:14:15,880 --> 00:14:19,680 members of the household while female 380 00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:21,720 house slaves were very often used for 381 00:14:19,680 --> 00:14:24,240 sexual entertainment of the guests and 382 00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:26,519 hosts children born out of this 383 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:28,519 entertainment were then also condemned 384 00:14:26,519 --> 00:14:31,680 to the fate of slavery and put into 385 00:14:28,519 --> 00:14:34,279 bondage within the estate or sold off in 386 00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:36,880 16th century wahia the exchange rates 387 00:14:34,279 --> 00:14:39,880 for Gypsy slaves were as follows one 388 00:14:36,880 --> 00:14:42,480 Gypsy for one Pig a team of gypsies for 389 00:14:39,880 --> 00:14:44,839 a team of oxen or horses a newly wet 390 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:47,600 couple for a few barrels of wine a gypsy 391 00:14:44,839 --> 00:14:50,160 girl for a pair of copper pots and a 392 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,920 gypsy with a disability was worth a jar 393 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:54,600 of honey it was also possible to 394 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:56,360 purchase half a gypsy which entitled a 395 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:58,600 pregnant woman and a child she would 396 00:14:56,360 --> 00:15:00,720 bear if a gypsy was stopped by a 397 00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:02,680 government official they had to State 398 00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:04,120 the name of their Master if they 399 00:15:02,680 --> 00:15:06,680 couldn't they would be considered 400 00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:09,440 automatically as property of the crown 401 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:11,560 thus gypsies in passing who wandered 402 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:13,839 from region to region would often get 403 00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:15,920 rounded up and taken into bondage which 404 00:15:13,839 --> 00:15:17,759 is why many tended to avoid highly 405 00:15:15,920 --> 00:15:20,519 populated areas and stick to the 406 00:15:17,759 --> 00:15:22,560 outskirts of society as a result not all 407 00:15:20,519 --> 00:15:24,920 gypsies became slaves and many managed 408 00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:27,000 to remain free by doing this as you can 409 00:15:24,920 --> 00:15:29,000 imagine the life of an enslaved Gypsy 410 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:31,800 was not easy to make it even harder 411 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:33,880 their overseers known as vavs would more 412 00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:36,360 often than not be extremely cruel and 413 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:38,199 torture was prevalent although ottoman 414 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:40,720 law stipulated that killing your slave 415 00:15:38,199 --> 00:15:43,240 was forbidden many did not follow this 416 00:15:40,720 --> 00:15:45,560 and rarely if ever faced punishment for 417 00:15:43,240 --> 00:15:47,480 breaking it as a result many gypsies 418 00:15:45,560 --> 00:15:49,199 fled and went into hiding into the 419 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:51,920 carpatian mountains where they formed 420 00:15:49,199 --> 00:15:54,279 hidden settlements along other skps by 421 00:15:51,920 --> 00:15:56,560 the early 1800s the Ottomans tried to 422 00:15:54,279 --> 00:15:58,480 regulate the institution of slavery more 423 00:15:56,560 --> 00:16:00,800 by enshrining stricter laws regarding 424 00:15:58,480 --> 00:16:03,160 ownership and treatment of gypsy slaves 425 00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:05,000 however in 1826 the Ottomans were 426 00:16:03,160 --> 00:16:07,120 defeated by the Russians in one of their 427 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:09,240 many wars and the two remaining 428 00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:11,880 principalities fell outside of Turkish 429 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:14,680 influence soon after a sta anti-slavery 430 00:16:11,880 --> 00:16:16,399 government Paul Kel was appointed as 431 00:16:14,680 --> 00:16:18,519 governor in the region who aimed to 432 00:16:16,399 --> 00:16:20,560 abolish the practice however due to the 433 00:16:18,519 --> 00:16:23,000 institution being extremely popular with 434 00:16:20,560 --> 00:16:25,079 the Romanian nobility kisela was only 435 00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:27,360 able to pass stricter laws regarding the 436 00:16:25,079 --> 00:16:29,680 regulation of the trade and treatment of 437 00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:32,240 gypsies but was never able to outright 438 00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:34,480 ban the practice now despite the Balkans 439 00:16:32,240 --> 00:16:36,399 being the epicenter of gypsy bondage 440 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:38,680 this barbaric oppression of the Roma 441 00:16:36,399 --> 00:16:40,680 wasn't only present there nor just in 442 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:42,600 the ottoman realm as the gypsies made 443 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:44,920 their way into the Balkans thousands 444 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:47,240 continued north and west deeper into 445 00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:49,279 Europe soon much of the same laws came 446 00:16:47,240 --> 00:16:51,120 about in Western European countries as 447 00:16:49,279 --> 00:16:53,639 well and gypsies were automatically 448 00:16:51,120 --> 00:16:55,680 assumed of as property and England 449 00:16:53,639 --> 00:16:58,360 captured gypsies were to be branded with 450 00:16:55,680 --> 00:17:01,120 the letter V and be put into slavery for 451 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:03,279 2 years if they escaped and were then 452 00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:05,679 recaptured they were to be rebranded 453 00:17:03,279 --> 00:17:08,039 with a letter S and made slaves for the 454 00:17:05,679 --> 00:17:09,760 rest of their lives in Iberia both the 455 00:17:08,039 --> 00:17:12,079 Spanish and Portuguese Enslaved the 456 00:17:09,760 --> 00:17:14,160 gypsies as well and exported them to 457 00:17:12,079 --> 00:17:16,439 their colonies in the new world where 458 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:19,119 they would be used as slave labor on 459 00:17:16,439 --> 00:17:21,119 cash crop plantations in a dark ironic 460 00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:22,919 twist the Portuguese even exported them 461 00:17:21,119 --> 00:17:25,439 back to their colonies in India where 462 00:17:22,919 --> 00:17:27,839 they had left as free men but returned 463 00:17:25,439 --> 00:17:29,840 as individuals in bondage while in 464 00:17:27,839 --> 00:17:31,880 colder and rougher climate regions such 465 00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:34,120 as in Scotland and Russia they were 466 00:17:31,880 --> 00:17:36,160 subject to work in the mines there was 467 00:17:34,120 --> 00:17:38,360 practically no place on the continent 468 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:40,200 where the gypsies could wander risk-free 469 00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:42,200 and their mere presence in any City 470 00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:44,440 would entail enslavement for the rest of 471 00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:44,440 their 472 00:17:45,559 --> 00:17:49,720 lives by the mid 19th century the 473 00:17:48,160 --> 00:17:52,280 Industrial Revolution was starting to 474 00:17:49,720 --> 00:17:53,840 take good hold of Europe and with it it 475 00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:56,200 brought numerous new machines and 476 00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:58,360 inventions such as the spinning mule and 477 00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:00,799 cotton genin that made the use of large 478 00:17:58,360 --> 00:18:02,440 number of labors obsolete thus 479 00:18:00,799 --> 00:18:04,679 throughout Western Europe slavery 480 00:18:02,440 --> 00:18:06,799 overall start to be abolished and within 481 00:18:04,679 --> 00:18:09,159 the remaining principalities who wish to 482 00:18:06,799 --> 00:18:11,200 prove their europeanness and establish 483 00:18:09,159 --> 00:18:13,120 stronger ties with France their long 484 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:15,280 lost Brothers the practice of holding 485 00:18:13,120 --> 00:18:17,960 dripsy slaves start to be seen as 486 00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:21,720 barbaric backwards and most importantly 487 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:23,600 inhumane in 1837 Alexandro gika the then 488 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:25,880 governor of the territories passed a law 489 00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:28,200 to free a couple of thousand slaves in 490 00:18:25,880 --> 00:18:31,159 his governorship although it was a small 491 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:34,679 step it set the ball rolling mavia in 492 00:18:31,159 --> 00:18:36,600 1842 abolished slavery and 5 years later 493 00:18:34,679 --> 00:18:39,360 the wakan church criminalized the 494 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:41,120 practice as well in 1848 as the 495 00:18:39,360 --> 00:18:42,919 hungarians were fighting the revolution 496 00:18:41,120 --> 00:18:44,880 against the hapsburgs students in 497 00:18:42,919 --> 00:18:46,840 Bucharest protested the practice and 498 00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:48,720 tore down statues in the capital 499 00:18:46,840 --> 00:18:51,159 relating to the institution and voted 500 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:53,039 for its abolition in the same year this 501 00:18:51,159 --> 00:18:54,960 newly found freedom of the gypsies were 502 00:18:53,039 --> 00:18:56,679 shortlived however as the two 503 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:58,400 principalities were pushed back into 504 00:18:56,679 --> 00:19:00,440 direct foreign influence by the Russian 505 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:03,280 Turkish convention which also brought 506 00:19:00,440 --> 00:19:06,440 back old laws including that of slavery 507 00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:08,679 it wasn't until 1855 when more political 508 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:10,799 events came to fruition and mavia 509 00:19:08,679 --> 00:19:13,320 unanimously passed a bill Banning the 510 00:19:10,799 --> 00:19:16,720 practice and wahia doing the same one 511 00:19:13,320 --> 00:19:18,559 year later in 1856 slavery wasn't fully 512 00:19:16,720 --> 00:19:21,559 stamped out until the first Romanian 513 00:19:18,559 --> 00:19:23,640 unification of 1864 when Prince Yan 514 00:19:21,559 --> 00:19:26,240 kuuza restored the gypsies to their 515 00:19:23,640 --> 00:19:29,240 former Estates and proclaimed them as 516 00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:31,280 free people under them although AB ition 517 00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:33,480 had set the gypsies finally free after 518 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:35,559 over four centuries of bondage no 519 00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,559 programs nor institutions were set in 520 00:19:35,559 --> 00:19:39,960 place to help the newly freak population 521 00:19:37,559 --> 00:19:42,080 acclimate into society the gypsies were 522 00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:44,480 still greatly discriminated against and 523 00:19:42,080 --> 00:19:46,240 had no ways of securing any sort of land 524 00:19:44,480 --> 00:19:48,760 which push them to the fringes of 525 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:50,880 society many as a result returned back 526 00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:52,679 to the nomatic way of life traversing 527 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:54,720 the continent from country to Country 528 00:19:52,679 --> 00:19:56,500 working as entertainers musicians 529 00:19:54,720 --> 00:19:57,640 fortune tellers and 530 00:19:56,500 --> 00:20:00,640 [Music] 531 00:19:57,640 --> 00:20:00,640 Traders 532 00:20:04,039 --> 00:20:08,600 however between the late 19th century 533 00:20:06,159 --> 00:20:10,360 and the mid 20th century race realism 534 00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:12,360 became an Ever more popular pseudo 535 00:20:10,360 --> 00:20:14,799 science that over the years took a 536 00:20:12,360 --> 00:20:17,200 greater and Tighter grip over Europe and 537 00:20:14,799 --> 00:20:19,840 the world as a whole in particular in 538 00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:22,600 the late 1800s Germany became a major 539 00:20:19,840 --> 00:20:25,600 hub for these ideas many German authors 540 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:28,360 and experts in a topic referred to both 541 00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:30,799 the Jews and gypsies as excrement of 542 00:20:28,360 --> 00:20:32,960 human ity even highly esteemed English 543 00:20:30,799 --> 00:20:34,799 scientists Charles Darwin responsible 544 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:36,960 for introducing and popularizing the 545 00:20:34,799 --> 00:20:38,840 theory of evolution and being the bane 546 00:20:36,960 --> 00:20:40,919 of existence for American Evangelical 547 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:43,280 parents in school described the Gypsies 548 00:20:40,919 --> 00:20:45,559 in his writing as not being culturally 549 00:20:43,280 --> 00:20:48,280 Advanced like territorially settled 550 00:20:45,559 --> 00:20:50,840 peoples as a result a series of 551 00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:53,039 anti-gypsy laws were being passed that 552 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:55,080 continually worsen the lives of the Roma 553 00:20:53,039 --> 00:20:57,960 all over Europe and drove them to even 554 00:20:55,080 --> 00:20:59,640 further fringes of society htic laws 555 00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:02,080 within Germany he criminalized many 556 00:20:59,640 --> 00:21:04,840 gypsies due to prohibiting the lack of 557 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:07,400 having a permanent home or job and not 558 00:21:04,840 --> 00:21:10,400 being on the taxpayer register in the 559 00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:12,600 1880s German Chancellor F bismar 560 00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:14,799 reinforced and introduced stricter 561 00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:17,039 discriminatory laws against the Romas 562 00:21:14,799 --> 00:21:19,799 stating that the gypsies are to be dealt 563 00:21:17,039 --> 00:21:23,279 with especially severely if apprehended 564 00:21:19,799 --> 00:21:26,039 10 years later in 1890 the ziga gishmas 565 00:21:23,279 --> 00:21:28,159 AKA Gypsy scum Conference was held in 566 00:21:26,039 --> 00:21:31,000 swabia where the nation's military was 567 00:21:28,159 --> 00:21:33,159 given explicit authorization to keep the 568 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:35,960 gypsies on the move at the turn of the 569 00:21:33,159 --> 00:21:38,120 century in 1899 the Gypsy information 570 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:41,440 agency was set up in Munich which 571 00:21:38,120 --> 00:21:45,000 cataloged data on all gypsies registered 572 00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:47,600 in Germany 6 years later in 1905 this 573 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:50,640 data was published in a ziga B the Gypsy 574 00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:52,840 book which in 350 Pages described the 575 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:55,240 gypsies as a plague the German people 576 00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:58,080 must defend themselves against via the 577 00:21:55,240 --> 00:22:00,799 use of Ruthless punishments and which 578 00:21:58,080 --> 00:22:03,520 condemned race mixing and the dilution 579 00:22:00,799 --> 00:22:05,720 of the country's Jee pool alongside this 580 00:22:03,520 --> 00:22:07,799 the book also contained a registry of 581 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:10,279 every single Gypsy known in Germany 582 00:22:07,799 --> 00:22:13,400 their genealogical details criminal 583 00:22:10,279 --> 00:22:15,640 records and photographs in 1920 the 584 00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,679 legal oppression of gypsies became worse 585 00:22:15,640 --> 00:22:21,159 as they became forbidden to enter public 586 00:22:17,679 --> 00:22:24,400 spaces such as parks and public baths in 587 00:22:21,159 --> 00:22:26,679 1925 a series of laws were passed that 588 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:29,200 required all unemployed gypsies to be 589 00:22:26,679 --> 00:22:32,000 sent to work camps for six security 590 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:34,080 reasons 2 years later all romanis had to 591 00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:36,559 be registered with the police and every 592 00:22:34,080 --> 00:22:39,120 Gypsy individual children included had 593 00:22:36,559 --> 00:22:41,080 to carry an ID card with their photo and 594 00:22:39,120 --> 00:22:43,080 fingerprints in the same year the 595 00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:45,480 central office for the fight against the 596 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:48,760 Gypsies in Germany was established and 597 00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:50,919 in 1933 before the Nazis even held power 598 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:53,039 in Austria the country called for the 599 00:22:50,919 --> 00:22:55,320 withdrawal of all civil rights from the 600 00:22:53,039 --> 00:22:57,080 romanis in the same decade more laws 601 00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:59,120 were passed where marriage between 602 00:22:57,080 --> 00:23:01,320 Gypsies and non- gypsies was strictly 603 00:22:59,120 --> 00:23:03,919 prohibited and for sterilization of 604 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:07,080 Romani women was introduced as well by 605 00:23:03,919 --> 00:23:08,919 1938 the final solution for the gypsies 606 00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:11,120 was first mentioned by the Nazis and 607 00:23:08,919 --> 00:23:13,159 soon became quite popular and plans 608 00:23:11,120 --> 00:23:14,880 started to be prepared by the time World 609 00:23:13,159 --> 00:23:17,600 War II officially started several 610 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:19,559 massacres and pograms of gypsies took 611 00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:22,880 place all throughout Germany and German 612 00:23:19,559 --> 00:23:24,799 occupied territory and then in 1942 it 613 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:27,240 was ordered for all romanis to be 614 00:23:24,799 --> 00:23:29,559 deported to aitz binau where they would 615 00:23:27,240 --> 00:23:31,279 be exterminated much like the Jews and 616 00:23:29,559 --> 00:23:33,159 many others who were barbarically put 617 00:23:31,279 --> 00:23:35,640 into these camps the gypsies too 618 00:23:33,159 --> 00:23:38,000 suffered tremendous torturous conditions 619 00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:40,080 and torture by the Nazis they were also 620 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:42,600 Prime targets of medical experiments 621 00:23:40,080 --> 00:23:44,600 with ysf mangala a dreaded Nazi 622 00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:46,799 scientist taking a special interest in 623 00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:49,000 brutally experimenting on them because 624 00:23:46,799 --> 00:23:52,120 of YouTube's policies I won't go further 625 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:54,240 into detail on what went on in this Camp 626 00:23:52,120 --> 00:23:56,480 however I implore you to do your reading 627 00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:58,480 on this chapter of history as it is 628 00:23:56,480 --> 00:24:00,440 quite often forgotten the treatment of 629 00:23:58,480 --> 00:24:02,480 the Gypsies in the Holocaust was 630 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:04,919 disregarded so much so that even the 631 00:24:02,480 --> 00:24:06,919 Nazis did not track the exact numbers of 632 00:24:04,919 --> 00:24:10,200 the Roma they murdered often riding 633 00:24:06,919 --> 00:24:12,320 their casualties as Jews or Russians as 634 00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:15,520 a result it is estimated that between 635 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:17,600 500,000 and 1 and a half million gypsies 636 00:24:15,520 --> 00:24:19,279 were brutally murdered in a variety of 637 00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:21,600 ways during this gruesome part of 638 00:24:19,279 --> 00:24:25,159 History so unfortunately we will never 639 00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:25,159 know the exact number of their 640 00:24:26,210 --> 00:24:28,620 [Music] 641 00:24:27,360 --> 00:24:31,120 victims 642 00:24:28,620 --> 00:24:32,679 [Music] 643 00:24:31,120 --> 00:24:35,080 after Germany was defeated the 644 00:24:32,679 --> 00:24:37,440 imprisoned gypsies were once again free 645 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:39,679 even though they went to hell and back 646 00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:41,760 neither support nor help was given to 647 00:24:39,679 --> 00:24:43,919 the victims after they were freed by the 648 00:24:41,760 --> 00:24:46,200 allies during the nurg trials the 649 00:24:43,919 --> 00:24:48,760 gypsies didn't even receive a delegation 650 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:50,559 in the prosecution of the perpetrators 651 00:24:48,760 --> 00:24:53,080 nevertheless they were at least free to 652 00:24:50,559 --> 00:24:55,799 go back to their homes or so they 653 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:58,440 thought as one nasty ideology was slain 654 00:24:55,799 --> 00:25:00,159 another popped its ugly head communism 655 00:24:58,440 --> 00:25:02,279 even though the Communists aimed to free 656 00:25:00,159 --> 00:25:04,279 the average labor from his chains they 657 00:25:02,279 --> 00:25:05,840 did the exact opposite to the gypsies 658 00:25:04,279 --> 00:25:07,799 one of the first laws they passed 659 00:25:05,840 --> 00:25:10,080 throughout the Socialist world was that 660 00:25:07,799 --> 00:25:12,600 of prohibiting wandering as a way to 661 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:14,919 Outlaw gypsies from being Nomads like 662 00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,919 they were many were forcibly assigned to 663 00:25:14,919 --> 00:25:18,880 Industrial towns and cities where they 664 00:25:16,919 --> 00:25:20,919 were forced to go back to work at 665 00:25:18,880 --> 00:25:22,880 factories or Farms as a way of 666 00:25:20,919 --> 00:25:25,480 assimilating their population into the 667 00:25:22,880 --> 00:25:27,520 workforce and nation in Bulgaria for 668 00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:30,159 example the Gypsy identity was banned 669 00:25:27,520 --> 00:25:32,320 outright declaring yourself as EG Gypsy 670 00:25:30,159 --> 00:25:34,320 and the national census was not allowed 671 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:36,080 and the Roma were forced to declare 672 00:25:34,320 --> 00:25:38,559 themselves as either Bulgarian or 673 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:41,559 Turkish and subsequently even forced to 674 00:25:38,559 --> 00:25:43,640 adopt Bulgarian or Turkish names however 675 00:25:41,559 --> 00:25:46,080 not all was bad because of these 676 00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:47,960 authoritarian governments and the severe 677 00:25:46,080 --> 00:25:50,240 penalties for breaking the laws they 678 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:52,679 enacted hate crimes and ethnic targeting 679 00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:54,840 of gypsies was almost non-existent many 680 00:25:52,679 --> 00:25:57,760 were given State man ated apartments and 681 00:25:54,840 --> 00:26:00,080 homes for the first time ever but to be 682 00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:02,279 fair in many cases these homes were 683 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:04,080 known to be subpar and although they had 684 00:26:02,279 --> 00:26:06,000 to live in different bonds they weren't 685 00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:08,320 targeted for their ethnicity which 686 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:10,640 allowed them to live semi-normal lives 687 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:12,880 as a result in Romania the only group of 688 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:15,279 people that ever had anything positive 689 00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:17,399 to say about the cha chesus Romania's 690 00:26:15,279 --> 00:26:19,640 communist dictatorial power couple are 691 00:26:17,399 --> 00:26:21,600 the Roma nevertheless with the fall of 692 00:26:19,640 --> 00:26:23,840 Communism so fa the protection many 693 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:26,480 gypsies enjoyed by the state in the 694 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:28,360 early '90s a series of programs against 695 00:26:26,480 --> 00:26:30,760 the gypsies took place throughout 696 00:26:28,360 --> 00:26:32,960 Transylvania in Romania as both the 697 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:35,200 hungarians and Romanians living there 698 00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:37,520 collaborated together on kicking out the 699 00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:39,120 gypsies from their villages usually one 700 00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,399 person from the Gypsy Community would 701 00:26:39,120 --> 00:26:43,200 commit a terrible crime which then 702 00:26:41,399 --> 00:26:45,520 prompted all of the other villagers to 703 00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:48,080 band together and burn down the houses 704 00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:50,000 of the other Gypsies and expel all of 705 00:26:48,080 --> 00:26:52,000 them from their Village as a way of 706 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:54,279 collective punishment more often than 707 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:56,799 not the police would be in on it or just 708 00:26:54,279 --> 00:26:58,919 simply not care at the Injustice taking 709 00:26:56,799 --> 00:27:00,640 place a lot of the time the Crim someone 710 00:26:58,919 --> 00:27:02,880 from the Roma committee would commit 711 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:05,000 would be fictional even as the gypsies 712 00:27:02,880 --> 00:27:06,919 always had to adapt to survive when 713 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:08,840 capitalism started to be embraced many 714 00:27:06,919 --> 00:27:11,039 quickly jumped on board and open up 715 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:13,080 their own businesses such as cafes and 716 00:27:11,039 --> 00:27:15,080 restaurants many Gypsy families 717 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:17,960 especially in rural Villages quickly 718 00:27:15,080 --> 00:27:19,600 became sort of Rich from such Endeavors 719 00:27:17,960 --> 00:27:21,600 which then prompted their neighbors to 720 00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:23,640 assume that they got rich via theft from 721 00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:25,559 the community thus sometimes it only 722 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:27,640 took one person to accuse them of a 723 00:27:25,559 --> 00:27:30,279 crime an entire Village would then jump 724 00:27:27,640 --> 00:27:32,880 on the w hunt and deal out vigilante 725 00:27:30,279 --> 00:27:34,600 justice these incidents also happen in 726 00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:36,679 other parts of Eastern Europe which 727 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:39,240 prompted many romanis to abanded their 728 00:27:36,679 --> 00:27:41,360 countries and migrate West into Germany 729 00:27:39,240 --> 00:27:43,559 and other Western European States 730 00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,760 throughout the '90s tens of thousands of 731 00:27:43,559 --> 00:27:47,519 gypsies from all over the Eastern block 732 00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:49,799 flocked to Western Poland where they 733 00:27:47,519 --> 00:27:51,519 attempted to cross into Germany and seek 734 00:27:49,799 --> 00:27:53,679 Refuge many would get rid of their 735 00:27:51,519 --> 00:27:56,480 papers along the way to make their case 736 00:27:53,679 --> 00:27:58,440 for Asylum more likely to pass however 737 00:27:56,480 --> 00:28:00,240 this rarely ever worked the majority of 738 00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:02,279 gypsies fleeing into Germany would be 739 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:04,320 allowed to stay only 2 years in a 740 00:28:02,279 --> 00:28:06,679 refugee camp while their application was 741 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:09,000 being processed during their stay they'd 742 00:28:06,679 --> 00:28:12,000 find some sort of low paying work either 743 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:13,880 in the camp itself or the towns nearby 744 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:16,120 and afterwards they would be kicked back 745 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:17,720 home while also having their finances 746 00:28:16,120 --> 00:28:20,840 taken from them due to them being 747 00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:22,880 obtained via illegal work in the country 748 00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:25,000 often enough the savings these gypsies 749 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:27,440 brought would also be taken under that 750 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:30,399 pretense and basically leave them with 751 00:28:27,440 --> 00:28:32,159 no money whatsoever upon being deported 752 00:28:30,399 --> 00:28:34,240 back to their countries of origin in 753 00:28:32,159 --> 00:28:36,200 many cases the countries would refuse to 754 00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:38,399 take them back as they didn't have any 755 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:40,360 papers and because the Germans took 756 00:28:38,399 --> 00:28:43,000 their money many were left without a 757 00:28:40,360 --> 00:28:45,559 scent nor passport to their name later 758 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:47,519 on Germany would PID Romania millions of 759 00:28:45,559 --> 00:28:49,960 marks at the time to take back its 760 00:28:47,519 --> 00:28:52,000 citizens and build housing but as the 761 00:28:49,960 --> 00:28:54,120 government of Romania at the time was 762 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:56,519 severely corrupt you can imagine how the 763 00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:58,440 story ended today the situation of many 764 00:28:56,519 --> 00:29:01,279 gypsies has improved since the dreaded 765 00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:03,840 '90s but it is still far away from 766 00:29:01,279 --> 00:29:05,799 perfect many programs and NOS have 767 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:07,960 sprung up to assist Roma communities 768 00:29:05,799 --> 00:29:10,679 throughout Europe however many still 769 00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:12,640 live as outcasts of society and often do 770 00:29:10,679 --> 00:29:15,039 not have adequate infrastructure nor 771 00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:17,640 facilities for a normal life even in one 772 00:29:15,039 --> 00:29:20,399 of Romania's most well-developed cities 773 00:29:17,640 --> 00:29:22,919 CL P an Infamous Gypsy neighborhood 774 00:29:20,399 --> 00:29:24,799 known for its favel like conditions is 775 00:29:22,919 --> 00:29:26,399 allowed to exist virtually ignored by 776 00:29:24,799 --> 00:29:29,080 the government despite the city's 777 00:29:26,399 --> 00:29:31,519 booming it sector however it is also 778 00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:33,480 important to note that many gypsies also 779 00:29:31,519 --> 00:29:35,399 aren't thrilled to jump into cooperating 780 00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:37,720 with a society that has oppressed them 781 00:29:35,399 --> 00:29:39,240 for centuries and only recently led up 782 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:41,399 on their brutal treatment while 783 00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:43,240 systematic issues exist when it comes to 784 00:29:41,399 --> 00:29:45,320 the treatment of the Roma communities in 785 00:29:43,240 --> 00:29:47,120 Eastern Europe so do trust issues 786 00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:48,960 amongst the Romani who sometimes 787 00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:51,559 willfully refuse attempts of 788 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:54,000 normalization efforts but hopefully both 789 00:29:51,559 --> 00:29:56,159 will change as more progress takes place 790 00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:58,480 and brighter chapters become written in 791 00:29:56,159 --> 00:30:00,240 the history of the gypsies thank you for 792 00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:02,799 watching this has been quite a brutal 793 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:05,120 video to research in right as H Gypsy 794 00:30:02,799 --> 00:30:07,039 history is characterized by bondage and 795 00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:08,880 expulsion please let me know what you 796 00:30:07,039 --> 00:30:10,200 think in the comments and if I should do 797 00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:12,320 more of these types of videos in the 798 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:15,399 future my name is yanos and you've 799 00:30:12,320 --> 00:30:19,080 watched living around a clean Europe hey 800 00:30:15,399 --> 00:30:23,399 hey why are you living in the 801 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:26,559 USA it is not the place to stay hey hey 802 00:30:23,399 --> 00:30:33,039 I been in my glass if 803 00:30:26,559 --> 00:30:33,039 me don't me that you are gay are G