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+1
+00:00:01,490 --> 00:00:07,230
+[Music]
+
+2
+00:00:07,279 --> 00:00:12,480
+mounted zisa in northwestern canada is a
+
+3
+00:00:10,240 --> 00:00:14,960
+member of one of the most elite classes
+
+4
+00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:18,240
+of mountain on the planet
+
+5
+00:00:14,960 --> 00:00:22,600
+called glacial volcanoes volcanoes that
+
+6
+00:00:18,240 --> 00:00:22,600
+erupt in contact with glaciers
+
+7
+00:00:23,480 --> 00:00:28,420
+[Music]
+
+8
+00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,559
+born from the union of incompatible
+
+9
+00:00:41,200 --> 00:00:45,680
+parents
+
+10
+00:00:42,559 --> 00:00:49,039
+the conjugal mixing of flowing magma
+
+11
+00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:50,559
+and rock hard glaciers
+
+12
+00:00:49,039 --> 00:00:54,600
+the union
+
+13
+00:00:50,559 --> 00:00:54,600
+of ice and fire
+
+14
+00:01:00,559 --> 00:01:06,799
+and yet the mountain in its evolution
+
+15
+00:01:02,879 --> 00:01:06,799
+would change the course of early man
+
+16
+00:01:07,119 --> 00:01:12,159
+and incubate from its devastation
+
+17
+00:01:10,080 --> 00:01:13,840
+some of the earth's most primitive life
+
+18
+00:01:12,159 --> 00:01:16,320
+forms
+
+19
+00:01:13,840 --> 00:01:18,799
+this is the story of the consequences of
+
+20
+00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:20,880
+joining fire and ice
+
+21
+00:01:18,799 --> 00:01:23,880
+and the life that sprang from their
+
+22
+00:01:20,880 --> 00:01:23,880
+ashes
+
+23
+00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:34,320
+at zaisa is a complex of 50 volcanoes
+
+24
+00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:36,799
+a symphony of epic proportions
+
+25
+00:01:34,320 --> 00:01:40,520
+written in a script of geology upon a
+
+26
+00:01:36,799 --> 00:01:40,520
+parchment of time
+
+27
+00:01:42,479 --> 00:01:47,840
+[Music]
+
+28
+00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:49,030
+from the escarpment-built layer upon
+
+29
+00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:50,479
+lava flow layers
+
+30
+00:01:49,030 --> 00:01:53,759
+[Music]
+
+31
+00:01:50,479 --> 00:01:56,640
+reaching back across vast basalt aprons
+
+32
+00:01:53,759 --> 00:01:59,119
+punctuated by volcanic cones
+
+33
+00:01:56,640 --> 00:02:01,840
+ascending finally to the crowning
+
+34
+00:01:59,119 --> 00:02:04,159
+citadel of stone spires
+
+35
+00:02:01,840 --> 00:02:05,600
+it is an opus of tranquility and
+
+36
+00:02:04,159 --> 00:02:09,639
+splendor
+
+37
+00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:47,680
+composed from violence and chaos
+
+38
+00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:47,680
+[Music]
+
+39
+00:02:53,579 --> 00:03:15,300
+[Music]
+
+40
+00:03:17,540 --> 00:03:56,319
+[Music]
+
+41
+00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:07,380
+[Music]
+
+42
+00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:14,770
+[Music]
+
+43
+00:04:25,070 --> 00:04:37,360
+[Music]
+
+44
+00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:39,759
+using geological techniques such as
+
+45
+00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:41,840
+carbon 14 dating of rocks
+
+46
+00:04:39,759 --> 00:04:44,479
+we can form an outline of the mountain's
+
+47
+00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:44,479
+evolution
+
+48
+00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:50,479
+the aziza volcanic complex is part of
+
+49
+00:04:48,159 --> 00:04:52,560
+the stikeen seismic belt
+
+50
+00:04:50,479 --> 00:04:55,120
+running north south along the interior
+
+51
+00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:56,960
+west coast of british columbia and into
+
+52
+00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:59,759
+the yukon
+
+53
+00:04:56,960 --> 00:05:02,240
+this volcanic belt was the result of the
+
+54
+00:04:59,759 --> 00:05:04,160
+subduction of the pacific plate sliding
+
+55
+00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:06,080
+beneath the advancing north american
+
+56
+00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:08,560
+continent
+
+57
+00:05:06,080 --> 00:05:11,520
+it is believed that the first volcanic
+
+58
+00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:13,280
+activity in the aziza region began eight
+
+59
+00:05:11,520 --> 00:05:16,720
+million years ago
+
+60
+00:05:13,280 --> 00:05:20,479
+midway along the complex damning a river
+
+61
+00:05:16,720 --> 00:05:20,479
+creating a lake in its lee
+
+62
+00:05:21,039 --> 00:05:25,360
+volcanic vents opened beneath the lake
+
+63
+00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,400
+creating sub-aquatic mounds of basalt
+
+64
+00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:28,639
+pillows
+
+65
+00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:30,320
+that grew until the lava rose above the
+
+66
+00:05:28,639 --> 00:05:34,479
+lake's surface
+
+67
+00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:36,720
+eventually filling and draining it
+
+68
+00:05:34,479 --> 00:05:39,759
+following a period of dormancy
+
+69
+00:05:36,720 --> 00:05:42,159
+a new series of steam vents geysers and
+
+70
+00:05:39,759 --> 00:05:43,759
+mud pots began to appear on the flanks
+
+71
+00:05:42,159 --> 00:05:45,520
+of the first eruption
+
+72
+00:05:43,759 --> 00:05:48,400
+heralding the second period of
+
+73
+00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:48,400
+vulcanization
+
+74
+00:05:48,479 --> 00:05:54,560
+magma soon flowed to the west and south
+
+75
+00:05:52,320 --> 00:05:56,960
+until even the earlier formations were
+
+76
+00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:56,960
+buried
+
+77
+00:05:57,759 --> 00:06:03,120
+the most extensive volcanic events on at
+
+78
+00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:06,000
+zaisa called the neato period were not
+
+79
+00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:08,639
+localized to a single volcano as magma
+
+80
+00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:11,360
+flowed out of six major volcanic cones
+
+81
+00:06:08,639 --> 00:06:14,400
+and dozens of lesser formations covering
+
+82
+00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:14,400
+much of the complex
+
+83
+00:06:14,479 --> 00:06:17,919
+fire fountains of gases and magma were
+
+84
+00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:20,400
+common
+
+85
+00:06:17,919 --> 00:06:23,280
+and ash vents darkened the sky and
+
+86
+00:06:20,400 --> 00:06:23,280
+masked the sun
+
+87
+00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:28,960
+after a long period of glaciation
+
+88
+00:06:26,639 --> 00:06:31,680
+another major vent opened spilling
+
+89
+00:06:28,960 --> 00:06:34,159
+sticky viscous lava that adhered to the
+
+90
+00:06:31,680 --> 00:06:36,720
+sides of the volcano
+
+91
+00:06:34,159 --> 00:06:39,600
+building a mountain that is today
+
+92
+00:06:36,720 --> 00:06:39,600
+mounted sizer
+
+93
+00:06:40,639 --> 00:06:45,919
+at the zenith of this volcano's growth
+
+94
+00:06:42,960 --> 00:06:47,199
+it formed a peak rising at least 600
+
+95
+00:06:45,919 --> 00:06:48,400
+meters
+
+96
+00:06:47,199 --> 00:06:50,639
+then suddenly
+
+97
+00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:52,960
+the mountain blew its top demolishing
+
+98
+00:06:50,639 --> 00:06:56,639
+the upper regions of the cone weakening
+
+99
+00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:58,560
+the eastern flank of the crater
+
+100
+00:06:56,639 --> 00:07:00,639
+lava lakes formed in what was left of
+
+101
+00:06:58,560 --> 00:07:03,120
+the mounted size of cone
+
+102
+00:07:00,639 --> 00:07:05,520
+and again pressure built up in the magma
+
+103
+00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:07,360
+chamber below until it blew out the
+
+104
+00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:12,479
+eastern wall
+
+105
+00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:12,479
+exposing the caldera to glacial erosion
+
+106
+00:07:14,319 --> 00:07:19,360
+there was a period of half a million
+
+107
+00:07:16,319 --> 00:07:21,840
+years of semi-dormancy before a new
+
+108
+00:07:19,360 --> 00:07:23,840
+series of volcanic activities began
+
+109
+00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:26,720
+throughout the complex
+
+110
+00:07:23,840 --> 00:07:31,560
+sending vast blankets of fluid basalt
+
+111
+00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:31,560
+and ash flowing across the apron
+
+112
+00:07:32,720 --> 00:07:37,840
+as the lava flow subsided
+
+113
+00:07:35,280 --> 00:07:40,319
+great cinder cones formed as the parent
+
+114
+00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:45,400
+vent spewed mountains of ash and pumice
+
+115
+00:07:40,319 --> 00:07:45,400
+around the flanks of the adzisa complex
+
+116
+00:07:56,479 --> 00:08:02,560
+edsiza is a mountain of mystery
+
+117
+00:07:59,199 --> 00:08:04,160
+both spiritually and scientifically
+
+118
+00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:06,879
+and though we have learned much about
+
+119
+00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:09,599
+its origins there are still intriguing
+
+120
+00:08:06,879 --> 00:08:13,199
+questions about what happens when nature
+
+121
+00:08:09,599 --> 00:08:14,160
+mixes fire and ice is it possible for
+
+122
+00:08:13,199 --> 00:08:16,240
+example
+
+123
+00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:19,440
+that some forms of life actually
+
+124
+00:08:16,240 --> 00:08:22,240
+flourish because of this combination
+
+125
+00:08:19,440 --> 00:08:24,240
+mount edsiza obsidian is thought to be
+
+126
+00:08:22,240 --> 00:08:26,960
+some of the best in the world
+
+127
+00:08:24,240 --> 00:08:29,599
+is it possible to fingerprint it by
+
+128
+00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:32,240
+using advanced technology to map native
+
+129
+00:08:29,599 --> 00:08:36,240
+trade trails from their source to the
+
+130
+00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:36,240
+far reaches of the artifacts journey
+
+131
+00:08:37,279 --> 00:08:40,719
+also although the surrounding mountains
+
+132
+00:08:39,519 --> 00:08:44,800
+are granite
+
+133
+00:08:40,719 --> 00:08:47,519
+the aziza complex is a mountain of glass
+
+134
+00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:49,839
+raising the question why
+
+135
+00:08:47,519 --> 00:08:52,480
+what is it about the consistency of its
+
+136
+00:08:49,839 --> 00:08:55,839
+subterranean magma vaults that creates a
+
+137
+00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:55,839
+landscape so unique
+
+138
+00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:01,200
+to address these questions a diverse
+
+139
+00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:02,640
+team of scientists made up of a
+
+140
+00:09:01,200 --> 00:09:05,839
+volcanologist
+
+141
+00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:08,480
+archaeologists and even a lycanologist
+
+142
+00:09:05,839 --> 00:09:11,600
+converged upon this volcanic complex
+
+143
+00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,600
+to look for answers
+
+144
+00:09:12,560 --> 00:09:17,040
+it is not the way the lava flows
+
+145
+00:09:14,959 --> 00:09:19,360
+but the way it cools that changes
+
+146
+00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:22,080
+landscapes
+
+147
+00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:24,399
+by studying the way lava cools we can
+
+148
+00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:27,040
+understand the details of the mountain's
+
+149
+00:09:24,399 --> 00:09:27,040
+evolution
+
+150
+00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:31,440
+ben edwards is a volcanologist who has
+
+151
+00:09:29,600 --> 00:09:34,839
+studied around the world the bizarre
+
+152
+00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:36,959
+consequences of mixing fire and
+
+153
+00:09:34,839 --> 00:09:39,040
+ice one of the things we have to have
+
+154
+00:09:36,959 --> 00:09:40,959
+happen before a volcano can erupt is we
+
+155
+00:09:39,040 --> 00:09:43,519
+have to find a way to get the liquid
+
+156
+00:09:40,959 --> 00:09:45,360
+rock the magma up to the surface to form
+
+157
+00:09:43,519 --> 00:09:46,880
+a lava flow
+
+158
+00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:48,160
+and one of the most common ways that
+
+159
+00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:50,720
+happens
+
+160
+00:09:48,160 --> 00:09:53,200
+is that the earth actually cracks open
+
+161
+00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:55,600
+and then the magma or liquid rock can
+
+162
+00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:56,959
+come up through the fracture
+
+163
+00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:59,920
+and here at pillow ridge we have some
+
+164
+00:09:56,959 --> 00:10:02,880
+really spectacular examples of that
+
+165
+00:09:59,920 --> 00:10:05,279
+so this wall of rock right next to me
+
+166
+00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:07,600
+looks like it's a vertical face
+
+167
+00:10:05,279 --> 00:10:09,120
+but as you look in this direction
+
+168
+00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:10,800
+and down in this direction you can see
+
+169
+00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:12,560
+it's continuous
+
+170
+00:10:10,800 --> 00:10:14,399
+and this is something that we call in
+
+171
+00:10:12,560 --> 00:10:16,800
+geology of dyke
+
+172
+00:10:14,399 --> 00:10:19,760
+it's a fracture that's opened up
+
+173
+00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:22,000
+it's cut through the the layering in the
+
+174
+00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:23,680
+rocks and it's it's vertically
+
+175
+00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:25,760
+transporting
+
+176
+00:10:23,680 --> 00:10:28,880
+liquid rock up to the surface to form
+
+177
+00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:31,360
+pillow lavas or lava flows
+
+178
+00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:33,279
+a lot of times when a volcano erupts we
+
+179
+00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,959
+think about the volcano shaping the
+
+180
+00:10:33,279 --> 00:10:36,560
+surface of the earth
+
+181
+00:10:34,959 --> 00:10:38,480
+and what you don't always think about is
+
+182
+00:10:36,560 --> 00:10:40,720
+it actually sometimes the the surface of
+
+183
+00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:43,600
+the earth affects the volcano when it
+
+184
+00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:45,920
+erupts and so if you go to the ocean
+
+185
+00:10:43,600 --> 00:10:47,839
+floor or if you go to hawaii where lava
+
+186
+00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:50,160
+flows are coming into the water we
+
+187
+00:10:47,839 --> 00:10:52,320
+actually find a special kind of lava
+
+188
+00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:54,640
+that is recording the fact that the lava
+
+189
+00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:57,440
+is going into water
+
+190
+00:10:54,640 --> 00:10:59,519
+and that's called a pillow lava so you
+
+191
+00:10:57,440 --> 00:11:02,160
+might wonder why we're talking about
+
+192
+00:10:59,519 --> 00:11:04,079
+pillow lavas up here at 7 000 plus feet
+
+193
+00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:06,000
+above elevation on the north flank of
+
+194
+00:11:04,079 --> 00:11:07,839
+mounted zaisa because certainly we're a
+
+195
+00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:09,680
+long ways from from water at least
+
+196
+00:11:07,839 --> 00:11:10,399
+that's what you'd think
+
+197
+00:11:09,680 --> 00:11:12,640
+but
+
+198
+00:11:10,399 --> 00:11:14,560
+this is actually a pillow lava
+
+199
+00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:16,640
+and this is a pillow lava just like the
+
+200
+00:11:14,560 --> 00:11:18,399
+ones that are in the ocean floor or off
+
+201
+00:11:16,640 --> 00:11:19,440
+the coast of hawaii that formed into
+
+202
+00:11:18,399 --> 00:11:21,040
+water
+
+203
+00:11:19,440 --> 00:11:23,279
+and
+
+204
+00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:25,600
+how did a pillow lava get here
+
+205
+00:11:23,279 --> 00:11:28,160
+we're so far above the water this is
+
+206
+00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:29,360
+there's a mystery about the volcano
+
+207
+00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:31,200
+and
+
+208
+00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:33,200
+there's really only one way that you can
+
+209
+00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:36,000
+get water up this high
+
+210
+00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:38,079
+and that is to have ice around
+
+211
+00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:40,160
+because when you have a glacier even if
+
+212
+00:11:38,079 --> 00:11:41,680
+you're up this high if you melt the
+
+213
+00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:44,160
+glacier
+
+214
+00:11:41,680 --> 00:11:47,040
+it can form a lake
+
+215
+00:11:44,160 --> 00:11:49,600
+a new vent opened and hot magma ate away
+
+216
+00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:51,760
+at the glacier cap producing a lake out
+
+217
+00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:55,519
+of which an elongated bridge called a
+
+218
+00:11:51,760 --> 00:11:57,440
+pillow ridge formed beneath the lake
+
+219
+00:11:55,519 --> 00:11:58,880
+now pillow lavas when they go into water
+
+220
+00:11:57,440 --> 00:12:01,360
+because the water
+
+221
+00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:02,880
+makes the lava cool faster the lava
+
+222
+00:12:01,360 --> 00:12:03,920
+tends to take a shape that's more
+
+223
+00:12:02,880 --> 00:12:05,600
+rounded
+
+224
+00:12:03,920 --> 00:12:07,839
+and it actually a pillow lava is almost
+
+225
+00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:09,200
+like a tube of lava that's going out
+
+226
+00:12:07,839 --> 00:12:10,880
+into the water
+
+227
+00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,839
+and the very edge of the tube is covered
+
+228
+00:12:10,880 --> 00:12:14,480
+by
+
+229
+00:12:11,839 --> 00:12:16,240
+volcanic glass because it it cools in
+
+230
+00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:18,880
+such a way that crystals can't form
+
+231
+00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:21,360
+before it solidifies this is a typical
+
+232
+00:12:18,880 --> 00:12:23,040
+cross section through pillow lava
+
+233
+00:12:21,360 --> 00:12:24,800
+and it shows us lots of things about
+
+234
+00:12:23,040 --> 00:12:26,480
+what was happening during the course of
+
+235
+00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:28,800
+the eruption
+
+236
+00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:30,959
+most most lavas to get to the surface of
+
+237
+00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:32,320
+the earth they have to have some gas in
+
+238
+00:12:30,959 --> 00:12:34,079
+them and that's one of the ways that
+
+239
+00:12:32,320 --> 00:12:35,440
+they can come up the earth's surface and
+
+240
+00:12:34,079 --> 00:12:37,680
+as they get closer to the earth's
+
+241
+00:12:35,440 --> 00:12:40,000
+surface it's sort of like taking a
+
+242
+00:12:37,680 --> 00:12:41,600
+bottle of soda and slowly unscrewing the
+
+243
+00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:43,200
+lid you can hear the hiss of the gas
+
+244
+00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:45,839
+that's being released
+
+245
+00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:47,760
+well in lava the same thing happens when
+
+246
+00:12:45,839 --> 00:12:50,000
+it's down deep in the earth we call it
+
+247
+00:12:47,760 --> 00:12:51,680
+magma and it's got gas in it and as it
+
+248
+00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:52,800
+comes closer and closer to the surface
+
+249
+00:12:51,680 --> 00:12:54,800
+it's sort of like you're slowly
+
+250
+00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:56,560
+unscrewing the bottle on your soda and
+
+251
+00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:58,000
+gas starts to leak out
+
+252
+00:12:56,560 --> 00:12:59,200
+now some of that gas actually comes to
+
+253
+00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:01,360
+the surface and that's one of the ways
+
+254
+00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:02,959
+we can monitor active volcanoes you can
+
+255
+00:13:01,360 --> 00:13:04,839
+actually detect the gas that's coming
+
+256
+00:13:02,959 --> 00:13:07,360
+out even while the lava is down deep
+
+257
+00:13:04,839 --> 00:13:11,680
+below we can actually record some of the
+
+258
+00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:14,639
+changes in pressure as this lava pillow
+
+259
+00:13:11,680 --> 00:13:16,399
+was came into water and then stopped and
+
+260
+00:13:14,639 --> 00:13:18,399
+slowly cooled and crystallized because
+
+261
+00:13:16,399 --> 00:13:20,480
+you can see these rings of bubbles that
+
+262
+00:13:18,399 --> 00:13:22,480
+formed at different times as the magma
+
+263
+00:13:20,480 --> 00:13:23,920
+was slowly cooling from this outer edge
+
+264
+00:13:22,480 --> 00:13:26,639
+which actually has a thin rhine to
+
+265
+00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:28,560
+volcanic glass up into the middle now
+
+266
+00:13:26,639 --> 00:13:30,320
+this this pillow is actually very very
+
+267
+00:13:28,560 --> 00:13:32,720
+interesting because the pillow lavas
+
+268
+00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:34,000
+actually act as tubes for more lava to
+
+269
+00:13:32,720 --> 00:13:35,440
+flow through them so it can go out
+
+270
+00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,360
+further in the water
+
+271
+00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:38,959
+and you can see a couple interesting
+
+272
+00:13:37,360 --> 00:13:40,959
+things in this one there's actually a
+
+273
+00:13:38,959 --> 00:13:43,120
+hollow i can stick my hand way back up
+
+274
+00:13:40,959 --> 00:13:45,360
+in here and what that means is this
+
+275
+00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:47,120
+pillow tube acted like a
+
+276
+00:13:45,360 --> 00:13:49,040
+a conduit for lava to keep flowing
+
+277
+00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:50,480
+through and in the end when the
+
+278
+00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:52,399
+solidified
+
+279
+00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:53,839
+it wasn't filled with lava so some of
+
+280
+00:13:52,399 --> 00:13:56,480
+the lava had drained out and it left
+
+281
+00:13:53,839 --> 00:13:58,720
+this lava tube inside
+
+282
+00:13:56,480 --> 00:14:00,560
+besides forming melt lakes that alter
+
+283
+00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:02,880
+the way lava cools
+
+284
+00:14:00,560 --> 00:14:06,800
+glaciers also influence volcanic
+
+285
+00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:06,800
+activity by their sheer weight
+
+286
+00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:13,600
+when you load
+
+287
+00:14:12,399 --> 00:14:15,360
+the crust
+
+288
+00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:18,480
+crust of north america the continental
+
+289
+00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:20,560
+crust with large amounts of ice when we
+
+290
+00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:23,120
+had the ice ages you formed big ice
+
+291
+00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:25,839
+sheets that covered canada
+
+292
+00:14:23,120 --> 00:14:28,160
+and when you load the crust with all
+
+293
+00:14:25,839 --> 00:14:30,800
+that ice you actually press the crust
+
+294
+00:14:28,160 --> 00:14:33,839
+down it's remarkable that thickness of
+
+295
+00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:35,440
+ice can depress the crust
+
+296
+00:14:33,839 --> 00:14:36,320
+hundreds of meters
+
+297
+00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:39,760
+and
+
+298
+00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:42,079
+that creates stresses in the crust
+
+299
+00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:45,199
+which will cause the rocks to fracture
+
+300
+00:14:42,079 --> 00:14:48,560
+actually and you can imagine in a place
+
+301
+00:14:45,199 --> 00:14:52,079
+where you're at the threshold of uh the
+
+302
+00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:54,160
+release of uh lavas uh magmas from
+
+303
+00:14:52,079 --> 00:14:57,279
+shallow depths in the crust if you
+
+304
+00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:59,680
+create those external forces the uh
+
+305
+00:14:57,279 --> 00:15:02,959
+loading of the crust that it will
+
+306
+00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:05,680
+trigger volcanic activity in the case of
+
+307
+00:15:02,959 --> 00:15:07,519
+mounted zaisa you get a lot of evidence
+
+308
+00:15:05,680 --> 00:15:11,040
+that
+
+309
+00:15:07,519 --> 00:15:13,680
+eruptions occurred when there was
+
+310
+00:15:11,040 --> 00:15:16,240
+glaciers in the landscape and
+
+311
+00:15:13,680 --> 00:15:18,880
+that's not coincidence it's this kind of
+
+312
+00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:21,839
+association between the loading and the
+
+313
+00:15:18,880 --> 00:15:24,959
+unloading that is probably triggering a
+
+314
+00:15:21,839 --> 00:15:27,199
+lot of this volcanic activity
+
+315
+00:15:24,959 --> 00:15:30,240
+ice can also serve as a record of
+
+316
+00:15:27,199 --> 00:15:30,240
+volcanic events
+
+317
+00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:34,320
+but mountain aziza has a two-fold
+
+318
+00:15:33,120 --> 00:15:38,079
+history
+
+319
+00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:41,199
+sometimes it erupts basalt lava flows
+
+320
+00:15:38,079 --> 00:15:43,440
+which are very fluid can travel very far
+
+321
+00:15:41,199 --> 00:15:44,160
+but other times it erupts lava flows
+
+322
+00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:46,160
+that
+
+323
+00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:48,399
+tend to be explosive like mount st
+
+324
+00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:50,240
+helens like mount pinatubo and those
+
+325
+00:15:48,399 --> 00:15:52,240
+lavas that are explosive tend to have a
+
+326
+00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:53,920
+different chemical composition and
+
+327
+00:15:52,240 --> 00:15:55,519
+that's one of the reasons why they're
+
+328
+00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:58,160
+more explosive
+
+329
+00:15:55,519 --> 00:16:01,199
+and malaza has a history with at least
+
+330
+00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:03,120
+five different episodes where you had
+
+331
+00:16:01,199 --> 00:16:05,279
+basaltic eruptions
+
+332
+00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:06,480
+forming large lava flows that filled
+
+333
+00:16:05,279 --> 00:16:09,440
+valleys
+
+334
+00:16:06,480 --> 00:16:11,440
+followed by lava flows that were much
+
+335
+00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:14,560
+thicker didn't travel as far and
+
+336
+00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:16,639
+sometimes were explosive
+
+337
+00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:19,680
+another key to unlocking the mysteries
+
+338
+00:16:16,639 --> 00:16:23,279
+of mounted sizes evolution is written on
+
+339
+00:16:19,680 --> 00:16:27,279
+the glaciers themselves
+
+340
+00:16:23,279 --> 00:16:29,199
+so ice can preserve records of volcanism
+
+341
+00:16:27,279 --> 00:16:31,440
+and one of the ways it can happen is
+
+342
+00:16:29,199 --> 00:16:34,880
+that when a volcano erupts and produces
+
+343
+00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:36,800
+an ash layer that covers the ice
+
+344
+00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:39,279
+more snow falls on top of the ash and
+
+345
+00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:41,040
+then the ash gets trapped inside the ice
+
+346
+00:16:39,279 --> 00:16:42,000
+and we see this in lots of places in the
+
+347
+00:16:41,040 --> 00:16:44,480
+world
+
+348
+00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,480
+so that may well be what we're seeing in
+
+349
+00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,240
+at least some of the layers in this
+
+350
+00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:50,160
+stranded chunk of ice here in this
+
+351
+00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:52,079
+moraine
+
+352
+00:16:50,160 --> 00:16:55,279
+some of the layers may be
+
+353
+00:16:52,079 --> 00:16:58,240
+layers of ash that are recording
+
+354
+00:16:55,279 --> 00:17:00,880
+explosive eruptions that happened
+
+355
+00:16:58,240 --> 00:17:02,480
+in the history of the volcano the most
+
+356
+00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:04,720
+recent history
+
+357
+00:17:02,480 --> 00:17:07,039
+so for example when you look around this
+
+358
+00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:09,839
+terrain this is very classic for what we
+
+359
+00:17:07,039 --> 00:17:12,079
+call ground moraine it's material that
+
+360
+00:17:09,839 --> 00:17:14,400
+would have melted out of a glacier as
+
+361
+00:17:12,079 --> 00:17:16,079
+the glacier was slowly retreating back
+
+362
+00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:19,039
+up to the mountain
+
+363
+00:17:16,079 --> 00:17:21,359
+but this ground moraine is special and
+
+364
+00:17:19,039 --> 00:17:23,199
+kind of interesting because it actually
+
+365
+00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:25,119
+still has some ice
+
+366
+00:17:23,199 --> 00:17:26,400
+so if we look across at the wall behind
+
+367
+00:17:25,119 --> 00:17:28,240
+me
+
+368
+00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:31,200
+all of these lineations that you see in
+
+369
+00:17:28,240 --> 00:17:33,360
+the ice are layers of dirt that formed
+
+370
+00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:35,039
+on the surface of the ice and then were
+
+371
+00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:37,679
+buried by more snow
+
+372
+00:17:35,039 --> 00:17:39,520
+which turned eventually to ice
+
+373
+00:17:37,679 --> 00:17:41,520
+one of the special things about this
+
+374
+00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:44,000
+particular ground moraine
+
+375
+00:17:41,520 --> 00:17:45,520
+is that it holds clues to a very
+
+376
+00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,919
+important
+
+377
+00:17:45,520 --> 00:17:49,600
+part of the volcanic history of mounted
+
+378
+00:17:47,919 --> 00:17:51,440
+ziza
+
+379
+00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:55,200
+many of the eruptions that mounted zaisa
+
+380
+00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:56,799
+produced lava flows and maybe small
+
+381
+00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:58,480
+fire fountain interruptions like we see
+
+382
+00:17:56,799 --> 00:18:00,720
+in hawaii where you may get ash and
+
+383
+00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:02,799
+tepra thrown into the air for maybe a
+
+384
+00:18:00,720 --> 00:18:04,240
+kilometer maybe less
+
+385
+00:18:02,799 --> 00:18:06,080
+but we know
+
+386
+00:18:04,240 --> 00:18:08,799
+from looking at the ground around us and
+
+387
+00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:11,440
+the material in that ice that mounted
+
+388
+00:18:08,799 --> 00:18:14,000
+zisa sometimes doesn't erupt
+
+389
+00:18:11,440 --> 00:18:15,679
+in a passive way like hawaii and
+
+390
+00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:18,240
+sometimes it actually has explosive
+
+391
+00:18:15,679 --> 00:18:24,440
+eruptions where rocks get shot up into
+
+392
+00:18:18,240 --> 00:18:24,440
+the air for 5 10 even 15 kilometers
+
+393
+00:18:35,360 --> 00:18:40,160
+while the geological history of exisa is
+
+394
+00:18:37,760 --> 00:18:43,360
+mapped in millions of years
+
+395
+00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:44,720
+its natural history is both spartan and
+
+396
+00:18:43,360 --> 00:18:47,200
+recent
+
+397
+00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:49,600
+wildlife on the complex is infrequent
+
+398
+00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:51,679
+and often limited to a few nannies with
+
+399
+00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:54,080
+kids finding sanctuary in the basalt
+
+400
+00:18:51,679 --> 00:18:56,799
+cliffs
+
+401
+00:18:54,080 --> 00:18:59,520
+or a cow caribou and calf on the vast
+
+402
+00:18:56,799 --> 00:19:04,200
+isolated pumice plains where predators
+
+403
+00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:04,200
+can be seen kilometers away
+
+404
+00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:14,240
+plants survive by sheer acts of their
+
+405
+00:19:13,360 --> 00:19:16,799
+will
+
+406
+00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:19,280
+and are often isolated to small oasis
+
+407
+00:19:16,799 --> 00:19:23,320
+streams that vet out the sides of barren
+
+408
+00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:23,320
+hills of ash and pumice
+
+409
+00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:29,130
+[Music]
+
+410
+00:19:31,180 --> 00:19:56,160
+[Music]
+
+411
+00:19:53,679 --> 00:19:59,280
+human history on mounted zeiss has been
+
+412
+00:19:56,160 --> 00:20:01,600
+confined to the last few thousand years
+
+413
+00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:03,760
+and it is believed that early migration
+
+414
+00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:06,799
+routes of the hunter gatherer passed
+
+415
+00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:08,960
+along the west flank of mounted sizer
+
+416
+00:20:06,799 --> 00:20:11,679
+leading to the first discovery of the
+
+417
+00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,000
+mountain's obsidian sites
+
+418
+00:20:11,679 --> 00:20:15,440
+this material would prove invaluable for
+
+419
+00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,480
+making tools
+
+420
+00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:18,080
+weapons
+
+421
+00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:20,640
+and would become the basis of a
+
+422
+00:20:18,080 --> 00:20:23,440
+flourishing trade network
+
+423
+00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:26,320
+for suddenly paleolithic man had a
+
+424
+00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:29,679
+substance so sharp that it could pierce
+
+425
+00:20:26,320 --> 00:20:31,679
+even the toughest of animal hides
+
+426
+00:20:29,679 --> 00:20:33,679
+the first europeans to venture into the
+
+427
+00:20:31,679 --> 00:20:35,600
+northwest came with the discovery of
+
+428
+00:20:33,679 --> 00:20:39,200
+gold in the surrounding cassiar
+
+429
+00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:41,280
+mountains in the mid-1800s
+
+430
+00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:43,440
+in 1866
+
+431
+00:20:41,280 --> 00:20:45,679
+the collins telegraph line to connect
+
+432
+00:20:43,440 --> 00:20:49,679
+north america with europe was strung
+
+433
+00:20:45,679 --> 00:20:51,679
+through its eyes raspberry pass
+
+434
+00:20:49,679 --> 00:20:53,679
+the line never reached russia
+
+435
+00:20:51,679 --> 00:20:56,880
+due to the successful completion of the
+
+436
+00:20:53,679 --> 00:20:56,880
+transatlantic cable
+
+437
+00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:02,799
+in 1972 the mounted size of volcanic
+
+438
+00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:04,720
+complex was made into a provincial
+
+439
+00:21:02,799 --> 00:21:06,720
+wilderness park
+
+440
+00:21:04,720 --> 00:21:08,320
+there are no services available
+
+441
+00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:11,039
+requiring backpackers to be
+
+442
+00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:13,600
+self-sufficient and carry both food and
+
+443
+00:21:11,039 --> 00:21:15,679
+shelter for treks that range from 5 to
+
+444
+00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:17,840
+10 days
+
+445
+00:21:15,679 --> 00:21:20,799
+access to the park is by float plane to
+
+446
+00:21:17,840 --> 00:21:22,320
+one of the three trail heads
+
+447
+00:21:20,799 --> 00:21:24,880
+buckley lake at the north end of the
+
+448
+00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:24,880
+complex
+
+449
+00:21:25,520 --> 00:21:29,760
+modadi lake midway along the eastern
+
+450
+00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:31,840
+side
+
+451
+00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:34,159
+and little ball lake at the southern
+
+452
+00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:36,480
+extremity
+
+453
+00:21:34,159 --> 00:21:38,720
+starting at buckley lake the first
+
+454
+00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:41,120
+section of the trail serpentines through
+
+455
+00:21:38,720 --> 00:21:43,520
+a vast labyrinth of lava beds less than
+
+456
+00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:45,039
+2 000 years old
+
+457
+00:21:43,520 --> 00:21:47,360
+[Music]
+
+458
+00:21:45,039 --> 00:21:50,320
+on eroded by glaciers it is the
+
+459
+00:21:47,360 --> 00:21:53,320
+landscape of cinder cones and gargoyle
+
+460
+00:21:50,320 --> 00:21:53,320
+gardens
+
+461
+00:21:53,350 --> 00:21:59,980
+[Music]
+
+462
+00:22:00,799 --> 00:22:04,799
+the trail through the midsection of the
+
+463
+00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:06,720
+complex skirts the main peaks to the
+
+464
+00:22:04,799 --> 00:22:10,240
+west
+
+465
+00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:12,799
+arching around tongues of glaciers
+
+466
+00:22:10,240 --> 00:22:14,559
+before giving way to a great moonscape
+
+467
+00:22:12,799 --> 00:22:18,400
+desert
+
+468
+00:22:14,559 --> 00:22:18,400
+where plant life is the exception
+
+469
+00:22:18,960 --> 00:22:23,520
+unlike other great deserts of sand
+
+470
+00:22:21,679 --> 00:22:26,159
+this section is covered with pumice
+
+471
+00:22:23,520 --> 00:22:29,039
+dunes sandwiched between great ash and
+
+472
+00:22:26,159 --> 00:22:29,039
+cinder cones
+
+473
+00:22:29,679 --> 00:22:33,960
+the southern terminus of the park is the
+
+474
+00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:36,640
+spectrum range named for its
+
+475
+00:22:33,960 --> 00:22:38,840
+kaleidoscopic splendor a geological
+
+476
+00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:42,200
+palette of brilliant earth
+
+477
+00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:51,099
+tones rust red irons
+
+478
+00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:51,099
+[Music]
+
+479
+00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:17,200
+the iconic jewel in the cluster of
+
+480
+00:23:15,120 --> 00:23:19,679
+volcanic brilliance
+
+481
+00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:23,840
+is kumagu mountain
+
+482
+00:23:19,679 --> 00:23:23,840
+towering above little ball lake
+
+483
+00:23:26,559 --> 00:23:31,520
+the influence of mixing glaciers and
+
+484
+00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:34,400
+vulcanization is not limited to creating
+
+485
+00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:37,520
+or destroying mountains
+
+486
+00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:39,760
+glaciers are depositories of the wind
+
+487
+00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:43,360
+not just ash and pumice
+
+488
+00:23:39,760 --> 00:23:45,440
+but also life forms such as seeds spores
+
+489
+00:23:43,360 --> 00:23:48,880
+and pollen from around the world are
+
+490
+00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:48,880
+deposited on glaciers
+
+491
+00:23:49,279 --> 00:23:54,640
+as glaciers recede the potential life
+
+492
+00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:56,960
+forms often settle into an alien and
+
+493
+00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:58,240
+inhospitable environment and never take
+
+494
+00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:00,080
+root
+
+495
+00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:02,840
+but what happens when they settle into a
+
+496
+00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:06,000
+volcanic hot
+
+497
+00:24:02,840 --> 00:24:08,320
+springs lyconologist patrick williston
+
+498
+00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:10,799
+came to mount aziza to explore this
+
+499
+00:24:08,320 --> 00:24:10,799
+question
+
+500
+00:24:11,360 --> 00:24:15,600
+hot springs are often evident by the
+
+501
+00:24:13,360 --> 00:24:18,159
+formation of outcrops of pure mineral
+
+502
+00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:20,480
+salts
+
+503
+00:24:18,159 --> 00:24:23,600
+water from glaciers filters down through
+
+504
+00:24:20,480 --> 00:24:27,360
+the porous mineral-rich layers of lava
+
+505
+00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:29,279
+where it is heated by subsurface vents
+
+506
+00:24:27,360 --> 00:24:32,080
+causing the hot water to dissolve the
+
+507
+00:24:29,279 --> 00:24:34,240
+minerals such as magnesium
+
+508
+00:24:32,080 --> 00:24:36,400
+once upon the surface this salt
+
+509
+00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:39,279
+saturated soup flows out over the
+
+510
+00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:42,159
+vegetation slowly crystallizing and
+
+511
+00:24:39,279 --> 00:24:44,720
+fossilizing the plants in its path
+
+512
+00:24:42,159 --> 00:24:47,039
+so what's happening right around here
+
+513
+00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:48,960
+is that
+
+514
+00:24:47,039 --> 00:24:51,360
+the seepage is coming over
+
+515
+00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:53,279
+and flowing over some of the plants like
+
+516
+00:24:51,360 --> 00:24:56,000
+this this grass
+
+517
+00:24:53,279 --> 00:24:58,640
+and in certain places it will
+
+518
+00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:02,159
+precipitate around the grass
+
+519
+00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:04,640
+and effectively petrify the vegetation
+
+520
+00:25:02,159 --> 00:25:06,559
+so you have this
+
+521
+00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:07,760
+in this case a sedge it looks like a
+
+522
+00:25:06,559 --> 00:25:09,760
+sedge that's
+
+523
+00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:11,279
+now turned to stone
+
+524
+00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:15,200
+so what we have here
+
+525
+00:25:11,279 --> 00:25:18,000
+is some recent mineral mineralization
+
+526
+00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:21,039
+on the actual stems of the monkey flower
+
+527
+00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:23,440
+so the monkey flower is laying down
+
+528
+00:25:21,039 --> 00:25:24,320
+and getting coated in the minerals
+
+529
+00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,799
+and then
+
+530
+00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:29,039
+the plants perish leaving behind what is
+
+531
+00:25:26,799 --> 00:25:30,559
+effectively petrified
+
+532
+00:25:29,039 --> 00:25:32,240
+plant remains
+
+533
+00:25:30,559 --> 00:25:34,000
+right there
+
+534
+00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:36,000
+so these stems have just laid down and
+
+535
+00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:39,600
+already some of them are
+
+536
+00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:39,600
+turning into stone right here
+
+537
+00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:44,799
+but the real miracle of volcanic hot
+
+538
+00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:48,039
+springs is the amazing life that emerges
+
+539
+00:25:44,799 --> 00:25:48,039
+from them
+
+540
+00:25:49,100 --> 00:26:55,439
+[Music]
+
+541
+00:26:55,520 --> 00:26:59,840
+is it possible for primitive life forms
+
+542
+00:26:57,679 --> 00:27:04,000
+released from receding glaciers to
+
+543
+00:26:59,840 --> 00:27:04,000
+survive in these volcanic hot springs
+
+544
+00:27:04,159 --> 00:27:07,840
+to answer this question water
+
+545
+00:27:05,919 --> 00:27:09,840
+temperature of individual hot springs
+
+546
+00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:12,000
+was taken
+
+547
+00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,400
+and algae samples were collected for
+
+548
+00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:16,799
+analysis
+
+549
+00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:18,000
+i'm an aquatic ecologist and i study
+
+550
+00:27:16,799 --> 00:27:20,799
+fresh water
+
+551
+00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:24,000
+and my phd thesis in university was on a
+
+552
+00:27:20,799 --> 00:27:26,000
+thermal spring and i learned a lot about
+
+553
+00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:30,480
+thermal tolerance of
+
+554
+00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:33,120
+small living algae and it's amazing the
+
+555
+00:27:30,480 --> 00:27:36,559
+variety of algae but also their
+
+556
+00:27:33,120 --> 00:27:37,760
+tolerance each algae species has a
+
+557
+00:27:36,559 --> 00:27:40,320
+specific
+
+558
+00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:41,919
+range of temperature tolerance
+
+559
+00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:43,360
+if you take them and you put them in a
+
+560
+00:27:41,919 --> 00:27:46,240
+cold water
+
+561
+00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:48,159
+they probably would not survive they are
+
+562
+00:27:46,240 --> 00:27:52,880
+specifically thermophilic which means
+
+563
+00:27:48,159 --> 00:27:54,880
+they've grown over centuries millennia
+
+564
+00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:57,440
+millions of years in a thermal
+
+565
+00:27:54,880 --> 00:27:59,600
+environment and are adapted to that this
+
+566
+00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,880
+the algae that had been identified from
+
+567
+00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,720
+there
+
+568
+00:28:00,880 --> 00:28:05,600
+when i looked at them
+
+569
+00:28:02,720 --> 00:28:07,760
+the the list they were algae not from
+
+570
+00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,799
+lakes but they were algae from
+
+571
+00:28:07,760 --> 00:28:11,440
+from a
+
+572
+00:28:08,799 --> 00:28:13,919
+generally a very warm climate
+
+573
+00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:15,039
+and a very high thermal tolerance the
+
+574
+00:28:13,919 --> 00:28:16,399
+question of
+
+575
+00:28:15,039 --> 00:28:19,039
+how do algae get
+
+576
+00:28:16,399 --> 00:28:21,200
+to where they can live and what if they
+
+577
+00:28:19,039 --> 00:28:22,240
+land in a hostile environment and don't
+
+578
+00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,480
+survive
+
+579
+00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:26,720
+algae are very have many means of
+
+580
+00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:28,159
+transportation they are
+
+581
+00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:31,120
+mobile
+
+582
+00:28:28,159 --> 00:28:32,799
+that's important how did they get to
+
+583
+00:28:31,120 --> 00:28:34,799
+these hot springs
+
+584
+00:28:32,799 --> 00:28:36,720
+well they had to have come
+
+585
+00:28:34,799 --> 00:28:39,600
+probably by air
+
+586
+00:28:36,720 --> 00:28:42,399
+aerial invasion it seems to me that we
+
+587
+00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:43,679
+have algae that can survive being frozen
+
+588
+00:28:42,399 --> 00:28:46,720
+in glaciers
+
+589
+00:28:43,679 --> 00:28:48,320
+we have algae that can survive nearly 50
+
+590
+00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:51,200
+to 60 degrees
+
+591
+00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:53,440
+celsius in hot springs
+
+592
+00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:55,120
+why shouldn't they be able to survive in
+
+593
+00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:56,640
+the jet stream
+
+594
+00:28:55,120 --> 00:29:00,640
+we have found them
+
+595
+00:28:56,640 --> 00:29:03,120
+under ice in the antarctic in the arctic
+
+596
+00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:06,640
+uh it was the early divers that that
+
+597
+00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:09,279
+risks the the cold to go and look up
+
+598
+00:29:06,640 --> 00:29:11,279
+at the ice layer from below
+
+599
+00:29:09,279 --> 00:29:14,000
+that were amazed at the
+
+600
+00:29:11,279 --> 00:29:16,960
+beautiful green glow of the ice and the
+
+601
+00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:18,159
+algae growing there i i cite this as an
+
+602
+00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:21,520
+exa as an
+
+603
+00:29:18,159 --> 00:29:25,200
+example of just how extremely variable
+
+604
+00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:27,120
+algae are in in all types of environment
+
+605
+00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:28,480
+whether it be sea water
+
+606
+00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:29,919
+fresh lakes
+
+607
+00:29:28,480 --> 00:29:32,720
+hot springs
+
+608
+00:29:29,919 --> 00:29:35,360
+air they have a unique ability to
+
+609
+00:29:32,720 --> 00:29:37,120
+survive so it's not surprising to me in
+
+610
+00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:38,480
+mount ed zaisa
+
+611
+00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:41,279
+that to see
+
+612
+00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:43,120
+living algae at hot springs that you
+
+613
+00:29:41,279 --> 00:29:44,480
+recorded a temperature of 50 degrees
+
+614
+00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:46,960
+celsius
+
+615
+00:29:44,480 --> 00:29:49,600
+it's not surprising at all
+
+616
+00:29:46,960 --> 00:29:50,880
+because they are extremely
+
+617
+00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:54,159
+extremely
+
+618
+00:29:50,880 --> 00:29:57,279
+resistant to both cold
+
+619
+00:29:54,159 --> 00:29:59,840
+to burial without oxygen
+
+620
+00:29:57,279 --> 00:30:03,440
+and of course to high temperature
+
+621
+00:29:59,840 --> 00:30:06,240
+it's entirely possible that the algae
+
+622
+00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:08,799
+were brought to the mountain
+
+623
+00:30:06,240 --> 00:30:11,120
+during glacial recession and i see
+
+624
+00:30:08,799 --> 00:30:12,080
+absolutely no reason that you shouldn't
+
+625
+00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:14,080
+then
+
+626
+00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:17,120
+have a viable
+
+627
+00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:19,440
+population of photosynthetic algae in
+
+628
+00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:22,399
+these springs as i
+
+629
+00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:24,000
+was looking over the list of the species
+
+630
+00:30:22,399 --> 00:30:26,080
+that occur
+
+631
+00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,760
+in all of the samples from your hot
+
+632
+00:30:26,080 --> 00:30:30,240
+springs
+
+633
+00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:33,279
+i'm not surprised
+
+634
+00:30:30,240 --> 00:30:35,520
+the most dominant and abundant
+
+635
+00:30:33,279 --> 00:30:37,679
+are the most primitive i was a little
+
+636
+00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:40,159
+surprised by the diversity
+
+637
+00:30:37,679 --> 00:30:42,640
+of diatoms
+
+638
+00:30:40,159 --> 00:30:44,720
+the uniqueness of this environment and
+
+639
+00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,919
+such what is seemingly such a hostile
+
+640
+00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:48,320
+environment
+
+641
+00:30:45,919 --> 00:30:50,799
+with the diversity i see here is very
+
+642
+00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:53,120
+surprising indeed
+
+643
+00:30:50,799 --> 00:30:55,360
+among the diversity of algae discovered
+
+644
+00:30:53,120 --> 00:30:57,519
+in the volcanic hot springs
+
+645
+00:30:55,360 --> 00:31:00,159
+was one rare species from the far
+
+646
+00:30:57,519 --> 00:31:03,360
+himalaya and another species from
+
+647
+00:31:00,159 --> 00:31:03,360
+southern california
+
+648
+00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:08,080
+while the interaction of fire and ice
+
+649
+00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:10,080
+resulted in an abundance of algae
+
+650
+00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:13,200
+species flourishing
+
+651
+00:31:10,080 --> 00:31:16,320
+the consequences of this unlikely union
+
+652
+00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:18,159
+produced the volcanic glass obsidian
+
+653
+00:31:16,320 --> 00:31:22,519
+that would permanently change the
+
+654
+00:31:18,159 --> 00:31:22,519
+hunting habits of early man
+
+655
+00:31:35,279 --> 00:31:41,039
+my english name is oscar james dennis uh
+
+656
+00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:42,159
+that's what i'm registered as in canada
+
+657
+00:31:41,039 --> 00:31:44,960
+uh
+
+658
+00:31:42,159 --> 00:31:47,519
+and uh we're sitting on this diet you
+
+659
+00:31:44,960 --> 00:31:48,559
+know it's referred you know referred to
+
+660
+00:31:47,519 --> 00:31:50,640
+by
+
+661
+00:31:48,559 --> 00:31:52,880
+most as mounted zaidza i have a
+
+662
+00:31:50,640 --> 00:31:55,039
+difficult time calling it mounted
+
+663
+00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:56,320
+it's this dye and it just star refers to
+
+664
+00:31:55,039 --> 00:31:58,559
+uh
+
+665
+00:31:56,320 --> 00:32:00,960
+to some of the areas where you have the
+
+666
+00:31:58,559 --> 00:32:03,519
+cones and you have the hollowness
+
+667
+00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:05,679
+underneath from the lava flows and the
+
+668
+00:32:03,519 --> 00:32:07,200
+the surface solidify
+
+669
+00:32:05,679 --> 00:32:08,799
+and then you have the hollowness with
+
+670
+00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,279
+the rocks the burnt out rocks and when
+
+671
+00:32:08,799 --> 00:32:13,279
+you walk on the rocks
+
+672
+00:32:11,279 --> 00:32:15,279
+it makes the sound in combination with
+
+673
+00:32:13,279 --> 00:32:16,480
+the hollowness of the mountain
+
+674
+00:32:15,279 --> 00:32:19,679
+and uh
+
+675
+00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:21,919
+that's what this dar refers to it refers
+
+676
+00:32:19,679 --> 00:32:24,799
+to the crunch and the hollow combined
+
+677
+00:32:21,919 --> 00:32:27,440
+the thing that amazes me about this this
+
+678
+00:32:24,799 --> 00:32:29,519
+you know all the all the outcrops and
+
+679
+00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:31,440
+wherever you see this obsidian scattered
+
+680
+00:32:29,519 --> 00:32:33,279
+all over the ground is the thing that
+
+681
+00:32:31,440 --> 00:32:34,399
+amazes me is that you tend to think that
+
+682
+00:32:33,279 --> 00:32:36,159
+it's
+
+683
+00:32:34,399 --> 00:32:38,880
+all over like this place is just like
+
+684
+00:32:36,159 --> 00:32:40,960
+this but it's not it is only uh not only
+
+685
+00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:42,640
+the only place you find these is is near
+
+686
+00:32:40,960 --> 00:32:43,440
+the pipes and there's one right over
+
+687
+00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,200
+here
+
+688
+00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:46,960
+and that's what fascinates me about this
+
+689
+00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,799
+area and you look around one of the
+
+690
+00:32:46,960 --> 00:32:51,360
+things that my one of my grandmothers
+
+691
+00:32:48,799 --> 00:32:53,519
+told me when i was a young man she told
+
+692
+00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:54,799
+me that in order for anyone to come onto
+
+693
+00:32:53,519 --> 00:32:56,320
+this mountain
+
+694
+00:32:54,799 --> 00:32:58,720
+they would have to go through eight
+
+695
+00:32:56,320 --> 00:33:01,039
+months of ritual celebi eight months of
+
+696
+00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:03,760
+celibacy within the ritual and it
+
+697
+00:33:01,039 --> 00:33:05,919
+involved sleeping on one side for four
+
+698
+00:33:03,760 --> 00:33:07,600
+months sleeping on the other side for
+
+699
+00:33:05,919 --> 00:33:08,640
+the other four months
+
+700
+00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,320
+and
+
+701
+00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:13,600
+every morning you would cleanse and you
+
+702
+00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:15,919
+would bathe and uh in preparation for uh
+
+703
+00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:17,440
+for your trek onto this mountain and
+
+704
+00:33:15,919 --> 00:33:18,960
+then she also said when you came onto
+
+705
+00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:21,600
+the mountain it was believed that the
+
+706
+00:33:18,960 --> 00:33:23,360
+mountain was alive so therefore whenever
+
+707
+00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:25,279
+you were you were
+
+708
+00:33:23,360 --> 00:33:28,000
+you were coming to a pipe you know like
+
+709
+00:33:25,279 --> 00:33:30,880
+one of these pipes you would have to uh
+
+710
+00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:33,120
+approach it from downwind like an animal
+
+711
+00:33:30,880 --> 00:33:34,799
+you couldn't approach it from upwind
+
+712
+00:33:33,120 --> 00:33:35,760
+then once you get to obsidian there was
+
+713
+00:33:34,799 --> 00:33:37,600
+uh
+
+714
+00:33:35,760 --> 00:33:39,919
+you you would harvest it but you notice
+
+715
+00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:41,760
+there's flakes like there's rook flakes
+
+716
+00:33:39,919 --> 00:33:43,760
+wherever you look and the reason why
+
+717
+00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:46,320
+there's all these work flakes is because
+
+718
+00:33:43,760 --> 00:33:48,720
+they had to carry it down by you know by
+
+719
+00:33:46,320 --> 00:33:51,360
+by dog pack or or by they had to carry
+
+720
+00:33:48,720 --> 00:33:52,480
+themselves so to carry a huge piece like
+
+721
+00:33:51,360 --> 00:33:54,399
+this
+
+722
+00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:55,200
+wouldn't be very strategic because you
+
+723
+00:33:54,399 --> 00:33:56,799
+you
+
+724
+00:33:55,200 --> 00:33:58,640
+you could only carry so many pieces like
+
+725
+00:33:56,799 --> 00:34:01,519
+this so what they would do is they would
+
+726
+00:33:58,640 --> 00:34:03,440
+work the pieces down to to uh not to
+
+727
+00:34:01,519 --> 00:34:05,440
+finish products but or maybe in some
+
+728
+00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:06,559
+cases they did but a lot of the times
+
+729
+00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:08,079
+they would just work it down to
+
+730
+00:34:06,559 --> 00:34:10,079
+manageable pieces and then they would
+
+731
+00:34:08,079 --> 00:34:12,480
+take it down the way this is worked is
+
+732
+00:34:10,079 --> 00:34:14,079
+they use antler and there's three stages
+
+733
+00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:16,320
+i don't have the second two or the last
+
+734
+00:34:14,079 --> 00:34:18,639
+the third tool is when you like when you
+
+735
+00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:21,040
+get it down to you know a blade then you
+
+736
+00:34:18,639 --> 00:34:22,639
+have to switch from from using these
+
+737
+00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:24,960
+these antlers
+
+738
+00:34:22,639 --> 00:34:26,800
+this is taken from a moose horn so when
+
+739
+00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:29,119
+you're using this tool you don't hold it
+
+740
+00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:30,639
+like tight tightly like this and bang
+
+741
+00:34:29,119 --> 00:34:32,159
+the glass you don't do that you allow
+
+742
+00:34:30,639 --> 00:34:33,599
+this to drop
+
+743
+00:34:32,159 --> 00:34:34,719
+it's sort of like you're allowing it to
+
+744
+00:34:33,599 --> 00:34:36,719
+free fall
+
+745
+00:34:34,719 --> 00:34:39,040
+but you could also put pressure and and
+
+746
+00:34:36,719 --> 00:34:41,199
+also velocity to it so i would leave it
+
+747
+00:34:39,040 --> 00:34:43,280
+on my lap in my hand and then i would
+
+748
+00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:44,800
+let it drop that's why this is bigger
+
+749
+00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:46,159
+than when it gets to a certain point i
+
+750
+00:34:44,800 --> 00:34:48,239
+couldn't when i break it down to a
+
+751
+00:34:46,159 --> 00:34:50,320
+certain point i would switch weights so
+
+752
+00:34:48,239 --> 00:34:53,040
+this is a lighter piece so then i would
+
+753
+00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:54,719
+switch to this weight and then i would i
+
+754
+00:34:53,040 --> 00:34:56,879
+would keep striking it and control the
+
+755
+00:34:54,719 --> 00:34:59,200
+brake so that's how it works this is a
+
+756
+00:34:56,879 --> 00:35:01,760
+this is a bi-face it's an artifact that
+
+757
+00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:03,599
+was made by my grandfather it was found
+
+758
+00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:07,119
+by my uncle he passed away last year he
+
+759
+00:35:03,599 --> 00:35:08,240
+was in his 85 almost 90 and he gave this
+
+760
+00:35:07,119 --> 00:35:09,599
+to me
+
+761
+00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:11,440
+and he when he found that i was
+
+762
+00:35:09,599 --> 00:35:13,520
+interested in doing this so this has
+
+763
+00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:15,599
+been worked and you see how how that
+
+764
+00:35:13,520 --> 00:35:17,359
+center line is down the center well i
+
+765
+00:35:15,599 --> 00:35:19,040
+got this piece
+
+766
+00:35:17,359 --> 00:35:20,960
+on this side
+
+767
+00:35:19,040 --> 00:35:23,440
+almost centered once i have it centered
+
+768
+00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:24,960
+like like this then i just need to
+
+769
+00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:26,000
+remove axes
+
+770
+00:35:24,960 --> 00:35:29,040
+so
+
+771
+00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,720
+i almost have this this is a blank so
+
+772
+00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:33,599
+this is a bi-face this is a blank and
+
+773
+00:35:30,720 --> 00:35:33,599
+this is the core
+
+774
+00:35:36,240 --> 00:35:39,680
+see that
+
+775
+00:35:37,839 --> 00:35:41,760
+look at this
+
+776
+00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:43,520
+so that's how you carve it down
+
+777
+00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:45,119
+the thing that really i mean
+
+778
+00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:47,200
+the thing that just dawned on me doing
+
+779
+00:35:45,119 --> 00:35:49,839
+this up here
+
+780
+00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:52,640
+i'm adding my
+
+781
+00:35:49,839 --> 00:35:55,040
+these flakes that i've worked
+
+782
+00:35:52,640 --> 00:35:58,320
+is gonna be left up here for the next 10
+
+783
+00:35:55,040 --> 00:36:00,560
+000 years i'll always know that i have a
+
+784
+00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:03,520
+piece of rock in my bag but
+
+785
+00:36:00,560 --> 00:36:03,520
+it doesn't really matter
+
+786
+00:36:05,599 --> 00:36:08,960
+this creates a surface for you to hit
+
+787
+00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:10,400
+when you do that
+
+788
+00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,560
+and you see how
+
+789
+00:36:10,400 --> 00:36:15,040
+there's this indentation here it makes
+
+790
+00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:16,960
+the line go this way it's real nice when
+
+791
+00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:18,640
+that happens because here's a lump here
+
+792
+00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:20,560
+that needs to come off
+
+793
+00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:23,119
+and then you take it off you just take
+
+794
+00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:23,119
+it off like
+
+795
+00:36:24,720 --> 00:36:29,760
+like that and that lump's gone you see
+
+796
+00:36:28,079 --> 00:36:32,560
+here's this huge hump here but i have to
+
+797
+00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:36,079
+take this off before i could get at this
+
+798
+00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:36,079
+then you switch it around
+
+799
+00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:39,440
+you take that off like that that was
+
+800
+00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:41,280
+beautiful
+
+801
+00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:43,440
+you know if you hold those those blades
+
+802
+00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:46,800
+up to the sunlight
+
+803
+00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:49,119
+it would show this real nice green
+
+804
+00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:52,320
+green hue and that's that's sort of that
+
+805
+00:36:49,119 --> 00:36:54,800
+was the way that they used to identify
+
+806
+00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:59,359
+this job obsidian
+
+807
+00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:59,359
+that this jar do not stealth in
+
+808
+00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,240
+so here it is
+
+809
+00:37:10,640 --> 00:37:14,400
+it's amazing to be here on the flank of
+
+810
+00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:16,240
+ed zaidza
+
+811
+00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:19,839
+which was really the mother lode for
+
+812
+00:37:16,240 --> 00:37:22,400
+obsidian volcanic glass that traded
+
+813
+00:37:19,839 --> 00:37:24,160
+all over the country
+
+814
+00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,680
+the thought that you know
+
+815
+00:37:24,160 --> 00:37:28,560
+pieces of glass
+
+816
+00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:30,400
+worked on this very flat here
+
+817
+00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:31,810
+would have been traded as far as haida
+
+818
+00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:32,960
+gwaii
+
+819
+00:37:31,810 --> 00:37:35,200
+[Music]
+
+820
+00:37:32,960 --> 00:37:36,640
+east across the rockies
+
+821
+00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:39,760
+certainly south into middle british
+
+822
+00:37:36,640 --> 00:37:40,640
+columbia possibly as far as california
+
+823
+00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:42,800
+and
+
+824
+00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:43,920
+it's kind of magical to sort of be here
+
+825
+00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:45,599
+and know
+
+826
+00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:47,440
+that obsidian has been worked on this
+
+827
+00:37:45,599 --> 00:37:50,160
+mountain not for a thousand years but
+
+828
+00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:52,160
+for eight thousand five hundred years
+
+829
+00:37:50,160 --> 00:37:54,240
+now this particular
+
+830
+00:37:52,160 --> 00:37:56,000
+place would have been covered by ice at
+
+831
+00:37:54,240 --> 00:37:58,640
+that time but there would have been
+
+832
+00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:01,040
+great boulders of obsidian spat out by
+
+833
+00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:03,119
+the mountain in a sense and the the
+
+834
+00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:06,079
+original peoples must have walked up
+
+835
+00:38:03,119 --> 00:38:08,079
+these valleys found those great
+
+836
+00:38:06,079 --> 00:38:10,480
+treasures because you have to think
+
+837
+00:38:08,079 --> 00:38:11,760
+these were paleolithic hunters and
+
+838
+00:38:10,480 --> 00:38:14,560
+gatherers
+
+839
+00:38:11,760 --> 00:38:17,119
+they depended on the hunt they needed a
+
+840
+00:38:14,560 --> 00:38:18,960
+tool that could pierce hide the height
+
+841
+00:38:17,119 --> 00:38:21,520
+of a caribou the height of a sheep the
+
+842
+00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:24,000
+height of even a grizzly bear
+
+843
+00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:26,720
+and when you could take something like a
+
+844
+00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:29,040
+piece of obsidian glass
+
+845
+00:38:26,720 --> 00:38:30,160
+which we know is the sharpest known
+
+846
+00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:31,440
+substance
+
+847
+00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:34,720
+on earth
+
+848
+00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:38,079
+you this would have represented
+
+849
+00:38:34,720 --> 00:38:40,880
+a treasury of wealth beyond any other
+
+850
+00:38:38,079 --> 00:38:42,480
+element in the paleolithic toolkit and
+
+851
+00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:44,960
+so who controlled
+
+852
+00:38:42,480 --> 00:38:48,960
+the source would have been amongst the
+
+853
+00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:51,280
+most powerful and richest
+
+854
+00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:53,040
+people of their era whether that era was
+
+855
+00:38:51,280 --> 00:38:55,839
+four thousand years ago two thousand
+
+856
+00:38:53,040 --> 00:38:57,839
+years ago or a thousand years ago
+
+857
+00:38:55,839 --> 00:39:00,480
+and so they would have come up here and
+
+858
+00:38:57,839 --> 00:39:02,800
+they would have found these great cores
+
+859
+00:39:00,480 --> 00:39:04,320
+of obsidian now this is a tiny one some
+
+860
+00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:06,400
+of these things can be
+
+861
+00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:07,920
+as broad as your arms can reach
+
+862
+00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:10,480
+and they would have slowly worked this
+
+863
+00:39:07,920 --> 00:39:11,520
+until they had a a kind of a a piece
+
+864
+00:39:10,480 --> 00:39:13,040
+that they could
+
+865
+00:39:11,520 --> 00:39:15,440
+a blank as it's called that you could
+
+866
+00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:16,960
+carry down off the mountain with you or
+
+867
+00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:19,200
+you could continue to work it until you
+
+868
+00:39:16,960 --> 00:39:20,240
+had a perfect bi-face here on the
+
+869
+00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:21,760
+mountain
+
+870
+00:39:20,240 --> 00:39:22,640
+but a core
+
+871
+00:39:21,760 --> 00:39:23,839
+of
+
+872
+00:39:22,640 --> 00:39:25,359
+obsidian
+
+873
+00:39:23,839 --> 00:39:27,760
+would have been like a lump of gold
+
+874
+00:39:25,359 --> 00:39:29,520
+today carried along the trade routes
+
+875
+00:39:27,760 --> 00:39:30,960
+throughout the country
+
+876
+00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:32,960
+and one of the things you know when you
+
+877
+00:39:30,960 --> 00:39:35,520
+walk across at zaidza
+
+878
+00:39:32,960 --> 00:39:38,320
+you can sometimes walk for kilometers at
+
+879
+00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:40,720
+a time where it seems like 25 of the
+
+880
+00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:42,640
+ground cover is charged of obsidian and
+
+881
+00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:45,839
+your first thought is
+
+882
+00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:46,960
+that can't be all of human creation but
+
+883
+00:39:45,839 --> 00:39:49,599
+it is
+
+884
+00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:51,119
+and having just watched oscar
+
+885
+00:39:49,599 --> 00:39:54,160
+take a
+
+886
+00:39:51,119 --> 00:39:56,400
+a core of obsidian and turn
+
+887
+00:39:54,160 --> 00:39:58,400
+turn it into this sort of blank this is
+
+888
+00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:59,520
+a very piece he chipped
+
+889
+00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:02,720
+and
+
+890
+00:39:59,520 --> 00:40:04,240
+all around him remain the elements of
+
+891
+00:40:02,720 --> 00:40:06,640
+what had been the core
+
+892
+00:40:04,240 --> 00:40:08,880
+and so if you multiply that by
+
+893
+00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:12,160
+thousands of people over thousands of
+
+894
+00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:13,839
+years working this mother lode
+
+895
+00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:16,000
+it becomes the sort of carpet of the
+
+896
+00:40:13,839 --> 00:40:18,480
+human imagination and technology spread
+
+897
+00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:21,640
+across the mountain that is sacred to
+
+898
+00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:21,640
+the tultan
+
+899
+00:40:30,720 --> 00:40:34,240
+the second question about the
+
+900
+00:40:32,079 --> 00:40:36,960
+intersection of ice and fire that the
+
+901
+00:40:34,240 --> 00:40:39,040
+team of scientists focused upon
+
+902
+00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:41,359
+was the distribution of obsidian by
+
+903
+00:40:39,040 --> 00:40:43,520
+native cultures
+
+904
+00:40:41,359 --> 00:40:45,359
+to determine just how far ed zeiss
+
+905
+00:40:43,520 --> 00:40:47,599
+obsidian was traded
+
+906
+00:40:45,359 --> 00:40:49,359
+dr rudy reimer brought an advanced
+
+907
+00:40:47,599 --> 00:40:51,680
+detection device called x-ray
+
+908
+00:40:49,359 --> 00:40:56,240
+fluorescence to the mountain to capture
+
+909
+00:40:51,680 --> 00:40:56,240
+exisa obsidian's unique fingerprint
+
+910
+00:40:57,760 --> 00:41:02,640
+we're here at mounted zaisa
+
+911
+00:41:00,160 --> 00:41:04,640
+looking and hunting for obsidian
+
+912
+00:41:02,640 --> 00:41:07,920
+and this place
+
+913
+00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:09,040
+mounted zisa is an incredible
+
+914
+00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:12,240
+large
+
+915
+00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:14,480
+and very culturally important source of
+
+916
+00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:16,720
+this volcanic glass
+
+917
+00:41:14,480 --> 00:41:17,760
+what makes mounted zaisa obsidian so
+
+918
+00:41:16,720 --> 00:41:19,440
+unique
+
+919
+00:41:17,760 --> 00:41:21,680
+is that our multiple flows all
+
+920
+00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:23,920
+throughout the volcanic complex that we
+
+921
+00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:26,640
+can analyze with our portable x-ray
+
+922
+00:41:23,920 --> 00:41:28,880
+fluorescence instrument here
+
+923
+00:41:26,640 --> 00:41:30,240
+and this allows us to do this analysis
+
+924
+00:41:28,880 --> 00:41:32,720
+in the field
+
+925
+00:41:30,240 --> 00:41:35,440
+and apply it elsewhere in our research
+
+926
+00:41:32,720 --> 00:41:38,000
+to understand the broader scale
+
+927
+00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:40,240
+in which this material was distributed
+
+928
+00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:42,960
+so the work that we do here close to the
+
+929
+00:41:40,240 --> 00:41:45,040
+source to characterize
+
+930
+00:41:42,960 --> 00:41:46,319
+and obtain elemental fingerprints of
+
+931
+00:41:45,040 --> 00:41:48,880
+this material
+
+932
+00:41:46,319 --> 00:41:50,720
+is of the utmost importance not only for
+
+933
+00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:51,680
+archaeologists but for first nations
+
+934
+00:41:50,720 --> 00:41:53,920
+people
+
+935
+00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:56,960
+who have been utilizing this place for
+
+936
+00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:58,960
+up to ten thousand years
+
+937
+00:41:56,960 --> 00:42:00,319
+so one of the advantages of newer
+
+938
+00:41:58,960 --> 00:42:03,440
+technology
+
+939
+00:42:00,319 --> 00:42:05,119
+such as this portable xrf handheld unit
+
+940
+00:42:03,440 --> 00:42:06,560
+is that we can bring the instrument into
+
+941
+00:42:05,119 --> 00:42:09,520
+the field
+
+942
+00:42:06,560 --> 00:42:11,680
+and this is opposed to 20 30 years ago
+
+943
+00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:13,760
+where we had to come out on long
+
+944
+00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:16,240
+expeditions collect a large number of
+
+945
+00:42:13,760 --> 00:42:18,319
+samples pack them out and bring them
+
+946
+00:42:16,240 --> 00:42:20,880
+back to our labs
+
+947
+00:42:18,319 --> 00:42:22,160
+and many of those analysis took long
+
+948
+00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:24,400
+time
+
+949
+00:42:22,160 --> 00:42:25,839
+the computing power wasn't as good as it
+
+950
+00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:28,079
+is nowadays
+
+951
+00:42:25,839 --> 00:42:29,359
+and in other techniques it would destroy
+
+952
+00:42:28,079 --> 00:42:30,960
+the artifact
+
+953
+00:42:29,359 --> 00:42:32,720
+the benefits we have now is it's
+
+954
+00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:35,200
+portable quick
+
+955
+00:42:32,720 --> 00:42:37,440
+and non-destructive so we can do mass
+
+956
+00:42:35,200 --> 00:42:39,200
+analysis either in the lab
+
+957
+00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:41,119
+or here in the field
+
+958
+00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:45,040
+so now we're going to do a test on this
+
+959
+00:42:41,119 --> 00:42:48,000
+large boulder of obsidian just be able
+
+960
+00:42:45,040 --> 00:42:49,599
+to compare its chemical signature to
+
+961
+00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:52,160
+other samples throughout the volcanic
+
+962
+00:42:49,599 --> 00:42:52,160
+complex
+
+963
+00:42:54,079 --> 00:42:58,960
+and so here we're at the headwaters of
+
+964
+00:42:56,480 --> 00:43:01,119
+this creek which would have provided a
+
+965
+00:42:58,960 --> 00:43:03,520
+nice travel corridor
+
+966
+00:43:01,119 --> 00:43:05,040
+up to goat mountain there that is known
+
+967
+00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:06,960
+as one of the main quarry sites
+
+968
+00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:09,440
+throughout the complex
+
+969
+00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:11,599
+we're here at an archaeological site
+
+970
+00:43:09,440 --> 00:43:14,160
+just above the creek where we were
+
+971
+00:43:11,599 --> 00:43:16,319
+earlier doing some tests
+
+972
+00:43:14,160 --> 00:43:18,880
+most of the material down there were raw
+
+973
+00:43:16,319 --> 00:43:20,800
+nodules probably eroded down by the
+
+974
+00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:21,680
+glaciers in the creek
+
+975
+00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,800
+from
+
+976
+00:43:21,680 --> 00:43:26,640
+higher up where the source outcrops are
+
+977
+00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:28,480
+in and around goat mountain
+
+978
+00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:30,319
+but this is much different what we're
+
+979
+00:43:28,480 --> 00:43:32,400
+looking at here is a result of human
+
+980
+00:43:30,319 --> 00:43:34,319
+activity
+
+981
+00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,760
+and we as archaeologists
+
+982
+00:43:34,319 --> 00:43:38,240
+can recognize
+
+983
+00:43:35,760 --> 00:43:40,240
+the breakage patterns of obsidian
+
+984
+00:43:38,240 --> 00:43:42,640
+and the way people worked this
+
+985
+00:43:40,240 --> 00:43:43,520
+incredible material thousands of years
+
+986
+00:43:42,640 --> 00:43:46,640
+ago
+
+987
+00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:49,920
+and it's the patterning of the breakage
+
+988
+00:43:46,640 --> 00:43:51,920
+in flakes and debris such as we see here
+
+989
+00:43:49,920 --> 00:43:53,040
+that distinguishes it from natural
+
+990
+00:43:51,920 --> 00:43:55,200
+breakage
+
+991
+00:43:53,040 --> 00:43:58,319
+and so when we find concentrations of
+
+992
+00:43:55,200 --> 00:44:00,880
+flakes and tools and cores
+
+993
+00:43:58,319 --> 00:44:02,720
+such as this lithic scatter we can be
+
+994
+00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:04,800
+very confident that this is the result
+
+995
+00:44:02,720 --> 00:44:06,960
+of human activity
+
+996
+00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:08,480
+hi my name is jordan hanley and i'm an
+
+997
+00:44:06,960 --> 00:44:10,720
+undergraduate student here at simon
+
+998
+00:44:08,480 --> 00:44:13,200
+fraser university i'm currently working
+
+999
+00:44:10,720 --> 00:44:15,200
+with dr rudy reimer establishing the
+
+1000
+00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:17,440
+obsidian trade trails
+
+1001
+00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:20,480
+from mount and saisa and throughout
+
+1002
+00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:23,280
+bc and alberta
+
+1003
+00:44:20,480 --> 00:44:25,280
+so now we're ready for analysis of some
+
+1004
+00:44:23,280 --> 00:44:27,200
+obsidian that we're not sure where it's
+
+1005
+00:44:25,280 --> 00:44:29,440
+from but we can
+
+1006
+00:44:27,200 --> 00:44:31,520
+obtain elemental spectra
+
+1007
+00:44:29,440 --> 00:44:34,640
+and match it to a known source and
+
+1008
+00:44:31,520 --> 00:44:37,839
+compare it to other sources that we have
+
+1009
+00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:37,839
+in our reference library
+
+1010
+00:44:38,720 --> 00:44:44,480
+now that we've run a sample
+
+1011
+00:44:41,520 --> 00:44:46,720
+we can examine the spectra of elements
+
+1012
+00:44:44,480 --> 00:44:48,079
+that appear within that sample
+
+1013
+00:44:46,720 --> 00:44:50,640
+most notable
+
+1014
+00:44:48,079 --> 00:44:51,760
+are these two large peaks here
+
+1015
+00:44:50,640 --> 00:44:53,200
+which
+
+1016
+00:44:51,760 --> 00:44:55,839
+are iron
+
+1017
+00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:58,079
+and this other very large peak here
+
+1018
+00:44:55,839 --> 00:45:01,599
+which is zirconium
+
+1019
+00:44:58,079 --> 00:45:04,560
+and these two peaks are very distinctive
+
+1020
+00:45:01,599 --> 00:45:06,880
+to the mounted zaisa source it allows us
+
+1021
+00:45:04,560 --> 00:45:08,880
+to compare this spectra
+
+1022
+00:45:06,880 --> 00:45:10,079
+to other spectra
+
+1023
+00:45:08,880 --> 00:45:12,720
+of
+
+1024
+00:45:10,079 --> 00:45:14,160
+obsidians that occur across western
+
+1025
+00:45:12,720 --> 00:45:16,079
+north america
+
+1026
+00:45:14,160 --> 00:45:18,480
+so for example
+
+1027
+00:45:16,079 --> 00:45:21,040
+i can move mounted zaisa into the
+
+1028
+00:45:18,480 --> 00:45:21,920
+background which is now and outlined in
+
+1029
+00:45:21,040 --> 00:45:23,359
+blue
+
+1030
+00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:26,000
+and compare it
+
+1031
+00:45:23,359 --> 00:45:28,960
+to another obsidian source in southern
+
+1032
+00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:30,800
+oregon known as john day reservoir
+
+1033
+00:45:28,960 --> 00:45:32,640
+and instantly you can see the same
+
+1034
+00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:34,319
+elements all have different
+
+1035
+00:45:32,640 --> 00:45:36,079
+concentrations
+
+1036
+00:45:34,319 --> 00:45:38,800
+and we can compare
+
+1037
+00:45:36,079 --> 00:45:41,599
+these spectral peaks to one another to
+
+1038
+00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:44,720
+distinguish geological samples and
+
+1039
+00:45:41,599 --> 00:45:44,720
+archaeological sites
+
+1040
+00:45:44,880 --> 00:45:49,440
+once the fingerprint of its isa obsidian
+
+1041
+00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:52,400
+had been collected in the field
+
+1042
+00:45:49,440 --> 00:45:54,240
+and verified in the laboratory
+
+1043
+00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,920
+artifacts from archaeological
+
+1044
+00:45:54,240 --> 00:45:58,720
+collections across the continental
+
+1045
+00:45:55,920 --> 00:46:00,640
+northwest were sampled
+
+1046
+00:45:58,720 --> 00:46:03,839
+and an early pattern of native trade
+
+1047
+00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:03,839
+routes began to emerge
+
+1048
+00:46:04,560 --> 00:46:09,680
+past geochemical studies have
+
+1049
+00:46:06,640 --> 00:46:11,839
+established that the obsidian is
+
+1050
+00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:13,839
+in northern alberta
+
+1051
+00:46:11,839 --> 00:46:16,960
+all the way up to yukon and alaska
+
+1052
+00:46:13,839 --> 00:46:19,760
+throughout interior and central bc and
+
+1053
+00:46:16,960 --> 00:46:21,359
+all the way down the coast so we hope to
+
+1054
+00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:23,839
+expand those understandings of that
+
+1055
+00:46:21,359 --> 00:46:26,160
+distribution
+
+1056
+00:46:23,839 --> 00:46:29,400
+the story of mounted saiza is the story
+
+1057
+00:46:26,160 --> 00:46:29,400
+of flow
+
+1058
+00:46:30,720 --> 00:46:34,960
+water flows just as glaciers flow
+
+1059
+00:46:35,119 --> 00:46:40,560
+rocks turn to fluid lava rivers
+
+1060
+00:46:38,640 --> 00:46:43,839
+superheated steam flows out of the
+
+1061
+00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:47,359
+volcanic vents
+
+1062
+00:46:43,839 --> 00:46:49,920
+but most of all time flows
+
+1063
+00:46:47,359 --> 00:46:52,079
+and over a period of eight million years
+
+1064
+00:46:49,920 --> 00:46:55,079
+it created today's mounted size a
+
+1065
+00:46:52,079 --> 00:46:55,079
+complex
+
+1066
+00:46:57,330 --> 00:47:03,119
+[Music]
+
+1067
+00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:06,319
+to enter the heart of the caldera to
+
+1068
+00:47:03,119 --> 00:47:08,960
+take its pulse understand its soul
+
+1069
+00:47:06,319 --> 00:47:11,839
+one soon realizes that they are the
+
+1070
+00:47:08,960 --> 00:47:11,839
+solitary soul
+
+1071
+00:47:12,160 --> 00:47:16,480
+the sole speck of life in an ancient
+
+1072
+00:47:14,640 --> 00:47:18,560
+cathedral
+
+1073
+00:47:16,480 --> 00:47:20,640
+not the call of a bird
+
+1074
+00:47:18,560 --> 00:47:23,040
+the hum of an insect
+
+1075
+00:47:20,640 --> 00:47:26,400
+not even the track of an animal
+
+1076
+00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:26,400
+marks the moving moraine
+
+1077
+00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:31,359
+and yet here in the heart of the
+
+1078
+00:47:29,200 --> 00:47:33,200
+mountain king
+
+1079
+00:47:31,359 --> 00:47:36,079
+surrounded by towering walls of
+
+1080
+00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,079
+breathless beauty
+
+1081
+00:47:36,160 --> 00:47:41,440
+where shrouds of mist spike with the
+
+1082
+00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:44,559
+smell of fresh sulfur
+
+1083
+00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:47,040
+and vast yawning crevasse caverns inhale
+
+1084
+00:47:44,559 --> 00:47:48,480
+the thunder of water cascading from the
+
+1085
+00:47:47,040 --> 00:47:50,079
+rim rock
+
+1086
+00:47:48,480 --> 00:47:53,119
+one realizes
+
+1087
+00:47:50,079 --> 00:47:55,680
+that the mountain itself is alive
+
+1088
+00:47:53,119 --> 00:47:58,000
+and has been long before the coming of
+
+1089
+00:47:55,680 --> 00:47:58,000
+man
+
+1090
+00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:06,079
+but what is the mountain's future
+
+1091
+00:48:03,920 --> 00:48:08,400
+presently it is semi-dormant but it is
+
+1092
+00:48:06,079 --> 00:48:10,400
+certainly not dead
+
+1093
+00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:12,240
+it is likely that mounted zaisa will
+
+1094
+00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,359
+continue to erupt
+
+1095
+00:48:12,240 --> 00:48:14,960
+but when
+
+1096
+00:48:13,359 --> 00:48:17,200
+is not certain
+
+1097
+00:48:14,960 --> 00:48:18,240
+mount ziza is still active
+
+1098
+00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:19,920
+and there's
+
+1099
+00:48:18,240 --> 00:48:22,240
+a good chance at some point in the
+
+1100
+00:48:19,920 --> 00:48:24,559
+future maybe in 10 years maybe in a
+
+1101
+00:48:22,240 --> 00:48:26,000
+hundred years maybe in a thousand years
+
+1102
+00:48:24,559 --> 00:48:28,240
+the amount of zeiss is going to produce
+
+1103
+00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:30,880
+more eruptions
+
+1104
+00:48:28,240 --> 00:48:33,440
+what is certain is that vulcanization is
+
+1105
+00:48:30,880 --> 00:48:35,520
+one of the few primary forces in nature
+
+1106
+00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:37,920
+that is not controlled or even
+
+1107
+00:48:35,520 --> 00:48:41,040
+influenced by humans
+
+1108
+00:48:37,920 --> 00:48:44,160
+and whatever the future of the mountain
+
+1109
+00:48:41,040 --> 00:48:48,440
+it will continue on its charted course
+
+1110
+00:48:44,160 --> 00:48:48,440
+oblivious to human endeavor
+