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1
00:00:06,439 --> 00:00:09,976
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
2
00:00:10,009 --> 00:00:11,677
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
We live in a world</font>
3
00:00:11,710 --> 00:00:14,714
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where objects have permanence.</font>
4
00:00:14,747 --> 00:00:18,684
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And we see cause, then effect.</font>
5
00:00:18,717 --> 00:00:21,754
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But a startling phenomenon
is revealing</font>
6
00:00:21,787 --> 00:00:23,156
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that this is not
how the universe works</font>
7
00:00:23,189 --> 00:00:26,959
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the smallest scales of atoms
and tiny particles.</font>
8
00:00:26,992 --> 00:00:28,928
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
9
00:00:28,961 --> 00:00:33,099
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Albert Einstein argued
it couldn't possibly be real.</font>
10
00:00:33,132 --> 00:00:35,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DAVID KAISER:
Einstein was like
a jack-in-the-box;</font>
11
00:00:35,801 --> 00:00:38,304
<font color="white" size=".72c">
every day, he'd pop up
with a new challenge.</font>
12
00:00:38,337 --> 00:00:41,340
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
But after a century of disputes
and discoveries...</font>
13
00:00:41,373 --> 00:00:43,509
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ANTON ZEILINGER:
The experiment is
just beautiful.</font>
14
00:00:43,542 --> 00:00:48,448
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
...we're using it to create
revolutionary, new technologies.</font>
15
00:00:48,481 --> 00:00:51,217
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What we have here is
a quantum playground.</font>
16
00:00:51,250 --> 00:00:53,820
<font color="white" size=".72c">
JIAN-WEI PAN:
We want to push
these technologies</font>
17
00:00:53,853 --> 00:00:55,254
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as far as possible.</font>
18
00:00:55,287 --> 00:00:58,458
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It's perhaps the strangest
concept in physics.</font>
19
00:00:58,491 --> 00:01:01,394
<font color="white" size=".72c">
SHOHINI GHOSE:
We're left with conclusions
that make no sense whatsoever.</font>
20
00:01:01,427 --> 00:01:05,331
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Yet it could be what forms
the very fabric of our cosmos.</font>
21
00:01:05,364 --> 00:01:07,800
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In the end, we just have
this quantum mechanical world.</font>
22
00:01:07,833 --> 00:01:09,102
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There is no space anymore.</font>
23
00:01:09,135 --> 00:01:11,537
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
It's like being
in "Alice in Wonderland."</font>
24
00:01:11,570 --> 00:01:13,206
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Everything is possible.</font>
25
00:01:13,239 --> 00:01:16,309
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Could it be real?</font>
26
00:01:16,342 --> 00:01:19,645
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's
"Einstein's Quantum Riddle,"</font>
27
00:01:19,678 --> 00:01:22,482
<font color="white" size=".72c">
right now, on "NOVA."</font>
28
00:01:22,515 --> 00:01:27,020
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
29
00:01:34,693 --> 00:01:38,664
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
30
00:01:40,598 --> 00:01:44,670
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Is reality an illusion?</font>
31
00:01:44,703 --> 00:01:48,107
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Could something here
mysteriously affect</font>
32
00:01:48,140 --> 00:01:50,843
<font color="white" size=".72c">
something there?</font>
33
00:01:50,876 --> 00:01:53,613
<font color="white" size=".72c">
A century of discoveries
in physics</font>
34
00:01:53,646 --> 00:01:56,616
<font color="white" size=".72c">
reveals a strange,
counterintuitive micro-world</font>
35
00:01:56,649 --> 00:01:58,884
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of atoms and tiny particles</font>
36
00:01:58,918 --> 00:02:01,621
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that challenges
our intuitive understanding</font>
37
00:02:01,654 --> 00:02:04,457
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the world we see around us.</font>
38
00:02:05,991 --> 00:02:10,463
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's known as quantum mechanics.</font>
39
00:02:10,496 --> 00:02:12,064
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This strange theory has
enabled us to develop</font>
40
00:02:12,097 --> 00:02:16,035
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the remarkable technologies
of our digital age.</font>
41
00:02:16,068 --> 00:02:21,007
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But it makes
a very troubling prediction--</font>
42
00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:23,176
<font color="white" size=".72c">
called quantum entanglement.</font>
43
00:02:23,209 --> 00:02:27,046
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
44
00:02:27,079 --> 00:02:28,814
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
Entanglement is</font>
45
00:02:28,847 --> 00:02:31,517
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this very powerful
but strange connection</font>
46
00:02:31,550 --> 00:02:34,720
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that exists
between pairs of particles.</font>
47
00:02:34,753 --> 00:02:36,689
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ROBBERT DIJKGRAAF:
Even if they're very far apart,</font>
48
00:02:36,722 --> 00:02:38,858
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in a way,
they're always coordinated.</font>
49
00:02:38,891 --> 00:02:40,993
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
50
00:02:41,026 --> 00:02:44,297
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Nature's fundamental building
blocks could be connected</font>
51
00:02:44,329 --> 00:02:46,966
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and influence each other
instantaneously,</font>
52
00:02:46,999 --> 00:02:50,803
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as if the space between them
doesn't exist.</font>
53
00:02:50,836 --> 00:02:54,173
<font color="white" size=".72c">
As if two objects can mirror
each other</font>
54
00:02:54,206 --> 00:02:56,242
<font color="white" size=".72c">
without any apparent connection.</font>
55
00:02:56,275 --> 00:02:57,710
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
56
00:02:57,743 --> 00:03:01,814
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein called it
"spooky action at a distance."</font>
57
00:03:01,847 --> 00:03:03,916
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He rejected the idea</font>
58
00:03:03,949 --> 00:03:06,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and tried to prove
it couldn't be real.</font>
59
00:03:06,318 --> 00:03:07,653
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
You could have situations</font>
60
00:03:07,686 --> 00:03:10,723
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where the cause and the effect
happen at the same time.</font>
61
00:03:11,991 --> 00:03:15,027
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
But if entanglement isn't real,</font>
62
00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:17,463
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cutting-edge technologies
could be in jeopardy.</font>
63
00:03:17,496 --> 00:03:20,032
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Quantum computers,
quantum encryption--</font>
64
00:03:20,065 --> 00:03:23,269
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they depend on entanglement
being a fact in the world.</font>
65
00:03:23,302 --> 00:03:24,770
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
66
00:03:24,803 --> 00:03:26,038
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Underlying it all</font>
67
00:03:26,071 --> 00:03:28,975
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is a profound question:</font>
68
00:03:29,008 --> 00:03:34,647
<font color="white" size=".72c">
do we live in Einstein's
universe of common-sense laws</font>
69
00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:36,449
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or a bizarre quantum reality</font>
70
00:03:36,482 --> 00:03:40,418
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that allows spooky connections
across space and time?</font>
71
00:03:40,452 --> 00:03:43,389
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
72
00:03:52,398 --> 00:03:56,302
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
73
00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:04,243
<font color="white" size=".72c">
300 miles off the coast
of West Africa,</font>
74
00:04:04,276 --> 00:04:07,013
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on one of the Canary Islands,</font>
75
00:04:07,046 --> 00:04:10,483
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a team of physicists is setting
up a remarkable experiment</font>
76
00:04:10,516 --> 00:04:14,687
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that will use almost the
entire breadth of the universe</font>
77
00:04:14,720 --> 00:04:17,023
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to settle the question,</font>
78
00:04:17,055 --> 00:04:20,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Is the seemingly impossible
phenomenon</font>
79
00:04:20,159 --> 00:04:21,661
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"of quantum entanglement</font>
80
00:04:21,694 --> 00:04:23,229
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"an illusion,</font>
81
00:04:23,262 --> 00:04:26,132
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or is it actually real?"</font>
82
00:04:26,165 --> 00:04:30,303
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Leading the team
is Anton Zeilinger.</font>
83
00:04:30,336 --> 00:04:36,475
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:
So we're now going up
the mountain</font>
84
00:04:36,508 --> 00:04:39,245
<font color="white" size=".72c">
towards
the Roque de los Muchachos.</font>
85
00:04:39,278 --> 00:04:42,382
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So everything looks perfect
today.</font>
86
00:04:44,249 --> 00:04:45,851
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It's a precarious undertaking.</font>
87
00:04:45,884 --> 00:04:48,154
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They've got a short window</font>
88
00:04:48,187 --> 00:04:51,724
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on two of Europe's
largest telescopes.</font>
89
00:04:51,757 --> 00:04:56,095
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Each one will simultaneously
focus on a different quasar--</font>
90
00:04:56,128 --> 00:04:57,363
<font color="white" size=".72c">
an extremely distant galaxy</font>
91
00:04:57,396 --> 00:05:02,234
<font color="white" size=".72c">
emitting huge amounts of light
from its core.</font>
92
00:05:02,267 --> 00:05:03,602
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
93
00:05:03,635 --> 00:05:07,907
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This light will be used
to control precise equipment</font>
94
00:05:07,940 --> 00:05:09,442
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that must be perfectly aligned</font>
95
00:05:09,475 --> 00:05:13,146
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to make measurements
on tiny subatomic particles.</font>
96
00:05:13,712 --> 00:05:16,315
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(speaking German):</font>
97
00:05:16,348 --> 00:05:17,450
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (on radio):
Okay.</font>
98
00:05:17,483 --> 00:05:19,518
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
And if that isn't tricky enough,</font>
99
00:05:19,551 --> 00:05:24,090
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the weather on the mountain
is notoriously unpredictable.</font>
100
00:05:24,123 --> 00:05:26,158
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team needs
perfect conditions</font>
101
00:05:26,191 --> 00:05:27,827
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for the experiment to work.</font>
102
00:05:27,860 --> 00:05:30,429
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
103
00:05:30,462 --> 00:05:33,099
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:
In the end
it could be running smoothly</font>
104
00:05:33,132 --> 00:05:37,803
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or there need to be
a couple of decisions made,</font>
105
00:05:37,836 --> 00:05:41,674
<font color="white" size=".72c">
you know, in an excited state
in the last instant.</font>
106
00:05:41,707 --> 00:05:45,378
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
107
00:05:45,411 --> 00:05:48,814
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
With the experiment
finally set up,</font>
108
00:05:48,847 --> 00:05:54,286
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team takes their positions.</font>
109
00:05:54,319 --> 00:05:56,189
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
110
00:05:57,689 --> 00:06:00,493
<font color="white" size=".72c">
David Kaiser
has worked on this experiment</font>
111
00:06:00,526 --> 00:06:01,460
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with his colleagues</font>
112
00:06:01,493 --> 00:06:04,597
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jason Gallicchio
and Andy Friedman</font>
113
00:06:04,630 --> 00:06:06,565
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for four years.</font>
114
00:06:06,598 --> 00:06:10,536
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Coordinating it all
is Dominik Rauch.</font>
115
00:06:10,569 --> 00:06:13,172
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The experiment is
his thesis project,</font>
116
00:06:13,205 --> 00:06:15,007
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and it's been years
in the making.</font>
117
00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:18,411
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But as darkness falls,</font>
118
00:06:18,444 --> 00:06:22,515
<font color="white" size=".72c">
temperatures on the mountain
begin to drop.</font>
119
00:06:22,548 --> 00:06:27,019
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (speaking German, on radio):</font>
120
00:06:27,586 --> 00:06:30,022
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(speaking German)</font>
121
00:06:30,055 --> 00:06:32,057
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Okay, there's bad news.</font>
122
00:06:32,090 --> 00:06:35,094
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They have been told to leave
the William Herschel</font>
123
00:06:35,127 --> 00:06:36,595
<font color="white" size=".72c">
because the road will be
so dangerous,</font>
124
00:06:36,628 --> 00:06:38,798
<font color="white" size=".72c">
too dangerous,
so they have to go down now.</font>
125
00:06:38,831 --> 00:06:39,999
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Too icy?</font>
126
00:06:40,032 --> 00:06:41,267
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yeah.</font>
127
00:06:40,032 --> 00:06:41,267
<font color="white" size=".72c">
That's okay.</font>
128
00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:43,436
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
129
00:06:46,238 --> 00:06:49,709
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
130
00:06:56,915 --> 00:07:03,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The next day, the team prepares
for another attempt.</font>
131
00:07:03,388 --> 00:07:06,425
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
132
00:07:06,458 --> 00:07:11,664
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They verify the equipment hasn't
been affected by the weather.</font>
133
00:07:13,398 --> 00:07:19,071
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But now, the air is thick
with clouds.</font>
134
00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:27,179
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:
Here's the humidity
at the various telescopes,</font>
135
00:07:27,212 --> 00:07:30,716
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and you see
the humidity is 100%.</font>
136
00:07:30,749 --> 00:07:34,987
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So as long as this lasts,</font>
137
00:07:35,020 --> 00:07:36,989
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we can't do much.</font>
138
00:07:37,022 --> 00:07:40,593
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(wind whistling)</font>
139
00:07:40,626 --> 00:07:41,961
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(phone ringing)</font>
140
00:07:41,994 --> 00:07:46,032
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The teams at both telescopes
wait.</font>
141
00:07:48,367 --> 00:07:51,504
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But the clouds don't clear.</font>
142
00:07:51,537 --> 00:07:56,442
<font color="white" size=".72c">
All the preparation has come
to nothing.</font>
143
00:07:56,475 --> 00:08:00,312
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Time on these huge telescopes
is precious,</font>
144
00:08:00,345 --> 00:08:02,281
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and theirs has run out.</font>
145
00:08:02,314 --> 00:08:05,484
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This ambitious test
of quantum entanglement</font>
146
00:08:05,517 --> 00:08:08,854
<font color="white" size=".72c">
must wait.</font>
147
00:08:08,887 --> 00:08:15,361
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
148
00:08:15,394 --> 00:08:17,496
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Why are physicists so determined</font>
149
00:08:17,529 --> 00:08:20,065
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to put this bizarre aspect
of quantum mechanics</font>
150
00:08:20,098 --> 00:08:22,468
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to the ultimate test?</font>
151
00:08:25,337 --> 00:08:26,972
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To explore the beginning
of the story,</font>
152
00:08:27,005 --> 00:08:29,308
<font color="white" size=".72c">
David Kaiser has come
to Brussels,</font>
153
00:08:29,341 --> 00:08:34,246
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the city that Albert Einstein
traveled to in 1927</font>
154
00:08:34,279 --> 00:08:37,515
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to attend a meeting
about a new theory</font>
155
00:08:37,549 --> 00:08:41,921
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that described the micro-world
of atoms and tiny particles--</font>
156
00:08:41,953 --> 00:08:45,558
<font color="white" size=".72c">
quantum mechanics.</font>
157
00:08:45,591 --> 00:08:46,959
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Quantum mechanics is one</font>
158
00:08:46,992 --> 00:08:49,595
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the most amazing intellectual
achievements in human history.</font>
159
00:08:49,628 --> 00:08:52,131
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
For the first time,</font>
160
00:08:52,164 --> 00:08:57,236
<font color="white" size=".72c">
scientists were able to probe
a world that was, until then,</font>
161
00:08:57,269 --> 00:08:58,504
<font color="white" size=".72c">
quite invisible to us.</font>
162
00:08:58,537 --> 00:09:02,107
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Looking at the world
at the scale of atoms,</font>
163
00:09:02,140 --> 00:09:06,178
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a million times smaller
than the width of a human hair.</font>
164
00:09:06,211 --> 00:09:07,713
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One way to think
about the scales</font>
165
00:09:07,746 --> 00:09:09,949
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is that if you take
an everyday object,</font>
166
00:09:09,982 --> 00:09:14,253
<font color="white" size=".72c">
like a soccer ball...</font>
167
00:09:14,286 --> 00:09:15,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and you enlarge
that soccer ball,</font>
168
00:09:15,854 --> 00:09:19,658
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so that actually you can see
the individual atoms,</font>
169
00:09:19,691 --> 00:09:24,330
<font color="white" size=".72c">
you roughly have to make it
the size of the Earth.</font>
170
00:09:24,363 --> 00:09:27,866
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And then move into the planet.</font>
171
00:09:27,899 --> 00:09:32,905
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Then you are in the world
of atoms and particles.</font>
172
00:09:32,938 --> 00:09:36,241
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It was the nature
of fundamental particles,</font>
173
00:09:36,274 --> 00:09:39,712
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which make up the world
we see around us,</font>
174
00:09:39,745 --> 00:09:42,648
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Einstein had come
to Brussels to discuss.</font>
175
00:09:42,681 --> 00:09:45,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And it was here that Einstein
entered into a heated debate</font>
176
00:09:45,951 --> 00:09:53,258
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that would lead to the discovery
of quantum entanglement--</font>
177
00:09:53,290 --> 00:09:56,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a concept that would trouble him
for the rest of his life.</font>
178
00:09:56,261 --> 00:09:58,564
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
179
00:09:58,597 --> 00:10:02,167
<font color="white" size=".72c">
David Kaiser has come
to the place where it all began.</font>
180
00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:04,837
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
181
00:10:04,870 --> 00:10:08,574
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
This is the original
Solvay Institute building.</font>
182
00:10:08,607 --> 00:10:10,809
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Beautiful grand building.</font>
183
00:10:10,842 --> 00:10:12,211
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And this is the place,</font>
184
00:10:12,244 --> 00:10:15,614
<font color="white" size=".72c">
back in October 1927,</font>
185
00:10:15,647 --> 00:10:17,683
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where the fifth
Solvay Conference was held.</font>
186
00:10:17,716 --> 00:10:21,854
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This amazing, weeklong series
of discussions</font>
187
00:10:21,887 --> 00:10:23,255
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on really
what the world was made of,</font>
188
00:10:23,288 --> 00:10:26,625
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on the nature of matter
and the new quantum theory.</font>
189
00:10:26,658 --> 00:10:30,963
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And these steps are
the very steps</font>
190
00:10:30,996 --> 00:10:34,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on which this famous
group photograph was taken.</font>
191
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:36,568
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's a collection</font>
192
00:10:36,601 --> 00:10:39,772
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the some of the most
brilliant people in the world.</font>
193
00:10:39,805 --> 00:10:42,040
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here in the front row,
we see Albert Einstein,</font>
194
00:10:42,074 --> 00:10:44,610
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and the great Marie Curie
and Max Planck;</font>
195
00:10:44,643 --> 00:10:48,147
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the back row, standing,
the dapper Erwin Schrödinger.</font>
196
00:10:48,180 --> 00:10:50,282
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And these sort of brash
20-year-olds, or mid-20s,</font>
197
00:10:50,315 --> 00:10:52,751
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Werner Heisenberg
and Wolfgang Pauli.</font>
198
00:10:52,784 --> 00:10:57,790
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
These scientists were the
pioneers of quantum mechanics.</font>
199
00:10:57,823 --> 00:11:00,626
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
I had a huge version
of this photograph</font>
200
00:11:00,659 --> 00:11:01,627
<font color="white" size=".72c">
up on the wall,</font>
201
00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:03,095
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it was a poster
in my college dorm room.</font>
202
00:11:03,128 --> 00:11:04,897
<font color="white" size=".72c">
My roommates had
their favorite bands,</font>
203
00:11:04,930 --> 00:11:07,332
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and I had
the 1927 Solvay Conference,</font>
204
00:11:07,365 --> 00:11:08,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which says a lot.</font>
205
00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:12,171
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
This was one of the greatest
meetings of minds</font>
206
00:11:12,204 --> 00:11:14,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in history.</font>
207
00:11:14,339 --> 00:11:17,042
<font color="white" size=".72c">
More than half were,
or would become,</font>
208
00:11:17,075 --> 00:11:20,045
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Nobel Prize winners.</font>
209
00:11:20,078 --> 00:11:24,650
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Their experiments were showing
that deep inside matter,</font>
210
00:11:24,683 --> 00:11:28,587
<font color="white" size=".72c">
tiny particles-- like atoms
and their orbiting electrons--</font>
211
00:11:28,620 --> 00:11:31,890
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were not solid little spheres.</font>
212
00:11:31,923 --> 00:11:36,862
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They seemed fuzzy and undefined.</font>
213
00:11:36,895 --> 00:11:39,498
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
So this, this group here,</font>
214
00:11:39,531 --> 00:11:40,833
<font color="white" size=".72c">
these, these were the folks</font>
215
00:11:40,866 --> 00:11:45,471
<font color="white" size=".72c">
who had just been plumbing
deeper and deeper and deeper</font>
216
00:11:45,504 --> 00:11:47,873
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to find what they hoped would be
a bedrock</font>
217
00:11:47,906 --> 00:11:48,907
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of what the world was made of,</font>
218
00:11:48,940 --> 00:11:50,743
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and to their surprise,</font>
219
00:11:50,776 --> 00:11:53,579
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they found things less
and less solid as they dug in.</font>
220
00:11:53,612 --> 00:11:55,514
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This world was not
tiny little bricks</font>
221
00:11:55,547 --> 00:11:56,749
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that got smaller and smaller.</font>
222
00:11:56,782 --> 00:12:00,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At some point, the bricks
gave way to this mush,</font>
223
00:12:00,318 --> 00:12:02,554
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and what looked like solidity,
solidness,</font>
224
00:12:02,587 --> 00:12:04,556
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in fact became very confusing</font>
225
00:12:04,589 --> 00:12:07,659
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and kind of a whole new way
of thinking about nature.</font>
226
00:12:07,692 --> 00:12:10,296
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
227
00:12:12,664 --> 00:12:14,900
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The theory of quantum mechanics
presented at the meeting</font>
228
00:12:14,933 --> 00:12:18,270
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was strange.</font>
229
00:12:18,303 --> 00:12:21,907
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It said that a particle,
like an electron,</font>
230
00:12:21,940 --> 00:12:26,445
<font color="white" size=".72c">
isn't physically real
until it's observed--</font>
231
00:12:26,478 --> 00:12:30,983
<font color="white" size=".72c">
measured by an instrument
that can detect it.</font>
232
00:12:31,016 --> 00:12:33,218
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Before it's detected,</font>
233
00:12:33,251 --> 00:12:35,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
instead of being
a solid particle,</font>
234
00:12:35,854 --> 00:12:39,224
<font color="white" size=".72c">
an electron is just
a fuzzy wave--</font>
235
00:12:39,257 --> 00:12:42,995
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a wave of probability.</font>
236
00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:46,298
<font color="white" size=".72c">
These objects,
like electrons and atoms,</font>
237
00:12:46,331 --> 00:12:49,001
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when we describe mathematically
their behavior,</font>
238
00:12:49,034 --> 00:12:50,536
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the only thing we can describe</font>
239
00:12:50,569 --> 00:12:55,507
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is the probability of being
at one place or another.</font>
240
00:12:55,540 --> 00:12:56,575
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:
It's like a wave</font>
241
00:12:56,608 --> 00:12:58,477
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of all those different
possibilities.</font>
242
00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:01,580
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's not that the electron is
in one place or the other,</font>
243
00:13:01,613 --> 00:13:03,282
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we just don't know,</font>
244
00:13:03,315 --> 00:13:05,617
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it's that the electron really is
a combination</font>
245
00:13:05,650 --> 00:13:08,353
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of every possible place
it could be</font>
246
00:13:08,386 --> 00:13:09,688
<font color="white" size=".72c">
until we look at it.</font>
247
00:13:11,156 --> 00:13:14,393
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Quantum mechanics only tells us
the probability</font>
248
00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:16,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of a particle's properties,</font>
249
00:13:16,261 --> 00:13:18,463
<font color="white" size=".72c">
like location.</font>
250
00:13:18,496 --> 00:13:21,934
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The laws of nature were
no longer definite statements</font>
251
00:13:21,967 --> 00:13:24,036
<font color="white" size=".72c">
about what's going to happen
next.</font>
252
00:13:24,069 --> 00:13:26,839
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They were just statements
about probabilities.</font>
253
00:13:26,872 --> 00:13:29,441
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And Einstein felt,
"Well, that's defeat.</font>
254
00:13:29,474 --> 00:13:33,145
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"You're giving up on the heart
of what physics has been,</font>
255
00:13:33,178 --> 00:13:36,515
<font color="white" size=".72c">
namely, to give a complete
description of reality."</font>
256
00:13:36,548 --> 00:13:39,518
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
257
00:13:39,551 --> 00:13:41,553
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
For Einstein,</font>
258
00:13:41,586 --> 00:13:44,890
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the idea that particles only pop
into existence</font>
259
00:13:44,923 --> 00:13:46,792
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when they're observed</font>
260
00:13:46,825 --> 00:13:50,829
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is akin to magic.</font>
261
00:13:50,862 --> 00:13:52,564
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's said he asked,</font>
262
00:13:52,597 --> 00:13:55,267
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Do you really believe
the moon is not there</font>
263
00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:59,338
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when you are not looking at it?"</font>
264
00:13:59,371 --> 00:14:00,706
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
265
00:14:00,739 --> 00:14:03,909
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Outside of the formal setting
of the conference...</font>
266
00:14:03,942 --> 00:14:05,510
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Bonsoir.</font>
267
00:14:05,543 --> 00:14:08,380
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
...he challenged the most vocal
supporter of these ideas:</font>
268
00:14:08,413 --> 00:14:13,619
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the great Danish physicist
Niels Bohr.</font>
269
00:14:13,652 --> 00:14:16,321
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Einstein would show up
to breakfast at the hotel,</font>
270
00:14:16,354 --> 00:14:17,923
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and Niels Bohr would be there,</font>
271
00:14:17,956 --> 00:14:20,259
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and Einstein would present
his latest challenge.</font>
272
00:14:20,292 --> 00:14:22,895
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Niels Bohr would sort of mumble
and wonder</font>
273
00:14:22,928 --> 00:14:24,763
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and confer
with his younger colleagues.</font>
274
00:14:24,796 --> 00:14:27,966
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They'd head off to the formal
meeting at the institute,</font>
275
00:14:27,999 --> 00:14:31,036
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and somehow, every night
by suppertime,</font>
276
00:14:31,069 --> 00:14:32,604
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Bohr would have an answer.</font>
277
00:14:32,637 --> 00:14:34,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One of the observers said</font>
278
00:14:34,339 --> 00:14:35,908
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Einstein was like
a jack-in-the-box;</font>
279
00:14:35,941 --> 00:14:37,809
<font color="white" size=".72c">
every day, he'd pop up
with a new challenge.</font>
280
00:14:37,842 --> 00:14:40,112
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And Bohr would flip
this way and that,</font>
281
00:14:40,145 --> 00:14:42,547
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and in the end, by supper,
have crushed that one,</font>
282
00:14:42,580 --> 00:14:44,016
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and it would start
all over again.</font>
283
00:14:46,117 --> 00:14:48,153
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
To Bohr and his colleagues,</font>
284
00:14:48,186 --> 00:14:52,391
<font color="white" size=".72c">
quantum mechanics not only
explained experimental results,</font>
285
00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:56,461
<font color="white" size=".72c">
its mathematics were elegant
and beautiful.</font>
286
00:14:56,494 --> 00:15:00,532
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And since Einstein hadn't found
flaws in their equations,</font>
287
00:15:00,565 --> 00:15:04,670
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they left the Solvay meeting
feeling more confident than ever</font>
288
00:15:04,703 --> 00:15:06,505
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in their ideas.</font>
289
00:15:06,538 --> 00:15:09,708
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But Einstein didn't give up
his conviction</font>
290
00:15:09,741 --> 00:15:13,412
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that quantum mechanics
was flawed.</font>
291
00:15:13,445 --> 00:15:15,013
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in his refusal to accept</font>
292
00:15:15,046 --> 00:15:17,616
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the weird implications
of the theory,</font>
293
00:15:17,649 --> 00:15:22,287
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he would wind up uncovering
something even weirder.</font>
294
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:23,789
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
295
00:15:23,822 --> 00:15:28,860
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In 1933, with the Nazi Party
in power in Germany,</font>
296
00:15:28,893 --> 00:15:31,396
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein chose to settle
in America</font>
297
00:15:31,429 --> 00:15:34,199
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and took a position at the
Institute for Advanced Study</font>
298
00:15:34,232 --> 00:15:36,268
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in Princeton, New Jersey.</font>
299
00:15:36,301 --> 00:15:39,004
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
300
00:15:39,037 --> 00:15:42,174
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He recruited two physicists
to help him,</font>
301
00:15:42,207 --> 00:15:46,645
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky.</font>
302
00:15:46,678 --> 00:15:49,581
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in 1935, at afternoon tea,</font>
303
00:15:49,614 --> 00:15:53,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the three men spotted a possible
flaw in quantum mechanics</font>
304
00:15:53,318 --> 00:15:56,455
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that would shake the
very foundations of the theory.</font>
305
00:15:58,323 --> 00:16:01,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They noticed that the
mathematics of quantum mechanics</font>
306
00:16:01,226 --> 00:16:06,264
<font color="white" size=".72c">
led to a seemingly impossible
situation.</font>
307
00:16:06,297 --> 00:16:10,869
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Today, Robbert Dijkgraaf is
the director of the institute.</font>
308
00:16:10,902 --> 00:16:12,371
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DIJKGRAAF:
Apparently Podolsky would say,</font>
309
00:16:12,404 --> 00:16:14,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Well, Professor Einstein,</font>
310
00:16:14,339 --> 00:16:16,875
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"this is very important
in your arguments</font>
311
00:16:16,908 --> 00:16:19,945
<font color="white" size=".72c">
showing that quantum theory
is incomplete."</font>
312
00:16:19,978 --> 00:16:23,115
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So they got
this very animated discussion</font>
313
00:16:23,148 --> 00:16:25,017
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and what can happen still is,</font>
314
00:16:25,050 --> 00:16:27,619
<font color="white" size=".72c">
now you have a bunch of
scientists discussing,</font>
315
00:16:27,652 --> 00:16:31,256
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and at some point, someone says,
"Let's write a paper together."</font>
316
00:16:31,289 --> 00:16:32,257
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So they did.</font>
317
00:16:32,290 --> 00:16:34,826
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
318
00:16:34,859 --> 00:16:38,363
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Their paper,
known today as EPR,</font>
319
00:16:38,396 --> 00:16:43,235
<font color="white" size=".72c">
argued that the equations
of quantum mechanics</font>
320
00:16:43,268 --> 00:16:46,738
<font color="white" size=".72c">
predicted an impossible
connection between particles--</font>
321
00:16:46,771 --> 00:16:49,108
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a seemingly magical effect.</font>
322
00:16:50,608 --> 00:16:54,212
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It would be like having
two particles,</font>
323
00:16:54,245 --> 00:16:56,382
<font color="white" size=".72c">
each hidden under a cup.</font>
324
00:16:58,750 --> 00:17:01,053
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Looking at one</font>
325
00:17:01,086 --> 00:17:05,624
<font color="white" size=".72c">
mysteriously causes the other
to reveal itself, too,</font>
326
00:17:05,656 --> 00:17:09,428
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with matching properties.</font>
327
00:17:10,361 --> 00:17:12,130
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Quantum theory suggested</font>
328
00:17:12,163 --> 00:17:15,934
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this effect could happen
in the real world,</font>
329
00:17:15,967 --> 00:17:20,239
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for example, with particles
of light-- photons.</font>
330
00:17:21,673 --> 00:17:24,776
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The equations implied
that a source of photons</font>
331
00:17:24,809 --> 00:17:28,046
<font color="white" size=".72c">
could create pairs
in such a way</font>
332
00:17:28,079 --> 00:17:30,315
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that when we measure one,</font>
333
00:17:30,348 --> 00:17:32,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
causing it to snap
out of its fuzzy state,</font>
334
00:17:32,951 --> 00:17:37,656
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the other mysteriously snaps
out of its fuzzy state</font>
335
00:17:37,689 --> 00:17:39,491
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the same instant,</font>
336
00:17:39,524 --> 00:17:42,027
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with correlated properties.</font>
337
00:17:47,499 --> 00:17:51,203
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The 1935 paper
that described this effect</font>
338
00:17:51,236 --> 00:17:56,108
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has become Einstein's
most referenced work of all.</font>
339
00:17:56,141 --> 00:18:00,212
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It has captivated generations
of physicists,</font>
340
00:18:00,245 --> 00:18:03,915
<font color="white" size=".72c">
including Anton Zeilinger.</font>
341
00:18:03,948 --> 00:18:08,353
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen
paper fascinated me.</font>
342
00:18:08,386 --> 00:18:11,890
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And I had to read it
at least five or six times</font>
343
00:18:11,923 --> 00:18:14,559
<font color="white" size=".72c">
until I finally understood
what goes on.</font>
344
00:18:14,592 --> 00:18:17,562
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And then it didn't let me go
again.</font>
345
00:18:17,595 --> 00:18:21,066
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Another way to think
of the paired particles</font>
346
00:18:21,099 --> 00:18:25,637
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is to imagine a game of chance
that's somehow rigged.</font>
347
00:18:25,670 --> 00:18:30,509
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Suppose I had a pair
of quantum dice.</font>
348
00:18:30,542 --> 00:18:35,947
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I put these two quantum dice
in my little cup,</font>
349
00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:39,384
<font color="white" size=".72c">
throw them.</font>
350
00:18:39,417 --> 00:18:43,255
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I look at them,
they show the same number-- six.</font>
351
00:18:43,288 --> 00:18:45,624
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I put them again in the cup,</font>
352
00:18:45,657 --> 00:18:48,226
<font color="white" size=".72c">
throw them again.</font>
353
00:18:48,259 --> 00:18:51,163
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Now they both show three.</font>
354
00:18:51,196 --> 00:18:55,634
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I put them in again,
throw again,</font>
355
00:18:55,667 --> 00:18:58,236
<font color="white" size=".72c">
now they both show one.</font>
356
00:18:58,269 --> 00:19:01,773
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Point now being,
what I see here is,</font>
357
00:19:01,806 --> 00:19:04,910
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I see two random processes--</font>
358
00:19:04,943 --> 00:19:07,379
<font color="white" size=".72c">
namely, each die showing
some number--</font>
359
00:19:07,412 --> 00:19:13,485
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but these two random processes
do the same.</font>
360
00:19:13,518 --> 00:19:15,086
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's really mind-boggling.</font>
361
00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:16,655
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
362
00:19:16,688 --> 00:19:19,891
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
How could two particles act
in unison,</font>
363
00:19:19,924 --> 00:19:22,694
<font color="white" size=".72c">
even when they're separated
from each other?</font>
364
00:19:25,129 --> 00:19:26,965
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Essential to the EPR argument</font>
365
00:19:26,998 --> 00:19:29,467
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is that these particles can be,
can be separated</font>
366
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:30,735
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at an arbitrary distance.</font>
367
00:19:30,768 --> 00:19:32,170
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One could be here at Princeton,</font>
368
00:19:32,203 --> 00:19:33,972
<font color="white" size=".72c">
one could be
in the Andromeda Galaxy.</font>
369
00:19:34,005 --> 00:19:36,775
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And yet, according
to quantum mechanics,</font>
370
00:19:36,808 --> 00:19:38,677
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a choice to measure
something here</font>
371
00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:41,413
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is somehow
instantaneously affecting</font>
372
00:19:41,446 --> 00:19:43,882
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what could be said
about this other particle.</font>
373
00:19:43,915 --> 00:19:46,318
<font color="white" size=".72c">
You can't go from Princeton
to Andromeda instantly,</font>
374
00:19:46,351 --> 00:19:47,819
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and yet that, they argued,</font>
375
00:19:47,852 --> 00:19:50,021
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is what the equations of quantum
mechanics seemed to imply,</font>
376
00:19:50,054 --> 00:19:51,122
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and that, they said,</font>
377
00:19:51,155 --> 00:19:52,657
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so much the worse
for quantum mechanics.</font>
378
00:19:52,690 --> 00:19:55,160
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The world simply can't operate
that way.</font>
379
00:19:56,761 --> 00:20:00,532
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
For Einstein, this strange
effect conflicted</font>
380
00:20:00,565 --> 00:20:04,769
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with the most basic concept
we use to describe reality--</font>
381
00:20:04,802 --> 00:20:06,471
<font color="white" size=".72c">
space.</font>
382
00:20:06,504 --> 00:20:11,643
<font color="white" size=".72c">
For him, objects, particles,
everything that exists</font>
383
00:20:11,676 --> 00:20:15,747
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is located in space.</font>
384
00:20:15,780 --> 00:20:18,516
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Space, together with time,</font>
385
00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:21,753
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was the key ingredient in his
theory of special relativity,</font>
386
00:20:21,786 --> 00:20:28,994
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with its famous equation,
E = MC squared.</font>
387
00:20:29,027 --> 00:20:33,265
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:
Einstein, of course, was
the master of space-time.</font>
388
00:20:33,298 --> 00:20:35,634
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He thought that
if something happened here,</font>
389
00:20:35,667 --> 00:20:38,436
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that shouldn't immediately
and instantaneously</font>
390
00:20:38,469 --> 00:20:40,338
<font color="white" size=".72c">
change something
that is going on over there--</font>
391
00:20:40,371 --> 00:20:43,242
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the principle of locality,
as we currently call it.</font>
392
00:20:44,876 --> 00:20:47,812
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
For Einstein,
it's simply common sense</font>
393
00:20:47,845 --> 00:20:51,082
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that if objects are separated
in space,</font>
394
00:20:51,115 --> 00:20:53,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for one to affect the other,</font>
395
00:20:53,318 --> 00:20:57,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
something must travel
between them.</font>
396
00:20:57,388 --> 00:21:01,660
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
397
00:21:01,693 --> 00:21:03,495
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And that traveling takes time.</font>
398
00:21:07,532 --> 00:21:11,136
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Quantum particles acting in
unison could be explained</font>
399
00:21:11,169 --> 00:21:14,572
<font color="white" size=".72c">
if they were communicating--</font>
400
00:21:14,605 --> 00:21:18,376
<font color="white" size=".72c">
one particle instantly
sending a signal to the other,</font>
401
00:21:18,409 --> 00:21:22,314
<font color="white" size=".72c">
telling it what properties
it should have.</font>
402
00:21:22,347 --> 00:21:24,215
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But that would require a signal</font>
403
00:21:24,248 --> 00:21:26,951
<font color="white" size=".72c">
traveling faster
than the speed of light,</font>
404
00:21:26,984 --> 00:21:29,587
<font color="white" size=".72c">
something Einstein's theory
of special relativity</font>
405
00:21:29,620 --> 00:21:34,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
had proven impossible.</font>
406
00:21:34,158 --> 00:21:39,464
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And it would mean the particles
were fuzzy and undefined</font>
407
00:21:39,497 --> 00:21:45,170
<font color="white" size=".72c">
until the moment
they were observed.</font>
408
00:21:45,203 --> 00:21:47,138
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Instead,</font>
409
00:21:47,171 --> 00:21:50,809
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein thought the particles
should be real all along.</font>
410
00:21:50,842 --> 00:21:54,913
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They must carry with them
a hidden layer of deeper physics</font>
411
00:21:54,946 --> 00:21:59,484
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that determines their properties
from the start.</font>
412
00:21:59,517 --> 00:22:01,953
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Almost the way
that magic tricks,</font>
413
00:22:01,986 --> 00:22:07,859
<font color="white" size=".72c">
while appearing mysterious,
have a hidden explanation.</font>
414
00:22:07,892 --> 00:22:11,930
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But this hidden physics was
missing from quantum theory.</font>
415
00:22:11,963 --> 00:22:16,401
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen
argued that quantum mechanics</font>
416
00:22:16,434 --> 00:22:18,503
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was incomplete.</font>
417
00:22:18,536 --> 00:22:20,872
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
418
00:22:20,905 --> 00:22:23,975
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DIJKGRAAF:
Podolsky was very enthusiastic
about this project.</font>
419
00:22:24,008 --> 00:22:25,744
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In fact, he was so enthusiastic</font>
420
00:22:25,777 --> 00:22:28,747
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that he ran
to the "New York Times"</font>
421
00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:29,848
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and told them the news.</font>
422
00:22:29,881 --> 00:22:33,017
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So Einstein was really upset
with Podolsky,</font>
423
00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,653
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and apparently, he didn't speak
to him anymore.</font>
424
00:22:35,686 --> 00:22:37,255
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
425
00:22:37,288 --> 00:22:40,158
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
When Niels Bohr heard
of Einstein's paper,</font>
426
00:22:40,191 --> 00:22:43,528
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he wrote an obscure response,</font>
427
00:22:43,561 --> 00:22:46,631
<font color="white" size=".72c">
arguing that one particle
could somehow</font>
428
00:22:46,664 --> 00:22:49,901
<font color="white" size=".72c">
mysteriously influence
the other.</font>
429
00:22:49,934 --> 00:22:51,970
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This seemingly impossible
phenomenon</font>
430
00:22:52,003 --> 00:22:56,708
<font color="white" size=".72c">
became known
as quantum entanglement.</font>
431
00:22:58,709 --> 00:23:04,082
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But Einstein dismissed it as
"spooky actions at a distance."</font>
432
00:23:05,716 --> 00:23:08,086
<font color="white" size=".72c">
No one could think of
an experiment to test</font>
433
00:23:08,119 --> 00:23:13,124
<font color="white" size=".72c">
whether Einstein or Bohr
was correct.</font>
434
00:23:13,157 --> 00:23:16,060
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But that didn't stop
physicists and engineers</font>
435
00:23:16,093 --> 00:23:17,762
<font color="white" size=".72c">
from making use
of quantum mechanics</font>
436
00:23:17,795 --> 00:23:20,899
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to do new things.</font>
437
00:23:20,932 --> 00:23:23,067
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
In the '30s and '40s,</font>
438
00:23:23,100 --> 00:23:26,805
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the debate around the EPR paper
sort of dies down.</font>
439
00:23:26,838 --> 00:23:28,706
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But, quantum theory
actually takes off.</font>
440
00:23:28,739 --> 00:23:31,109
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
441
00:23:31,142 --> 00:23:35,113
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The mathematics leads to all
kinds of amazing developments.</font>
442
00:23:35,146 --> 00:23:37,749
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Entanglement aside,</font>
443
00:23:37,782 --> 00:23:39,217
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the equations
of quantum mechanics</font>
444
00:23:39,250 --> 00:23:42,554
<font color="white" size=".72c">
enabled the scientists
of the Manhattan Project</font>
445
00:23:42,587 --> 00:23:45,290
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to develop the atomic bomb.</font>
446
00:23:45,323 --> 00:23:47,725
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in the years
after the Second World War,</font>
447
00:23:47,758 --> 00:23:50,462
<font color="white" size=".72c">
researchers at Bell Labs
in New Jersey</font>
448
00:23:50,495 --> 00:23:53,665
<font color="white" size=".72c">
used quantum theory to develop
one of the first lasers...</font>
449
00:23:53,698 --> 00:23:54,999
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (in film):
In our laboratories,</font>
450
00:23:55,032 --> 00:23:56,734
<font color="white" size=".72c">
men experiment with a light</font>
451
00:23:56,767 --> 00:23:59,671
<font color="white" size=".72c">
once undreamed-of
in the natural world.</font>
452
00:23:59,704 --> 00:24:01,139
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
...and build small devices</font>
453
00:24:01,172 --> 00:24:03,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that could control
the flow of electricity--</font>
454
00:24:03,841 --> 00:24:05,777
<font color="white" size=".72c">
transistors.</font>
455
00:24:05,810 --> 00:24:08,847
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN 2 (on film):
It's destined to play
a vital role in your future,</font>
456
00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,015
<font color="white" size=".72c">
your electronic future.</font>
457
00:24:11,048 --> 00:24:14,018
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Transistors became
the building blocks</font>
458
00:24:14,051 --> 00:24:16,654
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the burgeoning field
of electronics.</font>
459
00:24:16,687 --> 00:24:18,056
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Computers, disc drives--</font>
460
00:24:18,089 --> 00:24:21,793
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the entire digital revolution
soon followed,</font>
461
00:24:21,826 --> 00:24:22,794
<font color="white" size=".72c">
all made possible</font>
462
00:24:22,827 --> 00:24:26,198
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by the equations
of quantum theory.</font>
463
00:24:27,198 --> 00:24:30,935
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yet Einstein's questions
about entanglement</font>
464
00:24:30,968 --> 00:24:32,070
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and what it implied</font>
465
00:24:32,103 --> 00:24:34,105
<font color="white" size=".72c">
about the incompleteness
of quantum mechanics</font>
466
00:24:34,138 --> 00:24:38,776
<font color="white" size=".72c">
remained unanswered
until the 1960s,</font>
467
00:24:38,809 --> 00:24:42,013
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when a physicist
from Northern Ireland</font>
468
00:24:42,046 --> 00:24:44,349
<font color="white" size=".72c">
made a remarkable breakthrough--</font>
469
00:24:44,382 --> 00:24:46,751
<font color="white" size=".72c">
John Bell.</font>
470
00:24:46,784 --> 00:24:49,454
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Bell was a very talented
young physics student,</font>
471
00:24:49,487 --> 00:24:52,190
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but he quickly grew dissatisfied
with what he considered almost,</font>
472
00:24:52,223 --> 00:24:54,425
<font color="white" size=".72c">
almost a kind of dishonesty
among his teachers.</font>
473
00:24:54,458 --> 00:24:55,827
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(talking in background)</font>
474
00:24:55,860 --> 00:24:57,161
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Bell insisted</font>
475
00:24:57,194 --> 00:24:59,964
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Einstein's questions
about quantum mechanics</font>
476
00:24:59,997 --> 00:25:01,599
<font color="white" size=".72c">
had not been addressed.</font>
477
00:25:01,632 --> 00:25:04,369
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
He got into shouting matches
with his professors.</font>
478
00:25:04,402 --> 00:25:06,671
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Don't tell us that Bohr solved
all the problems.</font>
479
00:25:06,704 --> 00:25:09,407
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This really deserves
further thought."</font>
480
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:13,144
<font color="white" size=".72c">
BELL:
Quantum mechanics has been
fantastically successful.</font>
481
00:25:13,177 --> 00:25:16,347
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So it is
a very intriguing situation</font>
482
00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:19,083
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that at the, at the foundation</font>
483
00:25:19,116 --> 00:25:22,287
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of all that impressive success,</font>
484
00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:23,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
there are these great doubts.</font>
485
00:25:23,854 --> 00:25:26,658
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
486
00:25:26,691 --> 00:25:29,727
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:
It's a very strange thing
that ever since the 1930s,</font>
487
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,930
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the idea of sitting
and thinking hard</font>
488
00:25:31,963 --> 00:25:33,698
<font color="white" size=".72c">
about the foundations
of quantum mechanics</font>
489
00:25:33,731 --> 00:25:36,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has been disreputable
among professional physicists.</font>
490
00:25:36,801 --> 00:25:38,436
<font color="white" size=".72c">
When people tried to do that,</font>
491
00:25:38,469 --> 00:25:40,772
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they were kicked out
of physics departments.</font>
492
00:25:40,805 --> 00:25:42,607
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And so, for someone like Bell,</font>
493
00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:46,344
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he needed to have a day job
doing ordinary particle physics,</font>
494
00:25:46,377 --> 00:25:48,179
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but at night,
you know, hidden away,</font>
495
00:25:48,212 --> 00:25:49,247
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he could do work</font>
496
00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:50,648
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on the foundations
of quantum mechanics.</font>
497
00:25:50,681 --> 00:25:54,118
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Bell became
a leading particle physicist</font>
498
00:25:54,151 --> 00:25:55,987
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at CERN, in Geneva.</font>
499
00:25:56,020 --> 00:25:58,222
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But he continued to explore
the debate</font>
500
00:25:58,255 --> 00:26:01,426
<font color="white" size=".72c">
between Einstein and Bohr.</font>
501
00:26:01,459 --> 00:26:06,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in 1964, he published
an astonishing paper.</font>
502
00:26:07,865 --> 00:26:10,034
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Bell proved</font>
503
00:26:10,067 --> 00:26:14,238
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Bohr's and Einstein's ideas
made different predictions.</font>
504
00:26:14,271 --> 00:26:18,576
<font color="white" size=".72c">
If you could randomly perform
one of two possible measurements</font>
505
00:26:18,609 --> 00:26:20,044
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on each particle,</font>
506
00:26:20,077 --> 00:26:24,749
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and check how often
the results lined up,</font>
507
00:26:24,782 --> 00:26:27,552
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the answer would reveal whether
we lived in Einstein's world--</font>
508
00:26:27,585 --> 00:26:31,422
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a world that followed
common-sense laws--</font>
509
00:26:31,455 --> 00:26:34,892
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or Bohr's--</font>
510
00:26:34,925 --> 00:26:37,195
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a world that was deeply strange</font>
511
00:26:37,228 --> 00:26:40,298
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and allowed
spooky quantum connections.</font>
512
00:26:40,331 --> 00:26:41,566
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We now know with hindsight</font>
513
00:26:41,599 --> 00:26:43,901
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this was one of
the most significant articles</font>
514
00:26:43,934 --> 00:26:45,136
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the history of physics--</font>
515
00:26:45,169 --> 00:26:46,938
<font color="white" size=".72c">
not just the history
of 20th-century physics,</font>
516
00:26:46,971 --> 00:26:49,541
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the history of,
of the field as a whole.</font>
517
00:26:51,609 --> 00:26:54,245
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But Bell's article appears
in this, you know,</font>
518
00:26:54,278 --> 00:26:55,480
<font color="white" size=".72c">
sort of out-of-the-way journal--</font>
519
00:26:55,513 --> 00:26:57,882
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in fact, the journal itself
folds a few years later.</font>
520
00:26:57,915 --> 00:27:00,385
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This is not central
to the physics community.</font>
521
00:27:00,418 --> 00:27:03,254
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's sort of dutifully filed
on library shelves</font>
522
00:27:03,287 --> 00:27:04,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and then forgotten.</font>
523
00:27:04,388 --> 00:27:06,891
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It literally collects dust
on the shelf.</font>
524
00:27:06,924 --> 00:27:11,963
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
A few years later,
completely by chance,</font>
525
00:27:11,996 --> 00:27:13,631
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a brilliant
experimental physicist</font>
526
00:27:13,664 --> 00:27:16,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
stumbled upon Bell's article.</font>
527
00:27:16,801 --> 00:27:19,904
<font color="white" size=".72c">
JOHN CLAUSER:
I thought this is one
of the most amazing papers</font>
528
00:27:19,937 --> 00:27:23,041
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I had ever read
in my whole life.</font>
529
00:27:23,074 --> 00:27:26,711
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And I kept wondering,
"Well, gee, this is wonderful,</font>
530
00:27:26,744 --> 00:27:29,514
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but where's
the experimental evidence?"</font>
531
00:27:29,547 --> 00:27:32,083
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
John worked on Bell's theory</font>
532
00:27:32,116 --> 00:27:33,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with fellow physicist
Abner Shimony,</font>
533
00:27:33,951 --> 00:27:37,088
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and at the University
of California, Berkeley,</font>
534
00:27:37,121 --> 00:27:40,191
<font color="white" size=".72c">
started work on an experiment
to test it.</font>
535
00:27:40,224 --> 00:27:44,062
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He had a talent for tinkering
in the lab</font>
536
00:27:44,095 --> 00:27:45,496
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and building the parts
he needed.</font>
537
00:27:45,529 --> 00:27:46,964
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:
I used to rummage around here</font>
538
00:27:46,997 --> 00:27:49,867
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and scavenge and dumpster-dive
for old equipment.</font>
539
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:54,172
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
He knew where to find hidden
storage rooms, like this,</font>
540
00:27:54,205 --> 00:27:57,241
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which he could raid
to salvage spare parts</font>
541
00:27:57,274 --> 00:27:59,544
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for his experiments.</font>
542
00:27:59,577 --> 00:28:02,346
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(grunts)</font>
543
00:28:02,379 --> 00:28:07,251
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:
This was a power supply
for diode lasers.</font>
544
00:28:07,284 --> 00:28:09,387
<font color="white" size=".72c">
That looks like
something I built.</font>
545
00:28:09,420 --> 00:28:12,657
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
546
00:28:12,690 --> 00:28:15,259
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here is a picture
of the experiment I did.</font>
547
00:28:15,292 --> 00:28:19,130
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(chuckling):
I had more hair in those days.</font>
548
00:28:19,163 --> 00:28:20,665
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here's another picture.</font>
549
00:28:20,698 --> 00:28:22,333
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This is of Stu Freedman,</font>
550
00:28:22,366 --> 00:28:24,602
<font color="white" size=".72c">
who worked on it with me.</font>
551
00:28:24,635 --> 00:28:29,540
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Piece by piece,
John Clauser and Stuart Freedman</font>
552
00:28:29,573 --> 00:28:32,877
<font color="white" size=".72c">
constructed the world's first
Bell test experiment.</font>
553
00:28:32,910 --> 00:28:37,014
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They focused a laser
onto calcium atoms,</font>
554
00:28:37,047 --> 00:28:40,051
<font color="white" size=".72c">
causing them to emit
pairs of photons</font>
555
00:28:40,084 --> 00:28:42,987
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that the equations
of quantum theory suggested</font>
556
00:28:43,020 --> 00:28:45,990
<font color="white" size=".72c">
should be entangled.</font>
557
00:28:46,023 --> 00:28:48,726
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They recorded whether or not
the photons passed</font>
558
00:28:48,759 --> 00:28:51,662
<font color="white" size=".72c">
through filters on each side</font>
559
00:28:51,695 --> 00:28:56,200
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and checked how often
the answers agreed.</font>
560
00:28:56,233 --> 00:28:58,870
<font color="white" size=".72c">
After hundreds of thousands
of measurements,</font>
561
00:28:58,903 --> 00:29:00,638
<font color="white" size=".72c">
if the pairs were
more correlated</font>
562
00:29:00,671 --> 00:29:03,307
<font color="white" size=".72c">
than Einstein's physics
predicted,</font>
563
00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:08,579
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they must be spookily entangled.</font>
564
00:29:08,612 --> 00:29:10,481
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We saw the stronger correlation</font>
565
00:29:10,514 --> 00:29:12,150
<font color="white" size=".72c">
characteristic
of quantum mechanics.</font>
566
00:29:12,183 --> 00:29:16,087
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We measured it,
and that is what we got.</font>
567
00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:17,855
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
568
00:29:17,888 --> 00:29:19,023
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The outcome was exactly</font>
569
00:29:19,056 --> 00:29:22,560
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what Bohr's quantum mechanics
predicted.</font>
570
00:29:22,593 --> 00:29:25,530
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The experiment appeared to show</font>
571
00:29:25,563 --> 00:29:28,332
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that the spooky connections
of quantum entanglement</font>
572
00:29:28,365 --> 00:29:31,469
<font color="white" size=".72c">
did exist in the natural world.</font>
573
00:29:31,502 --> 00:29:38,910
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Could it be that the great
Albert Einstein was wrong?</font>
574
00:29:38,943 --> 00:29:40,711
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Remarkably,</font>
575
00:29:40,744 --> 00:29:44,982
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the first people to react
to this extraordinary result</font>
576
00:29:45,015 --> 00:29:48,085
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were not the world's
leading physicists.</font>
577
00:29:48,118 --> 00:29:51,656
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
578
00:29:51,689 --> 00:29:54,692
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:
Ronald Reagan's definition
of a hippie</font>
579
00:29:54,725 --> 00:29:58,596
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was someone who dresses
like Tarzan,</font>
580
00:29:58,629 --> 00:29:59,831
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has hair like Jane,</font>
581
00:29:59,864 --> 00:30:02,099
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and smells like Cheeta.</font>
582
00:30:02,132 --> 00:30:02,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(laughs)</font>
583
00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,003
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
584
00:30:06,036 --> 00:30:09,073
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
A small group
of free-thinking physicists</font>
585
00:30:09,106 --> 00:30:12,577
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the heart of San Francisco's
New Age scene</font>
586
00:30:12,610 --> 00:30:15,379
<font color="white" size=".72c">
got in touch with John.</font>
587
00:30:15,412 --> 00:30:18,449
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
They called themselves
the Fundamental Fysiks Group.</font>
588
00:30:18,482 --> 00:30:20,351
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They spelled physics with an F.</font>
589
00:30:20,384 --> 00:30:23,454
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Some members would experiment
with psychedelic drugs.</font>
590
00:30:23,487 --> 00:30:25,456
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I mean, they were,
they were kind of in the flow</font>
591
00:30:25,489 --> 00:30:26,791
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the kind of hippie scene.</font>
592
00:30:26,824 --> 00:30:29,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And that group was
just mesmerized</font>
593
00:30:29,226 --> 00:30:30,394
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by the question of entanglement.</font>
594
00:30:30,427 --> 00:30:33,264
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
595
00:30:33,297 --> 00:30:36,234
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:
The idea was just to discuss
fringe subjects</font>
596
00:30:36,267 --> 00:30:37,401
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with an open mind.</font>
597
00:30:37,434 --> 00:30:38,736
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And I thought, "Oh, sure!</font>
598
00:30:38,769 --> 00:30:40,838
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Uh, that's kind of what I do."</font>
599
00:30:40,871 --> 00:30:42,874
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
600
00:30:42,907 --> 00:30:47,578
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They were doing their best
to link Eastern mysticism</font>
601
00:30:47,611 --> 00:30:50,147
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with quantum entanglement.</font>
602
00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,717
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They sold a lot
of popular textbooks.</font>
603
00:30:52,750 --> 00:30:55,019
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There were a lot of followers.</font>
604
00:30:55,052 --> 00:30:57,455
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Their books became bestsellers,</font>
605
00:30:57,488 --> 00:31:01,592
<font color="white" size=".72c">
like "The Tao of Physics,"
which highlighted</font>
606
00:31:01,625 --> 00:31:03,461
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Eastern philosophy
and quantum entanglement</font>
607
00:31:03,494 --> 00:31:06,430
<font color="white" size=".72c">
both described
a deep connectedness</font>
608
00:31:06,463 --> 00:31:09,000
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of things in the universe.</font>
609
00:31:09,033 --> 00:31:11,135
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It was the great cosmic oneness.</font>
610
00:31:11,168 --> 00:31:17,074
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The group held meetings
at the iconic Esalen Institute.</font>
611
00:31:17,107 --> 00:31:19,944
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:
It was a marvelous,
beautiful place</font>
612
00:31:19,977 --> 00:31:21,979
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where they would discuss
all of these ideas.</font>
613
00:31:22,012 --> 00:31:25,049
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It was right
on the Pacific Coast</font>
614
00:31:25,082 --> 00:31:26,984
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with the overflow
from the hot tubs</font>
615
00:31:27,017 --> 00:31:30,321
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cascading down the cliffs
into the Pacific Ocean.</font>
616
00:31:30,354 --> 00:31:33,324
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To my knowledge,</font>
617
00:31:33,357 --> 00:31:36,961
<font color="white" size=".72c">
no useful connections
to Eastern mysticism</font>
618
00:31:36,994 --> 00:31:38,729
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were ever discovered
by the group.</font>
619
00:31:38,762 --> 00:31:41,332
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
620
00:31:41,365 --> 00:31:43,234
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(chuckles):
But it was fun.</font>
621
00:31:44,702 --> 00:31:46,437
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The Fundamental Fysiks Group</font>
622
00:31:46,470 --> 00:31:50,308
<font color="white" size=".72c">
may not have uncovered
the secrets of "cosmic oneness,"</font>
623
00:31:50,341 --> 00:31:54,278
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but in seeing entanglement
as central to physics,</font>
624
00:31:54,311 --> 00:32:00,351
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they were decades ahead
of their time.</font>
625
00:32:00,384 --> 00:32:04,689
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
626
00:32:04,722 --> 00:32:06,524
<font color="white" size=".72c">
40 years later,</font>
627
00:32:06,557 --> 00:32:08,893
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cutting-edge labs
around the world</font>
628
00:32:08,926 --> 00:32:11,963
<font color="white" size=".72c">
are now racing
to harness quantum entanglement</font>
629
00:32:11,996 --> 00:32:15,866
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create revolutionary
new technologies...</font>
630
00:32:15,899 --> 00:32:18,569
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
631
00:32:18,602 --> 00:32:22,006
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...like quantum computers.</font>
632
00:32:22,039 --> 00:32:24,308
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
633
00:32:24,341 --> 00:32:25,676
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
In our everyday computers,</font>
634
00:32:25,709 --> 00:32:29,080
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the fundamental unit
of computing is a bit,</font>
635
00:32:29,113 --> 00:32:31,148
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a binary digit-- zero or one.</font>
636
00:32:31,181 --> 00:32:33,884
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And inside the computer,
there's all these transistors,</font>
637
00:32:33,917 --> 00:32:35,619
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which are turning on and off
currents.</font>
638
00:32:35,652 --> 00:32:37,855
<font color="white" size=".72c">
On is one, off is zero,</font>
639
00:32:37,888 --> 00:32:41,559
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and these combinations lead
to universal computing.</font>
640
00:32:41,592 --> 00:32:43,094
<font color="white" size=".72c">
With a quantum computer,</font>
641
00:32:43,127 --> 00:32:44,428
<font color="white" size=".72c">
you start
with a fundamental unit</font>
642
00:32:44,461 --> 00:32:47,098
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that's not a bit,
but a quantum bit,</font>
643
00:32:47,131 --> 00:32:49,667
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which is not really
a zero or a one,</font>
644
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:50,701
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but it can be fluid.</font>
645
00:32:50,734 --> 00:32:52,803
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
646
00:32:52,836 --> 00:32:57,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
A quantum bit makes use of the
fuzziness of the quantum world.</font>
647
00:32:57,841 --> 00:32:59,343
<font color="white" size=".72c">
A qubit, as it's known,</font>
648
00:32:59,376 --> 00:33:04,648
<font color="white" size=".72c">
can be zero or one,
or a combination of both.</font>
649
00:33:04,681 --> 00:33:07,284
<font color="white" size=".72c">
A particle
or tiny quantum system</font>
650
00:33:07,317 --> 00:33:09,453
<font color="white" size=".72c">
can be made into a qubit.</font>
651
00:33:09,486 --> 00:33:11,689
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And today, it's not just
pairs of particles</font>
652
00:33:11,722 --> 00:33:13,891
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that can be entangled.</font>
653
00:33:13,924 --> 00:33:17,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Groups of qubits can be linked
with entanglement</font>
654
00:33:17,261 --> 00:33:19,730
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a quantum computer.</font>
655
00:33:19,763 --> 00:33:21,832
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
656
00:33:21,865 --> 00:33:25,503
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The more qubits, the greater
the processing power.</font>
657
00:33:25,536 --> 00:33:27,805
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
658
00:33:27,838 --> 00:33:31,842
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At Google's quantum computing
laboratory in Santa Barbara,</font>
659
00:33:31,875 --> 00:33:35,212
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team has recently succeeded
in creating a tiny chip</font>
660
00:33:35,245 --> 00:33:39,116
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that holds an array
of 72 qubits.</font>
661
00:33:39,149 --> 00:33:41,685
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
662
00:33:41,718 --> 00:33:43,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The task for researcher
Marissa Giustina</font>
663
00:33:43,854 --> 00:33:45,022
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and her colleagues</font>
664
00:33:45,055 --> 00:33:49,827
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is to send signals
to these microscopic qubits</font>
665
00:33:49,860 --> 00:33:54,165
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to control and entangle them.</font>
666
00:33:54,198 --> 00:33:56,901
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GIUSTINA:
Mounted on the underside
of this plate,</font>
667
00:33:56,934 --> 00:33:58,836
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we have the quantum
processing chip itself,</font>
668
00:33:58,869 --> 00:34:01,272
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in essence,
a quantum playground,</font>
669
00:34:01,305 --> 00:34:02,273
<font color="white" size=".72c">
you could say.</font>
670
00:34:02,306 --> 00:34:05,543
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Each qubit is a quantum object</font>
671
00:34:05,576 --> 00:34:09,179
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that we should be able
to control at will.</font>
672
00:34:09,213 --> 00:34:11,815
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Thinking about it as...</font>
673
00:34:11,849 --> 00:34:15,085
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"the faster version
of that PC over there"</font>
674
00:34:15,119 --> 00:34:18,089
<font color="white" size=".72c">
would be a great slight to this.</font>
675
00:34:18,121 --> 00:34:19,757
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It can be much more than that.</font>
676
00:34:21,692 --> 00:34:24,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
By using entangled qubits,</font>
677
00:34:24,261 --> 00:34:27,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
quantum computers could tackle
real-world problems</font>
678
00:34:27,197 --> 00:34:31,002
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that traditional computers
simply can't cope with.</font>
679
00:34:32,735 --> 00:34:34,205
<font color="white" size=".72c">
For example,</font>
680
00:34:34,237 --> 00:34:36,674
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a salesman has to travel
to several cities</font>
681
00:34:36,706 --> 00:34:40,143
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and wants to find
the shortest route.</font>
682
00:34:40,177 --> 00:34:43,313
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Sounds easy.</font>
683
00:34:43,347 --> 00:34:45,181
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But with just 30 cities,</font>
684
00:34:45,215 --> 00:34:47,650
<font color="white" size=".72c">
there are
so many possible routes</font>
685
00:34:47,684 --> 00:34:49,719
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that it would take
an ordinary computer,</font>
686
00:34:49,753 --> 00:34:51,222
<font color="white" size=".72c">
even a powerful one,</font>
687
00:34:51,255 --> 00:34:54,592
<font color="white" size=".72c">
hundreds of years
to try each one</font>
688
00:34:54,625 --> 00:34:57,261
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and find the shortest.</font>
689
00:34:57,294 --> 00:34:59,763
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But with a handful
of entangled qubits,</font>
690
00:34:59,796 --> 00:35:03,100
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a quantum computer could resolve
the optimal path</font>
691
00:35:03,133 --> 00:35:06,504
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in a fraction
of the number of steps.</font>
692
00:35:08,739 --> 00:35:12,276
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There's another reason teams
like Marissa's are racing</font>
693
00:35:12,309 --> 00:35:14,578
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a powerful
quantum computer--</font>
694
00:35:14,611 --> 00:35:18,649
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cracking secret codes.</font>
695
00:35:18,682 --> 00:35:21,085
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In today's world,
everything from online shopping</font>
696
00:35:21,118 --> 00:35:24,388
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to covert
military communications</font>
697
00:35:24,421 --> 00:35:28,692
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is protected from hackers
using secure digital codes,</font>
698
00:35:28,725 --> 00:35:34,031
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a process called encryption.</font>
699
00:35:34,064 --> 00:35:37,735
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But what if hackers
could get hold</font>
700
00:35:37,768 --> 00:35:39,837
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of quantum computers?</font>
701
00:35:39,870 --> 00:35:41,172
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:
A quantum computer</font>
702
00:35:41,205 --> 00:35:43,841
<font color="white" size=".72c">
could crack
our best encryption protocols</font>
703
00:35:43,874 --> 00:35:45,075
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in minutes,</font>
704
00:35:45,108 --> 00:35:46,410
<font color="white" size=".72c">
whereas a regular computer,</font>
705
00:35:46,443 --> 00:35:48,512
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or even a super-computing
network today,</font>
706
00:35:48,545 --> 00:35:50,982
<font color="white" size=".72c">
couldn't do it, you know,
given months of time.</font>
707
00:35:52,382 --> 00:35:54,885
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
But while quantum entanglement
may be a threat</font>
708
00:35:54,918 --> 00:35:56,787
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to traditional encryption,</font>
709
00:35:56,820 --> 00:36:01,425
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it also offers an even more
secure alternative--</font>
710
00:36:01,458 --> 00:36:06,030
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a communication system
that the very laws of physics</font>
711
00:36:06,063 --> 00:36:08,499
<font color="white" size=".72c">
protect from secret hacking.</font>
712
00:36:08,532 --> 00:36:11,335
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
713
00:36:12,803 --> 00:36:17,141
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Researchers in China
are leading the way.</font>
714
00:36:17,174 --> 00:36:19,543
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here in Shanghai,</font>
715
00:36:19,576 --> 00:36:23,347
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the University
of Science and Technology,</font>
716
00:36:23,380 --> 00:36:29,486
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jian-Wei Pan runs a leading
quantum research center.</font>
717
00:36:29,519 --> 00:36:31,055
<font color="white" size=".72c">
His teams are working to harness</font>
718
00:36:31,088 --> 00:36:35,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the properties
of the quantum world.</font>
719
00:36:35,158 --> 00:36:39,964
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They can send secret messages
using a stream of photons</font>
720
00:36:39,997 --> 00:36:42,533
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in a system
that instantly detects</font>
721
00:36:42,566 --> 00:36:45,803
<font color="white" size=".72c">
any attempt to eavesdrop.</font>
722
00:36:46,903 --> 00:36:48,672
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jian-Wei's team</font>
723
00:36:48,705 --> 00:36:51,442
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has created
a network of optical fibers</font>
724
00:36:51,475 --> 00:36:53,344
<font color="white" size=".72c">
more than a thousand miles long</font>
725
00:36:53,377 --> 00:36:55,879
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that can carry
secure information</font>
726
00:36:55,912 --> 00:36:58,816
<font color="white" size=".72c">
from Beijing to Shanghai.</font>
727
00:36:58,849 --> 00:37:03,120
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It is used by banks
and data companies.</font>
728
00:37:03,153 --> 00:37:07,625
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But there's a limit to how far
quantum signals can be sent</font>
729
00:37:07,658 --> 00:37:10,761
<font color="white" size=".72c">
through optical fibers.</font>
730
00:37:10,794 --> 00:37:12,096
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To send signals further,</font>
731
00:37:12,129 --> 00:37:14,365
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jian-Wei's team launched</font>
732
00:37:14,398 --> 00:37:18,669
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the world's first quantum
communication satellite.</font>
733
00:37:21,104 --> 00:37:25,576
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Above Earth's atmosphere,
there are fewer obstacles,</font>
734
00:37:25,609 --> 00:37:29,780
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and quantum particles can travel
much further.</font>
735
00:37:29,813 --> 00:37:33,183
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
736
00:37:33,216 --> 00:37:37,521
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Each night, teams on the ground
prepare to track the satellite</font>
737
00:37:37,554 --> 00:37:39,456
<font color="white" size=".72c">
across the sky.</font>
738
00:37:39,489 --> 00:37:43,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
739
00:37:43,226 --> 00:37:45,796
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Laser guidance equipment
locks on</font>
740
00:37:45,829 --> 00:37:49,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and allows signals to be sent
and received.</font>
741
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,836
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team aims to use
this equipment</font>
742
00:37:52,869 --> 00:37:56,140
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a new, secure
communication system</font>
743
00:37:56,173 --> 00:37:58,976
<font color="white" size=".72c">
using quantum entanglement.</font>
744
00:38:01,712 --> 00:38:03,914
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The satellite sends
entangled photons</font>
745
00:38:03,947 --> 00:38:05,616
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to two users.</font>
746
00:38:05,649 --> 00:38:09,887
<font color="white" size=".72c">
An eavesdropper could intercept
one of the entangled photons,</font>
747
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:15,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
measure it, and
send on a replacement photon.</font>
748
00:38:15,158 --> 00:38:17,961
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But it wouldn't be
an entangled photon--</font>
749
00:38:17,994 --> 00:38:20,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
its properties wouldn't match.</font>
750
00:38:20,197 --> 00:38:24,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It would be clear an
eavesdropper was on the line.</font>
751
00:38:24,801 --> 00:38:26,603
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In theory,
this technique could be used</font>
752
00:38:26,636 --> 00:38:30,541
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a totally secure
global communication network.</font>
753
00:38:30,574 --> 00:38:32,276
<font color="white" size=".72c">
PAN:
So the next step is,</font>
754
00:38:32,309 --> 00:38:35,279
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we will have ground station,
for example, in Canada,</font>
755
00:38:35,312 --> 00:38:38,349
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and also in Africa
and many countries.</font>
756
00:38:38,382 --> 00:38:40,617
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So, we will use our satellite</font>
757
00:38:40,650 --> 00:38:43,020
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for the global
quantum communication.</font>
758
00:38:43,053 --> 00:38:46,757
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We want to push this technology
as far as possible.</font>
759
00:38:48,024 --> 00:38:49,526
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
These are the first steps</font>
760
00:38:49,559 --> 00:38:52,696
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in creating a completely
unhackable quantum internet</font>
761
00:38:52,729 --> 00:38:54,031
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the future--</font>
762
00:38:54,064 --> 00:38:58,802
<font color="white" size=".72c">
made possible
by quantum entanglement.</font>
763
00:38:58,835 --> 00:39:01,004
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But there's a problem.</font>
764
00:39:01,037 --> 00:39:03,874
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What if quantum entanglement--</font>
765
00:39:03,907 --> 00:39:06,744
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"spooky action at a distance"--</font>
766
00:39:06,777 --> 00:39:08,612
<font color="white" size=".72c">
isn't real after all?</font>
767
00:39:10,580 --> 00:39:12,950
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It could mean entangled photons
are not the path</font>
768
00:39:12,983 --> 00:39:16,253
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to complete security.</font>
769
00:39:16,286 --> 00:39:17,521
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The question goes back</font>
770
00:39:17,554 --> 00:39:21,725
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to Clauser and Freedman's
Bell test experiment.</font>
771
00:39:21,758 --> 00:39:23,560
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
772
00:39:23,593 --> 00:39:26,196
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In the years
after their pioneering work,</font>
773
00:39:26,229 --> 00:39:29,099
<font color="white" size=".72c">
physicists began to test
possible loopholes</font>
774
00:39:29,132 --> 00:39:32,403
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in their experiment--</font>
775
00:39:32,436 --> 00:39:34,838
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ways in which
the illusion of entanglement</font>
776
00:39:34,871 --> 00:39:37,307
<font color="white" size=".72c">
might be created,</font>
777
00:39:37,340 --> 00:39:41,345
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so the effect might not be
so spooky after all.</font>
778
00:39:41,378 --> 00:39:45,783
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One loophole is especially hard
to rule out.</font>
779
00:39:47,150 --> 00:39:51,321
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In modern Bell test experiments,
devices at each side test</font>
780
00:39:51,354 --> 00:39:54,792
<font color="white" size=".72c">
whether the photons can pass
through one of two filters</font>
781
00:39:54,825 --> 00:39:57,161
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that are randomly chosen,</font>
782
00:39:57,194 --> 00:40:00,030
<font color="white" size=".72c">
effectively asking
one of two questions</font>
783
00:40:00,063 --> 00:40:04,034
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and checking how often
the answers agree.</font>
784
00:40:04,067 --> 00:40:06,203
<font color="white" size=".72c">
After thousands of photons,</font>
785
00:40:06,236 --> 00:40:08,372
<font color="white" size=".72c">
if the results show
more agreement</font>
786
00:40:08,405 --> 00:40:10,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
than Einstein's physics
predicts,</font>
787
00:40:10,841 --> 00:40:16,413
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the particles must be
spookily entangled.</font>
788
00:40:16,446 --> 00:40:17,548
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But what if something</font>
789
00:40:17,581 --> 00:40:20,484
<font color="white" size=".72c">
had mysteriously influenced
the equipment</font>
790
00:40:20,517 --> 00:40:23,287
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so that the choices
of the filters</font>
791
00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:26,490
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were not truly random?</font>
792
00:40:26,523 --> 00:40:28,625
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Is there any common cause,</font>
793
00:40:28,658 --> 00:40:32,162
<font color="white" size=".72c">
deep in the past, before
you even turn on your device,</font>
794
00:40:32,195 --> 00:40:34,531
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that could have nudged
the questions to be asked</font>
795
00:40:34,564 --> 00:40:36,300
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and the types of particles
to be emitted?</font>
796
00:40:36,333 --> 00:40:38,368
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Maybe some strange particle,</font>
797
00:40:38,401 --> 00:40:41,205
<font color="white" size=".72c">
maybe some force that had not
been taken into account,</font>
798
00:40:41,238 --> 00:40:42,706
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so that what looks
like entanglement</font>
799
00:40:42,739 --> 00:40:45,108
<font color="white" size=".72c">
might indeed be an accident,
an illusion.</font>
800
00:40:45,141 --> 00:40:48,278
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Maybe the world still acts
like Einstein thought.</font>
801
00:40:48,311 --> 00:40:52,216
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
802
00:40:52,249 --> 00:40:53,517
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It is this loophole</font>
803
00:40:53,550 --> 00:40:56,286
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that the team at
the high-altitude observatory</font>
804
00:40:56,319 --> 00:40:57,421
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the Canary Islands</font>
805
00:40:57,454 --> 00:41:00,357
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is working to tackle.</font>
806
00:41:00,390 --> 00:41:04,294
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
807
00:41:04,327 --> 00:41:08,699
<font color="white" size=".72c">
With quantum mechanics
now more established than ever,</font>
808
00:41:08,732 --> 00:41:11,235
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they're determined
to put entanglement</font>
809
00:41:11,268 --> 00:41:12,769
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to the ultimate test,</font>
810
00:41:12,802 --> 00:41:15,372
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and finally settle
the Einstein-Bohr debate</font>
811
00:41:15,405 --> 00:41:17,040
<font color="white" size=".72c">
beyond all reasonable doubt.</font>
812
00:41:17,073 --> 00:41:21,044
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team is creating
a giant version</font>
813
00:41:21,077 --> 00:41:23,146
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of Clauser and Freedman's
Bell test,</font>
814
00:41:23,179 --> 00:41:26,951
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with the entire universe
as their lab bench.</font>
815
00:41:29,219 --> 00:41:33,290
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In this "cosmic Bell test,"</font>
816
00:41:33,323 --> 00:41:36,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the source
of the entangled particles</font>
817
00:41:36,226 --> 00:41:40,631
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is about a third of a mile
from each of the detectors.</font>
818
00:41:40,664 --> 00:41:44,134
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team must send perfectly
timed pairs of photons</font>
819
00:41:44,167 --> 00:41:46,970
<font color="white" size=".72c">
through the air to each side.</font>
820
00:41:47,003 --> 00:41:50,173
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At the same time, the telescopes
will collect light</font>
821
00:41:50,206 --> 00:41:54,211
<font color="white" size=".72c">
from two extremely far-off,
extremely bright galaxies</font>
822
00:41:54,244 --> 00:41:56,246
<font color="white" size=".72c">
called quasars.</font>
823
00:41:56,279 --> 00:41:59,283
<font color="white" size=".72c">
These are among the brightest
objects in the sky,</font>
824
00:41:59,316 --> 00:42:02,886
<font color="white" size=".72c">
emitting light in powerful jets.</font>
825
00:42:02,919 --> 00:42:05,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Random variations in this light</font>
826
00:42:05,388 --> 00:42:07,224
<font color="white" size=".72c">
will control
which filters are used</font>
827
00:42:07,257 --> 00:42:09,927
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to measure the photon pairs.</font>
828
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:13,063
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And since the quasars
are so far away--</font>
829
00:42:13,096 --> 00:42:15,732
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the light has been traveling
for billions of years</font>
830
00:42:15,765 --> 00:42:17,734
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to reach Earth--</font>
831
00:42:17,767 --> 00:42:19,570
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it makes it incredibly unlikely</font>
832
00:42:19,603 --> 00:42:22,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that anything could be
influencing the random nature</font>
833
00:42:22,339 --> 00:42:25,175
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the test.</font>
834
00:42:26,943 --> 00:42:29,046
<font color="white" size=".72c">
If the experiment is successful,</font>
835
00:42:29,079 --> 00:42:30,647
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team will have tackled
the loophole</font>
836
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:33,283
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and shown
that quantum entanglement</font>
837
00:42:33,316 --> 00:42:36,053
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is as spooky
as Bohr always claimed.</font>
838
00:42:36,086 --> 00:42:40,257
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Dominik and Jason are
at one telescope.</font>
839
00:42:40,290 --> 00:42:41,558
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Hello, Anton.</font>
840
00:42:41,591 --> 00:42:45,362
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Anton is at the other.</font>
841
00:42:45,395 --> 00:42:48,699
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(speaking German):</font>
842
00:42:48,732 --> 00:42:51,134
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER
(speaking German on phone):</font>
843
00:42:51,167 --> 00:42:53,604
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH (speaking German):</font>
844
00:42:54,237 --> 00:42:57,274
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(both speaking German)</font>
845
00:42:57,307 --> 00:43:02,746
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
846
00:43:02,779 --> 00:43:05,983
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
With clear skies
finally overhead,</font>
847
00:43:06,016 --> 00:43:08,852
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the huge telescopes awaken...</font>
848
00:43:08,885 --> 00:43:11,655
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
849
00:43:15,258 --> 00:43:17,995
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...poised to collect light
from distant quasars.</font>
850
00:43:18,028 --> 00:43:22,232
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
851
00:43:22,265 --> 00:43:23,300
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Moving.</font>
852
00:43:23,333 --> 00:43:25,535
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (speaking German on radio):</font>
853
00:43:25,568 --> 00:43:26,536
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN 2:
All right.</font>
854
00:43:26,569 --> 00:43:27,704
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Dark count level.</font>
855
00:43:27,737 --> 00:43:29,272
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (on radio):
Okay, this is good.</font>
856
00:43:29,305 --> 00:43:31,274
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH:
So we're doing everything...</font>
857
00:43:31,307 --> 00:43:33,310
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...everything at once now.</font>
858
00:43:33,343 --> 00:43:34,611
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So the guys for the links</font>
859
00:43:34,644 --> 00:43:37,347
<font color="white" size=".72c">
are setting the state
of the entangled photon pair.</font>
860
00:43:37,380 --> 00:43:39,182
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We're trying to acquire
the quasar.</font>
861
00:43:39,215 --> 00:43:42,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We're just centering it</font>
862
00:43:42,318 --> 00:43:44,354
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and making the field of view
as small as possible,</font>
863
00:43:44,387 --> 00:43:46,623
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to be sure that we only have
the quasar.</font>
864
00:43:46,656 --> 00:43:47,658
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Okay.</font>
865
00:43:47,691 --> 00:43:48,925
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's guiding now?</font>
866
00:43:47,691 --> 00:43:48,925
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yes.</font>
867
00:43:48,958 --> 00:43:49,960
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Let's wait for
one more image.</font>
868
00:43:49,993 --> 00:43:51,395
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Okay.</font>
869
00:43:49,993 --> 00:43:51,395
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Of this one.</font>
870
00:43:51,428 --> 00:43:52,429
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:
All right.</font>
871
00:43:52,462 --> 00:43:55,365
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Great, great, great,
great, great.</font>
872
00:43:55,398 --> 00:43:56,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yeah, that's good.</font>
873
00:43:57,300 --> 00:43:58,735
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Looks like, 90,</font>
874
00:43:58,768 --> 00:44:01,739
<font color="white" size=".72c">
let's say 91 to be conservative,
of purity.</font>
875
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:05,642
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
With the telescopes
now locked on</font>
876
00:44:05,675 --> 00:44:08,412
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to two different quasars,</font>
877
00:44:08,445 --> 00:44:10,547
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team begins
to take readings.</font>
878
00:44:10,580 --> 00:44:13,350
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (on radio):
The red counts, 12,000.</font>
879
00:44:13,383 --> 00:44:15,485
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Blue counts, 7,000.</font>
880
00:44:15,518 --> 00:44:18,422
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
881
00:44:23,493 --> 00:44:26,863
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We did a full,
the full cosmic Bell test.</font>
882
00:44:26,896 --> 00:44:28,331
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:
What?</font>
883
00:44:28,364 --> 00:44:30,067
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yeah, we're doing
a full cosmic Bell test.</font>
884
00:44:31,367 --> 00:44:32,936
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It's working.</font>
885
00:44:32,969 --> 00:44:37,074
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Light from the quasars is
selecting which filters are used</font>
886
00:44:37,107 --> 00:44:41,745
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to measure
the entangled photons.</font>
887
00:44:41,778 --> 00:44:43,413
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH:
It is exciting.</font>
888
00:44:43,446 --> 00:44:44,514
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It is.</font>
889
00:44:44,547 --> 00:44:45,882
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Now we do have a test,</font>
890
00:44:45,915 --> 00:44:49,286
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but it's not clear
what the outcome will be.</font>
891
00:44:49,319 --> 00:44:51,988
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
892
00:44:52,021 --> 00:44:53,056
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:
Moving.</font>
893
00:44:53,089 --> 00:44:56,693
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(man talking indistinctly
on radio)</font>
894
00:44:56,726 --> 00:44:58,128
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:
All right.</font>
895
00:44:58,161 --> 00:45:02,032
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Everything is exactly the same,
beautiful, perfect, yeah.</font>
896
00:45:02,065 --> 00:45:04,168
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
897
00:45:17,013 --> 00:45:20,317
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
898
00:45:20,350 --> 00:45:22,219
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Two months later,
back in Vienna,</font>
899
00:45:22,252 --> 00:45:26,022
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team analyzes
the experimental data.</font>
900
00:45:26,055 --> 00:45:29,426
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH:
This might take a second.</font>
901
00:45:30,927 --> 00:45:33,063
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The numbers look
really great.</font>
902
00:45:33,096 --> 00:45:35,132
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And it is extremely pleasing
to see</font>
903
00:45:35,165 --> 00:45:37,534
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that all this worked
so nice.</font>
904
00:45:37,567 --> 00:45:39,903
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We clearly see
correlations</font>
905
00:45:39,936 --> 00:45:41,304
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that correspond
to quantum mechanics.</font>
906
00:45:41,337 --> 00:45:44,708
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
The results show entanglement.</font>
907
00:45:44,741 --> 00:45:47,711
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
908
00:45:47,744 --> 00:45:49,713
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And since the light
from the quasars</font>
909
00:45:49,746 --> 00:45:50,881
<font color="white" size=".72c">
controlling the test</font>
910
00:45:50,914 --> 00:45:54,384
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was nearly
eight billion years old,</font>
911
00:45:54,417 --> 00:45:55,786
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it's extremely unlikely</font>
912
00:45:55,819 --> 00:45:59,756
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that anything could have
affected its random nature.</font>
913
00:45:59,789 --> 00:46:04,661
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This remaining loophole seems
to be closed.</font>
914
00:46:04,694 --> 00:46:08,031
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:
The experiment we did
is just fantastic.</font>
915
00:46:08,064 --> 00:46:10,133
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The big cosmos comes down</font>
916
00:46:10,166 --> 00:46:13,303
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to control
a small quantum experiment.</font>
917
00:46:13,336 --> 00:46:16,940
<font color="white" size=".72c">
That, that in itself is a,
is, is beautiful.</font>
918
00:46:16,973 --> 00:46:21,611
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
919
00:46:21,644 --> 00:46:24,414
<font color="white" size=".72c">
You know, honestly, I still,
I still get chills.</font>
920
00:46:24,447 --> 00:46:26,216
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I mean...</font>
921
00:46:26,249 --> 00:46:27,584
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...when I realize what our team
was able to do,</font>
922
00:46:27,617 --> 00:46:30,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in this intellectual journey
that stretches back</font>
923
00:46:30,854 --> 00:46:33,223
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to the early years
of the 20th century.</font>
924
00:46:33,256 --> 00:46:36,326
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There's, there's hardly
any room left</font>
925
00:46:36,359 --> 00:46:41,131
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for a kind of alternative,
Einstein-like explanation.</font>
926
00:46:41,164 --> 00:46:42,465
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We haven't ruled it out,</font>
927
00:46:42,498 --> 00:46:45,635
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but we've shoved it into
such a tiny corner of the cosmos</font>
928
00:46:45,668 --> 00:46:48,972
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as to make it
even more implausible</font>
929
00:46:49,005 --> 00:46:51,208
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for anything
other than entanglement</font>
930
00:46:51,241 --> 00:46:52,475
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to explain our results.</font>
931
00:46:52,508 --> 00:46:55,879
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
932
00:46:55,912 --> 00:46:58,048
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
Accepting that entanglement
is a part</font>
933
00:46:58,081 --> 00:47:00,684
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the natural world around us</font>
934
00:47:00,717 --> 00:47:04,187
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has profound implications.</font>
935
00:47:04,220 --> 00:47:06,489
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It means we must accept
that an action in one place</font>
936
00:47:06,522 --> 00:47:10,060
<font color="white" size=".72c">
can have an instant effect
anywhere in the universe,</font>
937
00:47:10,093 --> 00:47:13,430
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as if there's no space
between them.</font>
938
00:47:13,463 --> 00:47:18,401
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Or that particles
only take on physical properties</font>
939
00:47:18,434 --> 00:47:22,105
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when we observe them.</font>
940
00:47:22,138 --> 00:47:25,041
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Or we must accept both.</font>
941
00:47:25,074 --> 00:47:27,377
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We're left with conclusions
about the universe</font>
942
00:47:27,410 --> 00:47:29,145
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that make no sense whatsoever.</font>
943
00:47:29,178 --> 00:47:32,315
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Science is stepping outside
of all of our boundaries</font>
944
00:47:32,348 --> 00:47:34,451
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of common sense.</font>
945
00:47:34,484 --> 00:47:36,720
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's almost like being
in "Alice in Wonderland," right?</font>
946
00:47:36,753 --> 00:47:39,690
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Where everything is possible.</font>
947
00:47:43,359 --> 00:47:45,128
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
948
00:47:45,161 --> 00:47:46,863
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It was first seen</font>
949
00:47:46,896 --> 00:47:49,766
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as an unwelcome
but unavoidable consequence</font>
950
00:47:49,799 --> 00:47:52,269
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of quantum mechanics.</font>
951
00:47:52,302 --> 00:47:56,539
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Now, after nearly a century
of disputes and discoveries,</font>
952
00:47:56,572 --> 00:47:58,909
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"spooky action at a distance"</font>
953
00:47:58,942 --> 00:48:03,246
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is finally at the heart
of modern physics.</font>
954
00:48:03,279 --> 00:48:06,483
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At the Institute
for Advanced Study,</font>
955
00:48:06,516 --> 00:48:08,685
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where the concept
of entanglement</font>
956
00:48:08,718 --> 00:48:10,854
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was first described,</font>
957
00:48:10,887 --> 00:48:13,590
<font color="white" size=".72c">
researchers are now using it</font>
958
00:48:13,623 --> 00:48:17,527
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in their search for a single
unified theory of the universe--</font>
959
00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:21,698
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the holy grail of physics.</font>
960
00:48:23,266 --> 00:48:27,170
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein's theories of special
and general relativity</font>
961
00:48:27,203 --> 00:48:30,640
<font color="white" size=".72c">
perfectly describe
space, time, and gravity</font>
962
00:48:30,673 --> 00:48:33,410
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the largest scales
of the universe,</font>
963
00:48:33,443 --> 00:48:37,414
<font color="white" size=".72c">
while quantum mechanics
perfectly describes</font>
964
00:48:37,447 --> 00:48:38,782
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the tiniest scales.</font>
965
00:48:38,815 --> 00:48:44,788
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yet these two theories have
never been brought together.</font>
966
00:48:44,821 --> 00:48:48,325
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So far, we have not yet had
a single complete theory</font>
967
00:48:48,358 --> 00:48:50,427
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that is both quantum mechanical</font>
968
00:48:50,460 --> 00:48:51,895
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and reproduces the prediction</font>
969
00:48:51,928 --> 00:48:56,066
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of Einstein's wonderful theory
of general relativity.</font>
970
00:48:56,099 --> 00:48:59,202
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Maybe the secret
is entanglement.</font>
971
00:49:01,004 --> 00:49:03,740
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
What if space itself
is actually created</font>
972
00:49:03,773 --> 00:49:07,177
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by the tiny quantum world?</font>
973
00:49:07,210 --> 00:49:10,880
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Just like temperature,
warm and cold,</font>
974
00:49:10,913 --> 00:49:15,552
<font color="white" size=".72c">
consists simply of the movement
of atoms inside an object,</font>
975
00:49:15,585 --> 00:49:18,455
<font color="white" size=".72c">
perhaps space as we know it</font>
976
00:49:18,488 --> 00:49:23,526
<font color="white" size=".72c">
emerges from networks
of entangled quantum particles.</font>
977
00:49:23,559 --> 00:49:27,497
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's a mind-blowing idea.</font>
978
00:49:27,530 --> 00:49:29,699
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DIJKGRAAF:
What we are learning these days</font>
979
00:49:29,732 --> 00:49:33,870
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is that we might have to give up
that what Einstein holds sacred,</font>
980
00:49:33,903 --> 00:49:35,271
<font color="white" size=".72c">
namely, space and time.</font>
981
00:49:35,304 --> 00:49:37,407
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So, he was always thinking,</font>
982
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:38,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Well, we have little pieces
of space and time,</font>
983
00:49:38,841 --> 00:49:42,045
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and out of this,
we build the whole universe."</font>
984
00:49:42,078 --> 00:49:48,218
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
In a radical theory-- known
as the holographic universe--</font>
985
00:49:48,251 --> 00:49:52,155
<font color="white" size=".72c">
space and time are created
by entangled quantum particles</font>
986
00:49:52,188 --> 00:49:56,259
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on a sphere
that's infinitely far away.</font>
987
00:49:56,292 --> 00:49:58,995
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What's happening
in space</font>
988
00:49:59,028 --> 00:50:02,365
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in some sense
all described</font>
989
00:50:02,398 --> 00:50:05,668
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in terms of a screen
outside here.</font>
990
00:50:05,701 --> 00:50:07,637
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The ultimate description
of reality</font>
991
00:50:07,670 --> 00:50:09,806
<font color="white" size=".72c">
resides on this screen.</font>
992
00:50:09,839 --> 00:50:13,009
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Think of it as kind of quantum
bits living on that screen.</font>
993
00:50:13,042 --> 00:50:16,079
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And this,
like a movie projector,</font>
994
00:50:16,112 --> 00:50:19,816
<font color="white" size=".72c">
creates a illusion of
the three-dimensional reality</font>
995
00:50:19,849 --> 00:50:22,219
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that I'm now experiencing.</font>
996
00:50:24,387 --> 00:50:27,757
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:
It may be impossible
to intuitively understand</font>
997
00:50:27,790 --> 00:50:30,894
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this wild mathematical idea,</font>
998
00:50:30,927 --> 00:50:32,529
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but it suggests</font>
999
00:50:32,562 --> 00:50:34,531
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that entanglement could be</font>
1000
00:50:34,564 --> 00:50:39,969
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what forms the true fabric
of the universe.</font>
1001
00:50:40,002 --> 00:50:43,406
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The most puzzling element
of entanglement,</font>
1002
00:50:43,439 --> 00:50:47,744
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that, you know, somehow two
points in space can communicate,</font>
1003
00:50:47,777 --> 00:50:49,379
<font color="white" size=".72c">
becomes less of a problem,</font>
1004
00:50:49,412 --> 00:50:51,214
<font color="white" size=".72c">
because space itself
has disappeared.</font>
1005
00:50:51,247 --> 00:50:54,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In the end, we just have
this quantum mechanical world.</font>
1006
00:50:54,951 --> 00:50:57,654
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There is no space anymore.</font>
1007
00:50:57,687 --> 00:51:01,591
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And so in some sense,
the paradoxes of entanglement...</font>
1008
00:51:01,624 --> 00:51:05,261
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The EPR paradox
disappears into thin air.</font>
1009
00:51:05,294 --> 00:51:09,599
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
1010
00:51:09,632 --> 00:51:12,435
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:
Truly understanding
quantum mechanics</font>
1011
00:51:12,468 --> 00:51:14,571
<font color="white" size=".72c">
will only happen
when we put ourselves</font>
1012
00:51:14,604 --> 00:51:16,106
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on the entanglement side,</font>
1013
00:51:16,139 --> 00:51:19,976
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and we stop privileging
the world that we see</font>
1014
00:51:20,009 --> 00:51:21,644
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and start thinking
about the world</font>
1015
00:51:21,677 --> 00:51:22,645
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as it actually is.</font>
1016
00:51:22,678 --> 00:51:25,448
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
1017
00:51:25,481 --> 00:51:28,885
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:
Science has made
enormous progress for centuries</font>
1018
00:51:28,918 --> 00:51:32,422
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by sort of breaking complicated
systems down into parts.</font>
1019
00:51:32,455 --> 00:51:34,591
<font color="white" size=".72c">
When we come to a phenomenon
like quantum entanglement,</font>
1020
00:51:34,624 --> 00:51:36,093
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that scheme breaks.</font>
1021
00:51:37,493 --> 00:51:40,430
<font color="white" size=".72c">
When it comes to the bedrock
of quantum mechanics,</font>
1022
00:51:40,463 --> 00:51:44,000
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the whole is more
than the sum of its parts.</font>
1023
00:51:44,033 --> 00:51:46,035
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
1024
00:51:46,068 --> 00:51:48,938
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:
The basic motivation is</font>
1025
00:51:48,971 --> 00:51:51,374
<font color="white" size=".72c">
just to learn how nature works.</font>
1026
00:51:51,407 --> 00:51:53,977
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What's really going on?</font>
1027
00:51:54,010 --> 00:51:55,411
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein said it very nicely.</font>
1028
00:51:55,444 --> 00:51:57,780
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He's not interested
in this detailed question</font>
1029
00:51:57,813 --> 00:51:59,048
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or that detailed question.</font>
1030
00:51:59,081 --> 00:52:01,684
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He just wanted to know</font>
1031
00:52:01,717 --> 00:52:06,456
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what were God's thoughts
when He created the world.</font>
1032
00:52:06,489 --> 00:52:09,860
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
1033
00:52:21,470 --> 00:52:26,943
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
1034
00:52:34,850 --> 00:52:37,487
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To order this program on DVD,</font>
1035
00:52:37,520 --> 00:52:42,825
<font color="white" size=".72c">
visit ShopPBS
or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.</font>
1036
00:52:42,858 --> 00:52:45,495
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Episodes of "NOVA" are available
with Passport.</font>
1037
00:52:45,528 --> 00:52:48,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"NOVA" is also available
on Amazon Prime Video.</font>
1038
00:52:48,197 --> 00:52:53,637
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>
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